   1 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
mA JBLA A ozA ǱLA k\vA  ozA \A ȗ kTU ozA RAo\dA SB
.k\vA ȗ nB{ BMAMA  oL] JBM Ȧ

$
*3
: uwFTA
 zB T]q TM M k\v M B ^AoL ^BBTvM (|) A wn oT{A k
 M Bv M ZqU B  hA ko]  LA  k\vA BM   jw
. j  B SM ȗ U  (|) LA B xB RM vU ȷ  RAo\e

$
*5
: BA
w B\ ȗ  .BdA RB\ 鼪] ȗ AT  vM z (|) LA xB k
BBM nBiqA  kLA  BvLA B ȗ AT ^BUM M BA  幪h ^An~ L 
 B o\e  nBL B   BUnA  eBvA ȗ MnBT ko\A  LBM
 SLA o B  o{  bvA B  k\vA ȗ nB{ BMAME  o ik
woA o\e w B  5    3.5 JnB B SLA JBM A o\dA JBM
MBd~A o~A  B mA jv M A kL  B av k MBd~A keE k AlA (|)
nB\{E u]  ) oo  Kzi  vE o\e   o\e SM  B
ȯBXA  k\vA ȗ nB{ JoA ] BkeE BMBM (|) TL B A om  (oM~A
ZBvA A oo  ~ JBLA  kBM o M e MAM u  BzA ]
 SLA JBM \w z (|) woA B   JBLA     keA Ao~M
B We (qB\A ~) M oA 郱A o{ ȗ k] mA ǱLA k\v o
 (|) woA SM  ȷ m 峼 qB\A  Ȏa~ w  A   A 
wEn ] k  TM o\e ȗ j k  nA] A BU A nBTiA Te  xB mA
tBA Ɉ  J\A A ɽoA ]  ozA A ]n  JoA A ɽozA
Bk qqA kL M o Bk Te  B ~ UB kM LA ZApA RAo\e ik
ǱLA k\vA ȗ BijE  ϦA kL M kA i ȗ ɷ87 w kA nBA U
nw Sw  oA CoA ɗ RAo\dA m ol jn k  ɷ 91 w ozA
  oXA RAo\dA An  ϯjB mA A  : BU B BA Lv RAo\dA
ȗ o   BU B (|) LA RB]p A RLA m SE oiC 郱 ȗ 1 
LA ZApA RAo\e  uh jkdA 雱A  inƪA jBE k 2  ..UM
m BM BE w E  qi SM Kp  jw  zB  ~e RAo\e ȷ  (|)
: Ȧ B ȴ RAo\dA
.(ɷ 58 w SU) TA zB o\e  1
BkdU  B a ozA oA  ozA \A ȗ (|) LA BBM o\e A ȷ
o\e  SM TA jw o\e ^Bo{  () B o\e ^B{  ~e o\e ^BM]
SM B  BUnB\T BA  k B keA ü   keA S ȗ zB
 B v 孼v A av BTM A ol  婽oA oLA  Ko Ƀ ȗ zB
B A ǰn  oBw oLA ikU SB  Be BM   vU SB v  oLA
M A kL BAoT{A M   BUBe  BBw B o{  B o\dA m oT{A
LA SM zB ikM E om B  BA dU B] vi BA WM  oMqA
RBBU  RAoU S~e \A  vA  k ^BX B mA (|) A
Bɟ B odA  o{BLA KLvA ȷ SBɟ  aɓ  (|) LA a ^Ank~ SBɟ
.RBeBz  (|) TM ȗ o\
.(ɷ 55 w SU) TA p SM jw o\e  2
ȗ () B o\e  B ozA \A ȗ  zB o\d nB\ BUo\e SB
A BjBTU BTB  zB SL ^B B ~e SM A om  B BzA \A
.BUB kM zB BUo\dM SE k  Bq ȗ B 
.(ɷ 45 w SU) TA o SM ~e o\e  3
o B nk  a o TLA M B  LA ]  zB SL ^B BTM B
.ozA ]ABM oAqA  ȗ n~A iAj A   ^Bod oA
SM M ijE A 탱 A LA nAk] k  ɷ29 w k\vA ȗ BX jAp B
o jAp B  夰A oA X k\vA A ^Bo B ]  BkM ^AnAj BBA  ~e
A ik  ~e SM M oTz A jAnA ɷ 91 w k\vA ȗ qqA kL M
ȗ ^BMBM  \ A MB ϧl kM k\vA ȗ ijE   o C  k\vA
.SLA k Y oA B oA nAj BE   ik k\vA
.(ɷ 4 w B]Ap  o{ kM SU) TA qi SM Kp o\e  4
oA  a SB k  () ɄB o\e  ozA \A ȗ BUo\e U 
Kp SM ȗ BijA w A (|) LA ZqU B  BzA  oL] JBM  ZnBhA
.qi SM
.(ϧl o   ɷ61 w SU) TA w E o\e  5
k B LaBM BUo\e w A SM UAq keA ȗ (|) woA B B A ǰn
B  hA ko\M L SB oiA ]ApE RAo\e  ϧl oA  (|) A wn
A w E B) : B (tBA nB~MA E E RjnE)  :  SB BLA Am B (|) B B
aTA) nB~A MBL MA MU E ϧm ǰn  (BLA vA B  Kl B o{
MBL BME E A  lA 幪w A SM ȗ   (|) A wn  Sq (ɷ50 w
w A o\e A  j Am ȗ  ozA oA ȗ AwBM v Mn k B
ȗ inƪA TiA k (|) LA ZApA RAo\e M BA k\vA  Lo SB
 ozA \A ȷ  k\vA  keA ] ȗ SB BA M o BA kkdU
.BzA  ozA  M\A \A ȗ SB BA oiA LA o
: vA B Ȧ  B SM 
B SM An 隽  zB SM B{ ozA ǱLA k\vA  ozA \A ȗ 隽
 JAod   n~ A SLA e  好oL] JBM nBv   k\TA AwA
.(|) LA o\e i 
LA B  () Ȧ SM JBM A k\vA ȗ nBzA o]BA JAMA (|) LA kw
 JAMA kw  (|) LA AoE k B ^Ao ^AoB wA :()  Ȧ (|)
qqA kL M o cT B E om  RBoA  jBMG  tBjA  k\vA qU
k\v ȯBXA JBLA AlBd ȗ SLA Am 郱 nB ɷ91 w ǱLA k\v ^BMBM 20
kk\U k JBLA Am akw k  () Ȧ JBLM JBLA Am o Am  țozA BdA ȗ
 oL] JBM  ZnBhA   BL{ A   BL{ B ]  țozA BdA
.A A j]
() Ȧ SM An eo tBA FA AlA   ^Ao~e Zoh (|) A wn B 
(|) A wn STB AoX Te oiC Y U~M ~ ]n Co 奼A  Ȧ~ Y
qU A Szi ȯA : B ϧl  w B  Ǳ o~dBM oF oX M AlB
JBM A UF A B AlA (|) woA B  B U  Y A  
A u]oA  Km A ko BG ~A ~A)   UjBM miF B
.(^AoU o  SLA
 B]p A 汧A  T Bk () AoqA SM hA AL~TA mA ]B k
AwA A ]nj A BMo k  JBLA cT   SBe  M  M SBe
.BTM AoeBM Ajk  ozA B Aov  B]

$
*7
: njB~A
120.| / wB jd F / nA kA A eoA  1
.ȮA kL tBA kd / ozA ǱLA k\vA e MBd~A RM  2
92.| / nB~A tkA kL / nA kA nBYC  3
90.| / 4Z / ȦBA Uo o] kvA / A LA ow  cd~A  4
2.Z  1Z / ȦBA Uo o] kvA jjn  RBL{ () AoqA BwF  5

$   2 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ȗ LA n~ 5 Bv  BA U ǱLA JAodA Moɓ oLA Am 隽
.ozA ǱLA k\vA
$
*3
: uwFTA
E  幦h m\M UF ϧl  z B BA BE  B Ki AlA (|) LA B
E  : tBA    B kA jn ]n M o~M B  峼 T BB LB] A
B{ A  u] B{ B 峼  ^Bv\  S~ M o { ȗ ȯkd ^Akd A
o  MBE YY  BAnl  ^AoL  ~ A oE  (|) LA ϧl L B
 (w 46.2 = AnmA) keA Anl (|) LA A kTv mA nk Ʉ  Anl
eAn ϧl ȗ (|) LA k] bAoTvA vU TA ]nkA o RB]nj VY  T
TA kA B{ ^ 25 kLU TA MBA  YA Kzi   oLA A ǰn 
.o~TBM (hBM) A oU
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A BA e X m\A ae oLA A m\A  TLhM dU B (|) LA A ǰn
WkdM nBw  TeA  (|) LA A q MBdE qeE Te e UnA  Bk
tAo  Ϧ\ A A Rj S{ A  Uo  Uoi ϼA RjB S{ A))
B  oLA SdU j  e Sw  \A tAo   A m\A nBTiB ((\A
.oLA țo{ j M
A) : B (|) LA A : B   kU WjBeA ozA oLA ȗ Rjn k
k L~ BA  A k UAmM oLA Am A Ȯ Am  (\A ȗ KUAn oL
A oiE Aw    ^YA ^B Am oL k keE d )) ^BA B  峃e
.(( SL] E nBA  k횫 ELU
A hA B] B oLA  XBXA ]nkA   Kh Be (|) LA B
 B ȯBXA hA B] B  廦vA ]nkA  ]n 郰  BXA ]nkA  B
RAw Sw k WBXA hA  ϧm  nA  ]n 郰  vA ]nkA
.(|) LA 郱 A  Y
(|) woA oL 馚M oE B E ǰn  RB]nj Sw \ B  jAp ɷ41 w
nA Sqp  uzA SvA  A Bɗ BzA ɗ oL nkɛ  \
A햗 M oE B   Aq A A KT ϧmM B A ALT B  Aa
w) wBLA kA jAnA  qA   B  jAp mA oLA SBU k  ϧl
  (|) A wn p ȗ SB TA A TBe ȗ  B B UjBE (ɷ161
A k oBA hA B ɷ593 w ȗ  峫A Ϧ A  ^Bi ϧl  ȴ
.kk\TM
ozA ǱLA k\vA ȗ K{ mA odA KLvM oLA AoTeA oYA   ɷ654 w
ǱLA oLA 郱 ȗ K~ k~A  BTBn  ^AoL A KeB oA wnE
 Kh RAw oz k ȚM  啽ozA
K~  A KeB oL 馚 ^AoL nBkLA toLM oBA ϦA wnE ɷ664 w
.nA TF ɷ797 w Te d oBA oL
.toLM oBA oL d ȗ 郰 ^AoL oM oBA ϦA wnE ɷ797 w
. kM oM oBA oL d 郰 ^AoL (g{ kƪA) wnA ɷ820 w
E L  (g{ kƪA) oL oTeB ozA ǱLA k\vA oTeA ɷ886 w
.d ȗ 郰  nBM Ȧ o]A  ^AoL kA
BM mA oLA B 郰  BioA  ^AoL BLTB o{A BvA wnE ɷ888 w
LA oL 郱 ȗ oLA Am \ FM jvA kvA fnƪA |oe k  kA E
A ep  kkdA Anl  ^BAo oz LA A ^Bk 郰 ^AoiA  噗  (|)
.ozA oA ȗ ozA
 kLA BioA  ^B~ ^AoL WBXA Bi jAo ȯBXA BvA wnE ɷ988 w
k\v A BLTB oL   KmBM Ȧ  T ȗ M\E nB Te AkMA ȗ B
 啽ozA ǱLA k\vA ȗ A j]A   峯B jAo BvA oL 郰  BL
~   峦iAj ȗ vU  ]nBhM B VY ]nj oz TYA  oLA Am T
kE MnE  B ] L   xBM  KmBM n oB  ooA 
oM BM KmA BA A Te oA ȗ A RBo{ MBM   ooA  {n  
aT KmBM B  o B~A F 
$
*7
: njB~A
.k] 1984 / ɷ1405 w / 2 / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~  1
.nB~A tkA kL / nA kA nBYA  2
.ȅzA A kd ȧB / (|) A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA  3
$   3 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ȗ JAodA \U \U Bkɗ ozA  ǱLA k\vA  MoA oA ɗ 隽
(|) A wn  Am  2 nAkM ozA oLA M  M A  nBv
.~A ȗ
$
*3
: uwFTA
k{AoA BhA k ȗ   ǱLA k\vA ȗ JAod (|) woA k ȗ k] 
VkeE  A  峧 ^BB B] AwA  nBL (|) woA k ȗ JAodA B 
 ǱLA k\v ϦA kL M kA nB ȗ qqA kL M o  \A JAodA
BLTB o{A ϦA nB   A j]A JAodA  ɷ 91  88 w ϧl
.ɷ888 w
$
*5
: BA
 ((|) LA ~ Am) nBL oB hM  JAodA  MoA KB\A ȗ KT k
 BioA   酛  KmA BM XXA Bi o Ao RBC JAodA qU
k A  XA nLA RBoY  \ BE  oeA BioA  Aj LB\M
.zA B
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
jA k U B  ^Ao{ 16 k tkA SM L A (|) woA  k
ȗ AodA A SM A LA dU kM  (RAA j) M o B Mo uBhA
AwA k  M] A k\vA B{  MAod LA e o\ XBXA vA
.ozA MAod ȮM   ~A ȗ  ϧl B  (hA)
A Lv vA JAodA BLM ȯɯBA Bw ɯBXA BvA Bɛ ɷ947 w
  ~ tBA nB~ ozA ǱLA oLA   隽 B  (ȯBvA JAodBM)
.{ 40 M kU A  ~ oL o\{ JAodA Am ȗ S k
A ϧl i  zA k  Fi ǱLA k\vA JAod L FM BA U
.nA kA L ȗ j 45 nAk AodA j]  LU B kM LA BU ȗ A
$
*7
: njB~A
ɷ1405 w  2 k]  jvA) Be Ȧ nA kA gnBU  ~  1
.(1984 /
35. : | ȅzA A kd ȧB 孼A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA  2
8. : |  oB{ ~ q] wAnj BozA BodA  3
$   4 
*1
: oTA
.(|) LA co U TA vA k BwkE JBLA o{E  ȷ

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
.ozA ǱLA k\vA iAj ozA oA ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
| k oB MoA ǱA kL BoLA M keE BA  LA m M  E A
L dB~A  n~A ϦA BE ȗ  1279 / ɷ 678 w ϧl o~M
nAkM o]BM BL B mA jBA vA G ozA coA    gnBTA Am
E LA m BM kk\U KLw k\vA cw M  ozA o\d AqU BUnA 
ȗ B  Ao SUE ozA ǱLA k\vBM oe Vke  1256 / ɷ 654 w ȗ
AoA vE BnkU  k\vA w ȗ j] SB B LA Ak B k\vA
dA ϧl  oiA BM SL ɷ 1233 w  AohBM LA m Sw
..BnqA E BLA LBM ϧl L oU SB (AohA LA) M SdLE

