BwAoi
BTvBoU n] BzA  BkdU  jLA  țozA BzA ȗ U AoA Bd
 Bo J\A  BTv]M BTvw țozA J\A  BTvBA ozA 
d BTeBv LU  AoA RBBdA wA  ȷ . Bw BA jq JoA
k k Tz ȧBzA BwAoi : BvE YY A BwAoi vU 2 000.313
AowA :  Tz qoA BwAoi  Bo uiow kz B] : BE
uL tjo jBMB : k z M\A BwAoi Bo nMBz nAqLw
. RBB AkL k]oM
Ao ozA jkdA i wA k ozA BA   BwAoi wA B
B țozA BzA ȗ TA oA An B jM  U SB wAA Bk ȗ BwAoh 
BwC eB  oBLA ~A Aod ]nBhA Bjke SB  BTv BTv\w i
33 SM ] ^An oL ^Bk U SB  kA eB  xk BL] wA
wE  BwAoi ( BvA oA B T\U TA LA ȷ nA) n k
) oA : BvE MnE A v ȯBwBvA o~A ȗ SB k  wA kA BE
M A v kA m .nMBz t  Ao  gM  ( loA o B\BzA o
. ^BMBw TvA jBdUA RBn] AoA BTvBA
( oi)   BA  ozA jLA A uzA 馅 wnBA ȗ BwAoi 
BdTɗ . ( KU M  ) BB Bɗ vA : ȮU  (BwA )   : ȮU
k A  (^Bk t ) A ^Akz SB  WBXA hA BE ɷ 31 w vA
. (ɷ 202 w R) () BoA w M Ȧ BA j U B BwAoi
: njB~A

.423 |  ozA hA AkM  [oTv ȟ - 1
- kz - AoA ) jo  ve kw.j  BwAoi jB~TA BAo] -2
. wnB ( x . ɷ 1373  1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA
. 401 | 2Z / AkLA \  ǱdA RB - 3
.214 : |  nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  odA - 4
. 394 |  AkLA bT  nlLA - 5
汪A B] - 汪A - AoA ) BwAoi BMnA  XkdA nBTvA kL Bd .j - 6
.16 : 15 | (
Bo
BA  kLU jLA  țozA J\A ȗ U Bo Bd qo ȷ AoG k
 BTv]M BTvw ozA  BwAoi BzA  Bkd .1064 d Ao
k hnBU k Bo . jq JoA  B [i  AA Bqo J\A
M nBi M Bo    () b M SB M ȅ M Z M Bo wFM Sw
p ȗ |BA M BX k  vA BdT  BTwA Bq  () b M Bw
B]ovA BE n k  Tz wA A  nBL ^Bk ȷ  ȯBXA hA
vU SB BwBw ȮM BE ȗ k ]E B]ozA A B]ovA SB owjoM
619 w ȗ  Bo A  BoTA qA BL SdvTA ɷ 583 w ȗ . o~A
.BTiAoM oA kA l B Bo Si ɷ
: njB~A

.515 :| 4 Z / AkLA \ / ǱdA RB - 1
.491 : |  odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
.280 : | / ȫB{ d .j / wA MoA kA w - 3
. BA uA - 4
. 343  337 | /ozA hA AkM  [oTv ȟ - 5
AoA
 jnA nw JoA   oU BzA  Bkd  BwC Jo ȗ Tv Mo j
 AoA ɛozA BzA ozA   SA jvA MoA 񦪪A J\A ɫ
 ]nj 37 ]nj29 ȧBzA oA ȅi M 隽  AoA n] A v
dA AoBw Mo \A αo 汪A o~LA  k o{A  jAkM BA
 kA  ovA RAnBdA k B ^Ak] kɛ kM AoA  BvA MnA
 ɷ12 w vA e  A RAvA ȗ AoA cT  MBLA   n{A
B Ao   odLA  Mo ^BAo AoA Ȫw  eBvA E o\A AoA 
[{AT ^BAo Ȫw   Ao v odLA  ^BLo B B   RAoA ]j
 ]vA A oz jBdA oA ȗ  ϧl o   M hA o\zA o
 \A Ao  AoBM cA  Aod Te ^BMo kAoA w  kTA L\A jLA
eAw BzA jBM oq\A A jAvA AmC k z mA JoA Ao   ^AqU
ȗ AoA B  o~LA A  AoA wA U ϧl L JoA SB  odLA
oA Am  WBXA kA 馅 ȗ  wA hA qo BA K wBLA o~A
w JA B] Te ^B ɗ dA B B  ȯBoLA JAkTA v i
. n\A BA A 񦪧A   mA 1958
: njB~A

.68| ȫB{ d .j  wA MoA kA w -1
.  1990 w RoM 1 105 | 4 Z / ǱdA RB  AkLA \ - 2
.6 | ȮvdA ApoAkL kvA  ^BXke ^Bk AoA - 3
 137 | keA kw ȫBw .j / A vA / kA AoA gnBU A ikA - 4
. 166
. 40 | / [oTv ȟ /ozA hA AkM - 5
BzA
b M Bw BTiA  E A   BzA  k JoA TwA k BzA wA
  TMBY wBw jke BzA jL    B{  SMao Y wBM Sv 
oAodM BMo B BzA BA )) :   BzA jke cA  kA B ohA
oA jM BB{ oA keA RAoA  Y  RAoA A A  jBLA Bɛo{
oA Ȧ B cn o~ Ȧ B Bjke oiC ( AowA ) ȮM U o~ ke BM]
ij  Bw jnA v BL BdA nw zU BzA jM SB (( nXA
keA k ȗ BzA wA XU k  ȯBXA hA p ȗ ɷ12 w BzA vA
. A kA BzA B SB TA zj ȷ
: njB~A

 1990 w RoM  1 354 | 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 43 | ohA / ϧBA ϧBvA - 2
.5 | vM  . j /  nBYC RBd / BzA - 3
o~
 ^B{ wTA odLA  oE nB  țozA BzA ȗ U Tv Mo j
 oBA BTB  AjvA J\A   BL JoA  BkdU  ^Bo{ oeA odLA
B AwE  BwA wA uvA  kw nM  nkwA Bk E
ozA JoA J\A  AoɄA AoT Aod  nBL o~ nA  nBqA
Sw jLA m ȗ keA oA  mA  A o  o\ mA jAA BXTwBM
p ȗ |BA M o bT  ȷ ( ) b M Be M Ao~ M o~ wBM o~
 ȧBA kvA uvA B oA BnBYC B B A  ɷ20 w ȯBXA hA
kd owE BTe 1805 w ȗ  AoUB JoB  BoA d o~ Si
   1919 w  MAo jBM TeA  RnBX qA BTeA B{BM Ȧ
. n\A SA o~A nXA SB We 1952 w Te ^B dA
: njB~A

1990 w RoM	 1 160 | 5 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.
. 191 | / ȫB{ d .j / wA MoA kA w - 2
oA 
`jA ȗ jvA MoA 񦪪A Jo ȗ U  pB\dA k A  wk wA k
 73 nA kA   460 d kLU  A BL\A BTdU  np l o
BA BM tkA  BTM hnBU k ȷ  BA   98   k] BoY 
 nBA d vA L ȷ  ozA LA  mA AodA k\vA BM 
Bkw BE A BhnBU ]o  [dA wB Aj B  vA ZB\dA Bk~
E  nBL\A ϪU B  Sw  (| )kd LA BM k () hA AoMA
kk BwA B E k  BM ejqU tBA   Sw   Uh KmU
B\A ȗ SB B  wA L B m AA nB\T ^BB ^Aqo SB   oɓ
oLTA dA ϧl m  622 w kA A ( |) LA B o]B  BYA jBL ^Ak
ɷ 8 w BA Uj kM  (|) woA BdT vA k o\A vA kM BA Am
w AoA BMoi  ɷ73 w B A TwA kM nB\TA BTA Rk 
- 1218  MBA kFM S훰 ɷ 923 w BXA B TwA  ɷ318
. ɷ1343 w jw MA L ȗ Y  ( ɷ 1229
: njB~A

.1733 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
. 43 | ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 2
w RoM 2 49 | 2Z  ikA / ȦhA o] / wkA RBLA w - 3
. 1987
odLA
YY BTYA BLTU TA odLA oq] vU  oL oq]  nBL 幼Mo j ȷ
U  kdA  cB L BvA E  ak]  odA  oTw BE  oq]
Bk E  BA BTB . jvA MoA 񦪪A  ozA A [hA ȗ odLA
Sw  BTL~ (o\) SB  akdA  ȧAA  BBoA  v k  odA
A RBeA o z odLA wA B ( AE ) wBM ^Bk odLA oq]
ȗ 1602 w BXA Be Y 1522 w BUoLA odLA e. BvdA
S 1820 w BoM d A SdU  i C B BTe 1783 w
j ȷ  kA k odLA . TwA B gnBU  1971 w Te Am
B] B jA Lɛ WBXA A ɗ ϧl ovA kA ɗ RoT{A TA kA
kB B AmhUA AoA BTeA  kk\A kA TA  Ʉ ȗ SB wA
. J\A B B\UBM A
: njB~A

.330| / A k\A / ovA MoA  wA - 1
. 22|/ ȫBzAd . j / wA MoA kA w -2
. 263|	 / on Z . Z / ȗAo\A vA  / [hA j - 3
αLU
\ jvA BzA ~E ȗ A k  ^BA B  B  BzA MAM E αLU
BzA jM ]  jvA MoA 񦪪A A jBA BU oL k E ȷ pB\dA
kLU  ^Bk2543 d odLA cw Tv  UoU   ov kB A ȷ 
 BA jw k JoE M BM BvA 778 d ^B{ nA kA 
 kw BM oM A ȗ SB k k αLU  200 dM nkU  BU ȷ
 B AB (  )  LA K{ G WM mA A JBdE A B  nm ȮM
Bi kM wA L SB   ɷ9 w ( | ) LA RAq oiC SB αLU A
 BM ȴ Sw ^BM BA SBM U SB JoA  αLU Sw  oA d
tLA  Bi SB  BT o   q\A  BA cB k (  |) woA B
. Aq BM u TA BA SL{F
:njB~A
. 30| ȫBzA d . j /wA MoA kA w - 1
. 12 | 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 2
. 41 | / jLA UB / JoA jM ȗ Ren - 3
Ao\
jvA jkdA   jvA MoA 񦪪A  MoA J\A ~A ȗ B k
 A Bh  ^Bh SBkA k ȷ  ov BL]  ozA A  A
j ȗ BE ij  Bd M Jo M K\z M FLw M Akp M Ao\ wBM Sw
ɷ10w ( | ) LA p ȗ SdT  BA kL oz AB A kM Ao~A
AkA kL M BBM TA nzA Ao\ L k]U SB Ao\M   ȖA  ^Bd
 U Ao\  B BB B M LA BM  BM YnBdA BkA M
oq\A  ]A oYA Ao\ dv Bo A nA\M kM B  BA A k
. Ao\ ȦA kM wBM Bw k ȯBXA hA k ȗ MoA
: njB~A
. 45 | ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 1
.311 | / 5 Z ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 2
. 573 | / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 3
oLi
 176 kM  nA kA  MoA BzA A pB\dA  ȗ o k
^B{ (AkA ) oe A ^BM] ~~A nBz  kT nAjG B A ȷ  B
kA oLi E ( ozA ) o oLTU  dA  ( ^Bk k) BdA ozA  U
 kA MBLA RBMBTA ȗ oLi wA jn k  dA oAkA  nBA o B
M  MA B M oLi A Lv Sw BE   ~dA Ȯ oL wE oLi
j ^B\ ^Bv wA L SB  Bq  E   b M Bw M nE
ȗ (  ) Ȧ BA k   ɷ7 w ( | ) LA BdT  JoA AwA  ^Bw
. BE oz BdT  vA q\ Bk o~ oT
: njB~A
.27 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w -1
. 171 | 3 Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \ -2
. 409 | 3 Z / AkLA \ - 3
pB\dA
[hA oeA odLA  AA  LB JoA oq] L{   B wA pB\dA
A jvA MoA 񦪪A   U  kA dA ȗ JoA odM MoA
BA B kM cLE Y  B kdTA MoA RAnBA o odLA SA
BTkA pB\dBM BoA BTB TA  jvA MoA 񦪪A   B 񦪧A
M q\e  BzA nA M q\e  ^ApB\e pB\dA Ȫw  kA  BTwkA
oA k\ pB\dA BU : BvE vi  JoA jM SB  AovA k\
jA M Te JoA BL] A   k\ BU M kdA  AovA L]  A
E  A A  pB\dA jw MA qqAkL Aq  ApB\e JoA Tv BzA
.  1932 w 񦪫 BE jvA MoA uwE Y  1926 w  ^B v
: njB~A
. 27 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
BL / RoM - A nAj / 690 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
.  1986 w
188 |/ odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 3
oMqA k
Bv B kL o~LA Bd A MBU B A ȷ  kA Xke Ao k oMqA
 Bkd  Aod  ȗ kA U   130 d SA    21
A BA JodA ɗ oL o{ SLvTA TA - o~TBM- LzA o BzA
coɃ JoA  TA jkdA Te A  J\A  -  1914 w
A e ( ɷ 110 w R ) ow MA ( ɷ110 w R  ) o~LA vdA
ozA   jvA MoA 񦪪A jke Y oA  nBMC o~LA  o{ nBMC
A T\ ^Bd kA 雱 B  kA o~LA E oLA o~LA B] BE
oMqA j B  ozA \A o S훰 BnE   BzA A Bov ȗ o~LA
. wBM kA Sw mA ( ɷ36 w R ) AA MA
: njB~A
| 4 Z / ȦAqqAkL B~A vdA kL ApoAkL / Uo\ M oMqA nBE -1
. 15
. 176 | 1 Z / wBLA BA xBM njBAkL gzA / o~LA gnBU w - 2
B
jLA B{ w B L]  ȗ U  B]E Bk E keA A B
k B oT  2350 d odLA cw Tv  Uo mA  L] cw 
nB\U k ȷ  k qU kkdA k : B k kM BMoU vn o
BTA  MA k  h nw B nzA BA joLA B ~U B
Sij B  ( ApE ) BwE B kA kA  B BL \A Ao
L Bk] BTk AEn B  oE E   L\A Ȫv    AB A zLdA
 . ϧmM B Sv  ~e : B   m : AB 幮~dA nB\dBM
SB  b M Bw A Lv ȴT mA ApE M B BBM wBM B Sw BG
v B M k zLdA oME B  Ak o~ M BB  JAMA vU k
. BG [dBM tBA miE u̚A
: njB~A
.138 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w -1
.1133 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 484| / 3 Z / AkLA \ - 3
oBA
 BvBM ^BBTA BoXE oA MoA kA oLA  MoA o~ n] B
ȷ  țo{ Mo  o{ Boz A A o BM o  2178 BTeBv LU
qAo   qo ȷ ( oT ) BA o BBeE M SdU oU Mo k E
kA A kBA RBB\A Bɗ  eBvA ɗBXA B~A AnqA nB\TA
 oXA B  u{  B]  opA B]  oBA B]  BUBB] o{A
k K\M SM oBA  më A k BFM U wA BA nBYA
w Ȧ~A o] ȪBA kBA BBM  ɷ20 w vA Bij TA BvA
JBA ȗ o~ B T ȪBA A k qA hA p ȗ  969 / ɷ358
 nvM `mT oBA SeA  BA ovA BvA A wA BA
. o~A JBM bTA JBM p JBM ȷ BM B YY AqU   JAME BY
: njB~A
. 205 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 1366 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 341 | / 4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
. 38 | / kd kvA B kd / oBA o~ gnBU  RBv BwA - 4
( tkA ) tkA SM
jA dvA wA RBBkA T ȷ  BA k o{E v B
tkA   nav ȦiAj v : Bv ȷ   750 odLA cw Tv  UoU
~A k\vA  nvA iAj 隽  MoA tkA   nvA ZnBi v  ozA
- ɷ2 w ( |) LA ov A L  odA WBY TLA A - nBLA
 ȷ  ojq B eBw nB\U k tkA  ozA oh~A L k\v
  .15 oA A BvwFU gnBU kT  oX BB BoA BkA kA tkE
kA BwA dɃA  ozA  B (  ) Bw M . 975 w ɗ
S  ^Bd kL ME BdT  ɷ16 w ȯBXA hA p tkA SdT  wkA
kA b BmTwA Y  ɷ 492 w L~A kFM Sw Te vA kFM
iAkA nAp LT ^B\w SdLA BXA B ɷ 923 w ȗ  ɷ 583 w
Jk ^Ao SdLA ȯBoLA y\A B TwA  1917 w ȗ  LwBM
 TdA v jke ȗ kk\A tkA Sij  1948 B ȗ  ȯBoLA ȫBvA
SoU  1967 w ȗ  jnA A S Y BTMoM kA tkA STeA BM
. Am B A TeA SdU SdLA ȯ~A q tkA
: njB~A
. 92 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 1
.454 | A k\A /ovA MoA wA - 2
.917 | / A  keE / wBvA tBA - 3
v
1948 w AowA L  BTeA kM vA oodTA  BXU Mo j
 LA [i Bw ^BM]  Bw Aod wTA odLA ^ BMo  BL ^B{ Bkd
ȗ JoA z  2000.27 BTeBv  jnA M BM BA jnA o ^Bo{
YY jA z B jLA Bw vi d q B MoA A B BM v
SM  hA  uMB  B  BB  KME U  Be Bk E  BLA tBiA
Sw  ( ) b M Be M B k   M BvM Sw oBA  d
 ( B nE )  AnTA ȗ Sw  ( ) b M  k  X M vM
 vA k wkA nA ȷ v  ȯBXA hA p ȗ vA BdT
k wkA nA ^BA ȷ wAkɛ AodA k\vA Ȧ mA ~ɛA k\vA BM
BBG L A jA kB A E jA oBwA qU  cvA  B dvA
.