$
*4
:nBA wTA
k zA Mo LA SB dB~A  n~A ϦA p ȗ ɷ 678 w
o\dBM dA nAvA tn  SE JBziFM SM k  BA ȗ X BTLn
o B BvA B ɄE AlG dT B |BoA  bAA JBziA m  
{o |BoA  bAE k\vA w  LA m e wA k\vA w
.KzhA  (o\d̫) qMnAj LBM vBM d  B Jo B
Rjk] 嬰 M kd M ve oBA BvA k ȗ  1353 / ɷ 755 w
.|BoA  bAE B 郰 LA
bAE BeG kk\TM ve M BL{ o{A ϦA oE  1363 / ɷ 765 w
.BTiA kM LA  TA |BoA
JBziE M ȗ i o BLTB o{A BvA BE ȗ  1476 / ɷ 881 w
 B Row JBziFM Bk BeBM (qA M ozA) nBA T B LA
A kM  qMnAkA M  BM TA cvA FM TA |BoA bAE  Be BB qE
.o~ jM   odTwA Akk] oiC B ] kA qMnAkA ApE
 mêA SoeB ozA ǱLA k\vA  B Sq  1481 / ɷ 886 w
LA m SBAnk\A w  LU  KT Aqi  B  SUE  vA
LA) wBM kM B So kk] L BB SF (BnqA LA) M kU SoTeA TA
oM SM 啽ozA k\vA nBM S탰 Bj  LA m Sn k  (BLA
n~A M  BM TA BwA ApAM nmA BkA S]  o]A  kA
. 1268 / ɷ 667 w [e Bk toLM kA n BvA BYkeE TA
ȧT qM BLTB BvA oE BLA jB jBv KLvM LBM zTA n oYE  
/ ɷ 891 w B ȧB\A B{ B\zA oA B  Bo{BM mA nBA
Bw BLA] k LBM dA mAA ȗ mhUA LA ȧBE  nBA kM  1486
ve LA m RB] k BUjBG BkM o{ Y nA G B k B w 鮪
.d BUA
ȗ kA B kk\TM ȯBXA A kdA kL M jd BvA oE ɷ 1233 w
BM Sj |BoA bABM S T zM BBM kE  zA KLvM BBE
.A j]A LA ȷ oiA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
hA BjB{ TA ϦU ȷ ozA ǱLA k\vA ȗ SB TA keA LA A 
d~A X odA oBil d ϧl o\ MBvA oA AE ȗ A k oBA
.ɷ 300 w kM S nBL jB k ȯBXA oA
tBA E Te lE E vM Bv E ke cv  BM oe ozA LA  m 
M keE BwE k BeG E BoU BTA Be ȗ   Bdw TA  ]odT
kA  oBM Ake B BTBM BA oE Bk LA m G ǱA kL BoLA
~e B G tBA B BAqi BBin miE nAj Joi BA Jo G B\zA
LA  j~BM BA oE We (|) LA dM BwA  AkG KLvM B 
BvG E owB\T  hA  k~TBM RAw k m LA m SLE k 幖ozA
BAoTeA B dTA  RAoBA S B B Joi B b B j~A 
.ozA oL

$
*7
: njB~A
142. | A kvA kd .j : gnBTA oL ǱLA k\vA  1
283. | / ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  2
127. | / Be  / nA kA gnBU  ~  3

$   5 
*1
: oTA
kM BBM vM E B  Tv BB  Joz (|) LA B TA oLA ȷ
oM) oM  Jo LvM ȯvB S AlA)  (|) A wn  ǰn lA UB
m  } ȗ nkw BM Rv VY (|) LA vɓ) ϧm ǰn ((toɓ
.(oLA

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
B{ (B]) o Jo  keA oT  E Bv  BL k\v țo{ U
.BMo ke Jo

$
*5
: BA
J\A A BzA  ϧl  A JoA A ozA   3 / 30 oLA  o L
nh~A M 骦 BB ȗ  BA  11 BA A oLA  ǱM L{ B{
jk\̫ ǱA ȅA AjvA nB\dBM  w 75 oLA B  BA BUnA nk
Țv BA gU h A oLA  k o\e  ȅA  婽k ȦvA
M q B o\e aw B 屦e Jm BB BLA k oM oL B nB\ BTvM
BMoM (oBɈ BE) k }hz  A  toA wA BTvLA   BA
nB\dA  BM țozA BzA ]  oLBM ~T  B E AqU  k\v
BM Mo oT E 37 d LU Anp eBv oLBM dU BMBM  eBvA o A
 nA kA  to oM o i ȮL oMB Be BoA hA nB\{A
.oLA -  Bp ȗ ozA A _  - BMo o ȧAA JBM

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.(|) woA Be ȗ (nB~A Xi M kw) ɧ jU oLA m SB -
.oiA o Rjk] oLA SMoi ɷ 700 w -
M ]AhA vdA jA\A M ve gzA Be B BBTMB SMoi ɷ 822 w -
q ^B]nj B ] ke B ] Be Bo ȯApBA keA kA JB{ gzA
.^Ak\v BLB\M FzA BA
.^Bw Bn 500 M (ȦhA  qqA kL wB)  oLA Rao]E -

$
*7
: njB~A
188. | Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 1
242. | nB~A tkA kL / nA kA nBYC - 2

$   6 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
nBTA k kM   ǱLA k\vA  ozA M\A \A ȗ U nAkA m SB
.ǱLA k\v ozA wTA ȗ A SijA k  nB~A JA MA nAj 

$
*3
: uwFTA
o] B STA Y nB~A BA M YnBd jU Bk A ȗ nAkA m SB
.() jB~A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
oA jE (BA) Ao{A B񦪽 o nAkA m SB o\A wBTA oA ȗ
g{ ȧB\A B{ B\zA BAoT{A A kM  STA Y Bz M d{ M 
.v ^Bv BBTMA mA  (ɷ838 w) AmA ǱLA odA
B  (odA KB) nAkM oU  ǱLA k\vA Ki B ^Bv nAkA SdLA
Ƀo nAkA SdLA odA KB Ɉ SA Bɗ Ko k A Bɗ  KBA
.nB\
BA nAjBM BA  Bo]ƫ  ǱLA k\vA BE  SdLA ɷ1353 w
.ǱLA odA

$
*7
: njB~A
4 170| nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk nA kA B gnBU  1
.k] 1993 w /
26.| / nB~A tkA kL / nA kA nBYC  2

$   7 
*1
: oTA
kL AiA   ZnqhA  nB~A nB\A M K M kp M kBi JA MA 
vU  () Ȧ BA k ȗ nA kA nBG U (|) woA k] KA
.672 / ɷ52 w  ɷ 50
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
15 kM   啽ozA ǱLA k\v ozA M\A eBA ȗ U nAkA m SB
BA M YnBe nAj J\A  Bkd  BX nAj  M\A \A ȗ SB  峮
mBA aA BqA BzA   () jB~A o] BA nAkM kM B Sɗo TA
BA () kp M vdA nAj M  BM TA oA JoA   (zLdA) BqM oA
k\v ozA M\A AqA ɗ voA nBA  RAi kM ɗ A B훱
.(Se nB) LT Jo ǱLA

$
*3
: uwFTA
nB~A JA ME A nAkA m (Jo M kwE BLU) wA  oe Ϧ LU M
B 幮kA  A]oh  A  AUA B 400  B  nA kBM o Bk
  B]p nB]  oT{A  ^AnAj  keA  LU M  (|) woA o\ nAj
.^q] ^B  keA  A ϧm
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
KB\M Bv M A A BM ȚM  nAkA mM q kA A ^Ao]B (|) LA B] B
oL B ȗ k\v 郱 ȗ TB SoM Be A o  啽ozA ǱLA k\vA
 A   A  B k qA ko keA  A ZnqhA Bp MBvU 啽ozA
m 峦A L B BA nB~A JA MA B k] AiA E ? JoA BA RM E : w
BMA A   ^ B 꼴 B : w  A   A  B MBM Am  nAj
: B  vTMA (|) LA Cn B nAj A M owA  BA   eoA miA JA
.(en  oA)
 RAl JA MA LTB BA ȗ JA MA  nAkA wE ȗ q (|) woA A o
(|) L B Y KB] ȗ AUBM  AdT ? (|) LA tEn  z : B ϧm
dT BTdU SA w AE  : JA MA B 噗nE vA (|) LA B : AmM
.BwA ȗ JA ME  BE ȗ (|) LA
A SMoi BkM BBM mA (cE)  A JA MA BLeB kM nAkA m SC k
keE  ϧl kM BM k~U  BoTM oA B  nBj BM (eoA kL M oA)
.kA Ao
/ ɷ741 w ɗTA) oA keA M kd gzA kA Bɛ KB p ɗ
M pB kA JB{ BAoT{A We MnA KAm wnk nAkA m SdLA (1340
.(MBzA wnkBM) Sw wnk BBM jBA ϦA
l KL k\v zM BBM kA (ɷ1291 w) o\A oz WBXA oA oiAA ȗ
 KT Lm pnBM odM  x o\e ]nBhA BnAk]  B  JAod
w   nAkA bG gnBU  (|) LA k nB~A JA MA SM Am) ~B
.ɷ1291
TA ozA ǱLA k\v BXA jvA wTA BYA nAkA m Sk ɷ1405 w
.M\A LeoA  nAkA RnB  鼚LA  odA M AA dA 鼪] S{

$
*7
: njB~A
66.| / ȮA kL tBA kd / ozA ǱLA k\vA e MBd~A RM  1
24.| / nB~A tkA kL / nA kA nBYA  2
.ȅzA A kd ȧB / A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA  3
167.| / nBhA wB keE / ^BXke  ^Bk nA kA B gnBU  4

$   8 
*1
: oTA
(|) A wn kM wBw Be  wBw bov A BFM vA E XTU
B  WBXA B] Y 夰A  M ȫwA Be ȯBY B] vA ϦU  
 () KB MA M Ȧ BA TA  Boe vA  MBA BA \T 
ȗ (|) L VnA q A  oFM  (|) A wn }   hBM e
.e  Ti
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
 ) BM oM  JoBM U BA    B탱 e ȗ inƪA TiA
 (ozA ǱLA k\vA   1/2 kM  kA ȗ BTvM   B wA
.(ȪdvA) M oA nBzA B ȗ ȫBzA JBLA ZnBi BA   ϧB
$
*3
: uwFTA
o~  KoA B\A o~ m kBw ȮL jU SB BA A 失\ BBM gnBU A
\A AkB LBM Ank] 鼪] SM ^Ak] h BTvM  nBL ȷ  wA
ȗ mB SdT  o~dA  ko\A  hA KzhM BLA w  eT ȴ BzA
ȧBdA BLA BE kA ȗ BqA k m oA BvA BM  Am  țozA nAk\A
.ɷ1030 w ȯBXA B{BM Ȧ nBYA   kBw ȮM w FM nzA
$
*5
: BA
oU o aL LB\M  jkv MBM  B~~\ Bz RBo{ Al vA BM B
ȗ SB BTvM  nBL WXA Am  BvA WX B{ 郱 ȗ (A gzM)
T kA kM SqTA k  BvA jB  B 孼MB   nj M]
TzT LTA S  k\v  B LT B Boz S탰  ɷ1383 w
 RAoɃBdA  BA RBBT] ~~h (kBw ȮM w) Sw B 
ɗ k mA A oUƪA B BlA A Ak  RBMBhTA  RAoUƪA
  24938 d WXA Am  BzA kA ozA eBv SM k  幖vA
kM  A  AkdA w ȗ ozTU ZBvM nav A SM T  ozA
iBA nB{ ȷ o YY T ȗ nFM p\d A   .(vA ke) ϧl
.^BM] BvA nB{  ^B{ ȪdvA nB{  ^BMo
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
(|) woA R kM Aj  o Sw  cvA  oM MA jn B  ɷ11 w
bAo\A M kL MA  BYA Kl (|) woA RM    TBM kkU 
.j  q\U ȗ nBz j (|) A wn LeB  o oU  vA 郱 A
 bAo\A M kL MA  o  oM MA :  dA  ovA oz ȗ nBzA
  M eoA kL  kA M kBi  kw M ozM  oi M kwA  L] M lB
.jBL M kw nB~A p ZnqhA X k  L{ M oA
(|) woA j oiFU Lw ȗ ^AoL ^Ak] mM mA JBhA M o vA M B
nk ꄰ  oM MA kM vA ȗ  mA   kA A oM MA \ ^AnBTA
 RA M () ^B oai  () B JBM oeA nmA A ov  jBL M kw
kM tBA kA cv  ^Bap (|)    woA k\v A oM BMA ap Y oM M LA
.nB z o  ^Bw o  w o k ȗ d   婴 L
M JBLdA Y oM MA U Y 孽o]BA  ^]n vA m ȗ TA A B
.o]BA  oXA LA nB k  孼TA A jBL M kw    nmA

$
*7
: njB~A
.1984 / ɷ1405 w / 2 / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~  1
.BA bB\ / MA JA vA  2
151.| / nB~A njBA kL / nA kA nBYA  3
226.| / (|) A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA  4

$   9 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
oAj VY BM dU LA k\v  mA AodA k\vA w ȗ A LA U
.SAA oAj A odA oAj AodA k\vA oAj ȷ

$
*3
:uwFTA
A m jBL Boe   BvA k UjB{ tk oe E ozA LA oLTU
tB 郰 SM E A  :BU M oA CoA kA B Am 廧A ozLA So
() AoMG i BU A oE k 96 / Ao C  B k BnBL LM m
o lG : BU  Kve () jC BvwA TA SLA kA  SLA Am ȮL A
SLA  LA  SɄA  127 / oLA (BwG SLA  kAA AoMG
SLA oiA BBwE  (L) v Mo Uo BM  Mo Uo BM  AodA
SM BBw oA CoA A G BBM nAkA tjB 幪kA oA njB 幼LA 噼TA
125. / oLA (TM Ao A) A

$
*4
:nBA
: ȷ RAnB kM qA o  LA SM k
ȧ BMA) : B B oL] B BU A WM Bk Ae () jC BM :A nBA
.(BTM
BAnl 30 o\dA  BɄ B A kAA  () AoMG BM : BXA nBA
BMBM B ] SLBM AoMG B ~E BAnl 22 Bo (w 46.2 = AnmA)
奼BwG  BMnp B AnE  o\dA BLB] G ] JL o nBM B
SL \  BG k B B  LA Aqi  SLA M ȗ BL] oe
B B   Ao\e TwA () AoMG gzA 탰 BLA UnA B Bw
B] jwA oA 郱 G TA B  dA () AkE RkM mA () AoMG
B () AoMG  M B ȗ () oL] 탱 jwA o\dBM () oL]
.AA AkL 
G ZBTeA SLA BM jBU B AE vhM wA L yo BM :XBXA nBA
w X keE L  BBM BM SLA kM yo Ϧ (J M ~) B bG
k jA MAoA oA  MAoA kA ȗ ϧl B hA ko] k\A KzhBM
(o]) L RjBE ϧm () AoMG kM BLA kA B AodA SLA BA SM
nB G tBBM  U  RAnBA m A G () AoMG kA  LA BM
qT AoMG kM LA M  B lG KzhA o\dA  BM B mA yoɛ
 SB B nlE 9 jBqM ϧl A ȗ AjAp oA A~ k Bzo G kA
ȗ A] nB\dBM BvL AŰB{  Aik BMBM An BAnl 18 BBUnA A]
G M k~ B]nj BiAj  ȫBzA Bn ȗ A] 孼 ȗ Bj Sw BiAj
.o\dA ȗ K~ BMAq cvA ȗ A] Bdw
kAA  BBM jBG LA kM oMqA M A kL oE ɷ 64 w ȗ : MAoA nBA
M kq M M RnAj TA JodA M B K{ mA odA oYE  ϧl A
MBM B ] BioBM Bw p nlE vU nAk LA  ȗ oMqA jAp k 幽B
oA ]   MB oiA ȧBdA JBLA BkeE AnlBzA  nBM ~
ȗ Bw B ] Ao~ JBL ] BAnl 11 B   ] ȯBA
.ZBLkBM BBv vA  oLBM Bo keA  ȗ BYY BUBBj ] BiAj
Bk LA BM ȯBXA BijAo BvA jk] ɷ 1040 w ȗ :vBhA nBA
 娱A BA nBA ȷ oA BM LA o oYE  BAnk]  SkA
.jvA kA ȗ SU vM RBeG G BkM Vkd

$
*5
:BA
BBUnA L zA Mo BLA Uo oL o\e X  h BM  nBL A LA
JBLA  mA 馂A   10.10 TBL mA JAqA  mA B   15
B B BUoBA BT]AA nA   2 BUnA  BMBM  12 TBL mA
RAl B~A nB\dA  BTT RBL  LA BM T 幼M\A ozA ]AA
10) BBUnA ooA  kB  U ȷ (jBoA) npA A RAl oLA \dA
oT Mn d  B keAA o k\A jA Kzi  kE YY LA iAkM (RBM
oA Ap ȗ L iAkA   J\A G BzA  keA   ȷ
nE MTA JBM  B LA E G Znj wAM  k~ JBM țozA ȧBzA
 xM x  BioM npƫ iAkA  BAnk] BioBM {o LA
bAFM Bdw xo k 幮Y BAk M   kLA MoA xBM x Bw
kv U Te ]nBhA vA BM MoU RBe MnA RB\A  oAkM ooA
幼Co RBDM  KmA qoTA  Aqe nk vA XY BUnA  Ank\A 
] ] A)   B JT o~ [v  jwE [v  jwE ooe  LA v
20 dM BzA G  țozA LA nAk] ȗ k] (A wn kd A G G 
馂A ȗ BMBM 隽 ]nj 20 dM ozA G ȧBzA BnAk]  ϧm ]nj
 A dB A G JBLA BAo~ ϧm A cB~Md~ TLT țozA
T E (AnlBzA) v BioA  BM BwE  LA nAk]  KmBM
.AodA SLA BoM TA  fnU BnAk\M ~ Bin bAA ϧB Ank\A
: Be B ozA LA B 
ǰBM \U l odA G   A jwE o\e  : jwA o\dA  1
oA ȗ 隽 峮 ovTA 酚A Bd oYE ȷ Ao [nBU Aoe   zA
.AA EkL  (jwA oA) M oA L țozA M\A
] ]A  ȯBBM Ȫw L MoA M\A oA  : ȯBA oA  2
.BLA  jk nL BA M M jwA o\dA kM A ȗ UF 孪A
.BzA ] MB  ϧmM Ȫw  MoA ȧBzA oA ȗ 隽 : ȫBzA oA  3
.AoA ] MB  ϧmM Ȫw țozA ȧBzA oA ȗ 隽 : țAoA oA  4
uA KzhA   jwA oA  BLo ozA \A ȗ 隽 : LA JBM  5
  3.10 BUnA L MoA A AkLM oiqA }BhA KmA cB~M A
.nBTw  kvU odT w wAM G k~ nA   2 BUnA 
B o~T Ƀ k ȧBzA nAk\A E ɗ 隽 幪eoA JAq v :   6
d BM c~A KzhA ɫ ~ɫ  LA cw  q mA oA
.KmBM
ȯBA oA Joɛ L MoA 馂A ɗ JBL MBA nAk\A  :nB\TvA  7
.(lTA) M ϧm v
ZBdA  ϧmM v  jwA o\dA LA JBM M 郱A  : qTA  8
. k (|) LA B Bk BA Am qT
 LBM d  BwE  LA Ank]  mA BLA  : AnlBzA  9
 w 50 BzA \A  BUnA L BioA nB\eFM v  MnA BUB]
.LA tBwE nAk] o   yo T~ B AnlBzA E w 39 o wT
 M B~UA j  MoA ȧBzA nAk\A MB LA B{ ȗ 隽 : dA  10
L oAj ~ {  A ME BioBM  BM  ov LA  e B
. 1.31 BUnA
TA odA ȷ țAoA oA LA JBM M AnlBzA  BLo U : \A  11
L LA () BwG MA M Bk BLA jA B \ B () AoMG A B
RA~A (|) LBM  () oL] A B  1.5 BɃo w 30  B
.BA Am ȗ uhA
 țAoA o BlBd o\dA Bo LA Jo B{ 隽 : BwG o\e  12
L BeT BɗoɄ LA dA M B n~d oAj ~ Bɗ  ȫBzA
 8 o\dA TdT M BvA BioBM    1.50 w 30 1.30 BUnA
. Bj BG ǰn o]B E () Bw q E Bzo o\dA Am B
B L SdU A 탱 BLoU JBLA MB LA țo{ 隽 : () AoMG B  13
MnE BM Ud nB\e  kE MnE  B ȷ KmBM iAkA  oiq
k{E ȷ B 񪽿 WdM JL~ |BoM nA ȗ TLX LTA kke ϼMBL{
BM BYE   B () AoMG E ǰn o\dM Td iAj ȗ Bejp dU
.() AoMG ȫk oYE  k] LA
BMBw SB k jwA oA MB AoMG B M] oLA m U : qp oM  14
 KT BioBM LA nA cvM w oLA E ȧBdA SA ȗ LM Bd
.B훱  k (qp)  oLA  AA BioA
k mA RAl qp oM M] LA țo{ oL o\e ȷ : tBLA Bw  15
.BA Am ȗ qp B  ZB\dA Țv KA kL M tBLA B
: LA v
(kwA) wA (A α) MBLTA keE BBv  E B\A ȗ LA Sv 
veE G ve  BUv ȗ ZnkT Bv oTwA A JBXA  Uv SB
.B汧BM BvA hA odA JBXA BA joLA BM BBv Te
B ϧl KLw B\A ȗ LA Sv EoA E KA kL M tBLA E SB 
BTv Uk] B LA vT Uk] A Rnm tBLA BiE (AnAo) BMA SE
.ZBLkA oodBM
kM wA k ȗ BUv RoTwA 幼BA RAoLdBM LA (|) woA Bv 
.ϧl
zi  B BvA RoX B LA v ko\TM wBLA kA oE ɷ 160 w 
.RAo VY vA ȗ oU SdLA BUv keU U BY  LA BM 
BM S~TiA wBLA o~A 鼪] ȗ ϧl  RoTwA BdA kM vA SdLE 
ɷ 1346 w Te ɷ 661 w  BUv o~ SU lG ȯBXA o~A ȗ o~
jvA dA SB o~A  jvA dA M RBhA Vke oYA 
dA o~A oiBLA RjB A SXL B   ɗ LA v ~ BzBM
.ɷ 1382 w ϧl dwA j\BM jq ov XM BLTU TA vBM
  婽oA CoA RBC  BLE LA v  j]A dTA nBiqA 
cLE Y Bv  Ln Kve B BG BTAkM m LA RAv ȗ keA A
poA jwA ZBLkBM BBv wBLA oBA p B Te BdA E hA Ln 
.oBdA kA ȗ vA  B  kM  ϧl qTA  oBM

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B BLw SLBM  :  B () oL] B] SLA BM  () AoMG o B 
oL]  B Y Tn BA i B Y B BnA BvT B BwG  
.B wBA AnE ()
A kE mA () BwG MA G kM  SLA oE B () AoMG A U B 
B nk SMB BME  B 100 d SL T SB  o BE  LBM
.JoA A oz
 SLAU Y ME k nAkM T SB ME kM SLA oE BwG M SMB U 
L AnB~ G jBeE BwG ȮM Ƀ mA (Ȫo\A o M B) kM
.(o])
() AoMG kA  BBM o] RjBF Bk w LA Aj o] k ȗ 
nk\A ȮM Aw mA (njB\A o) Ȫw  (nk\A ME) k  BBM mA A 
.G Lv
Aqi ow G BM oA M AodA SLA oFM ShTwA SM o] L S k 
.B w  më ȷ (BTA ȦdA B  LA M ȗ oM ȷ) LA
BA k AqTA ϧl AEn Bɗ k  dA T SLA BM yo RjAnE B 
.Bd o B\ TM nB BjnE BG BMn A : AB
k LA AE  ovU B  odA ȗ o] U B (o M B) En B 
kL Bk] k qp oM 郱 ȗ Bk BwE LA ȗ BB Kl  Aq G
.qp 郱 A Ak Be KA
AoMG j (d M o) k B E o SLA oE Aqi L STA B 
.BUjBL G tBA Bj LA e BL~ BzA  BBM B] lG ()
TAkw E) SLA MB\e (nAkA kL) oLA M yo Ϧ J M ~ ] 
M BX) k MB\dA SB  vA cT Be (bBTA BLeB kM Tki
kL M tBLA  B LA (|) woA ij Bk BMC  BYn mA (d
d M BX G bBTA (|) A wn j k 幽BvA  MB\dA BE : KA
i d MA M BX  Zoi kA G (|) woA ]n Bk 岱L: B
G L{ w ȗ AqU ȷ G MB\dA SdLE mA (BX M L{)  MA B
.oBdA Bo~
ϧmM o~ LA kM (jd) vA A kT mA z] zLdA oME oE 
 B ]n SLA  oME j  B A ȗ (uA) Tv G [\dA nBE
.BA G jƪA oA ȗ RB mA (Bn ME)
M jwA)  B BzLe ]n wnE (uA) ȗ oMA oTwA A kM  571 w 
.KA kL oM BTB B TA AA \  E  AA  \ (j~
T  B mA ({B M KA kL) yo uoM TA AA oMA ] B 
BU A wnE Bk z] oMA qA k (d Jn SL MA Jn BE) oA
.TF \w  nB\dM oU MBME Ao 
LA  BkA m  ɄE k () Ȧ BA k (o\A L 23)  600 w 
T ȷ Bj j A ov BLA] M G kwE SM B E Rl Bk
.kM ke Vkd  L ke   BhnBU BYke Uj SB LA nBTwBM
SB TA n~A 鼪] ApBM oE LBM (|) woA B ɷ 8 w  cT kM 
.oA kM BA ov B\A oYD A B 
y] oMqA M A kL y] M JodA oYE  LA ȗ nBA SL{ ɷ 64 w 
.\BM LA n mA (o M ~dA) jBM B M kq
oMqA M A kL oL y] tAn  ȖXA w M ZB\dA oBe ɷ 72 w 
U G jA B \BM LA JoM ZB\dA B AodA k\vBM TeA mA
.LA BM jBBM ZB\dA B oMqA MA T kM BAnk]
o  oYE  LA So ȯBXA BijAo BvA k ȗ ɷ 1039 w 
.BAq]E  BvU G jA B LA Ank] ~ BA SM We oq

$
*7
:njB~A
 1986 w 1 / kMBA p wBA ME / ThA n~A ȗ [dA LA  1
.
.ȦMohA ve  nTkA / LA gnBU  2
.BkM B 401 | 1Z odA Co  3
391. | ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  4
.~A ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA  5
142. | ȮvdA o {B / A vA/ oz ȮYA A ow  6

$   10 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
LA nAk]  kL  ^BLoU JBLA MB 幗ozA LA țo{ AodA k\vA ȗ 隽
qp oM    128 B~A    13.40 jwA oA    12.5 Bw 
. 11
$
*3
: uwBTA
BwA k  M Bk () AoMA LA   mA o\dA ϧl A ȗ B
AoMA BU A oA A kM  nB\dA n  gzA 탰 BLA UnA  LA ()
MB]F nA A w ^AAk jB BA Am  B [dBM tBA ȗ lƽ A ()
oLA  ~ AoMA B  AmhUA   BU B  ...ϼL A ϼL 幼LTBM hA
(6) .A A kM B Tn  tBA Ȧ~ o ~  ȮL 125 :
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
w o] B ɷ 17 w Te wA  B\A ȗ B ȗ ^BTMBY BA Am  k
hA B LA ~M Mo B    wA A ȯBXA hA BE (z A)
(3) (1) . kU BA SdU  郰  B A joM ȯBXA
ap  oTM wBLA kA B TA A BA oU A kM  ɷ 160 w
(3) .A  KmBM
bBM B  kA e ApE  ^B BA  wBLA TA ] ɷ 256 w
.BA
.KmBM TL Sz ɷ 1072 w
 qp Ame kA Bɫ ɫ ozA A ~A  kk\A jvA wTA ɗ
 o nM ZB]p o\dA  郰  BA i B mA A k  BzA
(6) .o\dA ȗ YBA () AoMA k nBYC i
$
*5
: BA
UdA nB\dA  j kA MnA  B KzhA  B L SdU BA 郱
nA ȗ TLX n~  nBL ȷ BL{ j  M kke  ϼMBL{ MnE BM
 BA BUnA  kkzA BejpA Be ȗ B   WdM JL~A |BoBM
 KmBM iAkA  TL Soip k  幼ozA T]  A ik   4 d nA
B Aj kA MnA  B   ~A i 隽 nBM ZnBhA 
BM BYA () AoMA LA   mA o\dBM BA iAj Td  LA B
婴kBM  tBA cv oYE o k  KA  kA }iA  MBA  kBz  LA
(3) .~  nAo Lw A     BM uL  
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
: B TC ȗ ^B~ oA CoA ȗ BA Am ol  jn k
 AmhUA   97 : Ao A  ^BC B ij   AoMA B RBM RBC  
 JBLA LTv G Ȧ~ ()  AoMA LA B 125 : oLA  ~ AoMA B
RoTwA  BA Am A   (|) A wn k Bk 峦A B{B A L
 ModA i BA Ȧ~  BA i Moe qoU We wA p ȗ i ~A
.(4) .An tBA
99 nL BA A oA MB A  SLA 雱 Am A~ JBT BA Am ȗ k]
(4) .B Ak ^B]B\e AB] ^BL
 T e  Ro BBM jB LA k wA n L yo RjAnA Bk
(3) .BA k L~ L A  Bk A o () AoMA B k AqTB ϧl
(5)
BT BA B AodA k\vA ȗ tBBM Ȧ~ ȖXA w M ZB\dA B Bk
(2) .kM Aw Y MXM B (n) dA M kd kT ]oM v

$
*7
: njB~A
4. Z ȴB  nBLiA - 1
447. | 1 Z țnp  nBLiA - 2
242. | 1 Z 孼odA Co - 3
.ȦA keA cB .j wA nk ȗ pB\dA - 4
.ȦMohA ve Ȧ .j LA gnBU - 5
8. Z jLA W M UB pB\dA B \ - 6

$   11 
*1
: oTA
^q BA Am Bɟ ɗozA LA  dA M B n~d oAj ~ Bɗ 
.Bj 郱 A ǰn o]B A  () Bw

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
BnA  ȫBzA  țAoA o BlBd o\dA Bo 幗ozA LA Mo B{ 隽
.LA

$
*3
: uwBTA
ȯA BMn) B  A Bj  BwA MA  o]B T]p () hA AoMA oU B
A ϧl kM jB 37 : AoMA (odA TM k np l o `jAM Tnl  SwA
郱 ȗ BwA  o]B () AoMA wA k BdwA  nBw oU We v
 ^Bv B  ^Bzo B mhTU A o]B () AoMA oE Aoe Mn  nBL SM
KB] A ] JL o nBM ^B ^BMBM B ] ozA LA AoMA M B
o  BwA ȗU B  奼BwA  ^BMnp o\dA Am B  BwA o\e JBLA
.o]B A oL  Mo   j w 137 qB

$
*5
: BA
o\dA BoɄ   1.30 BUnA L oAj ~ { miF nAk]  nBL o\dA
  8 d o\dA TdT M BvA  BeT ȫBzA  țAoA o BlBdA
~T A iAj  nAk\A ~T M BvA  BioBM     1.50 w
ZB\dA M A omBM ok\A  BioBM {o ȷ  8.44 ȧBzA LA 馃
Ȗ  ~A  BwA o\e ȗ ikA  KdTv LA ij  T  
  B o\dA ijA LA BM oMqA M A kL jBA Bk  684 / ɷ 65 w
 o\dA ] oiA o BBM ȖXA w M ZB\dA jBA Bk  ɷ 73 w ȗ
TBin  nBL   o\dA B nA  JAqA MB nBTA YXA j SLA
.JAqA  pBA oA B B 隽 Aoi

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B () AoMA oU B k Bk BA  WdLT o]B RnjB o\dA Am 郱 
vA SUA Te oA  B~A M oU RmiF BA  B텧A  BwA M
.RAo Lw
ϧ cTA ȯA A BU A eB  oe ] q Mn A B{ () BwA A ǰn
.(2) BA  A boA  ϼ o\ o\dA ȗ \A  ^BMBM
M B o\dA  Ƀ ȗ j w 137 ɧA qB o  () BwA ȗU B
.MoA o\dA JBM A JAqA

$
*7
: njB~A
50. | / ~A ve / q] wAnj / BozA BodA - 1
312. | / 1 Z / țnpA /  nBLiA - 2
.ȄMohA ve nTkA / LA gnBU - 3
154. | / 1 Z / oLA gnBU - 4
262. | / 1 Z / odA Co - 5
189. | / tBL BveA .j / nBA oLhM nBA oA - 6

$   12 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
MB  峮  11 kM  () AoMA B J] AodA k\vA ȗ oLA m U
(1) .  18 kM   jwA oA

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ o]B E  () AoMA wA B () BwA Ȧ]n SdU L BL oLA m SB
 U mA jAA ȗ ^Bzo BmhTU A o]B T]p AoMA oE TA AodA MoA
tBA oX  BA K M ^AoM nB Y 孼dA ϧl ȗ B B    娱A 
 qp Sw :   (4)  BB oX qp Sw TA nzA nBLA oLA ȷ
Sw   ^B{  ^B  BA miF ç Ro\A e JAoTBM oLA Sap (o]B)
 t\A  qqA  B qp B o{A SLA [e B ϦA nMBw  ϧmM
R~A qqA  奼oL] qq Sw M   婴B   U  UAo
 奼oL] q  BL{ : B BwA kM B\BM vU SB  odU BA qqU 
.(5) gA...oL] n  pBp  p  ϦA q