: njB~A
.1309 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
.90 | ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w -2
.441 | / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 3
. 144 | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 4
nA kA
A  447 kM   jvA MoA 񦪪A  JoA A pB\dA k keA ȷ
A oLTU  oeA odLA  175 d kM   oA   țozA BzA
BM   wk j k nA kA  ^AnBjpA ^AnU jvA kA E 
 622 w   ( | ) LA o]B ȷ  ozA k\v (|) woA oL
A Be ȗ dw j A BvwFU ]o kA k ȷ wA j BwnA 
B  BiB B] K LM Sw Y  wA L JoX BwE B  SoA
SB  ^BwA oz vU A ~U kk o BwA B A B Bo{  kq
 B  ( )Ȧ BA i Te ( | ) woA k ȗ wA kA B
BTeA  oYA BA hnFTA k]BvA  oiC ^Ajk ozA ǱLA k\vA 
. ɷ 1343 w jw MA B TwA ɷ 1219 w MBA
: njB~A
.41 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 1674 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA -2
k\
 MoA oq\A w  oLA q\A zU  jvA MoA 񦪪A wM B
MoA Bn J\A   BveA B ozA   jnA AoA BzA  Bkd
 1500 - 750 M BBUnA bAoT wA L ȷ  pB\dA JoA   ȧBhA
o{ L] ȷ B k A vU BjA  jk B텚  BL] vw B poLU
B jvA MoA 񦪪A B BoA BM  nBA {A okw ~A
BM nA B k\A (1766) jvA SLA Fz B MBA kA SA
A odLA BA nE  k\  kA  k\  BA  o{E B  B
. k\M vU Th BA ȗ A oz ϧB  k\  oA A B
: njB~A
RoM / BL  nAj / 1824 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
.572 | / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 303 | 5 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
q
 kLU wTA MA odLA eBw  U  q B qo ȷ v k
30 d o~A jkdA   81 hA   94 d tkA    3 d
TqA BeE z MoA  B\zA z ɛozA : vɛ A vU . 
Bw  E k hnBU k qɓ gA... oiAA ZnkA oBzA bBTA
JoA od oLɟ w BoA BE Bɗ Bɟ vA Bw Y BA
ȷ  MBdE M  ~TiA AlG  M qTA  M  q  BB . nBT
wA AoLA ( AUpB ) wA toA B E k  p  pBh  Ǳ M
mA (  |) woA k] B kL M {B A Lv ( {B q ) JoA BBw  q
e ) ȗ wBM vA B\A ȗ oL ApB  pB\dA A UnB\TM ]An  B RB
Bij  ȯBLA eBvA  n k M mA n EoA wA q A  ( ZnkA
 oM ME i ȗ |BA M o jBM ( YAj ) o kM ɷ 13 w vA
w oMTA ȗ AowA BTTeA  1948 w v Joe ȗ o~A y\A Bij
jE  jA ^BA q vA UAmA dA   ^Aq] A ȷ   1973
. wTA odLA ȗ K~ v
: njB~A
| : 4Z  ɄA KTA nAj  RoM - BL ) AkLA \  ǱdA RB - 1
. 229
. 103 : |  wA MoA kA w  ȫB{ d . j - 2
RAnz  B  jnA )  v AkM \  JAo{ ve kd kd - 3
.567 : |   1996  2  A
. 1255 : |  ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 4
264: |  TdA nA RAnz gnBU nE v  BdA w kd - 5
.
BA
  1630 BUnA L mA Aq L]  U  pB\dA  ȗ  ] L] k
oA BM o nB\U qo ȷ  oA   țozA J\A A 98 d kLU
 BBw Mo BE ~ oLTU BoA BA B\UBM k\M EkL mA voA
 BM d B mA BdA   AA  BBM Sw k Mo k BA
) woA BdTTA . BA  ( ȼdA kL M aZ ) wA  ( ZaBM ) vU SB
. ^Bd ɷ9 w ( |
: njB~A
|  4 Z ( A KTA nAj - RoM - BL ) AkLA \  ǱdA RB - 1
. 10 :
. 1149 : | 2 [ / ovA MoA wA - 2
.37 : |  wA MoA kA w  ȫBzA d . j - 3
JoA oq] L{
JoA BA   YXA BAoE  nBdLA BM dU BA ȗ oq] L{ wA ȷ
.( JoA oq] ) wA  ^Ap\U B
[i ^BMo LA [i oeA odLA M kA dA  BwC nB J] U
 SA o kdTA MoA RAnBA B A jvA zU  ^Bo{ B
Aod BzA ȗ  jA BhTU nw AoA w M kTU L  nBL ȷ
tM Bv A pB\dA BL] BTvw JoA ȗ ȧBhA MoA J\A ȗ lA
 o\dA MoA  Aod~A MoA : ȷ Ao\A ]A  BvE YY A ^Bk
jLA m JoA Av k JoA jM  ȧBzA vA BM jAo kvA MoA
kk{ JoA jM SB . oA  A  k\  BU  pB\dA ȷ BvE vi A
. BA ȗ A e A A B   Ko k A oA
eBvA ( BMYA ) zLdA STA FLw  T񦪫 M ^Bk JoA jM Sv k
Te jLA keTM w U  . vE α k  A ( Roe ) M\A
. ^B]AE wA Sij TA MoA BLA  ] k  (|) A wn k
: njB~A
. 1073 : | ȯBXA k\A /ovA MoA wA - 1
. 163 : |  odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 159 | : 2 Z ǱdA RB  AkLA \ - 3
. A ȗ k\A - 4
354 : | 2 Z / ww keE . j kAoA jA nBe gnBU - 5
163 : | 1Z  Ȧ jA] . j / wA L JoA gnBU ȗ ~A - 6
BU
ȗ ^Ak]  oeA odLA AovA BL] M n~d  JoA oq] MoM ȦeBw w
BU : B  nB\A ɄBA A Kv  ^BM] B\UA B vT  BzA
 MAn  ovA B BjA  jk A nkd ( A BU ov BU pB\dA
k]  BB{ ȗ Ao\ xo]  k Bo{ ȗ  Bo  kMp  Aq]
kz BU Sw  BU   A cd~A   BU   B BM] ȗ
BU nE   k\ nE  BnE Bh nA ^BA vU  Bdn jn Boe
.  oz ȫqA odLA ȗ BE MBzT BL] ȷ A  텛
: njB~A
. 552 | A k\A / ovA MoA wA -1
.141| / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
.74 | 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
. 14 | / jLA v nBL\AkL . j / MoA Y L nj BA - 4
RAoA
U kk MB  B kTv mA  AoA nE Bo mA voA oA keA
k  JoBM nw oA ik  ( A ) odM B{ onE  ȗ oU o{
ϧmM   JoA { o Ba Ȧ o k AoA ȗ ]j oM ȚT  uMAo
kM no kM AoA jke ik  AoA nw oU ȷ j VXM o
ɗ  1200 B  2330 d Ʉ L AoA BA eB nvA BLA
o\U TA BA  k L  oU ȗ  455  nw ȗ  675  AoA
ȗ AozA vA  nB\TA nAqA e cB   3 nB 29 d ^Bw 
nBvA RBMBTA ȗ wA jn k ow RAoA wA A c]o   vA BvA
 ȦMBLA wA  ( UAnM )  ( UnM  ) wBM BvA TM MBLA  Bw
.oA   Tz ( RAoA ) MoA wA
: njB~A
. 1278 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
. yBA 41 | / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM - 2
. 64 | / ȮvdA ApoAkL kvA  ^BXke ^Bk AoA -3
. 219 | 1 Z BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA E - 4
kTwG
񦪪 A wBvA RAkeA keA BzA A BBoM oq] BvA keE ȷ
LU  1603 w keA 񦪫 ȗ kTwA q AoTA   RkdUE lA kdTA
kdTA 񦪪 wBvA ovA SdU kTwA AqU   Mo oT A 4.3 BTeBv
ApB 1707 w ȯBoLA ZBTA A SdU RA  BvA  ȷ  A Te
nAjA RBvwƪA  kk o ȷ  oLjE BA  B ^BwBw ^E oLT BTwA
zA oLA BA k [i AA \w] B oLT  kTwA d
. B
: njB~A
. 291  274 | / ve j] . j / A BMnA Ao] - 1
. 68 | / A  keA / wBvA tBA - 2
~A
BTvpB JoA  Bwn B BzA  Bkd BwC o{ U Tv j
BzA  BT t BnM SLTA oz J\A   BTv]B Bqo
000.591.9 d BTeBv LU  oA odLA ~A odM BzA Bn țozA
 Bk E M BTB  v  B nBA  kq BBw jk 2
 oq] A YY d BBE ozTU  TB   zU  w BU  B{
wA e  E A B  JoA nB\TA o  n~A kA m wA Bij
ȪTU  ( 750 / ɷ133 ) w wBA AkL kL ME  ȯB o]BU ~A A
( BTA j ) wBTA lLA {A  VXA wA RBBkA A ~A LA
 jk   dM BvA \  %5 d ~A ȗ vA Lv LU
ȗ A BA owA (.1027 - 1553) [B{ owE oLTU  v  15
 RB w ) BM B nY oYA  B n\A BA E 1911 w ȗ  ~A
. (
: njB~A
. 331 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
.1139 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
1968 w / 3 MoA AnAj / 741 | / A  keE / wBvA tBA- 3
.
. 166 | / k Ȫ / ~A ȗ wA - 4
Roe
( BeA ) ^B{ Bkd  MoA odLA k [i  JoA oq] J\M 
^Bo{  kA dBM ~TA JoA odM ^BM]  ȧBhA MoBM o BM ~TA
ȯBY Roe Bd B A oLTU  k B ^BMo MoA odLA B
 Roe TU   360 d B  kLU  ^BMBw M\A A k oLA
oU w  BL{ ( Roe eBw ) odzA  oA  nB ȷ RBB VY
B B A A  M\A vA B - ozA Roe jA   AA -
BdM A [d Roe  FT ɄAokA A n] wBM o
. oA oe M Roe A Lv Roe Sw  odzA
: njB~A
. 726 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
. 130 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w -2
. 101 | / jLA UB / LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ -3
. 165 | / ȯAkA / JoA oq]  - 4
i
ȗ B A ȷ  jvA A jkdA  B B{ ~E ȗ L] 
E  ȷ  Bw v voA Bqo  B  30 kM  k Bd
BdT  B M o M iA Mv  kA A qAo keE kqA B
zj Jo o ^BA i ȯBXA hA p ɗ ɷ 14 E ɷ 13 w vA
. SMoi
: njB~A
. 324 | / odA kd/ nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 1
. 160 | / ȯAkA / JoA oq]  -2
. 138 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w -3
. 465 | / 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 4
}e
zj  UA voA oA  U 幽nvA kA RBoL   }e Bd qo
 UA BA o BM o  BLA nvA jkdA  ^Ak] Lo ȷ  Ke B\UBM
B  BvE kA BwA  k k }e   145 d zj  kLU  BL
BdT  BA BBM   BA   M }e BBM wBM Sw kA A
 oX kBz RAnAq }e ȗ  ȯBXA hA p ȗ ɷ 15 w ^Bd vA
.J\A ȗ ~d  B
: njB~A
. 55 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 737 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA -2
. 347 | 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
zj
 Bj E U TA  zj Bd kB  ^BBw Bk oLA nw B
țozA BzA A jLA  MoA M\A \A ȗ U  LA  A  ȯAkMqA
BUBvM Țv mA joM o Bi o  cv vL w ȗ  gzA L] 
BkE kA oE  zj  wB L]  BzA ]  B  BB]
  ovA ȷ  zkA  zkM Sw  (vj ) kA o~BM BwE
M ϧB M ȯB M {Bj wA  Sw   AowE E  BBM ȗ Azj
zj wE B (  ) AoMA  npB BBM A   b M Bw M mzhnE
BdTTE   .  940 w AnA kB zj SB  ϧl o   M Sv
wBLA B AU A hA B RnB Y  ɷ 14 w vA
  1516 w BXA Bij  ϼBA MA ɄBA kziA
oL jk  MoA  qLA nBYA  kkA zj ȗ   1832 w o~A
B Ȧ BA SM Kp kvA B BE  RBBA hnBTA k]BvA ɫ
. vA
:njB~A
. 57 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 802 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 527| / 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
odA
Bd MBTA nlBA oh ME B ȗ wA uM eB qo ȷ Ao k
A Mo J] 5 Bv  U   10 d B kLU TA o{A \A
hz eB ^BA vU ( nB\A )  eB ^BMBw vU SB  JBhzA { 
hA αA B SB TA  ozA odA k BA  B k ȷ 
 ^Bw oiFT gnBU ȗ SdLA Y  ^B ^Bo B nB\U kM  nlBA j E
ovA E hA BB ( Uoe ) ( BUoe ) A ȫAnA BwA  wA L JoA
ϦA  BBM A  ( k M o ) ϦA  BBM  oɃBdA E ~dA E
i mA  M ϧB A  AjpA L  AB BBw A  (o~ ShM ) ȦMBLA
M BA B mA nlBA j α Be k  B E  Jo ME LU
MBvA odA SB  okvA nhA o~ hnBTA BnBYC   B oiC nmA
. ^Bd ɷ 12 w vA BdT  keA k BwA eA A
: njB~A
. 101 | / 1Z BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A - 1
.161 | / ȮvdA ApoAkL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA - 2
. 207 | / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 3
. 376 | 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 4
. 245 | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 5
( Bw ) BvM BBM
jjoU  AoA ȗ RAoA o Jo  A j \A nBM AA ɃAA keA
 Zoi Bk  (  )   Bq k B mA ( ) hA AoMG nBLiA ȗ Bol
Bɗ ( ) AoMA  BA BU  AB jA A   d ^Ao]B Y
jjoT B oXE  k{ E Lw ɃA ϧl ȗ k  ozd E : B q
E ɷ 12 w ^Bd kA M kBi BdT k  AoA ȗ A bTA nBLiA ȗ Bol
RoT{A  BA u KeB ( Bv M  BM ) cTA k Bvn B ɷ 13
vA B ovA TA ( BA u 훰 ) E nzA ov\A 훱M BTM BBM
A  ϧmM Sw  JBhA M o i AE ȗ ȖXA kL ME kB T
Ao{ MB   RB B j (  ) AoMA  ϧl  B B B LBM
 BA  [L ȗ Ƀ BBM  gnBTA KT BoU  ~ ȗ  B nE
. nA kA
: njB~A
. 394 | / 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 76 | / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
2 Z oLA gnBU   98 | / ȦA keA cB . j / AoA AoA B - 3
. 319 |
. 245 | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 4
nBLA
U  ( kA A ) E ( jBoA Bd ) ^Aoiƫ kU SB Ao Bd wA ȷ
d jAkM BA  kLU  jvA MoA 񦪪A jnA nw   jke 
( nMBw po ) vU SB  LoA  Xke B  ]A BTE E   120
BdT  bBvA tBLA ME Bjk] Y  BTA l qo M nMBw Boa  E B
JnBe B o~ ShM  nBLA Sw  A hA BE ɷ 12 w kA M kBi
 LTA SA ozA dA oMBE BM \ B    B owA uLe JoA
) E ( nBLA -nBLA )   nBLA  E A  B BMBdA poU owBA SB
. JLdA qh  ( nBL
: njB~A
. 76 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
.30 | 1 Z / BMBM kA B] / AoA AA kA BwA E - 2
. 305 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
BE E BLE
B gnBTA MAM  wA AoA n] - k RBoL   BE E BLE
B\UBM  414 d Ao BA  kLU  AoA L w ȗ U  vU
wFM Sw BE   Bo{E kA E  SB o hnBU k ȷ  J\A
Ko   ^BTdM ^BwnB wA  k  WB M B M ȅ M Z M BLE
: ȮU ^B] ȷ BF  tnBA wA E : B  toA Ȯ  ( KwE ) KE 
 AU  A k]  E  C BLwE A A k] Ȯ BwA E   BwoA
oA 郱BM ^Bk SB  A  qA  LA BBvA Be
 e tkA SM E Lw o~ ShM nBw B  BTwozM o A   a\M
 jA Sw  Bq d a] k o ȗ  AL  BLA qA Bj
. ȯBXA hA p ȗ ɷ 19 w vA BdT
:njB~A
. 256 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 168 | / A k\A  / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 244 | / 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
BnE
A ȗ U ( ^BMBw ) TvA RBn\A jBdU vwFTA RBn\A keA
J\A ȗ B\MnlA BzA ȗ B]n] n] BnB\U  pBBM wA L\A
ȷ   1936 w n] SA  ( BnA ) BTB  JoA ȗ AoA oU Y
ȗ A Am ȗ U SB  ^AoT 2437 1828 M BBUnA bAoT L  nBL
wBM Sw   B nA  ϧmM Sw  o~A BwC 񦪫 kA n~A
hA p ȗ ɷ 24 w ȦBLA Mn M Bw BdT  ϦA n{B u nE
ȗ oLA nkwA BdT  wnB BA jA L tjBvA oA ȗ SB  WBXA