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
BCn TA BoA Kve qp oM odM {B M KA kL B yo kA SC B
 p ȗ RnB  .ZB\dA  Joz ^Be B M nAoA  BA LE We
^  ^AB BoXA   nBMC E
M  ^BBL{ B    BioBM oLA nA xoM wBLA kA B ɷ 160 w
w  Te k{oA  kA p ȗ BB }BU k  ZBvA  L  ^Be
BM B ȮM  B  BLA] w ȗ kp   2.5 BU o\ E A ɷ 223
(6) .B Tv oM 12  Mo
(\ioA Zo M o) Bo (BM ~TA dwA MA) e BA ȗ  ɷ 219 w
BBeE  KmA ZBvBM iAkA  BvTM B  kA B탰 TA o~A LA o
qU SB A kM BvvBM LA p [dA w ȗ BM BTv jB B wvM
(6) .[dA wA  w  ȗ
LzhA BwA kM  (\ioA) BBE TA LA (BdA M kd) 馛 ɷ 223 w
 nA ȗ Bj  {A nB\dA   B veA BwFM dA e
ȗ jAp BB  B  BTA  KzhA d nB\dA  KzhA M |BoA Kw
.B
oTM (ovM)  B mA AodA k\vA jBi B BM kTA BA ȗ  ɷ 256 w
^BBL{ B ]  BiAj nB A BA B Zoh o oM B ]  oLA L
.B tBA B  Ȧ~ ϧl L SB A kM 噦U JAMBM
oA ϦA BvA wA  KT  Km pAo qp SM oAk  ɷ 933 w
.BX C Lh Bw
.oLA SM nB (k) oA jk] ɷ 948 w
Tv ȗ oLA iAj kkdA  L{ (Bi keE) BvA 郰 ɷ 1020 w
.keA oTM BA cw  h
nB oiC m SB  qp SM (kdA kL) ȯBXA BvA o ɷ 1201 w
.
g C oLA  S   RAoLA SpA  LA Sk kk\A jvA wTA ȗ
LBM Bdw Ǳw A kM  A ȷ  qp B ȅ Y RBe  KMBA
.ȦA B훱  k (qp)  oLA  AA BioA  KT  ȫBioA
(4)

$
*5
: BA
oA nA\M  嬱 VY Bo ȗ AodA k\vA B poMA  qp oM SB
 L SB  帰oA AlBdM   B~A uL MA  L] nA\M   jwA
ȯBXA   Joz oA M  BM BkeA : Be B B  BwAn A Bn
 kAqA K~  tBA FT We B~A JBM  BA   Km o\  BAn
eB Ȧ B qp  oA M BvA 郱 B  BL{ B    oM ȗ BA
  5.25 Ƀ  Mo BM B cLA o\A wBTA oA AA ȗ  B~A
ki BXA ȗ  oLA ki B A ȗ TL   BLA Am  BioBM S{o
B nAk B  KzhA  w wAM BdTwA ko  A k~  RAA 
ȗ   oLA B  ݪU AeA vU B  {n LM Bd ȷ   43 d
 lƽ (BzA B) v BM oLA SM  ȮM  ϼMBL{ L MBA BdA
wTA ȗ BA Am k k  ]oTBM lƪA M kM jjo Y odA ȯlƫ un
.^Ajo AlA nB~ ]oTA ȒA ϧm  kk\A jvA
Rjn LoU ȗ kA BA Lz qp B FM XkdA BA BdTBM SLY k
B nA ]  B oi)) :  (|) woA B k 峦 ȗ oX WjBeE
 BmA  BMmA  BA KA  qp SB)) : () jB~A o] BA B  ((qp
(4) .BUkvB B~A  ^B B A LB BA  SL BjoMA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k B  np l o jA ȗ BwA MA  o]B T]p () AoMA oU Bk
vU RmiA  Bk Be d B WdLU o]B RmiA B oU mA BA  B텧A
}d Uk] BwA A RjB RAo Lw vA SUA Te 帰oA  B~A M
Be  o]B RnAjA k  oLA o A lBM nA  BA L We kM nA
]  o\U ^B qp SB BToU BA   BTMo ݪU A L BA BU A i
(7) .nA
ȗ BwA K{ We BA Am ȗ SBF A o] L qp n Jm] k
nB~TA oYA  odA  B] k oLA o] Sj Y BUBM  ZqU  LA m
]  AqA  vA B (Ȫo\A o M  B) j B B Aqi L
(3) .B  BwA M B탱 B  BAkA L BjTv B
ϧl  yo T k  oLA oe {B M KA kL jAnE yo kA RnB B
nB Ț A kM Boe Y 峦 keA dMm  Te oz k M A  nm
kL  k  bBL~A ȗ KA kL d~  BM oLA ov tBA B yo 
BM ȗ ȯBXA vA 郰  LA JBM ȗ B탰  vA keE  AqA KA
(4) . q Bk AoA  A A    LA
u\A Am   k  B~A ȦU TA qp Ap ȗ tBL MA u\ 郱 B
(2) .L
.Mm oXA cLA  qp B jAp oqA nBA w oYA   ɷ 281 w
(1) .ZB\dA  ^Ajk oF jBTA o  qp oM B B ɷ 297 w

$
*7
: njB~A
255. | 1 Z 孼odA Co - 1
100. | 4 Z ȴBA  nBLiA - 2
604. | ȦA keA cB .j wA nk ȗ pB\dA - 3
138. | 4 Z jLA W M UB pB\dA B \ - 4
700. | 2 Z \TwA B \ - 5
2. Z țnpA  nBLiA - 6
.ȦMohA ve Ȧ .j LA gnBU - 7

$   13 
*1
: oTA
Bdw  q mA oA B o~T ozA LA E ȗ JAqA Am Ƀ
.JB\Tv TdU BkA 幪eoA JAq v

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
.() BwA o\e  A L ȧBzA nAk\A ~T A ȗ JAqA 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
woA XM L B yo BM gnBU A ozA LA cw ȗ JAqA 郰 ]o
35 o B BLA Am ȗ w C  A  nB{ k RAw ui M (|)
KzhA  BMAq B A] Bw keAA Ao~A Al LA JBM An A kL 幮w
.w kM gnBTA ϧl L LA SB k o\dA ȗ K~ oA B o~T

$
*4
: nBA
JoM ovA A kL M kBi  ȧA B ϦA kL M kA p ȗ / ɷ 91 w
.wA ȗ LA Kl  A kA A om B JAqA KmA  cB
Aq  LA A KmA  ^BMAq ȯBXA k\A kL BvA wnE ɷ1273 w -
.A A ^BB

$
*5
: BA
  A  KmBM dA BM c~A KzhA  B~ JAqA Bɟ
ȧBzA nAk\A  JAqA Zoi k ȯBXA k\A kL BvA wnE }BhA KmA
.() BwA o\e B nA  MB w 20 d Tw  1.6 dL

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
~ ȗ A :  tBL M A kL B JB\Tv JAqA SdU BkA A ǰn -
(2).JAqA SdU B ϧl  v nBiA
oX M }ɗ nBLA o\dA Ak~  A jBA  oɓ A A ǰn -
S 婴kFM woM JAqA  K~ mA nBLA BA T A] BejpA
S] BAkMA 킧 BejpA  nkU B o\dA Be (馽qA)  M kA BA
coA SB { nBLA JAqA B   隽 A ko (Be A SMB) jBU
. 훱U ^BL~ B  A LU

$
*7
: njB~A
.ȄMohA ve nTkA / LA gnBU -1
381. | 1 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 2
.~A ve / q] wAnj / BozA BodA - 3
262. | 1 Z odA Co - 4

$   14 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A  / oA 
BqA ȗ jBhA  uL MA M odA  A w ȗ Ȧ K{   隽
(kA Bp) M oA
$
*3
: uwFTA
M kd BAoT{A TA nAkA ȗ KB MA K{ E {B ȮM K{ ȗ (|) woA k
A Mn 17 ȗ (A en) KB MA M  Yn  (ZB\dA iE)   ȖXA w
w MnFM XLA L A B ȗ
$
*5
: BA
o\dA  RB]nj wAM G q  ~  oT dM  oA UnA k B  
nBTE 6 o   12 d  L B G  ik BzA G cT JBM G U
Bin BiAj KzhA  n~ Bw ȗ L G  ik JBM MoA nAk] ȗ 
Bdv kq  B]nBi mA BA LA m (|) woA k T B] oU k
(7).(|)wn B k TA nAkA B B  BMo AoT 80 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
RB Te k ȗ qU  (|) A wn  BL KB MA M  nAkA m SB
k{oA A AnqhA BUo Y nBj A BM TYn  ȖXA w M kd BBTMB
nAj  T]oiE k  Sa\e Be ϧl  M oLT  nq  tBA  Ȧ~ ^Ak\v
k KB MA M  A om  (BLA)  B B TA nAj ȗ BijA mA w MA
KvU BdLA oM B A   w M kd BoTz A L 庱A oM B oe
.o] E oM   B B
 Bk Am Bo~ ȗ  MBA miE B ϦU BTBe  nAkA m SM k
 孼dB~A  BLA nBYDM oLTA  鮪A ȗ UjB  BUnBp  tBA A
.( LT) vU B LT A ȷ  JAk ^BMo B]
$
*7
: njB~A
68.| / 2Z / ȦBA Uo o] kvA / (|) A LA ow  cd~A  1
601.| / ȦA keE cB .j / wA nk ȗ pB\dA  2
1.Z / k M o \ / oA nBLiBM nA BdUA  3
.nkM wBLA kL .j / 3Z / nA k BzA gnBTA  3
8. Z jLA UB / pB\dA B \  4
294. | jLA UB / oYA  hnBTA  B 5
/ pB\dA eoA   57 | ~ ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA  6
52. | ȯTL
$   15 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
K ME nAkM ~TU SB  嬱 MA M  nAj nA\M nBA Bp ȗ nAkA m U
.ȖXA AodA ME MA k nAj 

$
*3
: uwFTA
Rk  B B]qU A m (|) woA v B mA \ki q ȷ nAkA m
幮kA A o]B Te B ^BBw (|) LA M  SU B  BjA 鼪] \ki
. cT kM 峮 (|) woA BjoTv   KB MA M  BmiF

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 BBM jBA  K MA M KT  Ti BYA nAkA m Bw MA M B oT{A
.^Ak\v B]  \ki kvA p ȗ B B B jke
. M kd  oBA i ȗ Roa BFM nAkA m JBM  KT
.BUnBM (oM oBA ϦA M Zo) oBA ϦA B
M Ȧ k  () B kvA k nBM wBLA A k oBA oE ɷ604 w
.nBLA RBoLA MA
m ȗ BA (eA L) M oA 郱A A KeB oA o ɷ801 w
.Bw kM nAkA

$
*5
: BA
woA RBL BAkeG S~~i iAj B VY o MnE  ǱTdU nAkA m SB
MAoA BE (|) UjBL kA BA XU XBXA  \ki T]q   BXA  (|)
B UnA k nAkA m  tBA   (|) wo ~~hA ]nBhA oA : ȴ
nA  Uo Lv BnBv  dv A U RB]nj kM BA q 噽oA
k~ o JBM B   4 Bo  10 nAkA m  L  w30 nAkM
o o ϧB  JAME YY B  2 Bo  eBw A  ik T]nkM A
wn  kLT B mA BA   ϧl  E Bo  3 B nBvA ] ȗ
d X h nAkA A iAkA    eA  q B   (|) A
6 (n) \ki T]p  (|) woA Bv TA oA  L  (|) ı
n~ Bw ȗ 4 Bo   7.5 B Tv o B   4 Bo 
țozA nAk\A ȗ  () AoqA B kvA  Rk mA BA ȗ SE o
ɄB kvA A KvU k en  텛  Ƀ n k] oA m 
]   LvA  nAkA   BUBe ȗ BTvU SB TA   () AoqA
BA A  7 o  16  L  oT ~ dM Uo B ϧB BzA
ȮL nB\e  d nAkA ȗ k]U  BUnB\U  qhU \ki kvA SB mA
BM oTTv B d~A m  k\v d~A BE mhUA k  SLA nAk] ȗ B
MA M k nAj  K MA nAj  BM {o B TA nB\dA  (|) A wn
.(n) \ki kvA SLM ~TU TA ȖXA AodA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B cT k (n) \ki kvA nAj KB\M Joe M oh Bw ME nAj SB
Bw MA nAj ij ) :  cT  (|) woA B TA ȷ nAkA m  ^BMBM BM
.(C 
kA ]p  bBvA tBLA ME SM o  kM B  Bw ME nAj RnB k
.(n) nAkM vU RnB~ ɷ169 w TA wBLA

$
*7
: njB~A
191. / 1 odA  Co  1
/ ɷ1410 w / 1 / 551| / ȦA keE cB .j / wA nk ȗ pB\dA  2
.1990

$   16 
*1
: oTA
nw A  Sq  eA UF A L (|) A wn  kLT B mA nBA 
.(...  BvA i 噦i mA Mn wBM AoA) oA CoA 
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
A oA ȗ (ioA L] A vA) oLY L]  J\A A Aoe L] ȗ 隽
.BBM ^AnB ozA A 
$
*5
: BA
 Sq  (nA L]) M ^BA o mA gɫBzA L\A tEn ɗ nBA Am 隽
M v ^An CoA vA oLTB oA CoA  nw E  (|) woA
Ao A  k (̼]) jA JoA A  v ZoA ^AoLY  v B
 nBYC dvM odLA cw Tv   200 d Uo MoA ew A 
L\A S텚A Y  A k{oA ]p (kMp) BUo]E TA A  ȷ AoqA
 u [pE tEn l hB{  E ȗ 峦MB mA oLY L]  nE zA 
.BLa~A  ov  { A RBL
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
wA : (|) A wn B odT Aoe L] nl UnA (|) woA A ol -
.k{ E k E L A ϼ B ̾AoeB
oM  ZohU TA XA  ioA K{ ȗ nY A Aoe  (|) LA o B -
nBv  TA XA ȷ (ovA) B B  ȫpF M TA ovA A kL M kBi
XA Y Bd{ ME ȮL mA KzA ȗ (|) LA Ϧw Y    A KAmA
.(o\A)  ZohU TA
$
*7
: njB~A
269. | 2 Z / AkLA \ - 1
248. | 2 Z / jLA W M UB pB\dA B \ - 2
235. | jLA W M UB / LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ - 3
$   17 
*1
: oTA
幮kA A Uo\ kM ȗ (|) woA A A mA nBLA nBA  o L] 
/ MTA (nBA ȗ B lG YA ȯBY Ao mA ]oiE lG) oA  BU A qE 
 (4)(nY A o M B oe G) : (|) A wn   ^BA Uo{ UFU 40
(7).(nY A o M B A wn oe) : () Ȧ BA

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
J] 隽 G cd~A  wFM L] A  nY L\ ^BÄBi ^AkkdU tBA BU k
 SBɟ A oA ɟ 3 MAoɛ  AodA k\vA J] E   (kA)
o{BL (jB]E)  A JBmA 񪼗 A BA  wA B (k n) Y (vA)
.yhM n Ȫw B ^Bn { A kM ȪA jA o 