ȗ SB 幼dv RnB j E ȷ A uw Be Y   . MAoA oA
BnE j SB 1920 w ȗ  BXA kE ɗ jA oz tjBvA oA
. A
: njB~A
. 191 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 25| / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA -2
. 123 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 45 | / A  keA / wBvA tBA - 4
B\MnlE
 tAnE o ~  wA AoA n]  MoA BzA ȗ 隽 wA E
峯k E  B ȗ L] nE - BM BTB TA - woA B\MnlE n]
MjnE nE tBw Ǳi  ^BA k   AoA ^Bk BTL~ SB  qoLU
 ȯBXA hA p ȗ ɷ22 w  ɷ20 w vA dT . Bo  ko
B BBM  nBA B ( nlC ) BM B\MnlE    k S{jAnp E 
L~ MjnE oLTU  w\A nBA RM B oXU SB We nBA SM A ( pBhA )
. wBzA nE odM BM ~U  MoA B\MnlA L~ nE  țozA B\MnlA

: njB~A
. 107 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA -1
.20 | / odA kd / nBAoLi ȗ nBA oA -2
. 155 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB /AkLA \ - 3
( oTA jM ) BTvoU
gohA qA BA qqTA jM jLA m wA  oTA jM 鼪\ B] wA
ȗ oTA A TU TA JzA  wAA B ȗ  bA oTA  Bo
ȗ ^E A{B A oTA A  AoA țo{  ~A BTvoU  Bwn  oU
oU K{ k  BwC ȗ k RBnAoLA ABA BTvoU ȗ BoLw J]
tB]A   kA  B o ] kA m oTA  BXA AoUBM XkdA
keA BTvBoU n] A wA BTvoTA RAnBA   ȟoU A jkT
BTvBA AoA M q odM  U TA ( BMBw ) TvA jBdUA RBn]
oU  vA  BBw KA jBLh{A BTB BTviApB BTvMpA
A ozA BTvoU  B ^AqU woA BTvoU A MoA BTvoU wBM ^BBeA A
. ~A
: njB~A
. 505 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA -1
.420 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 2
. 28 | / 2 Z / AkLA \ - 3
. 283 | / A  keA / wBvA tBA - 3
( Ak E ) Am
oA ȗ  ]nj 35 ȧBzA oA i  A AoA k  Ak E Am
oA  L] k ȷ  Bzo  ozA A  toAp BL]  MoA ȧBzA
wBM Sw BA   wA kA kE  Am  Ao B\UBM AoA  UA
BwA  e M uo wA BBM mA A   b M Bw M ZA M Am
 kA Bk 񦪫 kB SB ( BUBLA ) oA k ( BUBUB\) n{A k
B ^AkB BA WM o~ ShM A Aol  BL\A ȗ k oLE toA p ȗ SB
AkL M oo] BdT ɷ24 w vA BdT B toA kBM SB  J 
Kv Ak A  A  JBhA M o B L{ M oA  oFM Ȧ\LA
. JjA A E  B]
: njB~A
1901 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA -1
. 288 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 2
.471| / 5 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
oA
|B MA M kv B  ɷ 23 w vA B TwA TA hnBTA kA ȷ
M o kA KLvA Am  kM  A nB ^Bd SB  BYAkeA ȗ pnBM nj
RBL~AoLA  o\ MAoA vA ȗ oA SB  ( ) vdA BA T  kw
  BA oA Am ( Bzo ) vo  T mA BL\A  MnA
ȗ jAkM kM u k oA SB ɷ617 w ȧA cTA kM BTwA M c~
vn JAMA vi k B ( ln )  B o BoTh B  B oE ozA
hA BE B B SB   BwAoi BTwoLɄ q jAkM A B Zoh̽
MA i ȗ Bq mA wBLA hA kA kd A Lv  kdA  wBLA
  po An BBw jo]jq M po  BBM mA E   BoXA M n~A
\A wA  MBM A BM k xBw M ovh BBw TA \A A Lv Sw
oA ozɯ o ɷ 200 w ȮvdA AkL kvA Bqɯ  ( an ) wnBBM
ȗ U  TA Ao AoA BA  M\A A ȗ U A ȷ  ȫwA
RAjBvA BA kBz  oXA oA k ȗ  oA oLE  o oɓ BqA ϧl
gzA kA dwA MA J gzA oL ( ɷ380 w R ) k~A gzA oL B
. ( tk ) ȮA

: njB~A
.278 | / odA kd/ nBA oLi  ȗ nBA oA - 1
. 249  221 | / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM - 2
. 132 | 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
. 203 | / ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd / BhnBU SLA E RAnAq - 4
tnB jM
) wnBA 񦪪A k  kA uwoM jM   AoA Jo J] 隽 wA A
^Bv wBLA kA BA ȗ A Am  k   BTe kB ( iA kA
 ȷ nA m BwBvA k ȗ  B B d  ( n ) BvE vi A
o{ ȗ 隽  B]nE  jo\MA nAj  nMBw  ohG  pAo{ BTL~ oio{jnE
Bo lBzA o ow o JB o  B nBA k  SB  Bo E tnB
 ( tnBM ) E Jo wnB wA tnB  jo  A vi  oXE  
Vn M tnB wBM Sw M  (  ) b M Bw M  M tnB wFM Sw
k tnBɗ L~ pAo{ BɗA k ɗ ^B B k   toA Kv A
. ɷ22 w  ȯBXA hA BE ȗ bTA S B탱 vA mhUA JoA Bo~
: njB~A
. 283 19 | [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM - 1
. 256 | 4Z /ǱdA RB / AkLA \ -2
. 1263 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
nkwA
31 o i  U 夰A BB oBA kM MoA o~ n] k oLE ȯBY
qAo   qo ȷ  ^BMo bo wo  ^Bo{ k{n Tk M  ^B{ ]nj
wE B  B k hnBU k nkwA  B~A nB\TA eBvA BXA
nkwA BBM   cd o  jBA RAl nG BG   A nkwA
S  BoA AoLA ȗ A B E SB   . 332 w ȯkA
A BA  ɷ21 w |BA M o BdT  641 w Te o~ B
B BBw k oz VY M ȯkA nkwA A o  ϧl kM BvA
 kLU TA AoA ȗ MBM nFM TA nkwA B  kM BBwE RoU Y wBM
. 15 d KvA
: njB~A
. 192 | / ȫBzA d ,j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 217| / 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ -2
. 48 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA - 3
oE
B~ ^B{ 37,20 ^BM] 34,40 o UoAj M kTU  kA BA RAnB keG
BMnE  ^AoX JoTU  oeA odLA kA dA BwC  wTA odLA BMnA 
RAnBA  ȯBY ȷ  vA dBM wTA odLA ~ mA nB L]  k
 A Ϧ oME M uoA wBM oE Sw  j 57 U  eBvA We 
  An T]p  (  ) AoMG M oE wBM Sw   BdTTA BAq
mA  odA FLw M Ȗ M u M uoA A   BvA LeB oA
M AkL  ɷ27 w bow MA M kw M AkL oA Aq  B\A ȗ BTiA
jBLA A jBLA q Sv (| ) A wn JBdE  k o M AkL oMqA
.
: njB~A
. 177 | / A k\A / ovA wA - 1
. 270 / 1 Z / AkLA \ - 2
.47| / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA -3
.277 | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 4
M̮A
v  AjvBM j Te AwA k J] A B{  kTA A ȷ
A ȷ  BA MBM AjvA ȗ AA q\A  vA MBM o~ ȗ AA q\A
^Bk AoA B k{  ohA BTB  MoA BzA A AjvA k poMA 
q ȷ dvA j A j BwA Bɟ  kMBA ~dA kA  oXA
M AkL BAq  \LA kU E SBMA țo{ ȗ  A eBw  AmC ϦA
M oBM o kM ^BA MA  WBXA hA p ȗ ɷ31 w bow MA M kw
. nA kA  Bv  郱 ^BA ȷ  BLG uU
: njB~A
. 185 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
.535| 2Z 357 | / 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 2
. 173 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 3
Ao
d kM   AoA BA jkdA  jLA  MoA BzA ȗ U BA k
oe ^BBz BoXA  BTvBA k RBoL  ȷ MB BA  650
më BwAoi k RBA   wA kA kA  Ao  Anp B nB\U
B nC ^Bk SB  ^E oXE  veE  E  B ]E k]   
oLA nkwA B TwA  jn o o   BTv]Bw FM Ao ɄB
BdT jA oz wBTA oA ~T Te BA toA B pBU  ϮnU
. ȯBXA hA p ȗ u M eA
: njB~A
. 244 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 1
. 1893 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 456 | / 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
. 594 | / odA kd / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 4
tB
SB BXA kA BA ȷ  BMoA BLA nAkA kM JoA k oLE WBY
ZE SM  j oz MBvA oA Te jA wBTA oA m jLA B
k hnBU k tB . wBA kvA B AU oA p ȗ BnBjpA
oMoLA Bk E ȗ Bw  yAo ThU A L B k ]A jLA oBe SB
k JoBM u T TY M STiA  Lo  ]A ukA E
) oA k : B Tk AA ȗ SB  ukBM Bo aA Bo BA BhT
雱M qTU ȷ ( ɷ 192 w SvwFU ) vkA k ( ɷ 193 w SvwFU
mA A unjG ȮM 񦪫 nAj SB  yAo \ BMoA M oA  B
. JoA jM B A
: njB~A
. 261 | 4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.216 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 2
.1265 | ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 434 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 4
LM
TA BLA BLA BdM LM B qo ȷ  BLA w K ȗ  BM k
BL BL]BTvw JoA ozA  BM dU   90 d RoM BA  kLU
ȯBA wBM țvA kA ȗ So  A p A LM jU  MoA ozA
B Ak{  jA A oA ȗ BoA BTeA  uzA k E ( uM )
 kL̽ B  wA  M  Ko wA ȷ  M  kL B T{ B
LM A   ]n wA M G   Bj E  M  E M  BE L
 BioA  BwE  ȮL  ( ) Bw LA o~ BM A uM o  SB
oYA hnBTA BT B B o{E  ( ) LA tBA BU A WM LM E A
M kL ME k  ȯBXA hA p ȗ vA BdT  kA nBYA  Bo
. ɷ14w bAo\A
: njB~A
. 537 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 109| / odA /nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 382| / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 118 |/ ȫBzA d . j /wA MoA kA w - 4
BG
L] cw k  oU J] wTA odLA ȗ L~ Jo BA o  A k
A BLA   wTA odLA A RAoA  kTA oA T k U  tLw
ȗ  vA B SB  kA BA ȗ oLA kA E  ȷ  o~A BwC
 j A oA ɗ dvA ɟnBLA oɫ RnB Y   .  WBXA oA
ȗ vA BdT  540 w toA L ȗ Sw  BA KB\ keA SB
Bij   636 / ɷ 15 w ϧl bAo\A M kL ME k  ȯBXA hA p
BXA  1268 w o~A ϼBA B TwA  1098 w L~A
\w Ƀ oT SE B  1920w nw A STA   1516 w
  nkwA kM WBXA ϦA  uhA BBM   E   1939 w nkwA
kM  BUF BT  nkwA R  wjBvA vA ȗ BA BBM mA A
. () b M Bw M A M oA SM BA BBM mA E   uw
: njB~A
. 316 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 38 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 245 | A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 308 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 4
jo]oM
  390 d Ao BA  kLU Ak  J\A A U L] AoA k
 ɷ 80w JAohA B TwA BTwo  MBTA o~A oA jM E ^Bk SB
BL\A jM  Ue  SB ^q ^AoL ( e ) j ME C op BM khUA
. ϮnU Bjk] TA BnE BvA A B B  AoA nE 
: njB~A
. 480 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.259 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 2
.235 | / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM - 3
AoA
^Bk uU B SB  AoA Bd qo ȷ ww  JoA A vU k
 o\A WBXA oA ȗ LBA B SBBA B幼BdA uU A TU A L
AoA   909 w kA KB] A BA B RnB Y jA wBTA
jLA kB SB B ]E k JoBM    AnB wnBBM  Jo wA
BoU ç odLA  ^AkM B M L BBM  B BE Ro~  BAk E oA
. ɷ 55 w ϧl oB k SdLA Y  ozA BB] BM TiA oA KAo
: njB~A
.476|4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.486| / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA -2
ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 3
. 156 | /
loA o
nkd mA JBo o  BwAoi k E  kA ȗ SB TA kA keA ȷ
o wFM BvU BTk B B A kL  Ao o{ B{ ȗ nA BL] 
E vU( oLA oɫ ) B\BzA oɫ BBY ( o~A oɫ ) loA oɫ BE
o  boA o B oA E jAA :loA  boA : wnBBM oA  BwAoi
ȷ  A JBo E ( JBo BM ) wBM toA k oA 郱A ȷ loA
oA Al nkwA A   B ϮnU q m BMAoi  S k JAoi A
o loA o M   Bw BM BE VnɄ BBM   BBM mA 
Lv ( eE o~ ) M oA o~A B B Bv   180d B\BzA
 WBXA hA BE ɷ 31 w wݧ jLA m iE mA u M eA A
RBBA keA B wA n~A ȗ wA BX ^Aqo SB o A om
 A ȷ   1884 w MpA  Bwn BUmiE  kA tnB ȗ BzA
AoA jkdA  ^BMBw TvA jBdUA RBn] keA  BTvoU k RBoL
. BA
: njB~A

. 132 | 5 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 1688 |/ ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 421 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 3
. 439 | / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM - 4
uiow
kA oLE  SB  kz k  Loɛ  jLA  ɛozA BzA ɗ AoG k
BE ɷ 30 w oB M AkL BdT  o nMBv M  BwAoi A ȗ BwE
wBM Sw BG   w M A  op wBLA FA T B  WBXA hA
Am w mA  tB nAoLA p ȗ pnli M uiow wA nBamA  ]n
 B] BA Kv  oA l nkwA Tk eE UnB U Y ̲oa 郱A
. A A A
: njB~A
. 235 | 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 316| / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 266 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA wA - 3
. 395 | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 4
Mo
jAkM AoA BA  MoA J\A A  105 kM  U  wk wA k
MoA KB\A  ȷ J\A B\UBM \AA oiA m  kTA oA  
ɗoA kA KvA A  B~  RAoA ɫ oTA vdA k] ɫ
nBM BdA BhnBTM pBTU BwBM oU Bd qo Mo  oLA BA BkvM
A AkA jBzA c LE  YjBe BTMoU Rk{ We  Bv\A VjAdA BA
 ko oLT mA (  ) vdA BA Bɗ kzTwA TA kBhA A YjBe ȷ
mA AkzA  LhA U RAnAqA  jk B A B  Bo{A RAnAqA A
  wA BT{A ȗ TiA  k 郱 Mo. ɷ 61 w A A ȗ Aw
BA B  Am o   in 郱A Am nA  ( BioA E ) MoA  
dT ȗ kA M kBi AAn mA JoA M Bol wA L wA AmM So
oBA B kk BwA B A B  ɷ 12 w oM MA i BE Ao
. A 
: njB~A
. 505| 4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.79 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 2
.  jB Bw / oAmA ȗ Mo - 3
.  jB Bw / Mo VAoU - 4
nw
^BM]  AoA ^Bo{ BoU ^B{ Bkd  BwC nB Jo ȗ U  Tv Mo j
 Be  Ke : Bk E  zj BTB  wTA odLA BL ^BMo jnA
joM o BA o BnBA E  gA.... nqA oj  lA  Bnj  }e
32 o ȅi  U  A RAoA o B țozA ȧBzA vBM o αoA
AnA B BE  BkA jM kE  ȷ  Bz wA SB nw  ^B{ 37
332 w BB   .329 w toA BAq  jA L wBTA oA ȗ Tj
tLM BTeA (  .  64  350 ) ȫB M vA j SB B   .
 634 / ɷ 13 w BdT vA JoA B] Te jM A B ȯBoA
w ɗ  A k Aqo SdLA Y   αoA ɟo ɗ 640 / ɷ20
A voA JAkTA SdU S훰 1919 w ȗ Tj A BXA B 1516
n\BM o B o~  S{ 1958 w ȗ   1945 w ^BB STwA E
. 1961w o~  S~A Y kdTA MoA
: njB~A
. 318 | / 3Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 333 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 1199 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 48 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 4
. 145 | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 5
]
kLU TA ( ^BMBw BMo{ eB ) jAkA B A MBU eB qo A ȷ Ao k
ȷ  45 d jAkM BA  kLU oiA m   42 d MM k 
郱 ] . ( B o ) wFM Ko S A oU SB  Bj Bd A MBU
 Mo  U SB BwAoi o ȗ BMo{ kM wBLA kA ȗ 隽 B k
w toA vA M ozA 훱A SB B BwBvA BM  o kA m
 ɷ 19 w ϧl bTA cTɗ v ] cTɗ B  AkA cTɗ kM ɷ16
  oXA B vA  SB We ( A ] ) JoA M Bv
. T  B] B ] Sv B\A toA T S] lG wjBA
: njB~A
. 181| 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.167 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 92 | 1Z / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA E - 3
jnA
v JoA   nw BzA  BkdU  nTwj  B RAl Mo j ȷ
oeA odLA  ke m B  jvA MoA 񦪪A ozA J\A  
kMnG : Bk o{A  B BTB  BwBM vA [hA  LA k k BM]
񦪫 SE Y  1921 w nBB jnA SvwE  \  AoTLA  BnqA 
jnA ɗ (   ) jAj Ϧ̫ B  oLɄ o  BzBM o jnA  1946 w
 n wA    LA kzA    tBA JoA  ȗ jnA  v
SB  ()    b M Bw M nA M Bw BMA v jnA A  ovA E
. A hA BE  ve M Leo{ BdTTA  vhA BzA BvE keG jnA
: njB~A
. 176 | 1Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 21 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 115| / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 9 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA MoA kA w - 4
. 122| / nlLA / AkLA bT - 5
MBM
BA J] 95 kM  U 幦dA k Bqo AoA w ȗ Bd wA
m KAoi ȗ dA o o\ A BE  ^Bk Bw ȗ o RAoA o B  jAkM
kz o~miL o~ nBTz JBM A B\A E 幼hnFTA BnBYC   kA
JoBM .  WBXA A oiAE ȗ kM Y o ü  kA m RFz  MBM kwE
- 2600) ȯBXA RvAo~ ȗ j kE qo BFM RoT{A TA ( y ) k 
kM Bq k B Bo  E  () b Bw  E A B ( . 2500
tjBvA B k ȗ Bw   BA MBM w α BmhUE k  BA
TnAoLA nAj B Ao{ 郰 mA (  .  1750 - 1792 ) ozA MAne
.wAA
Sw ( A JBM ) B ( ȦA JBM ) üM nBvA |~A ȗ jn MBM wA
BdA  ) ovA ȗ Ȯ mA ( ȟ - oU - U ) B  oiA BwBM ^BA kA
KnBdw  k ȗ n{A Boj  ( MBM ) wFM oA Bo k (
jBE mA (. 562 w R ) o~ miL k ȗ Bk\ ZE nAoLA S氰
TA nBdA  BBeA MBM wA   A BAke ozA BnAwE FzA BBM
. oA M B jM J\M SB
: njB~A
. 96 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
w jAkM 2 36 | 1Z / BMBM B] /AoA AA kA BwA E - 2
.  1989
. 367 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB /AkLA \ - 3
汪A
ȷ  ]j o  AoA B{ ȗ U  o~LA jAkM kM AoA kA oLE WBY
țozA KB\A ȗ BMBU 398 d jAkM BA  kLU TA  Bd qo
 AoA JBM  RAl RoLTA k k 汪A  kA hnBTA  k E
m SvwFU T LBM o  . B\MnlA A k~ B B  BwAoi bBT
A  liFɫ kA wE A A oz ( Lvɫ ) vA ɃA  幮kA
o  汪A Rol B   ÄAA E vA nA ȮU TA (BLz) n{A
M ~U B   AoA oq\A M S B 汪BM Sw  636 B
wnAM M kAn   汪A wE BBM mA ϦA G   RAoA ]j
 AohA  BdA  MoA E BMBA  Th oiA BwFM kA oU
  nLA ~dA E ( BAoL) ~e wBM BkA nB~A BBw B  BMkdA
k ȗ vA BdT. kA  nw jo nBYC BMkdA më kA B o{E
. ɷ20 w ȯBXA hA
: njB~A
. 181 | 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
.81| /ȫBzA d .j /wA MoA kA w - 2
.287| 1Z / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwE E- 3
pAA
BzA A  AoA ɛAoA jkd lBdA BTwpi  ɗ ɛA AoG k
B\UBM  980 d AoɄ BA  kLU  nBA o  o~LA  țozA
SB  JoA BBw B pAA w SB A ȗ pAA  MoA J\A
oTvU  o ov  ZmG  qoɫAn : BE ( RB )nɟ k ɫ FTU
oiC o BM A jAA B BoThU TA BA oXM ^Bk So  nMBvk]
oU  pAiA BwE B wA ȗ M Ȫw ^BMo ^BwA pAA  JAnzM o
ȷ o{ qo BwE E  ozo wnBBM vU  BTwpi toA BA ȗ
Te owBA kFM ^Bk pAA S  nA oBw BA Kv TA A nA
BE Aq M LT  oFM op M |oe k  BdT B  vA JoA BdT
) BBj W B  Bd ɷ16  ɷ 15 w ϧl B T o~LA o~U
kM o~LA o  e o{A w MA BAq c~A ozM AoLA ( oA un
. ɷ17 w  kA cT oA
:njB~A
. 338 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 61 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 252 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
( kz ) t
BzA \A ȗ U  wA AoA n] k RBoL   ^Bk t E kz
d Ao BA  kLU  TvBoTA BA AoA jkdA  jLA  ozA
hA BE vA BdT  BwAoi k E  SB ^Bk tɄ   945
BTYA ( AoMB B ) B BUoL BTYA B k MnE A ȗ SB WBXA
M Ȧ BA B ^BA BE  RBBA RAnAqA nBYA  oXA B  BUo
M  nBA A ȗ C oLT kz  ɷ 202 w ȗU mA ( ) BoA w
wA k kA B k ] ȗ A j] B mA ^Akz kz Sw
B]B ɷ 617 w ȗ ɷ 548 w qA BL q B RAq k kA SoU
 1912 w ɗ ~A kFM S훰 ɷ 981 w ɗ BB Aoj A
A  B] Kv t A oBvA ikT ^BAk kA SdLA toA B]B
. wA ȧAqA gzA  A A A
: njB~A
. 55 | 4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 283 | / ȫBzA d .j/ wA MoA kA w - 2
. 398 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 3
BMnE
mM ȷ 2  oz d BTeBv LU lA  BAoTwA kM eBv RAnBA oE ȷ
B~ TA Bw ^AjAkTA oLTU  ȪBA uMBA eBv  % 7 d A ~U eBvA
wA nBA uMB  kTU oq] L{  nBL ȷ  ozA ȗ AnA BL] B
BkwA oq] L{ BoLA BA nq\A BL{A  jk BnA  poL JoA d
ϧB A ^BwBw vU J\A ȗ BLA BBA BoLA  BzA ȗ nBAkA
k BMnA  A kT .Tv j 32 d Bjk L RB RAnBE RBn]
 JoA nA  uzA Jo nE ) A ozU  (JnG ) BvA A  ST{A
A   ozA uMB E ( uzA o{ nA ) BM k~ TA ( wA ) BwC MB
 oA  oLU  ( oA ]A ) Ȯ ȚoɓA BT{A ȷ BMnA 
kM jA BXA oA ȗ  vA x] SBTwA .(oA ) vA ȃAnA
SU BoA B{  nBA m  ȧBzA vA qU A  nBzTA wA n
A uAoLA BL] AoL BzA A vA wU B BBLwE A odLA nL 
29 MnA T Am . nBA m vA JoA njB 1494w ȗ  Bvo
. BXA RBA  jk A BBM vn 
:njB~A
nkwA 7  / j] ve j] . j /A BMnA Ao] - 1
.  1968 - 3   149 | / A  keA /wBvA tBA - 2
AkA
wBTA oA ȗ ojq B ui SB  BdA AkA B k Lv ] wA
kU   30 d B kL jAkM k J] 隽 B qo A ȷ  jA
kAoA jA jM ȗ nBdA nTA eAo i BA ɄBA  AkA 
w vA BdT TA kA m \ A ^Aqn k ( v ) wA A dA
d ^Ao B  B AkA BwBvA nAoLA RmhUA .  637 / ɷ 16
k A AvwA E A d ^Ao BmhUA ȯBXA hA BE vA BdT Te
B nBYA MA  oXA B SM ^BnAjA ^Bw ^Aqo ϧl kM AkA S
535 ) Ao{A ov BM oL o~  q]  mA ov AFM nzA AA
 MBM  o{jnE BTiA  E A   Ao{ A Bq  E B  (  579 -
 w 30 kM BBTMA ( ) w LA kM mA ϦA JAp  AkA Sw BA
. vAA SMo Y  wU wnBBM BwE   A kA B] 
kM () vdA BA BE BM B A ȃn BA M me wnBA Bw oL B
. ( ) Ȧ BA ME T
: njB~A
. 88 | 5 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 528 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 1397| 4 Z / on Z Z / MoA [hA j - 3
374 | 1 Z / oiC vM kw kƫ . j / AoA n\  nAjA kA - 4
.  1990 w - jAkM 1
jAkM
Boz mA ]j o  U  A  Bk oLE  AoA n] B
BoA wA    țo{ oiA  foA wA    Mo keA  o{
 ^Ajk nBdA hnBTA BA  oXA Bɗ ^BLoU jLA w ɗ ȷ 
B jA\A kd ke ɈBA w BA BB BA  RAnAqA RBBA
 wBLA hA qo  BkA B  RAl jAkM SB  BA k ȗ vA
MnE B ] ɷ 145 w ϧl wFM BBw n~A o] ME wBLA hA BBM
]E ȗ inƪA TiA k  Bw ȗ o~ ] ^Ank BwBwA 郰  JAME
^BBM B BTn M  ( lAj BM )  Jo wnB wA jAkM aG  k  BTvU
jAkM E  .BTvLA ȅ B ȅ : lAj E   lAj wA ]o ( ^BBTvM )
SM ) B ȫAnC BwE A A    lAj  B ( M )  ~A 
ȗ AodA E )  nAnpG j] k  AnqA wFM ^Bk Sw A SM E ( AlAm
 Bij  vA jA B B  B ]j  vA k Sw B ( BMAME
B]B ɷ 804  ɷ 795 w ȗ  BMoh  ɷ 656 w oTTA y\A tEn 
w ȗ  Ǳ~A BwA BzA B TwA ɷ 914 w ȗ  BjBMF ϮnU
kA ȗ S훰 ɷ 1032 w ȗ ȯBA Bw BvA B TwA ɷ 941
w ȗ  MAoA jAo BvA B]oTwA ɷ1048 w ȗ  Ǳ~A tBL BzA
STA Y A BA JodA BMA ȯBoLA y\A kM Sw  1917 / ɷ 1335
.  1921 / ɷ 1339 w AoA ȗ SB TA A dA A
: njB~A
. 430 | 1Z/ ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 109 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
.100 | / ȮvdA ApoAkL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA - 3
. 71 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 4
AMA
ȗ ( AMA qɓ ) ȷ ( | ) LA RAqɓ E  S훰 pB\dA jE  jA 
M B kL oM ȮM o ȮM ko w C  A  B  ɷ 2 w o
M o A ȷ  ^AkeE  A   AoX  A  jA mA  B
B  Bo{ (  k keA ) nTv k   43 kM  nA kA 
. 23 dM kA Ȧ
aM ) ]    M vA LT   BMA   B ( AMA ) M jAA Ȫw
 i AMA    Bk RB AlA  nkT BA LoU M zd mA k\A  (
ozA o  w Sw Ȃ kM ( |) LA kA AkL U AMA ȗ  tBA
AMA ȗ  B]p oL nqU vA keE ȗ S]oi Bk K SM C E SUB
w BA k  () jB~A AkL MA BA ]p  (ke ) kvA Rk
. ɷ128 w ( ) BA
: njB~A
. 101 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 6 | /nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 36 | 1 Z / jLA W M UB/ pB\dA B \ - 3
. 334 | 4 Z 11 | 2 Z / kAA / pBA - 4
.43 | 1 Z /  {oA oBM / o] M w BA Be - 5
ohG
wA oA ȗ SB  ^BwA Bo{A tnB A k kA  kU SB oL k
E A  ( uLwoM ) wBM BA k oU  B LoA kA jq  TzU
ȗ . jC qM toA k Vn  toA Ϧ Vn M ohG  BFzA 
Bv  nAM o  U BwBvA kA k ]A  SB ȫwA cTA BE
hA BA ȗ ɷ 28 w oiA BdT B  A iA n~A BBM Jo ov
ij e ov o ohA A  ȯBXA hA BE ȗ B A  BdT BA  WBXA
Ȗ  B SLz TA TA KLvM kA m B SMoi k  AkA vA 
BnBYC U o o dA ϧl  SvF JAohA nBkA Bo~ B ɷ 400 w
. B  90 kM  pAo{ Bd MBTA S{jo w Jo ȗ A
: njB~A
. 249 | 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 44 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 311 | / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM - 3
kow
kA  SB  ^BMBw TvA jBdUA ɗ BTvMpA n] k E  ȷ
) JBwoA B SM  o vi k oA An B jM B A wA
k E  oLTU  jA L MAoA A WBXA oA A ]oU TA ( BM BA AqU
Jo MA o{ BBM   oA An BM oA l MA  BA   k~A jM
M o{ k  kA SMoi B   kow  SMo Y  So{ Sv
RnB~ SMo Y  Bk o{ E  ko{ Sv Bk mA oME M uoE
q  BveE kA ]E  SB (ɷ 57 w ) vA BdTTA B  kow
M LT Bq ɷ 87 w ȗ  BwAoi ȧA B B ɷ 55 w BX M kw B
MoA UnBdA T (  .  329 ) oLA nkwA BAq E kM SdLA  v
 pnAi (  999 - 874 ) BwAoi  q\ ojqU kA RoTwA . ~A
ȗ ϮnU nAoL B Bk\ ZE SM  1220 w Biq] BMoi
nBE  q] BnBLTBM  1920 w Te MpA Be  jA oz MAoA oA
mA ( | ) LA  MA tBLA M X coɃ hnBTA BB o{E   nBhM
Bk\v ϮnU oL ( A oA ) UU co  BdT ȗ kzTwA
. ϮnU ]p ( Bi M M ) k\v M oA
njB~A
. 279| 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 1013 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 412 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 3
okU
qɟAo   qɟo ȷ  zj nvA BA  ozA A U eBw k
 ȷ  BMp BT wBM BwA oT  MoA qLA BoA nBYA eBvA
T]p lE k  Bq ZA SM  ojq Mo j B MoA kA kE
eA okU SB   272 w kA oj Y  Bn nAoLA tBnA BowA TA BMp
Bw M..... kvA M lA M Bve SM okU wBM okU Sw  BzA jBM kL ȗ
 ) Bw L BTM \A A Ap  BioA  k  kA SM (  ) b M
kE ȗ SB E kM ɷ 12 w kA M kBi k  ^Bd vA BdT  (
. Bnw E ȮM α oiC kd M Ao k  oA
: njB~A
. 17 | 2 Z ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 500 | A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 50 | ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 3
BBLwA
L{  oLA q\A zU  knk BTB  BMnA nB Jo J] U Tv j
 nB L]   Bvo  uAoLA BL] B~U BUoLA BnB\U BoLE oq]
B  Lo  wo  wow  L{A  vM  {oM : Bk E  ^BM] JoA
92 w vA BdT  țozA J\A ozA ȗ wTA odLA   eBw
ɷ 93 w ȗ  MoA A α oiC  Ͻnjo q mA jBp M nB jBM ɷ
w ȗ  ukA JoA BBwE TA BBLwA cT A nB A o~ M w A
 UnB nB{ [oA Ϧ k  UAM o ȗ vA qE  732 / ɷ 115
q] A ȷ TA ukA  MnA nBA iAj MoA ȫwA eqA A ϧmM
M SB M BM M BTiA  E G B BBL{A BA A ȗ oU BBLwA 
 BL{A Sw Y ( BM ) ϧl kM Sw Y ( nBMA ) kA ȗ BwA A  b
mA BL{A A Lv Sw  ( BL{A ) wA B kA ȗ B ]n wA
nl SM w 39 A h Bi jLA m S  BqA E ȗ Bw
 1492 / ɷ 797 w ȗ ( iAkBM oA )WBXA eoA kL BA ȗ Bk\
oU B ȫwA dA B Bw X BTz x] kFM ukA Sw
. oA BUnBe Tj   kU k\ ^AnBYC An vA
: njB~A
. 34| / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 1
. 136 | A k\A /ovA MoA wA - 2
1968 - 3  50 | / A  keA / wBvA tBA - 3
.  1989 - jAkM 1  163 | / kA o oB . j / ukA JoA nBYC - 4
wA
168 Bv  jAkM  țozA J\A A RA k Bqo Ao Bd wA
- 81 w ȖXA w M ZB\dA BBM  ]j o  MoA A  U  B 
- 65) Ao M ϦA kL ǱA hA p ȗ AoA  ^BA B Bk ɷ 83
BUFz L wA AmM o kA U  kA w ȗ B\A M ( ɷ 86
TA  ov k Mo dLA B{ BvA  ^Bi Uo ^BnE B탱 B BA
 vA  ov] TkA M Mn k  ]j o  ozA A  BTBL U
 K~A wA v BkA BL ZB\dA nBTiA mA 郱A  wA Sw
Td kA SɈ k  pAA o~LA A M wT B B훱  
BTij Bk JAohA A SoU  ǱA kA  Ao nAjA qo BTBM
kBM SYB ɷ 795 w ϮnU x] BTij ɷ 656 w  x]
dM dA B  țozA J\A A A ȷ kA wA k A om  AjBv
. nBBM A Bw M kU  15
: njB~A
| / ǱwA tBL~ / wA MoA kA nU Fz hnBTA AA -1
. 110
. 304|1 Z / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A - 2
. 74  68 | 1 Z / Bw v .j / AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA - 3
kA
nB J] U ( v  100d ) vA  oL \ U wA j
 ^Bo{ BLA [i ^BMo JoA odM M oq] L{ M  Tv nB L{ U  BwC
^Bo{  JoA odM BTvBM ^BMo  BTvBM oz SLTA BLA B{ Bkd
 kk\A ȴj BTB  Bow kA dA BM]  JB\LA [i xjM
oE nBM jBMC nke  BT񦟰  tnAk  BLM  Bk E  27 U
o{A  wA L lLBM kU kA SB . nq] k BLTU jBMC A nLB nLA
BLTU . 232 - 273 w  lLA wn  B{E  Bn w   B
EkM  j tjBvA oA ȗ A BAq   495 w Te Be Aj TA BTL w
mA ǱqA jd k  jA o{BA  o\A MAoA oA ȗ B ȫwA cTA
j BE  RAnBG Tv j BM uwE We   1206 w ȴj w BE
oA ȗ  A j  oMBM FzA 1526 w ȗ kA Ȧj BLA JB\LA
 qA BoTwE 1857 w ɗ  MnA BAqɓ jA oz tjBvA
k kA ȪwoA wA  ( RAnBM ) ^Bk vU SB   1947 w STwA
.