$
*5
: BA
i A  B j BUnA  o E AA ȗ  ^L] Ȫw nY L]
d T UoU 嬱A oeE  nk o L]  BzA \A ȗ keE L]
JoA Ȧ B ^ wEn j A ȗ LB] ȗ nBA 隽 odLA cw  ^AoT 759
A JoA eB  Tv  LLA L\A nl ]  nBM keA oh 
wA BUnA w 85 d    AoT o nBTE MnE d  ozA
A 鼅Tv keE  ϧl  F BLB] BF  wA ȗ ϧl w 45  郱
w 90 o  1.40 d  JBM  AoB  Ȧ~ BA ^BB nBA AmM Ȧ~
 Sw TA 텚A ^Ao]B nA kA A nBw e  Zoi (|) LA A B
ȷ keA 텛 ȗ ϧm 텛 ȫj UFT  B ȷ nBA ApBM BM JBLA Am 郱
Bnj 酚 nA ȗ BA nBM  oh nBA L\A  幽LA RBA 
BY oh o  SoM SLLU TeBY BF oh B STwA k  4 d
LA m v w 6.5  A ȗ B uLTdU BA ~ nAkM Uo BAnl LzU
 BA .(1)oLT Bik tBA ^]n 15 d BTdU Tv () oL] L
M k~ owA L]  (Mk\A)    L] BzA  ȴ nY L]   nA
w Jnj BzA   Ko nAqA ɗ ozTU (hA) jA v ɃG jA
l) Ȧ B MoA o L] oɄ J\A  奼hA jA ȗ K~ ȪA jA
B\A ȯBL LA  A oU zLe L] Y (B) B] oU JoA (dA
mA o L] ozA  Xke RDz SE J\A  nY L] SdU 幼wA
L] MB pnBM owE L]  BzA L] JoA  婧B  An B  K\d
.pB\dA kke w BM (BzLe)
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
]  ^Bi S\v RLA BU A WM nBA (|) woA ij B A ǰn -
v  odA Be A  nBA ]  BT훱 Tze TBe A wnA nBA
nBA JBM  BU A SLA (|) A wn B Bj TA TnBLA TBdA ϮU
Th yoA Lz MA op B BvA B M U o\zA VA  ȷ) AoA
.(1)oBA E  nBA AoA m SL\e k (
oA.BzA  nA kA oe nY L] A  kTA KT ȗ B] -
]  AA M oMqA nq A 汪A ȪA jA o   A A 汪A
ȗ  A XU oh Bw k o\e BBM A T ȗ k] ozA
.(5)L\A
(hMB M jE M B kL M nY) A Lv Ȫw  (dE) ^BA nY L\ B -
Lz ^ApnBM  UB We  oA Ao A 񪽰 峧q  (dE nY)  B mA
.wBM  z  J\A LTv nY { {
o  nX j]  B   kA o  nY ȗ ^AoX Ao\A Bi k
B B o nY kA ȗ mA (Wƫ) oA nY  ȗ A AA 幮kA ȗ
jƪA oA { k keE oLTA k oLE o{E keE L] nB\T nY keE L]
Bno RBM țTv nY An  S{  oA A Bi k ^Ake nY A
 oXA kA  BkeE kL  o nY L]   A B ȪA jA  
. 10


$
*7
: njB~A
359. | TLvA w M wBA / JAoTA eoA jBTv - 1
27.  26 | / jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 2
416. | 7 Z kMqA / toA ZBU - 3
100. | 2 Z ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 4
148. / jLA UB / o\A o  - 5
1. Z / jvA / ~A nAj nBLiBM BA B - 6
151. | / tBL BveA .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 7
57. | wnB kw kd / [dA k nBdA nBA TA - 8
$   18 
*1
: oTA
A 탰 L] E A ǰn BoLA  u A  Bo{E nBLA  BL] keE 
BL\BM BU A BkUE nA RjB B 孼nA A ej B nA  ]q
(2) (1) .AodA k\vA A BL\A JoE  B 郰 L] A uL L] B

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
 MB B ^Boz B~A țo{ khA L]  MoA oA ȗ L\A Am 隽
(3) . jAM ~T jwA o\dA LA

$
*5
: BA
M () Ȧ K{  K~ ozA  AodA k\vA  uL ME L] oz
oL oh  A oeE uL ME L]  ȦTv L] ) khA L] M
(4) ɷ 317 w  ȅoA oB MA Aq   E ~dU   BF BM
M k\v v k\v T   ȗ FA BL\A  uL MA L] oLT
o  (|) woA lƫ (bBMn M M) A Jv A LA  BLA UnBM
BqA Am  jAA ȗ ^Ak~ Bp  B~A  L\A A k~ (7) cd
A keG o\U L\A Am  (A) ke  nA M nA nAj 
\M BvUA ozA odA B] o  BBM qp oM mU SB TA VXA
  372 d BUnA Mo  B oBw oU  B]BLj n A LA
BzA ozA B\UA ȗ kk{ jBe L\A Am KA] nAkdA odLA cw Tv
KoA L\A 雱 ^Ao (5)  420 BUnA A ki L]  UoU We țozA
G BA U SB kM p m BoU U BnAkdA k{ n LA] B odA 
Ƀ A   ~BM oLT tBA k~ Ƀ L\A ȗ JAkA o 
ϧl o ) () (jC) oL BE M A B (1) oA BzA k (|) LA 
A q BLB\M ~ tBA Bk~ o\{ ^BA  (M hA k\vM oL A
M) o\{ 郱 A We cd o  (|) LA BTdU 齱M TA ȷ BA tBA
tBA k~ o  L\A ȗ (1) ȯBXA hA B TA LkdA ȗ (AoA
.BA B  BjTv jwA o\dA B mA 郱A  A 

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
M uL ME)  B [em L  ]n wA A Lv (uL ME) M L\A Am Ȫw
ȗ v̽ B M  M Ȫw BLBM  k B 峼 BLA EkM  A B (gB{
oA  uLTA wA A ^BE B jBG L  ]n B B M Ȫv BqA k
Ȫw (4) (tMB MA) ^BA  B (2) AA o{E A A uL BMA Ȫv
AoMG M B BA B  BjTv B jwA o\dA  (A) M B\BM
G  ȚM k Am Am 郱 ȗ Ȯ o\dA A : L\A jB ozA SLA MA ()
A B (BLziA) M Bo L]  ȗ A om B SLA () AoMG M A
L\A  KziA) (oeA) M o oiA KziA LziA keA  uL MA L]
.(B횼) L]  (1) (oA) B\A ȗ v B (Uo  mA A zhA
 B ^BjA ϧB B   LziA M S G) : B (|) A wn A ǰn -
(4) .(^BL Lw BTdU aow eow M (novA)
: (|) B  LziA S] S{ A kd B : B () oL] A ǰn -
(4) .TE nmE Ȯj
o] BA k  Ro] TA AoA kw M WA En uL ME L\M A ǰn -
MA L] n B ɷ 113 w A SM [e WA A : Bo~Th TA () jB~A
^BL 텽 A A  U wBE S텚A Te AoX A k BvB] ^]n En uL
KBM  w En Te  () BA T  A :WA  孽joM v
(1) . joM ϧm En K `më nA  u
n TA B\A B M kq kB (o M ~dA) 郰 uL ME L]   -
(3) .BAoTeA A jE B ɷ 64 w ϧl BM oMqA M A kL oBe Bk LA BM
 TTA (An) L (o]) L A  cB v 郱 uL ME L] ȗ -
^BdB ϧmM Ȫv d̖ BvA ABU odA  T]oiA An o] SL
Ȫv MY keA z ϧm Av] AlB B T AB tBA BM ϧl o 
 uL MA L] BM cB U o{E SLYE A A ^BdB ϧB 
 eAkT  A B 郱  (ek̪A nAo) U ϧm vLA AoMA k\v
(3) (2) .AoA eAkBM

$
*7
: njB~A
349. - 352 | TLvA Lɼ\TA w M wBA / JAoTA eoA jBTv - 1
32. | 1 Z  268 - 267 | 2 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 2
629. | / ȦA keA cB .j / wA nk ȗ pB\dA - 3
452. | 223 | 18 | tBL BveA .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 4
57. | wnB kw kd / [dA k nBdA nBA TA - 5
123. |  2 Z oLA / \TwA B \ - 6
11. | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 7
$   19 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
.AA AkM   BMBM   Bv  L țozA M\A oA ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
A jAnE Ao\e BwG k  ( ) hA AoMG K ȴT E LA BM {E B
 KoA țozA oA  ȗ 탱 jwA o\dBM () oL] B\ tB B \
BU A nBTiA (jwA oA) M oA Am o 峦A SM jke E  JBLA
k () AoMG  BoTd Bɟ 峯Bɫ kkdU  U v jwA A 
.Am B G vA k Bwk  () BwG
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.BM kzM oMqA M A kL B jwA o\dA k~U ɷ 72 w 
 BTdU  SL jwA o\dA BM TA nB\dBM k{oA nB oE ɷ 189 w 
.A  B B oE Y B 
B\ zU oYG  o\dA  BvTA BBzA L{ M ] ɷ 413 w 
.BM AB  zA AdE vBM
.o~  (B{BM jw) oA BwnE dM Ȧe  B  o\dA 馛 ɷ 781 w 
.eBM ȯBXA BijAo BvA oF k~U o\dA JBE ɷ 1040 w 
.jwA o\d A  B odA g{ ] ɷ 1097 w 
 o\dA B o okTv dT w ȗ A  Bɓ   ɷ 1290 w 
.Tv
j]A ȷ BijB{n kd BvA k ȗ o\dA  Ro ɷ 1331 w 
.]nBhA A z  oTA Am  A
BLo ~Th  o\dA  텛 馛 oYG   jvA kA ȗ ɷ 1351 w 
.d zM SLY  STA TA 텚A  郰 oLA vA G BB BB
$
*5
: BA
nA  Uo nAoeA G  jwE  T o zA ǱM  o\e 
U TA   ovTA 酚A Bd oYE ȷ Ao [nBU  Aoe    oT 1.5
ȗ  o\dA jAw  BBM b   d~M jkz o\dA KA] B~
BvT M tBA B AlG w 27 Bo oz o BM   dd~A 텚A
nB A Y j  A BM  m LT lG 峦LU  BBejpA M  M
ȗ bo AlG E Ai  pB\dA jM  M\A q\A o\dA n ]A 峪X
.Kwo  BA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
o{ pd   BLA STiA BBM jB wA L LA yo Sk Bk
  婴M Kz BTA jBɟ hA kT{A  Bɫ G jwA o\dA jBG
ȗ jwA o\dA 郰 ToLM mA (|) A wn B SL iAj E G ATeA
T{ 邽  o\dA LTv B BBɄ (| ) LA A o  娱A Aq E B
. A JB\TwA  G jwA oA k k keE  B :  B  L  
B M VnBdA M o) j   eoA  o] L Aqi L RoL]E B
o\dA ZoiE Y 孪A G o]      A  qp ȗ o\dA (Ȫo\A
.B ȗ 郰 qp 
RjAnE jwA o\dA  jBG BUkve odA  (jBG) L (o) L S]oiE B -
A o  SoT{B Aqi UEn Tɮk oM oM  Te B SB 峦e
.Aqi L  ȗ BLLw ϧl B  jwA o\dA jn MB SLA oE ȦU
 S]oi  酛  MnE E VY B k~U oMqA MA k ȗ LA SoTeA B -
.L{ ȮM k SB {
A ȅoA Bw oB ME jBM   G AoA ij kM  ɷ 319 w 
\M)  mM A nE  BveBM jM G e B  jwA o\dA
  A G M AB]  AA ɗ jo E  oBkA E (ȟoTA
wU kM ɷ 339 w ϧl  탱 G jn Y B\A BwE  MBvA AwA
.M  BM 鼅A hA M ǱA d M o Ȧ ME ozA
 B  A]   Bi LA ȗ 탰 o\dA (L\dA) 馛 ɷ 340 w -
.B G jn Y 幂A
SBvU xkhB RBMo VY o\dA ]n Jo A oA  ȗ ɷ 413 w -
.BB{ L{ M \ zU  oBA X BB{ 
o\dA BM Jo kke oiA kM Bv  w AoB{ ]n Zoi ɷ 414 w -
  oE e  oe  텛 ȯB\A  tBA L  xkhT RBMo VY
.TBM  AB mA  MnE
.q L jwA o\dA  ȮvdA v M jAj  oE miE ɷ 585 w -
p ȗ ϧl T o\hM oBdA keE Mo o\dA ]n Jo ɷ 910 w -
.BA ve  ȃB
텛 ow  jwA o\dA  텛 TB BA jM  ]n B] ɷ 1351 w -
텚A m kM  k kE Y TB AodA k\vA toe M oz LA nBTw 
.]oA ϧl BTA TA 텚A  郰 ǰB Ko
$
*7
: njB~A
138. | kMBA p wBA ME / ThA n~A ȗ [dA LA  1
233. | 2 Z jLA W M UB / pB\dA B \  2
401. | 1 Z odA Co  3
$   20 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
.B~A A kB~A nBv  nAkA m U
$
*3
: uwBTA
(|) A wn BnBTiA k  ȫqhA nA ME M nA A jU nAkA m SB
ȗ ozA nBA  jBTMA  M MBdA BT] d  Uk ^Aqo B\
nAkM) nAkA m oTzU ~A ]A  JBzA A ZohA  ^kM oB{  UjBL
. A S\e B AozBM k{oA A AnqhA BT Bk (AnqhA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
(B~A o) B B EoA BUo B nAkA m kk\TM c ϦA oA  RoE
.jA] opA o ϧm
 (kBA) M oA nB~A M kd nB~ M Ȧ kA  E ɷ 821 w
.BUnB
$
*5
: BA
\A ȗ BMBM 隽   ^BLTh B (|) LA A ol nz k\v nAkA m ȗ k]
v AA BnBv    4 Bo   8 B eBw A  ik  幼ozA
{o o A jƽ JBM nAkA   mA BdA w ȗ k]   3 o
ȗ JT oiA  BkeE A~A  Ao\e M\A ozA BTAp ȗ  o~dBM
 cLv wA B om  oU A A lE RM ȗ  BU  pnBLA odBM BA
wA EkTMA B  AnqhA nAj  (|) A wn FLh Am 4.  BA  kBM B
) ...ȧBTA }A  Bv nBLA ȯBXA o\dA  JT  nBA gnBU KT 
op ȯBA n~ MA M Ȧ M kd o] MA wA o{ kA B] BzA
.(ɷ 555 w BzA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ϧl  oXA   ^Ao{ B ȚM  (|) woA Bz  oe qo nAkA m SB
mîe  奛E   oXA   ^]n MnA vA jk BU Te B Zoh  
.kk] eo EkL  Uj  (|) woA Zoi
M o B] ^]n MnA   oXA jk M ȧAA  JoA  B] wA A kM
.LA ovA KT BoU ~ ȗ wA ij  nA nAj A JBhA
$
*7
: njB~A
192. | 1Z 孼odA Co - 1
26. | 1 Z wBA Ȧ KA MA BdA AodA kLA nBLiBM AoA B{ - 2
136. | ȮvdA o {B 廖~A ow - 3
$   21 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
  ^BLoU  50 Bv  kA   M  8 dM d\A RB o{ 隽
. 26  Jo BM  MAn o{ J] (3) (5) .B
$
*3
: uwFTA
BXA ȗ q AjA \e BA kM kA A ^B]An   (|) woA Zoi B
B]   .(i ok) M oA ɃA ȗ ɷ 10 w \dA l  oz
A oE  () AoL] BUF ]n 1300 jk ~ wA nBA  vA
BL ]n wA i kM  BA   Ti  iA A A   () ȦM 
A   BA Kv ok B (X o\{)  wA ^Bi A  okA A A
h  B  (ZB]kA }) A ȗ i  幫BiA oXM 汫 `jA  i
A i ok o  BB ϧmM Sw o M J oM : i  幼 E KA
.(5)  (3) (2) .nAohA  B B  (MoA) wBM
$
*5
: BA
 d\A  K~ `jA   nkM ȮM  op ȮL B   nAohBM o i ok B
 B  (3) ϦA kL M kA  AoT{B oB M A kL ȮL  nAohA Am cLA
oM k mA (i K{) B BA k  i  U  (A M) h
 娱A A B oM   BdLA ȗ u{ kL Boe oM  U  (]B)
 Lo i oM  U ϧm  WBXA oAkA oA Jo   ZnBhA nBv
(6) .(K M o) Boe KXA
o B  (MAn)  oiA  d\A  BkeA i ok 雱 A BjU Bo ϧB 
 nA   dA boɄ  Ame SA B i ok M (|) A wn
nB   cLA A   (AnA BXA  foA) o  SL  AmC jAB 庱z
k\v BA   okA M  M B Aqi  tBE M B  ^AkME oA B
d\A  SB  Joe  (jLA)  tB  h  A BA (|) woA
 jBMA  ȗ ozT oavA nB\{A hTU ^Ak] cv jA   okA Jo  LU
^AoB Ap o\e nw B kM nBYC ϧB  峧B{  M]  BL] vw M 隽
k BeA  ^Be B BMn ^B A ^An~ B BM A  kU nBYA BA 
kU BAkeA 婟 5 MAo  AodA k\vA J]  BTL{ A i  幖d\A
TA yo BdM tEn BT BT\T (okw) L]  BL~U (^Bi) oiA  (^Bi)
ȗ  oA k qT  A A Zoh oA B Aqi   (o) A KmU
MvA i oM ȷ BMn Ko k A BA B B oM k]U TLzA BT]A B
 Bw ɓ JoA ] A okA jA   ^BLo  (5)yo Bk A
hA  AE YY jAA RB] keG ȗ  hnBTA okA  ȷ U k nB]
  jABM nBA o B M STL BA    20 d oiA    M
.A  BT mA oTA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B RBekM (|) oE (odA kk{) BB ^B B  i ok (|) woA q B
jB oA Y M  BM 郰  BA ϧl ȗ BeoA \M oA  BTdUB 
 k  Ajn  oXA A  峼A Ben ȗ AT]B ~BM tBA ȗ jB
BUnl ȗ nB Te BeoA ϦU  (|) A wn k AT]A B BoA k{
BM jB  tBA Ki Y 峮  B Te  o () B ƪA oA Bj
BM n Te Bo () ƪA oA (k w) LM miA k  U
o~A  AjB  jB 岿A  A A  Ȧ Am  S  B BMA
(...mi  miA o~ 
 BM ~ uzA SAp Y 孼Tn ~ ...oA S B  (|) q Y
(1) .ApBM  幪i ȗ u\ A () B oA  Ti ȗ (|) u] oA
 BBM î ^B] ^B] () Ȧ  Aik A vA (|) A wn oA
 oB JBhA M o BBM TîU ȗ KA  B  孼ƪA oBM  Av
(1) .(ƫ  ƫ    ǿ SdLA ȦB gM gM) : B B B  ovA
Bo B BA Am ȗ  A  lF A  K  (|) A wn A Bve B]
(1) .^Ao{ kzA  nA  Uo     (|) A wn  lF 峦A
 BkA   nBXA  (i ok) k\v ȗ ~A kA o  ]Ao KdTv
.(8) Tn ~A
kL) j B  kA A Uo\ o ȗ (i ok) M o (|) A wn A ol
Ϧw Y (Bv) wA eBvA   Y  wA  M B We (nA M A
(4) .(oA) Y Ϧw Y (nAohA) Ϧv (kk)  A kM oA nB Y ([A) 
 tBA  oX ~A i ok (|) woA pB\U A A BU  BdLw A  k
ƪA oA   }A Bv \ A BU A jAnF 婴BA  jM A
 Mn  ϼA qA B M woA BF  : T S] qB  \d ^AkBU ()
(1) 67. : kBA  TBwn SM B U  A
$
*7
: njB~A
176. | 1 Z kA jB{nA - 1
.ȯAodLA {B kvA i ok o ȗ A z - 2
368. | 1 Z vkA oLA A kL \TwA B \ - 3
.ȦA keA cB .j wA nk ȗ pB\dA - 4
4. Z jLA W M UB pB\dA B \ - 5
198. | 4 Z ȴBA  nBLiA - 6
vA 25 jkA VAoTA Be () SLA C vwƫ Bnk~U ~ oz BYAoU - 7
10. |  ɷ 1411 w wjBvA
1981 RoM  75 | 20 Z oBM gzA ve kd gzA A oA] - 8
.
$   22 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
B BA G JoE ȷ  BA   M vL w ȗ U vA m SB
.(AkYA) M o B ȗ  10 BvM BA J] U We  G
: B AE k Rom B 雱 kkdU ȗ njB~A STiA k 
ȷ ( o{ J]  135)  75 kM  BA) BA  h M U  1
.Y L h B nA
.BA nE ȗ B o  pBA o An U  2
.(ǰBA) A vU d ȗ (a) jA ȗ U  3
Bɗ Am .o~A vA G ozA J]  kTU SB BG      4
.k\ E ȗ BA \U oXA
$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ B oM L{E 幪 Bw SB jA uBhA oA ȗ vA m SB
n Te RoTwA  ~  o  oXE Ro 幼B\A BE MoA oq\A L{
oz k oTvU  k횧A l  AkM  w  ȗ cTU SB kM wA
E oiBA ȗ BM M  B T\U SB JoA  B Sw 峮 B
oiC Kl  婷nE ȗ Ao AvLdU AlG A U  BG   峟o o
.oiBTA M BTA  BE G
 JB~A  B B G L]   B oYE  Tv nE ɗ vA 雱 B
țAvA  hA nB\{E B oXU  B\A
$
*5
:  BA
oXE o BLɛ SB oq\A BdA ɗB  JoA Bk~ oL nB\U w ȷ
ȗ BB vA m   kBw mA  BT ȗ B B Ane BLA
tBA F  BTA Bɗ od TA (od \dA l k횧A l K]n) odA o{A
A BdU TA XA vA Th BLU SB vA mM vE  AE 
 BUnB\U  BUow   BMo B oLA K~A yo nB\T B   nB\TA
 RAoBA B G BBM Am B BLU SB MvA  ovA BLA Te
 c~A uB\ B kU SB B AoX  LA  MBhA   ozA ȗ RBMBvA
BMBdE G RABUA kA dU B  kA BzA dT BLA M dTA
vBM WL A α keE B B JoA AwE ȗ Sv B{E B ȗ B
o ϧmM ko JoA qE miF jB   A jA\A  vdA dA  jB\A
.M T vd  jBBM oF kvA ozA
qE B  :  Ao{ kz  ]n k  M ozA A  tBE B B
 AnBTh tBE Bk 孴]Aq B\oU UBLM UF oiC  Ȧ]n 酚 JoA
   BMo  AoA  ke B U  B BB Bw SB k 峮 ]qT
 SB  oX nE B U B wBw k SB 幫oe BvLE [dA oBz
nB\ A jAnE    d o~ khU jAnE   BM B\ B q L  BUA
 U vA m SB B E   Joe G jAnE   B ϧmM T
M LeB o B keA  K E AlG BBE ȗ woA ko\A B më JoA
BE    (Jo{)  (oA M Mn ME) UB k 峼ME wA  wA o\  o]
dUo B w w BTA k o BM  (doA mM) Ȫv doM B
l w G \  tBA ]U \dA l E AlB   LoA \ w G tBA
.BjAn  vA hU  [dA EkL oTA  Te B AM o Jo pB\A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BL nAnmA Lw qA  Fz mA oA  oXA B w ȗ o B 
A kL BAoT{A Lw SB k |BA M o E B SM k nB\TA BTA M B
.|BA M o Rk A M |B Bk] M
ϦU ȗ oT oiBA dA  A toA ɄBA vBM WL ov B 
 SlE  G miF  JoA kw G ϦA XM Am A : jB jB vA
ϧmM ko ov B (E M Joe) BM miE  oiC B jjvBM B] JoA
ϦA e B ȗ SM B TBe  pAqA   B A UAjBw o
.(|) A wn G Bk (Aqe M e) BAoT{B (q l)
nmd kA  ohA G tBA k B w ȗ TXM kM (|) A wn  
UFU TA wAA k~ w C   A  B (K ME) oE BLUA  tBA
.kk\A kA   o BqM L  BLA B
A ȮM  B] i B nqU E SB BL (YnBe M kp) B ȗ M k 
M ki SM \ki T (Aqe M e) AoT{B L o B w M AUF
. TL  (|) woA B]qU B (nj 400)
k B w ȗ BiE BME T  BYoA kB~ \vU BvhA oBzA SB 
kM k S Am X BT LU nBA BG ST Tw Zj  qU SB
k B UFU SB yo oMBL]  wA AkA B T  Bk nkM o
JkU  keA  SB L~ BvhA  E BE U  幽AoM B]j Sw
jwA BwBLM k  BvhA o   oiA BL\U Y o{ RBME kzU  BT
.B Uk{ o oE vA B]
ȗ BLU Bv dA oA B w G WL odA Ϧ nmA M BA B 
.BG Lv (ȈB jE) AB Te B B oTzU TA j\A BXM oTz  vA
Vkd B B vU  RBol B G E Ld~ mA nB~A oik B 
B  Ti BE ȗ JBhA M o TvU (LY SM i) m vA ȗ
B~M BL~A qU B w ȗ Ao vU SE  Uk o B G)) :  T
BT]A) ((ƪA oE Sw Te BA KmU   o Sw Te BA KmU 
ȗ B JBhA M o A om B  (68 | p\A  M wA x\A
.(235 | 1 Z kw MA RBL) B ȗ A nB~ B\A
u) B B 幼BT]A AeE JoA RAjB  oX Bo B SB k 
BLA M dTA nFM  U M B 噧BhBM om tBA  (kBw M
L jU SB B w A om ozA ȗ dTA T ȯBMmA MBA B
ne  o Bzo pA S k o~ L BɃnE  M u  Y
.vA
BUo{ SM BE oX XA B Jo B Jo B\ B w B 
T  w B  (A ) \ M eoA kL Am wA p ȗ Te m
.(TT B FM SB  Mo TMo) () B BA
nk AlG AB 幯hA MnBd Bd]B BMwE \ A  kz B oYD  B 
 B w ȗ nk An  o Te keE A 幪 B] ] E ]oA
 ] AoB nk k  M  A E : tB  njBA ϧmM Kh ]n
. AvU   vB\U   oB~U
 ȷ d B F{ EkM AoA oq\A ȗ BnE RkU  wA B] B 
ɷ 129 w M  M nBThA  nodA ZnAhA S]oi A G B qU
.kMA G SoU  BL
$
*7
: njB~A
277. | / ȯBA kw / wA B\A ȗ JoA AwE  1
66. | / kLA v nBL\A kL .j / MoA Y L nj BA  2
$   23 
*1
: oTA
B nB\A oLi kM pB\dA j A BA  SB ohA oX oB kM ȷ
woA BL k oLi cT kM ^Bd ɷ 7 w (|) wn  ] q A BBA
.gnBTA B\w o VAkeA ȗ B SL~ BA G () AoqA B TMA A (|)
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
kA   140 d kM  oA jA A w Km `jA  oLi o{ U
.(1) (BdA) M A oU  nA
$
*3
: uwFTA
BwA jn TA oLi gnBU  Th  BvwFU gnBU B oLh nB\ k SB B
kM jA Bw Y (b M Bw) jBeA keA Bw TA  kA MBLA RBMBTA ȗ
BM A~dU mA oLi A kM k SM ɷ 7 w oLi vA cT B  wA
nB~dA M kT{A  B~d (|) woA cT  oLi FM BU A 雰A B M B
A MB]F AA  nBY  ~A  dB~ A Fv (|) A wn AwAn
A wo ~Bi SB JBn   hM  vA ]  B ȴ ϧl
B UFB o~ (|)LA k ȗ BToU  () AoqA B BL k  (3) (|)
 (4) BzA A ȯBXA hA ]A A A BM BE q   (2) LvA BMA A
M o ]n Bq  A A  Tz AlA BkU A Sk   k Sw
(6) .A Lv Sv (Bi M k)
$
*5
: BA
jA   jA ȗ U oX h nA  B ohA oX L~i  ȷ
(oA) kA  BA oA JoA  (fozA)  B ~e B B  (6) odA
Y (o) Y (nBL])  B L] Y AmA  BLdA  B L]   50 Bv 
 JnBd ȮM  BMl ȮM k~ o  BA jƽ oiC o ϧB  k Y odA
Bk () BA o] M w BA B k ^h Y (5) (~A) A kA
B ke  keA L] ) Bjke : vA  B  ϧl wBLA hA  K
B kM ȴ A BA (2) (k\A j B ke odLA w B ke o~ yo
 hA o  kA A BoɄ  k{n M L  BBw  tnAk  nBA
B TA wBLA kA SɃ A kM BvA M v ȷ 幮kA Y nk~A
(3) .BMB~TBM BBe
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
M BX o~LA  A A Bwn keA ȗ k TBM () Ȧ BA bo k
娱 t B Sdz BvA TA B   k BkA ȗ SB M : B lA e
BA) : B vA   oiC  ȗ  (A dA   孽oiE  t Shw 
.A  ƪA BA e miF mA  (^B B miƽ ^Bü{ ]oTv  SLA A
 BBG ȮF k ȧ ] (|) A wn A :A h () AoqA B SB
A p\U  B B A E B Rkz oiC AkB{ BFv () Ȧ BA B k{
U  BdM KBU () AoqA SB Bk  (4) UAoA  ]n A ]n jB{
Ȧ B A ] mA dBM KBU SB M jB VnBM A nA  LM KBU
(2) .vA oUƫ Bp BL~TA TA  (|) A wn i ȗ ()
ȧ B  () B k A k joM B ɷ 87 w hA qqA kL M o ȧ B
A Bk bBvA tBLA MA ȧ Te A ȮM kA ȗ qU  BL ϦA kL M kq
() vdA M  Zoi  n~A ȧ B  () Ȧ M vdA BA M vdA
jBA MA w BL Y  BjBE n~A M kA ȧ B 婴 BL
 Bjke BM ɷ 210 w ϧl  B k A FA BjBA kM  wBLA
M d M kd A BvU  ϧl o  RA  oA  B B  Be 鼪]
A BjoM oA wBLA TA p ȗ  () vdA BA M Ȧ M kp M vdA
(4) .B BvA BwBU wBLA kA S B  FA L  SB B
$
*7
: njB~A
421. | / jLA W M UB / JoA jM ȗ Ren - 1
117.  113 | / ȮvdA o {B / A vA / oz ȮYA ĿA ow - 2
23. | / 7 Z / jLA UB / pB\dA B \ - 3
42. | / nlLA / AkLA bT - 4
1015. | / 3 Z / oLA A kL / \TwA B \ - 5
/ jvA / 315 | / jBMC poA kA k\ / MBoA B ȗ MBA BA - 6
. 1969 w / 1 
235. | / jLA UB / LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ - 7
368. | / 3 Z / Bz M / LA ovA - 8
325. | / TLvA w M wBA / JAoTA   eoA jBTv - 9
/  1992 / ɷ 1412 w / 1  / 461 | / () Ȧ BA / LA [ - 10
dA LA
$   24 
*1
: oTA
 BTw w ȗ BA kM  Swn k SB () b w A kT 郱 ȷ
BA ~ A () b C B mA nTA nBɗ ɃA Am ɗ () b Be
bBdA AnTA ȗ j nw ɗ oA CoA ɗ Bol jn k B\A w
.TA ow  tjBvA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
.BA EkM nTA nB We A k\v w ȗ A Am 隽