: njB~A
. 1903 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
. 347 | / ȫBzA d. j / wA MoA kA w - 2
keE
~T BoA L]  BzA A  B 5 kM  nA kA B{ 隽 L]
J\A  kd  A o  oz MoA o  nBA oM ȧBzA o
JAm] o l h oL L] keE L] nY L] BzA  keE Ak{ co
wn B k ϧl ȗ o   A oBA   UBA odA A   ]
A ozA   nk  \A BL]    Ld BLd keE L] :  ( | ) A
nBA oiA A L\A Am  SYke   3 - 2 o  10 - 9 JoA
B oT{A TA ɷ 3 w keE o ȷ A ȫwA gnBTA ȗ wBdA nBA
keFM L\A Am Ȫw   keA  RoTwA TA   nBz ( |) A wn
A Lv Ȫw   jA vBM Bd  BL\A  keT :B JBLwA k
A Ake ^Aqn  keE Ȫw   w  E   keE wE BA  ]n
ae L\A  ( ae ) kA E v ( ^Ak ) v B\A E B  BU
AkzA   B  ( ) qe AkzA kw oL M jvA dA SB Bk
 nBL  mA A j]A BA A ^B] AkzTwA We L\A Am cw 
. o oAj nAk] w ȗ nv Ajo] nA
: njB~A
jw /nA kA ki ȗ RBwAnj  RBdTA  oA  nBYA  keE - 1
kB~A
. ɷ 1405 / kA 2  / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 2
w RoM 3  / ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd / BhnBU SLA E RAnAq -3
.  1995
. 13 |/odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 4
oTvU
A AA oT{{ k KoU ȷ  BqA ϧl ȗ BTwpi k A kE  ȷ
 wA AmM Sw  Ao BA  831 Bv  pAA k  BzA
KoU wA  k wBM Sv BdTTA  M oTvU  B \ ȮM  ^]n
KA veA A  BB B KA vdA qA B wnBBM x{
z]   B mA o{A w ME BdT  ȯBXA hA p ȗ oTvU SdT
BdT Bk o~LA nA  ȯBXA hA B]  B kA nB~A ϧB M AoLA
. ozA BA BA JBXA ~M Bk oTvU So . B BMo vA
: njB~A
. 34 | 2 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ -1
. 140 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 267| / d . j / wA MoA kA w -3
kMp
kkdA BdM B qo ȷ  oeAodLA Jo kMp jA  BU ȗ  k
Bi  kqA kA kB ȷ  FA BE SYkeA nz hnBU k kMp 
 B B] ( 1000 - 818 ) M oT Se TA jBp ȮM owA uwƫ
ȷ kMp (  1228 - 1183 ) BM JE ȮM AA k ȗ B ^BA SB B
nvM Bd SB  o{ݧ ȷ K~hA  SL BG A (K~dA ) k wA
 oA ǱA A  JjA A E  B] BA Kv  JAME MnE 
. toA ZBU KeB kMqA
: njB~A
. 284 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA -1
. 919 | A k\A / ovA MoA wA -2
. 137 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 3
. 92 | / ȯAkA / JoA oq]  - 4
oA
oq\A w  nw  țozA BzA ȗ U  ^BBe k{oA A  oA Bd qo
 kwA odM JoA A B JoBM  gM kAoM ȚT We RAoA o   UAoA
d Ke k  B{  550 d zj BA  kLU  ozA LA akw
Bk{  vA BvwE  BoA d Bi SB k k oA . 180
TB B]  oLA nkwA BvwE TA n BA  k{oA nB
oz WBXA oA ȗ A Boj  k{oA kM So vA o~ BM M ~A
oA SB ɷ 17 w  M B jBM ^Bd vA BdT k  jA
kL M Bz Ao~ B BM wA n wA oA B Tk  nBL më
 oA BBM TA  o ȗ   oL oA  țozA BzA A U  ϦA
w R ) owB M nB MBd~A j oLA m ȗ ɷ 36 w  훰 S훰 BM
 U  ȯoA uE \A MBd~A oL nA\M  o Ak{  ( ɷ 37
. BLA oA  B BA  vL jA K] A nA   oA
: njB~A
. 67 | 3 Z /ǱdA RB / AkLA \ -1
. 876 | /A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 66 | / XeBLA  Lh FU / RAoA  nj oA -3
.61| / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 4
o~LA
qo ȷ    500 d B kLU TA  jAkM BA kM AoA kA oLE ȯBY
]j T  JoA {  ȧBzA oA  voA AoA B  o~LA Bd
ȷ   in nB\e B TA A nA ȮU JoA  ȗ o~LA  RAoA
 Jo Ȫ\E wA BG   Y  BUk{ B o~M Sw  L~A nB\dA
o~LB oA  BE  LzTA oXA oA RAl wnBBM Ȯ ( An uM ) A
ȯBXA hA p ȗ vA BdTTA Y toA e SdU SB AoA kA kE 
Aq M LT BBM  o{E TvM A o~U A L ɷ 14w ȗ Bo~U B 
RAl  BkA   JoA Aqi  oA A : B oX BwBM Sw Bo~U kM
E BFM STA B - UƪA okU ^Bk vU SB  BdA  eB{A
ɷ 50 w ȗ  ɷ 36 w ozA \A o B S훰  okA E ȗ SLA
. AoA BTB BA E ( AoA ) M BTkA So  o~LA A A S
: njB~A
. 375 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
. 70 | / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 2
. 510 | / 1 Z /ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 3
. 23 | / wBLA B xBM njBA kL gzA / o~LA gnBU w - 4
. 57 | 1 Z / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA E - 5
A
B  10  A kM  YkdTvA \A Bd LT wA uM B qo
ozA A k\v \A A M 婟 156 dM jAkM AoA BA Jo
BM] A  AoA dT kM ɷ 17 w vA BFzA TA kA A E
UnBA nAj AoA B A RnB  nlBA 񦪫 B  odA k U SB
mA (  )Ȧ BA h Ao SB ɷ 83 w wA k ZB\dA TMA A A
A Mo Bk\v JAod ȗ ɷ 36w ozA \A A kM kM Bo{
A Sw ɷ132 w hBM tBLA MA 齱M BM  jAoA \ M eoAkL
BE ȗ A A BwnAk ȗ o~LA SvB k BM tBA BT]  BUnAkTw
)  M v ko B ozA RBBA kAoA  oXA B  wBLA A
M A kL BT mA o M ȯB B ( A A A () vdA BA ow
. ɷ 60 w A  B M kq B jBp
: njB~A
. 557 | / 4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 1505 | /ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 2
. 263 | 1 Z / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A - 3
. MB\A B . j / A k hU - 4
A
oeA odLA  JoA oq] L{  MoA M\A oA ȗ U  Tv Mo j
BzA  B ozA  oeA odLA JoA  Bkd JoA odM k [i
BA A  JoA odM k [i J\A   jvA MoA 񦪪A țozA
BTB  UL] BMYE  B~ mA JkA JBM  mA 雱A \UAoTwA
ȧBzA A ȗ JnF  kMp  JG  k  kkdA qU : Bk E  B
.  MBvA oA m A RoT{A  M\A A ȗ BX gzA  A k
8 w vA BdT Y  wA L toA xBLeA Bij  FLw α k ȗ 
kA kqA : B Rw k Be AU  ( | ) woA p ȗ  ɷ
oX AohA Sw  kvA A wBM ^Bk Sj  d~A 嬱woA 
 ^BB{ BzA v B LA   U B ^B Sw  BnBY BnB\{A
ȷ A A  M  SFTB dU  M AoX tBA G   LA B{
ȧBzA vA TwA  Bd M U A Lv Sw  ϧmM Sv nA E
AokA A n] wBM o B B E M\A vA BE  1962 w B
. 1967 w STwA  1839 w m BoM d B LzA
: njB~A
. 510 | / 5Z/ ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 619 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 130 | / ȫBzA d . j /wA MoA kA w - 3
BA
 BMnA nB o{ J] ȗ BLA oq] Lz M\A jAkTA zU MnA 񦪫
\A odM ȗ A nq] k  FTU  \G odM w ( oU ) BA  B~
 nq\A m  oT RB\ k k]U ( So BM BoLA ) ȯA odLA
 BBLA Bv BnBM BoU ȷ BM RBn] MnE BzA  BnB\U
( nA ) qoMLA  M\A vA  : v A BA jM tXn fpoM oz
BYE BA Bi kA oXA M ȧBzA vA  wAoUBM k qAo oLE
ȚoA BwA o~ nBE BzU L] BA jM  ϼUBw tAoM AA
oMAoLA BAq vjYnA dvA ȷ B kBvA BkA ( tA E t ) kA
  BnA AoUA B nB jA oz jBdA oA ȗ wA n~A ȗ
.  1821 w BTwA SB 幼BXA nAoLA ȗ A jLA m U
: njB~A
. 1995 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA - 1
 1968 - 3  1436 | / A  keA / wBvA tBA -2
nB l
BoA ȷ E k ^BnAjA BLTU oBA Bqo AoA J] ȗ Bd wG
 B~  RAoA o  U oL k ȷ  ozA yBL\A fzA w
BA  kLU  nBdA n fzA w w țozA J\A A o~LA Bd
vU SB  ovA nE A k]U B MoA J\A ȗ  380 d jAkM
o Lv nB l Sw . ( TA oBz A Lv TA - ϖTA A ) ^BMBw
ȗ odA α o{A p ȗ nlBA odA ɗ AoA α M SLz TA nB l
ov )  p ȗ toA M ( 613 -  585 ) nmA M BA  AoA
wA A M oL B  nB l A nB l vA 雱A ȗ ɷ2 w ( qoM
.  40 - 20 M B RAoA o  kLU Aod  nBL oA 雱 B
:njB~A
. 333 | / 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 83 | /ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w - 2
1989 - jAkM 127 | 1 Z /BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA E - 3
jBA RAl nG
Mn   oU E  BU M oA CoA ȗ Bol jn TA L\A kA ȷ
ɗ U ( 8  7 : o\A ) * jLA ɗ BXɫ h  TA * jBA RAl nG * jBM
ȃAnA  wA vA  ( BeA ) BvA ȮA ozA ȗ hA A
kM  B Roe Tk MB U BG   ȧBhA MoA AoA ȗ oA
mA ( jB M jAk{ ) nwA ϦA A BBM Kv JnF k Jo  14
    nG M | M jB A Lv nBM kA Sw  jB   Bk{
k]oMqA kE  o~ A B B M jAk{  jBA RAmM S氰  AkA JoA
A ozU nG \ B AoX vA B k   46 d j   RBA
   Aod~A BoM oYkA M\A kA m j] A  JoA jM J]
]o mA JnF kw  JoBM nBYA KTA RB STLYA M oBwA BhA [v
KLvM RoYkA kBM Mo nBd B ϧB BM  . 650 w A kA BM
k ȷ jBA RAl nG FM  cd oɓ En ϧB Aod~A BoM BTU
. o~A nkwA k BoLTA ^BA cd o oiC En ϧB A B zj
: njB~A
. 185 | / 1 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ -1
. 22 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 526| / vwoU Bk / A ȗ A JoA RAnBe FLw jM - 3
. ȪwBA kd kBi / [hA A gnBU ȗ RBwAnj - 4
FLw
A FLw B ) bAo wBM A oA A ȗ  A o{ ȗ Ro j
Y  ( unB )  ȗ ( Moi) A B   bAo l o BBM TA (
 M\A A ȗ BLA BdM B qo A ȷ TA JnF A BTB SdU
FLw A  (  115 -  .  650 ) FLw 񦪫 A BM  B  ozA A
) oA AoA ɗ  AnTA  ɗ Boɟl jn  LvA BkA A nBdA KvU
.  o{BA oA ȗ ( ) Bw L uM BT nBp ~ ȗ ( 15 A FLw nw
SM k oiE B A BA BTA n   oT LvA nBe RoTwA 
J] ȗ B nB\U ȗBY qo  BTB JnF B S BTA FLw jL
oA w oi mA JnF kw B FLw ȗ  wA n L Te MoA oq\A
pB SB BnA  ϧmM FLw Sw . BE o oA AoA ȗ ol jn mA
  LvA Lw  E  FLw Ȫw BA  Bd M Jo M K\z M  FLw k
wBM oA Sv M oz  ]o wA FLw G   UnAod FLw 郱A Am Ȫw
. MA
: njB~A
. 203 | 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 1
. 302 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
. 956 | A k\A / ovA MoA wA - 3
. 142 | / ȫBzA d . j  /wA MoA kA w - 4
. 45 | / B ΰoL kd/ wA LB o~ JoA gnBU - 5
JnF kw
ɗ BLA ɗBdM B qo A ȷ TA  JnF k ɗ AA BA kvA 
  .  650 ) FLw 񦪫 B ^Bk SB  B  ozA A  M\A A
 jB M B BM   Jo M K\z M FLw  BM mA A   (  .  115
~A ~ ȗ  BL] YY M 隽 kA JnF kw B  oe α TM 
JnF jA ȗ K~T kk  B  jB vA kTU kk{ nAqM nBA U
A Zoh B u  oA w kM BE oz  oX oTvU nB] w ȷ 
AjAnA AlA |BoA L~A nB\dBM 郱A ϧl Akw k AA B keA ] 
VY nBA k kA JnF kw A   T]Be nAkM kvA ȗ AdT UBnq Țw
Te kvA ȗ oh  mA ( JnF nF ) JnF  BU A w Bk o RAo
k mA  oA AoA ȗ ol jn mA oA w A B  BA RnBA kU
Wke kw ȮM k   ȗ AB A kM AoLU AoM BM Ao E  JnF kw
vA Ao\A z d  1984 w ϧl kA kvA 雱   3 kM 
. jL oL nAoA KLvU TA
: njB~A
41 | 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
256 |  ȼwoU Bk / A ȗ A JoA RAnBe FLw jM  2
142 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  3
. p kd / uM Ank]  MBT  4
kA nAj
( | ) L MAoA k\A  J M ~ BBM  AodA SLA e SM nAj A ȷ
LA  JoBM  AodA SLA  oE A C B ϧl  .  200 w ϧl 
M B nBzA nA AoM  B yo BA  T\ ^BB T ozA
jE   w MnA M k B  A Bik  B ( n{ nAj ) MBXM ȴ 
.  Bik AB BA   ~
 liF ȷ  BA A Bo E  B AkA BT] kA nAkM Sw
q Bi nAj kM B RnB oB o SB nAkA m  kTA jBA
oU RnB Te JAohA nBkA A SC A A  A [d  A AUE AlA B BhA
B A   BBL Aqe M e kM kA nAj B] wA A   BA B
B kL M {B M oB k    nkLA oA MA  BBTMA Bw ME M
BM kTA oE  wBLA kA Te B SɈ  [e AlA B q B B
. ɷ 280 B AodA k\vBM BBdA BkM wBLA
: njB~A
| 2Z A joA oBɄ kd / oA A SM  A gnBTA JBTɟ  1
ɷ 1385 w 1 77
303 | / jLA W M UB / oYA hnBTA  B  2
109 | 2Z  269 | / 1Z / țnpA /  nBLiA  3
i ok
MAn k  JoBM  156 d   kLU d\A RB o{ U  wA ȷ
L  jLA  tB  h  ok  ( Mo̒A ) wBM A okA o 
njB mA 郱A  okA  . okA Jo  LU d\A  SB  Joe
 ZB]kA }    i BE  A ȗ {  L  隮Tv B nB  vA
Am ȗ  okA A A BL ]o wA   ao M J oM i 
  Zoi B ɷ 10 w \dA l  oz BXA ȗ ( | ) woA q 郱A
) Ȧ B BM A odA kk{ ^B B AjA \e BA kM kA A ^B]An
T  SUE j  SE A )) oA A Sq M  kM  ( 
. 3 / kBA (( ^Bj wA  Sn̰
: njB~A
176 | 1Z / kA gz / jB{nA  1
156 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
157 | / 6Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \  3
249 | / ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  4
198 | 4Z / ȴBA /  nBLiA  5
k
B nB\A oLi kM pB\dA j A AA  SB  ohA oX oB kM ȷ
BL k  oLi cT kM ^Bd ɷ 7 w ( | ) wn  ] q A BBA 
ȮM w VAkeA kM  B SL~ BG A (  ) AoqA B TMA A ( | ) woA
. BA SC TA [BTA kBw
  140 d nA kA  kLU   10 kM  oLi o{ A U
oLi gnBU  BvwFU gnBU Th  k k k . ( BdA ) M A oU
Y (  ) b M Bw jBeA Bw TA kA MBLA RBMBTA ȗ BwA jn TA
A   Tz AlA ^BkU A Sk   k Sw  wA kM jA Bw
 B L~i  k A Lv Sv ( Bi M k ) M o ]n Bq  A
hA  KɄ Bk (  ) ɈBA w BA B k . oX h nA
B ake  keE L]  :  Bjke : vA  B ϧl k{oA nB wBLA
kA jke ϧmM k~  k\A j B ake  odLA w B ake  o~ yo
M v ȷ k{n ȮM L  tBE Bv nBE kM ȴ A BA  AmA wA
. BMB~TBM BBe B TA wBLA kA S A kM BvA
: njB~A
23 | 7Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \  1
270 | 4Z / AkLA \  2
325 | / L\TA w M wBA / JAoTA eoA jBTv  3
113 | / ȮvdA o {B / A vA / oz ȮYA ĿA ow  4
503 | : ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  5
Bv
o  U  nBA k Bqo M\A AoA RBBd keA  A  wA
\A ȗ  ^B{  190 o~LA    390 d jAkM BA  kLU ]j
. BUB횮TvM nzA nAA  U B MBA MoA
BE m MoA BLA BTw  jA Lɛ ^B 23 Be hnBU j Bvɫ
SB  iA oTA ȗ Tv j A A ABTwA k  n{A nAoLA
225 w ȗ MoA Bv j B B . vA k MBTA RBA keA Bv
cB   ( nAmA ) kA m qo BE  jjE ME E ( jkM ) B oiC B 
B ȧ Y Aq M LT BdT  ȯBXA hA BA kA m vA cT  ^BBe
A BA BLT o{ RBMBM A BwE Bk ȯBXA hA q mA k M BA
^B~i kA A v ^Aqo SdLA k  Bv A  ZohA SME TA T]p
A o A ȗ ( MAoTw ) L  o  wA AmM Bv Sw  A oTA ȗ
B] k ( Bz z )  YoBM BA ( Bv) BovBM kA wA  jA
BA B BTiE oThLU E tB  A ȗ Bv ( Bz ) ȦMBLA lTBM BwA
vA  BTU uTU TA yBzdA JBzA oX L~i B ϧmM Sw
nBA A wFM ɷ 945 w kkdTBM ȯBXA dA m oU BdA m SB
.  1970 w Bv A BwE akM 
. ɷ 110 w TA o~LA vdA MA M vdA kA nBv B Bv 
: njB~A
78 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  1
210| / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A  2
 1990 / 2 292  | 2Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  3
280| 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  4
566 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  5
uMB
ȦL] M U  v k A   BoLA jnA o MoA A k o{E ȷ
hA k  kLU  B  65 kM  tkA  BzA A  nq] BL
.  109 d
 K M { wFM AnTA BUol  JoA BA BBM k k uMB
 TA BTMA A BnAzM pBTU TA kA kLA  v A kA vU
 ^Bk oBvA ȷ uMB A   Wke pAo  SA TA ȷ XkdA kLA
BkM tBwBLv oE  67 w ȗ  AkA oBvA   jk A BM y
 ) BBw  ȧBdA B훱 ȗ kA kA MoM BBM jak] BUnB\e S Y
B BTvU A U k nwE ϧB uMB  B UowE wBM ( uM BB
AqTB BT Te B ABTeB  u̧ Bv AB BjA ȗ  e j] KLvM
BdT  kA  wA K u̧ JB Am   k A JBM   BMB
. ɷ 16 w ^Bd |BA M o k  A hA BA ȗ vA
) AoMG M BdwG cMmA A k   B cMmA A jA kTU L] uMB ȗ
 (  ) w oL  (  ) J  ^BE B  ( oq ) L\A Am wA ( 
. BA BA  jk Kv uMB A  (  ) v uLe BM
: njB~A
288 | 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
573 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
275 | / BdA w kd . j / gnBU nA v  3
105 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  4
1811 | 2Z / ovA MoA wA  5
144 | / nlLA / AkLA bT  6
KvA
w BA Am VkdTwA   42 ɗBv B kL dA k B{ B qo
BA  kL  MBM BdM mkM dE  Mo Bd A ^BMBU B  1926
d tBwBM SB o o  1791 w Te KvA SB   69 d jAkM
KLvM kA SwU qA noM  wkA RBLTA A BoL nBA AA eAoTw
 Th B  nB\TA Bjo We BBM L{ SdLA  B RAoA o j]
 MATBM Aw mA nAXA keA  nAqA L\ MA KvA A Lv KvBM Sw
BG   Uo~  AhU mA (  ) vdA BBM B  Ak AMBU 
A   B  dA KeB kqA k M uMj iA KvA wBM Sw
o A ]o vTA KLw A ɛ  BA E BA o\  K̼vA  KvA
SB k . Ʉ k m tnkE mA  RAoA ]j o M 隽 mA KvA
ModA RBod ^Ao RnB Bk oA Am o  kA  joU ApnA ƪA
. AmA
: njB~A
60 | 2Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  1
147 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  2
278 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A  3
Ke
kLU  Ke Bd qo ȷ  nvA kA oLA ȯBY  B]nA wA  k
Ke   50 d oTA nvA jkdA   350 d zj BA 
ke wA BG   BL\A   KdA  liF BwA G  ^Ak] k k
Ke SB  Ke BAkeG wFM k   M mA BA  YXA iA
ozA BT Rk{ nvA KB] ȗ JAMA Tw nvA ȗ MA o\dM anv ^Bk
w Tv 񦪫 SB ȴ oX j Ke  KBU k . BoE B BM B TA
 .  738 w n{A Be  XdA kA nBA kM ϧl   .  1200
540 w BMoi toA Bij Y  .  65 w BoB   .  333 w BB
L~ SB kL ME k  ^Bd vA BdT  637 / ɷ 16 w ȗ  . 
 ( BoL ) e E ( Moe ) kA ȗ vU SB BLzBM oU ov k]
  훰 BM S훰 ɷ 436 w ȗ  944 w AkdA B SB
  MA uAjo MA cB M o~ kA L{ Ke oA p ȗ ȫoA tBnA
. BMjA BA BA  kkA Zoi Ke
: njB~A
324 | 2Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
196 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
 1986 w RoM  A nAj  732 | / 1Z / ovA MoA wA  3
52 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  4
zLdA
BzA  Bkd  BMBME ujA BTB  oA j  A BMYA E ^Bk zLdA
a~ : Bk A  B J\A  UL] B~A ozA  AjvA JoA
m BMYA SdU k JoA  k R B  wA zLdA . owE K~
BoUnA A B ~A  kA {B\A w Rjo A kM n] A RAw
m eBw A ( Ϧj ) wBM oU oq] zLdA 񦪫 JoM SB  MoA
m n p o  zLdA Ϧ {B\A A ( | ) LA JBdA o]B oqdA
Ϧ oLA MA  BvwE mA A  .  1000 w SvwE BA   񦪪A
ȗ dvA STA B  Y ( vA ) BTB SB  FLw 񦪫  Bw
KBvA oA ȗ wA Bij Y  A  BA jA SijE jA MAoA oA
vA  BM BTv Lv BM   L nB~ A BBw   jA
odLA eBw  AA jLA ȗ BzA BA BoUnA Bw  z 
. oeA
: njB~A
247 | 2Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
244 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
53 | / A k\A / ovA MoA wA   3
359 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  4
.  1 113 | / jLA UB / LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \  5
wjBA
kLU AoA w U  oA Am  RBLvA ȗ AkA k  A Bd wA
J\A  MBM wA BTBd BzA  Bkd  176 d jAkM BA 
wjBA SB  nB l Bd ozA  \A ɗBd JoA  XA ɗBd
AoMA G : B AE BTvU ȗ   B h RAl jBLA o{  o k
Lv Sw   A Bwk E B Bj Y BB  wEn v BM q (  ) hA
A Lv Sw  Ao tjB A Lv Sw   ( ukɛ ) vA o~A A
hA p ȗ vA x] M  635 / ɷ 16 w S훰 TA wjBA o
wjBA Ak B  Twn jBM wnBA y\A M |B MA M kw jBM ȯBXA
 LeoA Bi  țozA BzA A oh MA k  MoA J\A A 隽
vA RAoA o  o 隽 wjBA  ozA A  \A J]  30 Bv
STE BA MnA oA SAj  BzA Jo ( vhA ) oM A o ~hA
. toA AqA Twn TM
: njB~A
331 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
184 | 2Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  2
222 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A  3
149 | / y{  {B . j / wjBA \ 4
152 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  4
mMoA
ZBdA o   B  150 kM  nA kA țo{ U o o ȷ
KLvM ɷ 319 w oA m SMoi k  ( kMp Jnj ) M oA ^BMBw țAoA
 ȷ  wA AmM A oU kU  ( o ) E M BE M oTvA JodA
BX  BA  B\A M ^e JBhA M o B] TA kA hnBTA oA
ȷ A ȗ mMoA  ɷ 32 w BM j RB o]BA MBd~A nBA nl BME
AA i mMoA   kzA  mMoA   MA BA ȗ U TA A  ~A
. ɷ 17 w Aq M LT RB mMoBM  A ȗ MBA i zA ȗ
: njB~A
27 | 3Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
266 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
248 | / ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA BA M kA  B  3
101 | 1Z / kA poe kd gzA / nBA kAo  4
174 | / jLA UB / RAkBz Ren / k\ Mn   5
q
MoA bvA  U  ^BMo  144 d Ao BA  kLU nz AoA k
 100  B BzA A AA q odM Kv BA  poLA BL] ȗ M\A
eBw  UoU  BA ȗ ȦiAj odM oLA   nqhA odM ^BA v mA  B
. pBA BL] MoA M\A
 BYkdTwA  A G   kA toA nBw ^ SB ^Ak] k k q
M AoLA k   WBXA hA p ȗ ^Bd vA BdT  BTA l nMBw
q k  kA Aq A A M |BA M kw ȧ B ɷ 24 w JpB
w nBw wBLA k B B Y  kA A A E q B]  Boa~
BM M  w kM oU BApBM k BLM oE  q k oA A jBA
A o oAp k wA oA ȗ q S  nBLA Bw ^B~e ȟoTA nBLA
 963 ȫB M ~A B RnB  ɷ 700 w 馅 ȗ BMoi A
. BXA kM qoLU w kM ɷ 1002
: njB~A
389 | 4Z  / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
275 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  2
1379 | 2Z / ovA MoA wA   3
253 | [oTv ȟ / ozA hA  4
b o̟
k k ȷ  BLA w ȗ MoA BL BL\ wA cvA  U kM ȷ
A ^Ak\v AM ( ) b L ^AnAq kzTM AB ɷ 15 w ^Bd vA BdT
cTM o  (  ) b A L A Lv ( b o ) M kA Sw  nA]
) jnA o k  B ^AqU L] M UFU ~dA BB AoA w BA
) ApA BA A om  A BA  kkA oɟ A Kv ( AoA cTM
A B Bɗ A{B b o k A A\ mA BA  B ( ɷ 157  88
. BdA oi k Bk z ^Al SB kA
: njB~A
514 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
164 | / A o~ tBL ve nTkA / b o gnBU  2
BL E BL
) A wn q BL B  3 kM  nA kA  M\A \A ȗ U o
( | ) woA M BL ȗ  ɷ1 w   ^Ao]B nA kA k e ( |
k\vA A B  tkA SM A oB B]  A BE  k\v A
kM (  M o ) ȮL ( | ) A wn vwA Y ( kA M X ) ^AkMo
TA  uwE k\v )) oA A A c]o  TL ȗ o\e A 郰 oA
. k\vA Am ȗ Sq k 107 / MTA (  U A eA  E 
Am BL ȗ . nB~A JA M Kv A  ϧB oMA Lv BLM oA Sw
q  ɗ Ȧ~ ( | ) A wn Aj oiC k\v BLM ɗBA B k\vA
) LA oF nAo k\v FM  AoA oL k   ( | ) LA nmd AoL]
. AoeA kM ( |
: njB~A
342 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
452 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
365 | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  3
119 | nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU  4
uMAo
: B k k  uMAo wA 
 83 d B kLU RoM BA kM BLA kA oLA ȯBY ȷ : BzA uMAo 
k k uMAo  ȧBzA BL Bd qo ȷ  wTA odLA B{  
uMAo  E  JoA uMAo  B ^AqU BzA uMAo wA B  B
oU )  uMAo kA ȚA wA  ( MoU )  A  k VY Ȯ ȚoE
SB  o\zA v mA L\A B ( n ) MoBM MB mA L\A BB (
^BA B A  uMAo A SMo ( uLoU ) M ȫwA cTA L vU kA
. BnB\{A U BUBvM oX BdA wA
w  ɷ 18  ɷ 17 w vA BdT   .  800 w A BvwE
Be  j oz jBdA oA ȗ B nB ȮM e BA kA RojpE  ɷ 25
.  BvA  B]oTwA Y L~A
ȦeBw w ȗ U  ^BBw Bk oXA LA oB\A B : JoA uMAo 
) k BA  U k hnBU oYA k uMAo . wTA MA odLA 
 A   odLA Joɛ (tnA to ) tɛ A kA m  L  ( BE
tnBL{A BBM  oM nE oiC ȗ kA m SB  BdA uMAo k hnBU
kM ɷ 23 w |BA M o BdT  BLA ] oh nw B B  o~
B TwA ɷ 540 w ȗ   BoA k  BqTB  o{ oTwA nB~e
ȗ ij Y ɷ 586 w qA yAo ^BA Be vA B]oTwA Y  B
. yAo i ƪA kL M w M J B
: njB~A
. 185  127 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  1
28 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  2
389 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  5
| 1Z okU vA kL o . j / n~A oL nBdA wBvA uMAo gnBU  4
19  18
to
 wTA MA odLA eBw   BwFM vU Bd qo ȷ  nw k
A k K~ mA odLA BBM oTzU  BLA nvA jkdA ɫ JoBM
. A BL] ozA BzA ]  kBM dU  nvA
w qLA BjoTwA  638 / ɷ 17 w vA BdT k k to
  BvA  B]oTwA Y   1099 w L~A BTeA Y   968
.  1291 w  odLA ϼBA Bw
. nBYA  oXA B  k kB to oLTU
: njB~A
33 | / 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
62 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  2
g
oAqA jA A v SAA     6 d B kL  ȗ un jA 
w S훰 TA AA ϦTM nz g  AkzA e BA  kk BeE 
(  ) KB MA M Ȧ BA M vdA M Ȧ M vdA jBM A M ɷ 169
 oTA  ATB tBL M A kL M Ȧ M kd M tBLA jBM wBLA M
k  g   k{FM Mo kM L~ B B  Te  ^Bnl ^T më A T̗̚
o ^AnAq nB mA BA ϧl ȗ wn 酛 kM A  TA WX] Sj
jB~ mA 郱A B MoM u Jo wA g  ( AkzA k\v ) M BA Am
. o MoBM wA oA M
: njB~A
17 | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  1
211 | / jLA W M UB / oYA hnBTA  B  2
269 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  3
326 | 3Z / jvA / KmA Zo  4
BA
jLA  țozA ȧBzA vA ȗ U  Bk oLA nB\TA Bqo odLA B
kU ȷ . odA oq] țozA BzA A BBE  MoA [hA B eBw 
ȗ TiA k ( A ) vU SB . [hA  ȗ BA qAoA A  ^Aqo
o   MBvA B keA B o~ A Lv Sw   wA AmM BTvU
 1 d Bo odLA eBw   2/5  oXA BeA  kAkTU  ϧl
.