$
*5
: BA
ZnkM G q JAjow wE ȗ k] B (jB) U o k\vM L{ vA BM
nE  B G BAnk] UoU A X z eBw G ZnkA Am Ȃ
oT 幮vA nA\M ȯBXA B{BM Bw ]p UBi jB Uk{ mA k\vA
XA d~A Am A  馃  ȗ  孪X e ü  ZnBhA  vA
BLA Am o ȗ  幼iAj Bo LA Am E kL v MAjow G jƽ AG
ol  幮vA UnjB kM  SM E  () b L Kv SM k\vA ZnBi
nB\ AjE B\A w ȗ B  BM dU b M SB en SLA Am ȗ A
B G B oiC SM ϧB Am b SM o ȗ  BM vA Sd Be A ol
.() unjG kLT
~A KzhA  S BE  ZBvA KzhA  vA  () b A om
~ E BU A oE Bk  ]nBi oz  uE Kzi   (o\A) M oA
37. / j  Be BFM ϦA A  : BU B kkvU BdLw kFTM ϦA
Be  oA CoA ȗ B] k BA o  o\U w   E () b
 i nBwkA  nBvA owj   13 / oA  owj bAE RAl 
 Anl BMnE vA BL]M S TA RBwBA LU 幮vA bAA M kz
B] B RBwBA m ThU B Anl B Bo Anl B (w 49 : AnmA)
BAnl vi Bo BAnl YY BBUnA BAnl BXXM B ol We AnTA ȗ
]p    wA Y LUA  () b A MA YY  vA FTU
B] AlG Te  BU B zeTA RBAd }~i k wA BE JAkA BA 
 A  Lw  G ϦE YE ]p   B eA B nTA nB BoE
40./j   G  C B C
 nBBM B Ȧ KB\A  cT JBM BM oT ~ BBUnA ~U mA v
k v BA zA BE 幮vA iAj G BA JovU 鮪 ȟ ZnBhA iAkA
KA Lw  FTU TA oLA y RBM  vhA \A   SLUn
MAoA Bk yA WBY vA q\ o~A BX ȧBzA KA ] kBzU
k vA w ȗ kzU  Lzi ȷ) j oM Th ȷ tjBvA uBhA
BBM ȗ TwA We oBvA  Bi vA SB k BAm\ B (AozA B
kA dA ȗ ozA A BTvU SB TA vA  T Am BLdA zTA
ȗ Vke BA A U TA AoA  \v Am MoA [hA MoA odLA
ȗ G TvU  oBvA BE 幮vA bAA kz (owkA) A BLdA STwA AoA
ov SB vA A AnTA omU TA (v U ) wTA odLA w
kkdA   nB\dA  BA EkL  An B mA nTA B .oBvBM
TMA  T]p UoLiF () b M M C nTA A \  qLhU Ad B
.nTA  BA AnM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ro\E A ϧl ȗ  C  E () b e BA SUnA nTA nB B
B MnE nA  oA B BvA RBɛBɄ SdTA A oA MB 
BA oTwA 峼M Bv YY b EoA WB Be Bw b ij  MnE
STMA BA REk A kM vA JBM () b BkM cT nA  B MnA
BwB ξB MA nE B   A üzM oA  BvA S BA nA
 BA  AkM ɛ j\A  RTwA oA ɛ BA ɓ ɛA
44./j
nBM L]   (L~A nA L\A ) j\A L]  vA RoTwA k
G 隽 mA (oLv) L]  vA RTwA  幗A RAo   汪A
oL j] Bwk AnAq oLT L] BA J] ȗ k] o~A JAqA jA M]
() b oL B A kT
$
*7
: njB~A
120. | 1 Z Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w  1
29. | doA kw kd / A ȗ wkA RBLTA  2
67. | 1 Z oYA M / gnBTA ȗ BA  3
242. | 10 k\A / BLBLA A kv / AqA ovU  4
365. | 11 Z ȯBTvLA / wA nBA oAj  5
237. | w o{ / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU  6
. 1978 w 137 | 23 jkA / jAkM B] / JAjA  \  7
w oBA 426 | 2 Z / qT jE / o\A MAoA oA ȗ wA nBdA  8
. 1967
$   25 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
4 o a o  B~  A k\v J] U
.5
$
*3
: uwFTA
 BA SM B ]  ɷ17 w A k uwE Bk |B MA M kw BBM
VjBdBM oLh ȯBXA hA A kw KT BA SM ow E Vke  TeB w
  keA zM BBM B~A U  k\v  nBA nAj \ E hA oF
m So k  odA eA ȗ owB B oiC o~ BA  SzA nAkA A
.(nB) M So ϧm  nBA nAj E o~M  kw o~M nAkA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
nkA ȷ BM nAjE YY B Ro BE nAkA m  Ro] TA oYA RBLTA STLYA
BhTM ǱA  k{AoA o~A ȗ nAkA SM k wBLA  ǱA  k{AoA
ȦiAkA nvA iAj U oiA Ao  ]nBi  ȦiAj nw  T mA A
Sp zA Mo eBw Rk{ We nAkA  MoA vA k{ ǱA o~A ȗ 
AA j] A BBM AmC oA BLA pAo  \vU ]jq kFM BAnk]
ȧ Bk ME M jBp B k  nAkA  Th Aq]A ȗ BoA oY {  B
R  nBL  RAkk\U B SB k wBLA o~A ȗ BE Bkk\TM A
.o onA  nBh 酛 a~] nBip j] ϧm  Ank\A Aq]A M o
$
*5
: BA
nBG nAj kE BFM A   幼wA oBA   oX B kA  nBA nAj kU
U tBwA  SM BFM B~U \T  ȫwA BA ȗ A Te B z
RB 1938 w AoA nBYA ok Ro]E k B BkA v ~dTA  
BM d zA Mo nAkA uwE  Th wA ȗ Sz o~A Am BzTwA
 o]BM L 4 w  170 MnA BAnk]  nAk]    h nw
L okTv ZoM nAkA BnA  n  ȗ  7 BBUnA  ^Bd ~A }\A
Am  oAj ~ ZAoME MnA BE  馃  ȗ  14 d  6  o
BjBME Tv ZAoMA m kA  ^B]oM 20 BAnk\ kA ZAoMA \ cL~
o  xA  oiqBM B T  BM wkM nAkA SM k    1.5   *  6
馂A w ȗ nAk voA ikA 隽  ovM Sk BA B ovM SM BA
MA M nBThA oL lBd B B\BM ~TA ZoLA Jo ]nBhA nvA  ȧBzA
ikA MB  wA qo B A jƽ o A ikA Am Ȃ  ȖXA kL
SB TA LA A Ȃ kE   wA B B M\A \A ȗ voA
 8 B o  ȧBzA oA ȗ o~ o k  廧A nAk wBwA q\A
bU o țozA ȧBzA oA ȗ  o o MnA BLB\M  BMBM B 5 Bo
 Bɓ k o~BM nvA A oɈ ϧm  B JoTɛA   vA dAn B
]o  nA ȗ 2  A TA Am q  1.5 nk ϼw M ZnBhA
.ȯBXA hA BA A hnBU

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
U M  |B MA M kw kM AoA  Bh ^BBi q nBA o~ B
UoTA AlA  ~e eA  TBL   \ A   婴UAnBz  UAoAƫ
 BM  o~A Am q  JodA  VjAdA k oA UF\A  VnAA
. ^BBzU Ao M ϦA kL k Te 峫BeG
 M v A A () vdA BA ow BBM jBp M A kL oE ɷ60 w
.o~A Am E  ()
 AmC Tv B mA țAoA ZB]qA  kk 酛  RBLTA BYA oX k
 T 酛  oX ^BA  (nAj)  B JT oiq MB  oX ϧm
A kL hA wBM A Jo  BM T wBd j   podA nBhA
.ɷ166 w A jU kA wBM oiA LA  ɷ136 w bBvA
vdA BA tEn En A o M kL : B k K\ o~A Am ȗ Vke A o
M nBThA tEn En Y nBThA k M jBp MA tEn En Y jBp MA k M ()
B  Ao M ϦA kL k M oMqA M K~ tEn En Y oMqA M K~ k
nBA nAj Ao M ϦA kL k ɷ71 w SB B RAw VY i  ϧl
.B ^BBzU
$
*7
: njB~A
.RoM 1987 w / 4 90 | țAoLA keA ve kvA / A gnBU  1
.1967 jAkM / MB\A B .j / A k hU  2
.BhA kL B Bw v .j / 1Z AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA  3
$   26 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
k\vA A vA k\v  kTA A ȗ 幗A k  MoA \A ȗ U
Mo nA  jBLA ] A kTU  ^B{ (dA )  A kM B B\A
.XA  (kw o) Bjke   娱A
$
*3
: uwFTA
 BLE kk Mo BL BTq 幪kA A Rd  oL d wBA SB
oA A ȗ SB  婼w  o BL kM B BM dTA  婼U  uL  kwE ȮM
 幫BA ȮU  wBA  wBBM Sw Am   TB kwE M Ț 郱
wBA w B  幽nB\TA AwA B Rk{  BAo wU 幗A Bw jBjpBM
.BAwA oLA 
$
*5
: BA
qTA wBA d 雱 M nB\TA A AwE wE  wBA w cLE
MA  BL B oiE ]  MoA jBLA  年]  A k  U TA
 nA uMA  RB]vA Th  nBhA  qhA RB~A  oA 
Am B B  幼odA A JBdE  o  nB~A  B~ Bi Rd
 oiBT BMjE Bw cLE 幼MoA BLA  oXA nB\U A B\ vA
L JoA k B X A wB SB BMjA  BA  oɈBT  AozA
k 婴BL  A  o \ Bk SB wBA d A om B wA
B  oA An B  BwAoi   Bvn B mA (njA kd) B j RB
C pB B SB  vBM ~Th q eBɃ wBA SdLE A SdA
kA \vA G wBA  kTU TA vA SB 婼U L M Bv d
.(Mn M WL{) ]nBhA vn G Lv (WL{ w) M vU
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
SB L ȷ [em d hU  (o M ȯB) o~ B ɷ 61 w 
.A Jo J] vU
 AoA ǰl  B kA oX BoMB We  BM L{A wBA SB 
121 w Ȗ 婷o A  kA wBv BA oA ǰl  B M~A
w ȗ Bw () KB ME M Ȧ M vdA M Ȧ M kp kzA K ɷ
M kA oE Y Ao TiBA UmhUA Te  Bp LzhA  Bo ȚM wBA
j oeA A kM ɷ 125 w kp M d n k AoeBM ϦA kL M kq
.RAoA o ȗ nl ABM 
(B]A ME M oA kL ) BE wBA w ȗ K  771 / ɷ 155 w 
.BBM n~A UA mA
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1987 w RoM 4  364 | țAoLA keE ve kv A gnBU  1
. 1967 jAkM MB\A B .j 幗A k hU  2
.w B u vA BToi bo{ A i  3
$   27 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
M nBzA cT L ozA Te kBM dU SB o{A \A k B{ U
.kA  ozA M\A \A A kTU SB A \A

$
*3
: uwFTA
kM k{oA L  BM () Ȧ BA oL z o kM oLA m gnBU EkM
m   nBLiA oUAU KLvM B LoA AoA oA E  B] j ϧl
BA Boz B k A L oX tBA B j k BT nBzTA wkA LA
.() Ȧ

$
*5
: BA
kM TA vA We  BA oMB M BXA LUoA vA jA oL STeA k
B] BU BvU Bj]A LB BA oMB wA  kU TA BBA ȗ ] oL
BoA AkM ȗ U  oLA m M A 2 37 d vA jA eBv SM k
 Lo oT AnL U SB M A BkBz B UBM T B]nA wA
B{ ~E  EkL i {  SB nLA 啽ozA coBM SBeA TA pBA
{ ƽ oTv keA  ] ȗ   kA Bo{ Te \A Mo
zA A KoA kA d  BBU Lo oT RB]  kA EkM M oLA
Am pA Bw ^Bi S BM  S~UA MnBT oT nL ST oAkA
oA B ozA coA A  JoA ȗ kBM Lo Aq tBA B 冼dA
pA {  Bnw kM o{BL oLA n ȗ A pq Am () ƪA
B AqM Aj T BzA d  BjAkTA A dA  BjBTMA j Bd
.
jdA od cvU L n Bnh FM oiA RB\A  BzA \A pBTU
.\A  M\A MoA \A u BkU BATwA A B B
kA B{ oT EkM () Ȧ BA nA] A UA j KLvM oLA BvU \T
B A vA .nvM oLA BeA U k ȧ { A 酚TA ȮdA hA
oh   nBL  20dM ϧl Ȧ mA vA BA B  n MoU
 q] B BTA B\BM ~TU oLA 幽j n~M B jdA od cvU
.B\A Aod~A LA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ƪA bAnA  T\U cv B BUAmM \A oL A kU oUATA nBLiA A -
.BkA nBA 
TA)(|) A wn JBdA  RnA M JBLi  \A ȗ j  A A -
.vA jA oL ȗ j  RB A ȗ q AnkM k{  (ɷ 37 w
UoL U () Ȧ BA j kB{ k B k MBM B] BB ]n A o -
LA Be k A kA  U mA TA Be k \A  MoA KB\A ȗ A
kMBA p BA B nA\M (B~A) oL A (B ȗB) oLM kU Aod~A
.()
B Bk T \A  BzA \A nBTh tBA ] kB B ϧB -
B) tBLA vdA BA ko M () Ȧ BA ko odA M U
oXFɗ JAoA RB\ Bk \A oU  oiA BA BA Mo ɗ (vA
 RAA  BeA tBA B kA  JoA A o\U SB kA RB
.nBM nLA i B miE TA BzA \A AkB Bnw

$
*7
:njB~A
nAA JBT   400 | / 1 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w  1
.BA {B C BoA kL gz wA oBzA vdA
247. | RB\A RBn  2


$   28 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
k ([) \dA B om o{A \A k  MoA KB\A ȗ BA Am 隽
.vA k\v ȗ 幦dA ȗ 幼BA ȗ B RBB
$
*3
: uwFTA
1310 w ȗ k  A odM k kd kvA  BA Am M  A B
oBdA {  BM kA Y ɷ
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
(n) A odM k kd kvA BBM TA nB\dA  }\A L Bi kd kvA k
.oBdA B{  npA ȯB{BA o\dA  L BB M 
$
*5
: BA
BA iAj ȗ k] npA ȯB{BA o]BM L L BU oB kzA Am BM -
o\e BA ȗ k] B  () jB~A BM o BA Am A  }U MBT
wB noe) ~ B   ɷ 1200 w ȗ inƫ ([) \dA BA nBp  x
(ɷ 1200 w BL{ 9 ȗ ȮvdA BdA keA kvA eoA MA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B] Be BM () jB~A BA  ^AnYF ǰnB  : BA Am j] Fz A -
Y oiA Tn  dU Y 孼Tn ~ q () ƪA oA k] ko ^AoAp
oL 郱  : A B YXA BA  () v XBY o Tn  dU
WBXA () vdA BA tAn 郱  : ȯBXA () KB MA M Ȧ ƪA oA
.([) BA oL 郱 
 RAnBA RoX B  ApBM nj   e q Tki B Bkɛ A B -
.kLA ȗ ABA  nj Ao\ MBA  \A
$
*7
: njB~A
208. / 2 wA gnBTA ȗ VdM RBwAnj -
1.Z MLd C oBM M o] gzA / BoBe \A ȃB -

$   29 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.Mo k Jo  55 kM  隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
A \TU AnA A o TvU E ȗ ATiA B BM p kkdU ȗ inƪA TiA
o\ ȯBXA oA  ȯBXA ~A A hnBU ]o ^BwA ^BMo ^AoYE  c]oU
BwBvA pBoA A lA jBLA o  TBG B  UnB pAo  LnBd ϧmM kzU
 wA L hA  odA α ke ȮM o~A BM A vU  BA
oiA  A   婷A ϧl jkM o~A ɗ JAodA  k\vA BzTA 
A  wA nk ȗ wA k AoA  oA wA :   (nkA) wA  od
蚯 幽q\A A    o̗  E  k\A j  (nkE) cB (|) LA
B q odA A k\A j  ȯBXA hA ]F (|) LA kM c~A nkA
j)  oiA o~ A Ȯ Am 幫j BBw  pB B M  oU  Jo
M BwA)  gnBTA ȗ o }h{ JBA  oiA  A  (k\A
o\A MAoA oA AA ȗ AoA L  A  BA Be (oiA w
o~M BA k o~A Am o  v oiA  okvA o~ɛ B BMn ɛ 
.JAohA

$
*5
: BA
  BTü  Bd SM TA  AoA ȗ A oYA AA  oYA Am k
dU h o~ iAj oL ~e  o~A FT JAohA  A zA A BL~
L zA Mo ~dA  幼A BLA  ~ ~d BM LB\M  幚B{ ZAoMA
  175  zA Tv nvM Bd ~dA   17 A  馃  
L zA Tv o~A BA BA o  L  21 BUnA   163 Ƀo
 Uo B  h qj o~A ik ȗ k]   80 o   110 
vn ZAoMA vvM q\ ]nBhA Ank]  qkA  MoA \A ȗ B\A 隽
   oL ik wT oL ZoM 馃  ~T ȗ  MnA BnA ȗ U
 BATe Bo  oXA nBA SU BAqA ȗ BA ZAoMA  ZAoMA oz 馃
AoA T\U  nAqA eAo eAoTwA nAj ~dA iAj ȗ k]U  幪 nB nBYC
 k\vA A jƽ ik Mo A  (LA) AoA m A  Tv iAj iAkA
ȗ  BLTwA RB  AkA A jƽ WBXA    oLA LeoA A jƽ oiC
oLA AkA BA cvA A oiA  JAjovA A BkeE jƽ : Baw ozA BA
ik B M\A 馂A ~T ȗ  RBB k BM dU zA Tv eBv 
G JAME Tw AoA Am ȗ  BMAU  oLA LeoA dA  oLA AoA A jƽ
zA Tv BM  nBL ~dA ZnBi MA ϧB  幫khA v  MnA RLA
~d nAk] ~d MoA 馂A jAkTA   幗o 14 Bjk o k  BTU
 ^Aoiƫ Mo  ~dA A oA k k  LBM BLA m oU ZAoMA MnBM
KB]A bBvA  Bv d cLA kL o ȗ A A w
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȗ voA oA T SB TA A m ȗ j] KLw ȗ AnA STiA k
AB mA B~A AiA Bwo T B A  ol B  q  ȷ  幽jBLA
ov ~e A kT  ϧB  婴Bwn 킽  UBBT]A ]A  k~
A oiA kT vA k B\UBM kT A Bd  k Be Bj i aƽ
 k o~ A kT M  vA k ȗ vA  joU  zA   keA
.MoA BA A B\M BTTw q
$
*7
: njB~A
.텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU - 1
. 1988 jAkM 152 | 幪텧A jB Bw oAmA ȗ Mo - 2
78. | ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA ^BXke Bk AoA - 3
292. | w o{ .j n~A Th ȗ wA nBA  gnBU - 4
w jAkM kd K]n pB .j AoA ȗ wBLA o~A ȗ MoA RAnBA - 5
. 1989