: njB~A
24 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w 1
376 | / Bw S\M jd / MoA [hA nj odLA  2
1969 jAkM 80 | kLA B oi / MoA [hA RAnBA  odLA  3
d\A
B nBYkA kM ϧl ( MAn ) ^BBe UB cLA k  o~ BzA E RB ȷ
. wBLA kA oiAA ȗ d\A
 ȧBzA ȦeBvA oA ȗ  Jo B{  187 kM  A d\A U
 d\A A BvA ]T    200 d kLU TA MAn k   pB\dA
.  5/5 d d\A  i ok kL
k ^Bo B mA oA  vn d B\A ȗ oB kM d\A SB
BzA o~  ( | ) A wn BM S wA B] B  ZBdA JnkM JoA
ϧmM BBw   vLE M ^B B  liF ȷ (  ) vU SB
ϧmM d\A Sw  BA kA e  A ]q A Bj ( | ) A wn
  d\A k\v kA BB A   jB iE ~ ȗ  BTd]E vA 
 ( okA k\v )  A A BM Ank] SAp mA d\A ȗ LoA k]BvA
. (   ) Ȧ B BM ( | ) woA  A mA BA
: njB~A
156 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  1
310 | 2Z 153 | 1Z / țnp  nBLiA  2
161 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B  3
52 | jLA UB / pB\dA L ȗ Ren / o\A o   4
135 | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  5
\A
 RAoA o  Mo   AoA  MoA LA Be  U  wk wA k
k țozA BzA  Bkd . B  160 kM  jAkM BA Jo J]
.  10 d B kLU TA A k ozA   80 d B kLU TA Mo
ȫwA cTA L SB ( odA α ) nlB ^B SB  k k \A
w ȗ . BA cT kM ɷ 12 w kA M kBi Bq  dvA ojA B ozTU
BBM  ȗ  toA vA B AqA jBLT Joe eBw \A SB ɷ 14
BB vUA kLA Ro~U  toA  wA ȗ q] E RmiE BBwA keE
/ ɷ 40 w BM j mA (  ) Ȧ BA co j] M B BvA ejpE
kA Bq ^Aqo SdLA AoTeA wkA MBɄ k A mA  661
mA BA  B\ ] ( \A ) B Mo wA \A  A  ^Bd
\A  kvB ȴ BnB] B BA k~U BvA LzU B BnE  BA  
B mA  ^B ^L] SB \A A o  kk BwFM Sw . TA B
jAnBM ^Bj ^n nB ^B텛  酚A Y Y  BA  Ȯ~ L] A Fw  b MA
)  ϧl kM ] Y ( ȯ )  liF  \A odM v ^AodM B B . A
. vA  iE  \ w ( ] ȯ
: njB~A
1993  RoM  1 / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w  1
1986 w 1 / MLd A gzA o] / BoBe \A ȃB  2
1987 w 2 | 1Z / \A v / wkA RBLTA w  3
130 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  4
Uƫ
o Uƫ   10 d BdA qo  kL  jnA oA Bd E  B
Be ɷ 8 w ozA Uƫ o BM S훰  BzA jke ȗ BLA o  k
) o jBM oA y] B KB ME M o] jBM ^Bz] ( | ) A wn WM
. ( AoA y] q ) M Sw o BM RnAj ( ɷ 21 w TA
Bv   Uƫ Ak{ eoE j] M nAqA k A Uƫ k  A k
j LA RAl ȗ  150 kM   nBA o] kzA j oA 雱   75
. eAn M A kL kzA j  100 Bv   YnBe M kp kzA
: njB~A
254 | 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
565 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
15 | 4Z / kAA / pBA  3

BA  kLU  ]j o   汪A k Bqo  AoA B{ ȗ Bd wA
BhnBTM oU TA nBvA |~A ȗ jn k  wA .  400 d jAkM
 n{A k oiA XBXA BA inƪA BoLT  jA L WBXA AA
wA  ^BBU 汪A k MB ]j o  ovA A  A BA U
wA Am ol  y k j ȷ ow k wA YB A ow 
A   pA kA m B A jBL 郱 SB  C A ( B ) qoA oBM
Zp  kA ɫpA αɫ ɫ Ǳɛ Ϧɫ  ( u ) ɫ Tzɫ  wA
hA k ȗ  640 / ɷ 20 w vA BdT  MBvA tnB  uAow
B  vA kA  BE kB Rk SA ϧl  BF{  k  ȯBXA
 B ^Ao SB B  oq\A cT B\MnlA BA 骚 x\A SA
. UAoA oq\A
ȃAnA  JoBM Mo o{ B{ U  A o keA   wA 
o K~ Te kA kw J]  kT oYA U vw  nBL ȷ  kA
  JBT  eBoA kq M odA A jBp MA wn B] oA m ȗ ȪA
.  jnATU kw MA wn RmiA (  ) vdA BA Bq B .... vdBM [\]
: njB~A
391 | / 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
62 | 1Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  2
303 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA A BwA  3
26 | / 텧A jB Bw / Mo VAoU  4
o~M
: B k k  o~M wA 
kM  XkdA Ao~M BB U ozA jE hU ȗ A U BTk BTk 
. JC B ȗ BXA  SA odLA  țozA J\A A  360
. AoL Jo jAkM o  o ^BA o~M 
BdTTA  Ane k AoɄA  zj k J] U nw k o~M 
kA wBvA BTB  Soe ɷ 613 w toA BMoi  ɷ 13 w vA
ȯBXA oA AA ȗ  ~e  A Beov Ae ^Ajk\ vA BjBTwA Y 
[oA A  zk ț\w Be E ( ȯBvA TE ) o~M Be A  oz
. BUnB toLM BvA jBE Y A BMoi  1260 w ȗ . BA k
: njB~A
353 | 2Z kAoA jA nBe gnBU  ww keA  1
522 : | 1Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ 2
109 :  | / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  odA 3
) L~A JodA BA A  j\A k kd ]oU  o  o Bɗ  4
87 : |   1984  1 . zj  nw
A
BM] ȗ  30 d dA  kLU  MBM Bd ȗ dA qo B A MBU eB
. kA B MBU ^BMBw SB  MoA
{{ k Jo ( eoM ) wBM o B훱 hA wBM So k k A
A Kv  kA jA oMBA  kA m SB  ( ^BBe wBA eB )
 eBA m ȗ k k\v ȗ kA A mM oA Bqe LA A BwA
A nBYA  L  mA A RBBA  cLA kzM vA TA k
. A nBM oU TA kBhA UnB w
: njB~A
478 | 1Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
146 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  2
 1990  1 43 | 2Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  3
255 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA A BwA  4
BL
. wTA MA eBw   BwA nB Mo U  ȯBoM BB  Tv Mo j
 wTA odLA JoA  v J\A   nw ozA BzA  Bkd
Bd  BLA  Ak  n  uMAo  ep LM : Bk A  RoM BTB
 oXA B SLBU RAnBdA k kA m BL SB . AkLM BUkB BL L]
ϧBA L~A JoA toA qLA BoA ɛvA Bɟ kA
dA LM TTU BL SB  1516 w EkM mA BXA k ȗ  BXA
.  1943 w BA wA SB  UAmA
: njB~A
1550 | 2Z / ovA MoA wA  1
115 | / ȫB{ d . j / MoA kA w  2
KB ME K{
Bk {B M ( | ) woA F\ KzA Am A  L\A ȗ oA :  KzA
A Lv Ȧ KzM o A BE w ME KzM o B k yo SBdU
^Bo{ jBhA L] ^B{ uL ME L] M  A 汧A 񪽰  (  ) Ȧ BA
B~A i   300 dM AodA k\vA   A vM A o Ƀ ȗ
) LA miE M M v mA ( | ) woA k] KA kL KzA E  oA
. ( | ) A woA k   LA L {B ȮM q B  ME e ( |
: njB~A
393 | 3Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
203 | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  2
145 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B  3
375 | 1Z / Bz M / LA ovA  4
( yo oMB ) BA
 jAkM BA B{ ]j o  MoA KB\A ȗ U  wkA AoA k keE ȷ
BA w BA Bn qA BTMoU U  kA gnBTA ȗ oA kA  ȷ
^BLU ^BU BA wBM kA Sw  vA B jA\A kd BA ke
. (  ) BA BA w
oL B M\A \A ȗ ] ɷ 145 w jAkM k wBLA n~A TMA B
( o~A qzA ) oL ^BBeA vU SB B ( oLA yo oL ) BBw Bi
 MoA vA Aq   k] gzA B j TA oLA qzA oL  B ^AqU
m ȗ n~A ɗj k  A A ( yo d ) v ȪɈBA kzA d
ɷ 183 w (  ) BA BA kzTwA B  ɷ 150 w oLA o] MA oLA
kd BA ke kM  j  A ozA ko We  oLA ϦU ȗ j
ȗ Sw ( M o ) B RBvU kM kA Ro . ɷ 220 w (  ) jA\A
 ( LTA JBLM ) B nB\A A Sw Y ( M o Zv ) M BwBvA BA
ȗ AkzTwA mA  jk ^Bk SB zo oL kA U A L A ǰn
. z A qoA kA RnB ɷ 443 w ȗ ɷ 37 w ZnAhA Joe
: njB~A
191 | 5Z  364 | 1Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
116 | 7 / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  4
1987 w 1 / BA v 9Z ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTA w  3
AkA
k   176 Bv B kLU  jAkM BA J]  wjBA Bd qo
.  90 Bv ^B{ BvA
BE AoA RBBdA M o qo B TA AoA oAe keA AkA kU
   kdA AkA  ȷ ( vdA ) BwA BvBM F SB kM SYn
JodA BYA khTv  [oA dA AA  KMk B{ RBL   ϼvdA
AkA vdA ȪwA A kL  A A kzA  RB] vTA Am  U
 AkA wA Ʉ qA no   qA  ^Bejn kA  B  
A om  ^AnB~TiA AkA wA B A Y AqhA Aj M BwE oT{A vdA
( tBL A je ) Bk{ TA BA nj A Lv AkBM kLTwA k vdA wA
) w  REkTMA ( je ) gzA Bp A BM  A o]A  ȦAqhA BL un
oA  MBvA kA ȗ oɈ k AkA wA   ( ɷ 1192 w A 1160
. o\ oz ȯBXA
: njB~A
123 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A  1
154 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  2
191 | 2Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  3
75 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  4
foA
țozA KB\A ) BoA  MB ]j o  MoA KB\A  A foA 
 o jAo : oɃBdA SA ȗ ȷ Rd k foA KB] Ƀ U ( B
FA  n~A  BdA  AzA  tB oi  o\A  dA ǰ  dB~A
 B\A e  MoA e  vA  odA  BwA  xB{A  BLA  αoA 
. BA RdA  Bo  nkA  oBA  ozA k  kA
SL kA n~A ȗ BwA ol inƪA BU TA kA oA  foA kU
Ak B  wBLA kA ȗ jAkM Mo SzE TA wAA foA d  BTvU
fo  Ak]BM fo  ( AoA k ) BUoL fo  Bv fo B B jAkM fo
 BTwpi fo ( np o{ k ) Aka] fo  oA fo  o~LA fo  AoBw
A BA Bw A keA B ȗ BA ] M ȧBow E ȫAnC fo  E
o] MA  ɷ 157 w ȗ E om  ȅL A A A o M  A
KB\A Am o foA KB] A ( BoA ) țozA KB\A  AwA n~A
^Ak\v AwA  ȮL A oA Y   MoA k  BLA B  foA vM
 jAkM ZnBi ^BBU q foA SB Tk ik  Te \A   T\
. ^Aov] 12 M BoA KB\M LUoU ȴ A BA
: njB~A
507 | / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
 1990  1 20 | 2Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  2
cB . j ]oU 74 | / ov J . j / A wBLA jA ȗ jAkM i  3
ȦA keA
S
   70 Bv B kL ( ^BMBw kA A ) jBoA k B{ B qo
nBe ȗ n~A kE m RoT{E k k S .  180 d jAkM BA
) wFM ovA njB~ A ȗ BwA jn k SqA nB  nk~ BFM kAoA jA
Sw kA A ȗ  MoA ( j )  RB] B nBMC ϧl Ȯ ( j  j
  ȗ B S Sw  MoA S wA Fz  nBA Ȯ ( UE ) wFM
M S  BBM wBM Sw   BL B nBv B AA SLA Y nA
16 w vA BdT  (  ) AoMG M k M ... ϧB M kLA B kLvA
hA p ȗ oBA kq M VnBdA k   LT M ϧB M o k  ɷ
B oe (  397  309 ) w ȗ  B] ϦA BTeA  363 w ȗ  ȯBXA
Te J\A A nkd RAoA  BA miF ^ ^Bki ȯBXA nMB{ ȯBwBvA ϦA
. o~LA  LoA ( MA ) ~
o~A  n{A o~A M B BBpE bAoTU ^BoYA ^B훱 ^U ( 26 ) S ȗ ozT
. ( ohA U ) TA m  wBLA
: njB~A
482 | 5Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
597 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
269 | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  3
308 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A  4
 1990  1 400 | 1Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  5
Bj
 BkdU  ]j o  ozA A U  60 d jAkM BA  kLU Ao k
ozA   wA Bd J\A   kA b BvA TɗBd BzA
o o keE Bj o A Lv Bj Sw  ɷ16 w vA BdT . AoA
) ȯBovA wBM ^BMBw vU SB k  BAnE  ǰo mA A kAoA ]j
 liF wA A   k n~ A oA Am vU ]oU  ( AoBU ) ( ȫAnE
L  JAqA ȮU TA ( tBj BG  nAkdA qA M ( BTj ) AnA A
ȯBXA wBLA kA ȗ vU Bj SB  AoA AoA ȃnA  oA Am
j] Bj  RpoM  BdA Am qo MM k oLTU  BwAoi o wFM
.  1920 w ozA nY kM oA ~BM
: njB~A
 1990  1  318 | 1Z / AoA n\ nAjA kA  1
120 | / BMBM B] / AoA AA kA BwA A  2
207  | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  3
B{B
oTzU   258 d Ao BA  kLU AoA w ȗ k  B{B A B{B
]p kMp B{B M  A A   BwFM oA jB\vA ~M odA BTB~M
jk Kv BA  B Ak]  AF oTTA Bq ɷ 621 w ȗ k{oA nB
. BA BA 
: njB~A
336 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
447 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
277 | / wA MoA kA w  3
244  36 | / [oTv ȟ ozA hA AkM  4
BzBo
 Loɛ  Ak  JoA A  jBMC oi k ɫ BzA A L] AoA kɫ
ioA o BM o .  588 d Ao BA  kLU  AoA AoA jkdA
. AoBM ]j o kAn E keE
BnBjpA ZE kA So  AoA kA RBoL   AoThM wA ^BA B 
 ^AnB~TiA Bzo  ( BB{ Bo ) vU SB aLA BBvA p ȗ
Ae Ak  jBA ZBdA jB]  SB ( vo ) wBM ^Bk So
^AkT BM v BM M mA ( po M lBL ) toA Ϧ BzA  ȷ   nkA
B ( qoMA ov toA Ϧ nB] o{ ) o{ o~ kA ȗ  o A 
ȗ B ( TvM ) v L] ȗ qoMA to qkL{ n ɗ mA BA ^BA
Ϧ BBi  ~A Ϧ n  nA α  T]A mA BkA BzBo
Boj . qoMA ov k  AT]A  oA Ϧ o~  kA Ϧ oAj  oTA
. A A A  B] Kv BA ɷ 700 w A
: njB~A
375 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
456 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
222 | / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM  3
281 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  4
Ae
: B A k Ae A Kv
25 dM oBA  țozA J\A A  ozA A  o~M Ae k 
oTzU  ɛozA Aod~A jke   1871 w SzA Xke k ȷ 
M qqA kL BTiA  A B  oL oj ^Bk SB  iBvA ToLA BUBBdM
. oBkA BM Jo  o~ ȧ B Ao
npo{  JoBM jAkM A BL\A Ȧ B jAvA jke oiC ȗ AoA ȗ Ae 
Ϧ  po M lBL BBM  B  30 kM  o{ o~ Jo AA ȷ  Bi
E Ae  ( vA ake Be ) BB  ϧmM Sw  Ao{E kA  toA
B M BdA M Ao M Ae A Lv Sw   L\A ke oiC AoA
k  ^Bd ] cT  Ao B vA BdT k  A SLv Bq B
. ȯBXA hA p ȗ ɷ 19 w ϧl o M B횧A
. BA Ȧ B BwAoi A jke oiA ȷ nMBv ȗ kM ^BA Ae 
: njB~A
334 | / 2Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
195 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
734 | 1Z / ovA MoA wA  3
198 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w 4
273 | / ȦA keA cB . j / AoA AoA B  5

 omTA KA Wƽ om jA E L]    A BMoE [dA oBz keE
WBXA oz ȯBXA A A   \dA l  o{BA  odA  ZBdA q
. ZBdA B]o TA VXA RAo\A M  ozTA BE ȷ oz
  4 A BvA m Ro~TiA k  AodA k\vA o{ B{  7 kM  隽
ȗ TiA k . oavd jA A LA o]  ^ ke  L\A wA A i
ϧmM  Ȫw   ( Ao E ) BkA  M  B  Ȫw   M vTA ]
Ȫv  \A UE : B  aU :  B (  ) jE nB jAnE B (  ) AoL] 
S{ B Mn  U :  B (  ) AoMG UE (  ) AoL]    T ϧmM
 pBA jAA TɃ  SM o L{  SB  ϧl o    Ȫv
   vA A ȷ RnB\A   RAo\A jAA ϧl w ȗ RBo
ZB\dA Jo cv Ak  vA RAnBA   BeE  oL e A 
v 雱 ȗ ( odA  ) M oU eB ~~h  ϧB  Bi 
  mA (  k\v A ) hA k\v BE k]Bv k  ȗ  ~A
. ( | ) woA
: njB~A
174 | 2Z / țnpA /  nBLiA  1
8Z / jLA W M UB / pB\dA B \  2
551 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA 3
229 | 5Z / AkLA \  4
290 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B  3
uL ME L]
A BL\A JoE   BoLA  u A   Bo{E nBLA  BL] keE 
 MB  B ^Boz B~A țo{ khA  MoA oA ȗ 隽  AodA k\vA
uL ME )  B [em L  ]n A Lv uL MFM Ȫw  jwA o\dA LA
uLTE   BqA k ȗ v B M    BLA EkM  A B ( gB{ M
B  nBA  uLTA e ϧmM (  ) jC B   uL BMA v oA  wA
B  ^BjTv B jwA o\dA  ( A ) B\BM Ȫw ( tMB MA ) ^BA 
A keG o\U  SB  ɗ FA BL\A  L\A Am oLT  BɗA
 odLA cw Tv   372 d BUnA L  qp oM mU SB TA VXA
( | ) LA  郱 A   ~BM oLT tBA k~ Ƀ L\A ȗ
 vA B W{ BMA Ae jC nL Ƀ L\A ȗ  oA BzA k
oBɄ MA Aqɓ   A ~dU L\A Am ɗ A om  ( qA ) nBɓ v
. ɷ 317 w  ȅoA
: njB~A
532 | / TLvA L\TA w M wBA / JAoTA eoA jBTv  1
268 | 2Z  32 | 1Z / țnpA /  nBLiA 2
103 | 1Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ 3
18 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA 4
11 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B 5
RBo
 ~A ozA   \A   jo ȷ BA o ^B] u  RBo
BM A   B o  odA ZnBi  mA keA   [dA oBz
țo{ BA  M oA  U  \dA l  wBTA A  oA  kM
vL w ȷ  jqA   6     10 kM   22 dM 
B o jke A RBAoA Rol . o jA tA Am oU BL\A  tM Bd
A  Y A  o A  oM   ZBdA FM BA M ϧl  A odA Ȧ
BA m  q\  o ZnBi  B ϧl o E  AnA K\M A  pB\A l
vw ȴ oiA VXA RB\A BE  odA Jo eB  o jke ȷ uhA
J\A   ( d ) L] ozA   ( kw ) L] ɛozA BzA  BL]
ao (  ) AoL]  ϧmM o Sw  ( oA E ) BpoMA Ajw BL] vw
o Sv   : B ? So :  B oM  B  B wBA (  ) AoMA
汧A ȗ ZBdA kMB B ϧl  oL~A Ȯ ( oA )  ϧmM Ȫw M B 
A L]  SMBA  eoA L]  oA : B oiE BwA o L]    A
MBTA RFzA M B [dA BA A Ao A Bw B u RBo  ϧl o 
.  (  ) AoMA k\v o k\v oiA BB   k
: njB~A
182 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B 1
92 | 9Z  73 | 6Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \  2
117 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ 3
409 | odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  4
ɷ 1415 w A jkA 144 | / [dA RB \  5
Ba~A
iAj MBT 훱 ȗ Aj] nA  Uo o Aqz B  oA B~A
U .  400 d BM BvA ( | ) LA JBM ȗo  ozA A odA
 oBM ȴT B~BM vA EkL  B~A B{ oA U oA J] B~A
 oA B~A  AodA k\vA țo{ U TA vBM BM AA oA vU
B~A A ) BU  dM A{A Lw BM vBM ZBdA  TA L]AA  oBzA
BM dU  w E  nBL oA B~A SB  (* A oB{  oA
khA nAj mBA KBvA ME MA KBvA nAj ɛnA nAj B TA  A RM
B  B횼 L\M ~T oA uL ME L\M ^~T B~A L] B  Bo
p ȗ G om (  ) AoMG p A BM vA EkM ]o  M Anz L]
( B ) v ȯBXA B~A  ( BwG ) k A  ozA K~ B\A
kL M jw ϦA p ȗ ɷ 1357 w  ȗ  BM v AB . oA 
MBA ȗ ] MB   v ȮM  vA KB\M TA RLA Sk qqA
. oA B~A M ~ q]Be A
. BE  B~A  o\ ȗ B~A   B ~e   odLBM o ^BE B~A
185 : oLA *
: njB~A
8Z jLA UB / pB\dA B \  1
124 | 1Z  93 | 2Z / țnpA /  nBLiA  2
326 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  3
467 | 3Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  4
425 | 1Z / B{BM Sn AoMA / odA Co  5
JoA
Bkd  wTA odLA  oA nBA  MoA BzA ~A ȗ U Mo j
wTA odLA nB L]  ^B{ vA dA ^BMo  oAq\A jM ^Bo{
tB  \  tB : A Bk   BMoA BTB   oLA Aod~A ^BM]
oAq\A jke  wTA odLA  BeAw  L  BLA nAkA  yAo 
d Aod~A hU Te \Ʉ  vɄA dA   468 d \Ʉ A
BnBA E  BvT o ~ A BA uA BL] jLA ozU   2700
A JoA Bw ȪT  n o  BA jAM o ȗ ~T mA Lw o ȷ
BM S~UA L]A j E  kA n~A i jLBM oTwA mA oMoLA o~A
L WBXA oA ȗ BUnBe RojpA TA ]Bo j ȷ ȦB\A o~A ȗ JoA
 534 ) oA ov Bi SB  ]Bo ȷ kA m B SB  jA
 mA B M L jBM  683 / ɷ 62 w vA BdT Y  (  .  680
w kM  ȯBvA BA M Bve k  RBeTA SAU Y  BoA  ^BA
cTA  ȫwA d MBU jLA SM o~ M
 ( ɷ 375  172 ) wnAjA JoA e  KɛBU  ɷ 172 w A
613 ) oB  ( ɷ 667  524 ) keB  ( ɷ 541  453 ) MAoB
ɷ 1069  961 ) kvBɗ  ( ɷ 961  876 ) wBɄBɗ  ( ɷ 876 
jLA STwA  1901 w voA BTeE ( ɷ 1640  1050 ) A vB
 1955 w
: njB~A
1724 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA  1
210 / ȫBzA d . j / wA MoA kA w  2
 1984 1 15  7 | / MoA M k~A lBTwA / J oA JBT  3
dA l
A [d kA  Zoi AlA ( | ) A wn q B  nA kA E RB 
 A oA B oT  kA   9 kM  U oB kM A   o
 ) Ȧ BA A Lv ( Ȧ nBMC ) A v  ^B{  450 d B kLU TA
Am ȗ  WBXA hA p ȗ vA M ST{A TA TA BA  w mA (
kLA m B   ( | ) A wn   B mA o\zA k\v ^BA BA
oiC qA  uoTA ) M to ( | ) woA B mA 郱A  toA k\v
. BA Am ȗ o AlA ( A
: njB~A
156 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  1
339 | 2Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  2
310 | 2Z / țnpA /  nBLiA  3
106 | jLA UB / pB\dA K ȗ Ren / o\A o   4
LkdA
kA  Zoi Be MBdA  ( | ) A wn  q mA nzA 郱A 
LkdA qɓ A Lv Sw ) nBT o\ wjBvA vA oiAE ȗ nA
 BL BTA  L tBA ( | ) woA Bj ɃA Am ȗ  ( ozA
AoA LM LA m Sw AoA o\zM Sw TA o\zA SdU B RA
. LkdA c~M Ȫw ( | ) woA M yo M c~A 雰 Y 
k\vA   25 kM  oA  Jo  kA k] o  A kA U
Ȫw ( vzA oM ) B  B oM A Lv ( vzA ) M A oU  AodA
vA k\vA LkdA ȗ  ϧB SB BMke o\{ A Lv LkdBM 郱A
  yo  B mA BA ȗ ( | ) LA  oTA mA BA  BwFM
dA SB B  ȯBXA hA B텛 k ϦU AoA o\{ A om   ij
. JAoi A  LkdA k\v kM jvA
: njB~A
150 | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  1
367 | 5Z / A joA oB kd / oA A SM  A gnBTA  2
190 | 2Z / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  3
165 | 2Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  4
94 | / jLA UB / LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \  5
A jA
uhA ) w ( 鼚A ) A v  nzA nA kA jE  oL jA 
Y  țAoA ZBd RB B k  kA  v dA l A  AlA (
)  ZBdA od oYk A o RAl  ( o RAl ) AoA A RB cLA
o jAA A B ^Bo{    94 ɗBv  jAA Am 隽  ( LoA
B Lv ( Ȧ nBMA ) kM jAA o{  U  A KTA ȗ jn B gvBM
BA kA qTA Bk ^AoM 23 (  ) Ȧ BA  FzA mA dA  (  ) Ȧ
kw RB Am A jA ȗ   150 d jAA Am  L  WBXA hA
 Am B kA k B M o A Ϧ ( ^BLU )  BM Ȫw  |B MA M
. ϧl o   nA
: njB~A
80 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
156 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA 2
199 / nBLhA wB keA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU  3
310 | 2Z / țnpA /  nBLiA  4
104 | / jLA UB / pB\dA K ȗ Ren / o\A o   5
nY L]
 oX TiA k nA kA B{ keE L] i 隽 A oeE o L]
  4  3 kM   ȗ  BA AB kBM j]  inƪA BA
oM ME  ( | ) A wn  TiA mA nBA L\A Am ȗ  AodA k\vA
: BU  ȗ oA AoA ȗ nBA Am oLi jn k   kA A o\A k~ Be
B ((* ... nBA ȗ B lG YA ȯBY Ao mA ]oiE lG A o~ k o~U G ))
 o\zA   o\{ ȷ  AoA MBM  BU A SLYE ( | ) woA ij
Tze TBe wnA  nBA ]  S\v RLA BU A oE  BvG B
  759 d L\A BUnA L .  ozA k B ϧl A nBA   BTzz
B  q mA B kL M nY A Lv nY Ȫw  Mo oT d nBA eBv
. dE L] A dA nY 
: njB~A
288 | 2Z / A joA oB kd / oA A SM  A gnBTA  1
494 | / ȦBA Akn gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  2
57 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B  3
101 | / 2Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  4
BG
 odLA JBM MoA Bo ȗ 隽  L] k k ȷ  tkA SM k BwA keA
ȗ  eoA JBM v JBM țozA Bo ȗ  (  ) jAj LA L  JBLA Am
nv SBɟ kA  BA vM ɗoA vA A jƽ Bɛp B ozA
p ȗ ^Bd vA BdT  ~A k\vA B ozA A 隽  BL\BM Bd
  (  ) b M Bw M nG M BG  BBM wBM BA Sw  ȯBXA hA
A   A SM  BG  A   vA B Bw B o  jAj BBM
BA )   135 w kM tkA  E mA ȯBoA wA  v  wA Am
. ( BTM B
: njB~A
348 | / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
68 / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
10  8 | 5Z / tkA v / wkA RBLTA w  3
oU 
 SB BUB{ BvA Bqo  B  58 kM  Mo Bd MBU B
U jLA oBw A oTA KvA K\ B  ȫwA cTA p ȗ oA oA
 ~dA kA  jA WBXA oA ȗ SB k  RAoA o  A Mo
 A hA BE vA BdTTE  ȯBwBvA MBM M o{jnA M nMBw BnBTiE
M kd kA LvA ϧl  oX i B Lv ɷ 12 w kA M kBi k 
. ow
: njB~A
199 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
423 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  2
130  | / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke ^Bk AoA  3
 1993  zj 1 / ȮA kL nB / wA B\A ȗ odA gnBU  4
( JAqeA o 雱 ) khA
JAqeA jA Jqe Bk ɷ 5 w A{ ȗ khA q  S훰 mA 雱A 
B{ nA kA   1  5 kM  A 隽  vA MnBd yo 
nBzTwA MBdA ] ( | ) A wnA JAqeA oLi  B . w L] Jo
k  En  AA Ro] khA odM  ( n ) wnBA Bw nB{F 
2300 M AmA khA  nk  ^Ao{   BE Tw   oe k ȗ STiA
pBT]A j d oe k   4    o   3, 23     
Bj B   nBz khA oe ȗ ( | ) woA nB{ k  ozA L 
cn  SL AqA ^B 20  vA nB~e oTwA A kM  JAqeA 
: BUFE G Tz ^AnB  oTU  nk RF Bi S B B]
: njB~A
221 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  1
Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~  2
9 | 9Z ȦBA Uo o] kvA / A LA ow  cd~A  3

A RB  ( | ) A wn BTɛ TA SɛAA    A [dA B 
M  oA  J]  pB\dA  M\A ȧBzA ȦeBvA oA  隽  A
 ( kw ) Boe ϧB oM A Lv ( kvA ) A v   100 d BM
kɗAoA jkTA pB\dA jE keE   ( E ) M ϧm o    keE
  BA Jo J]  30 kM  AA AovA  UF mA BA oXA
WA nB MBU ȫe qo ϧm   ( L] M lB ) k\vM o k\v
. oiA dA RBvwƪA M
: njB~A
28 | 1Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \  1
328 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B 2
310 | 2Z / țnpA /  nBLiA 3
187 | 1Z / oLA A kL / \TwA B \  4
BvM
38 d oL k    6 d  kLU  jnA o Mo U v k
Bv wA B  B kɛ k ȷ   127 d tkA k   
j mA ~dA U : BnBYC  ( uM Tw ) wBM BoA k ȗ So  nA
dA 훰 ) BMoM S훰  RB]  T mA 郱A BM G   AoA BA A
B TwA  ɷ 13 w BzA cT RB  ȅqLA y\A vA SM (
o BBM AjBA Bk Y  oBA A eoBM BA AoE  1948 w B~A
. ( B{ SM ) Bw  1949 w oiE
jo l ) q ȗ M o ( | ) woA A B B 郱   pB\dBM ^BA BvM
. BA ϧl kM Ȫw (
: njB~A
120  119 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  1
95 | / ȫB{ d . j / wA MoA kA w  2
246 | / BdA w kd / gnBU nE v  3
 RoM 2 / 314 | / B jB keA / BzA jM cT / zj A oA  4
.  1982
|oL
A BM B BBw   Bw BTB  wTA odLA o{ U oq]
eBw  kLU   1954 A BBUnA ~ BTL] BTvw oq\A oThU  oU
) So oq]    60 d nw eBw    40 d ( oU ) BA
A BzA    140 Bv JoA A ozA  kTU   360 d ( BA
 tBM  BBTw  BTw]BB  wB oiA Bk E   60 Bv JoA
w n{ Si  ozA  B~UBM ^AoL ^AoYFU |oL nBe RoYFU  Bo
L ɗ Sɛ  .  525 w ɗ   .  800 w A  .  1709
STwA  .  313 w A tM B TwA   Bnoe  E A toA
 BY BAq  ATB q\A  BA cB B BAq   .  58 Bn B
( oL ) vU B k A Lv Ȫw   k\A tBdA BB n  |oL
. ( toMB ) vA YA  B  ^Bk SB
: njB~A
346 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
453 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA 2
1368 | / ȯBXA k\A / ovA MoA wA  3
915 | / A  keA / wBvA tBA  4
Bv
AoA ao MBU nBE qo A ȷ  B  8 kM   B{ U hnBU kM
A kA A o VY B oTU jw nAoe BeA 鼪]  kLA  oz 
vA vT Bv Sw  pB\dA K ȗ \UAoTwA MAM oLTU  k] A 
wn Aq k  BU ke ȷ  d\A M oA B   SB  B
qA ȷ  o\A  o{ w ui Ȃ kM BvM Bd ȮM ( | ) A
. Bd ȮM qM oA
: njB~A
137 | 4Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  1
99 | 6Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \
421 | / odA / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA 3
188 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B  4