$   30 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
o  MoA ɄBzA  RBo\BM oU SB TA ɃAnA ȗ BA Am 隽
.Mo k  BzA \A ȗ 300 Bv  ȪA

$
*3
: uwFTA
o] BA ozM o Bɟ mA B񪦧 ^BnBɟmU ^Aqn  BA Am k{ k
UnBp L RAoA o ɗ () BA ɗ vT B mA BA   () jB~A
TA RAnBA Ƀ   幽ohA kA E gzA BɛE ɫ   ȮvdA oBd
 ȗ~A oBzA B k  ɷ904 w A BhnBU ]o TA ȮvdA oBdA ȗ  jU
.ɷ971 w BA Am kzTM (jj B]) {BTLA qA

$
*5
: BA
dU SB  ȯB{BBM q B L  ^Anz ^AnAq BA Am ȗ oAqA kBz
BU  nmA nmU   [AdA B  oLT nBq tBA k~U  UBvLA BBM
.zA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
MA M Ȧ ƪA oA BA k] oL nBq B] B () jB~A Ao] BA A ǰn
JBY uL vTA  Mo A nBqA wAo AjA kM \A  Zoi () KB
odA JBM A  k  () vdA BA k] oL d ^B{B ]U  oA
oBA A ^B]An o Y ...A  jA VAnB ϼ vA : B  oLA  KA
.B ȚM 
cv   We (oLA) M oA BwA o oiA BA BA Am B
B kM ϧl  ɷ 1262 w Te wkA RBLTA nBq Mo A ikBM BB]o
kMBA p gzA A  cw Y (MAA KeB) ȮqA AoMA kvA
.|~hA AmM BnkA T ȗ Mo A ikA ȗ ȯAnkpBA
T Bk Mo ȗ oA (k Ȧ) YjBe ȗ nj BA Am B ɷ1293 w
oA AmC dA dA SU jBe wB ve kA (BA JBM) d nBTh
BTvLM oA BTvLA ȗ nvA ZnBi Ai  婴 B] o TA  LA
.dA EB  ȧBA Aoe  (() jB~A o]) BA

$
*7
: njB~A
.텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU  1
.(1988 w  jAkM  AoA) 텧A jB Bw oAmA ȗ Mo  2

$   31 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
LqA JBM  JoBM () vdA BA ko d  MoA \A ȗ BA Am 隽
.(LqA U) M oA UoA 
$
*3
: uwFTA
A YjBe ȗ TA nB~  oz B Uo  nBmTA BA Am k{ k
BM ^BU  () vdA BA BiE Be kTU () Kp kvA SB We kBhA
.ɷ1400 w BA Am jk] k  BwBM 郱A Am Ȫw
$
*5
: BA
 峦iAj ȗ ȯB{BA  o{ RBMA SLT qoLA  o Lz  nBL BA
Am nBq tBA UFU  啅A o na~U n B B{B nB\eE E ȗ k]U
nmA  nmU  M oLTU  BA
$
*7
: njB~A
.텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU  1
.텧A jB Bw oAmA ȗ Mo  2
$   32 
*1
: oTA
A o ȗ B텛 BYA () tBLA A MA Ȗ w 郱 X BB B
. Bv oiA  BkeA kL kBhA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
d~ ȪA JBM  JoBM BhA JBM  jAkM JBM Td M 隽 : A A B
.() tBLA A MA ko
: 雱A
k () tBLA ko d~ oA LA JBM   50 kM  隽 : ovA A B
.BhA JBM w ik

$
*3
A A : uwFTA
o B o BBM  o\A oz WBXA oA wAA ȗ k{ BA Am A oA
.ȪA o BBM   k  () tBLA oL oM e ȗ
ovA A : uwFTA
ɷ 1327 w ϧl  ({ C Ȧ kd) k }h{ L  BA Am k{
雱 ^AkhU  BA Am FzE  nAj nAk] zM B We 峫B ȗ BCn Bn oYE 
.tBLA A MA kBw w

$
*5
A A : BA
Bp ȗ AA 5/183 oA nAkA  ZnBi qoLA  BL{  nBL BA Am
 ɷ 1324 hnBU ] y BA nAk]   ȪA JBM  JoBM (Ȯh~A)
ME Ak S텛 B BTdU KT  kBw n Sz k  BA wA om 
.tBLA A
ovA A : BA
酚M q 51/52 oA nAkA  ZnBi qoLA  o Lz  nBL BA Am
Sz o{ RBMA LzA   幼jA  RBe BLzA  o~A BAoA 
LzA  kBzU  ZAovA kd gzA eoA MoA oBz ȯB{BA 
. n

$
*7
: njB~A
.텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU - 1
.텧A jB Bw oAmA ȗ Mo - 2

$   33 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.ozA ȮvdA oBdA  MoA M\A \A ȗ hA Am 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
w Mo nw BM (BoA KeB) M nzA BLBLA Ȧ kvA UE B
 oL dA Am mhUA  hA Am ka{ 幮kA  MBA nB kM ɷ1217
^Bk So TA  婼hA dM (oA) M o B mA 郱A wA kLTwA
 () kzA kp A KvTU TA kA A Mo BL keA (v C) dM
kzTM ϧl L kA C eoA ]p SB k  ɷ1276 w oiAA Te ϧl
.ɷ1271 w ϧl  ^BBMn Mo SBE  ȧBdA hA nB

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 B{ kA oB BvA B ]A  hA Am nB jBBM B{BM Sek B
.T{Be oBv
 B Bk BA Am ȗ o BLM jkA ƪA kL B o\A o{BA oA ȗ
hA K] AA BTvLA q    nB T Rh L\M toɓ  Mo
.jkA BTvLM oU
.oTM SB  hA Am kk] RBeA Ao]BM BA nAp SB 1978 w

$
*5
: BA
nmU nAqA BM oLT TA wkA BA   oYA Mo B  BLA Am oLT
ke ^Bk 雱A Am B k  () vdA M wBA L MoM k]U We nmA 
oLA Am 雱  BA  oL oM  kBzU  幮kA B ȗ B]nA wA B
 kBhA Mo {B ɗ BA  WdL () tBLA B mA 雱A u 
kvA eoA MoA oBz RBME B Sz Bin hA JBM  kBz ϧm
.ǱA ve

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
nAE FU  kA  uAkA A h We odɫ ɫ oz jBdA  ɗ
k  AqA KA UFU  奼A S  ^AAkTMA zA TvU  BMoA
Bi B SoeE TA 幪A A ϦU om ^ABeA hA A BAoA  Mo
^Akk{ BejpA   Bv AqA KA BU od 12  Bv ȗ  () vdA
.MnA nBp ȗ  BL{  ~A nBp i ϧm  B   od 13 

$
*7
: njB~A
.텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU  1
.텧A jB Bw oAmA ȗ Mo  2

$   34 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / o~LA
Bv kLU TA v]oLA A BvA A ȗ o~LA k  MoA \A ȗ 隽
.o~LA vdA oL B{ oMqA  J] 10
$
*3
: uwFTA
vA x] Sk Bk  L  kMoU We Mߧ ^BMo oA E ȗ kMoA B
E)  AkMn 636 / ɷ14 w o~LA A Aq M LT jBM ȯBXA hA p ȗ
^BB ^Bw B We uz oTA  kMo mA BA    (MAj  MA AiBE
 ME  ^B ^Aqo cLE Y  BA bvA  MA A BBM nTA  BLU
 d nB Y 幼MjA  A BT  BYjAe  o~LA gnBU ȗ oYA A
.hA n~A ȯBLA B Rk{  BMjA  BA Bv
$
*5
: BA
MA  nTA  BLU ^Bw cLA Y o~LA joU TA A ^Bd  ^BiB kMoA B
TA BLA  v w Y o~LA E  MnBdA  av mA A  BA 
E kM ϧl  .AozA  Bd~A  BA  BM o~LA v ȯBXA hA BwnE
M kd o~  (Mnp) o~ B n~A  AwA SM  LA  o~LA SM
Bw M o]  B mA  n~A ]E  oLT mA wBLA Bw M o]
nAj  o~LA  kMoA  AoA  o~LA  BkA  AoA) nzA T]
vT kMoA miE Y kMoA E ȗ (KA M o) o~ ϧm A  (kMoA 
Am  T o~LA wnk  ^B ^Bw  oL d nB~ F{ Uo  qo
 oU L  ^Bo nB~ kMoA U MoA AA RmiE  boA  A
ȗ B w TA A kM ^B ^BT\ cLE  BhnBU  BMAjC  BoiB  Bo{
oE ȗ BB kMoA Lz We B v dA n kMoA nB  幼B\A
jm oB{  `jB L   u\  e oB{  峼 kq M jBzG  ozA
Be  M  KTA RoX  JjA ZBT oX 幼BXA LA  AkA jo  B
 AodBM okA jA A RkTA Te BXA AFM Bk ȫwA BA wnk w
tBA BM k oMB LAoi RBo RmhUB ϧl kM {  L   RAnBA  TA
w TA (ȟBA iTA kd M Ȧ ȃBA)  j  ]   婴UAE
 Ak] T oL  o~LA A z lA AA M oMqA oL   953 / ɷ342
oA M  AA M oMqA   kMoBM j    ]oiF w  MBXM ^BT
 1051 / ɷ443 w ȗ  ^Ak\v 郱A ]  ^ABM  (oL vA MA)
kMoA A  k Am  om Bü{ BkMo  o~LA nAp mA ovi oB cBvA om
B kMoA FM o~L ǱdA RB nBp  kTv ϧm  훱  ^AkM dA
nAp Be kMoA  ^Bü{ M MA om   B{o  Bi o L{ Bp ȗ
.1325 / ɷ726 w o~LA
We o~LA vdA oL B{ oMqA A k kA  B  A kMoA BA
  oA koL BUoAj SM  幼E LT  AkTMA wnk nA  SvwA
A A LzA o~LA  UA nB d  MoA vA  zA B RAnBv
ȗ BoLA o~LA  o{ REkM BXA BA JodA BTA kM A om  o~
^Anj RFzA  B oqA A SzTA  nBMA odM kMoA J] AA ȃAnA
We kMoA d vU oL d A vA Am dU eAoTw ^Anj  
kMoA nB{ v nB{ B B
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
gnBTA KT BTj 幼MjE   幼Moe wBw TL~M kMoA Be SLA k
SodU lA BX T kM \A 훱M nzA wBvA odA ȷ : Bɗ
 TTeB kMoA Sij Te  B   d  oMqA jBM pB\dA  x\A
.ovA ] () Ȧ BA L  o~LA ȧA  e M BX TeA 幮A ]
 LBdT UM bw  kMoA Bw  oA oB\BM kMoA } k 
.nB\dBM zB y]
M oM M  ]  TA o M jBp BqM jpA M uA Be o SYke
p T ZnAhA M A BLLw oiA ]  u M eA BqM U ȮM  A
o~LA  jBp M A kL Jo oYA  婼U M BM UA (o M jv) jpA
.kMoA B  BUd ȗ BLUnA   o~LA ȗ A RozTB
JoA BvU TA AkA Uk~M oo] BFA JoA RAo] WBY SÖE kMoA ȗ
m U  jpoA  o ȮM  AoA ~e M kL B B\ TA (dBA)
.oiBA  B]BA  jpoA  oo] M B B kMoA k{ B ^BTM BXM k~A
 oBzA BhA  oA l  WLA  iA M nAj B ɷ66 w kMoA k{ B 
ϧl  [T ZB\A  iA BM dA B  k\A MBA  Ao M tA
.B\A ozA E A
o jƽ A wBLA nk~A ȗ dA Y ov o ^Bp AoE jƽ kMoA oTwA
dA  A ȗ BiA RoX tA ȗ S k A L~A A lA AoA ϦU
kMoA w ȗ M nk B mA AqA n  JoA o~A  A ȗ KA
Lm  K~U  A  o~LA M hA kT{A BL  T cd~U A
BMA   .WkdA  ozA  JjA  dA  A ɗ AoE o~LA Bɗ Te
 ȯpBA  閚A MA  A M o MA  A  tA ME  nBzM pnBLA
kMoA cLA  BA  A  yiA  dA AmiA mA eB\A  joLA
 BA  jAoA  BA  oLɟ jk A KvTA kɛ  BMjA  BA T
tBL A MA  ȃBA kMoA o] M wBA o MA  kMoA  M Bw
.kAoA   kMoA MoA M
kd M Ȧ) [qA KeB BM UA TA A YnBA : kMoBM Se TA VnAA 
BdE ȗ nBA {E  ^Bnl ^BT BFM T Bij B o~LA E  Moe ȗ (vA
 nAoA  qA L 婷nBMjE  Zo  Zo ɗ tBA nB~ɗ oɓ  kMoA
.kMoA
miE 883 / ɷ270 w wBLA BM A L  T  [qA KeB AmhA kM
RkA k  峮 tBA KE oT  B B    A A TB ]oTv kMoA
. A o~LA M ]o UM  AwE M A
 \ Bk MB\A vdA M Bw oB ME YjBe SYke 923 / ɷ311 w
^B27 B BE  B tBA Jo  kMoA  o~LA oeE  Bnw vU  o~LA
.BL~A  BvA  TA   nk B  B]  d
 Kh B We keA uTA kMoA cLA ȖXA w M ZB\dA p ȗ
.W{A M eoA kL oBXA qA  B M tBA Ao BLhA
.kMoA w Joi o~LA JAoi oYG   o\A tjBvA oA ȗ
$
*7
: njB~A
.1989 w / o~LA B] / 153| /  nBdA o~LA w  1
w / RBoM K]n FU / 1Z / (1981  1869) Tw M o~LA kM  2
.1984
.wBLA BE xBM njBA kL gzA / A q\A / o~LA gnBU w  3
407.| / ȯBA kw / wA  B\A ȗ JoA AwA  4

$   35 
*1
: oTA
AozA d ȗ 隽 mA pAA B]  țozA M\A oA ȗ mêA m K~TU
.o~LA ȗ

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / o~LA
.kA o~LA Bd Rd keA AozA d ȗ mêA m U

$
*3
:uwFTA
w pAA B] (wBLA vA kLA BA ve gzA M nBw) gzA M k
(lBzA oA g{) pAA E kd gzA lBTwA wBM Bw  1514 / ɷ 920
 B\A ɗ B E \A B\A më oLTU   1546 / ɷ 953 w ɗTA
.AoA lD M Bi B TdU TA 婧B

$
*4
:nBA wTA
nBYA ok SB B Lzi LzM \vU T mêA m e nAk] kU k 
.BkM  U B  mêA kB B~M BA

$
*5
:BA
oiqA RzTA n Be RB~o KoU B] BTB{oM mêA m qTU
u\U  []qA MBA   ȗ  oM BwEn BTLn BkM B ȅU TA
LɄ E o  oA hɃ BLA T o\dBM kz Mo kB  mêA
kBA m X BTw wBwA AkA ȷ A n ioA ]\A TA
e ]T }\A o]BM kz zA ȯAwA mêA kM  5 BBUnA L TA
w o  mêA e A j~A  kLA RB~oA    kTv
~ tEoM ]T {n mêA Ln k\vA cw  EkL kLA iAj nk ȯqe
[]qA koA A e nBTE 10 d tEoA kLA BUnA L  LMk ǰo
oA ȷ m oiqA mêA m RzU ȗ khTwA k nmzA npA A l
 nBL ȷ) Bw ȗ MBA  ThU TA kAoA B khTvU TA A
.(\]q Mo bAA

$
*7
:njB~A
224. | 1 Z Bw v : nTkA / AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA

$   36 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
mA n\A nB{  ovA \A  U ozA jAkM mêA m wTU
.v B\ Lv BhA nBzM ϧm v
$
*3
:uwFTA
hA BLM oE mA BhA B\M z B mêA m ɗ U mA BA G
kU ȯBhA kA oT ȗ  1289 / 687 w ȗ (ɷ 295 289) BM ȖTA
kU RnB  mêA S kU oiA BLA  BM kE B\A Am BM
.qA  BL B w Bz B\A BM  q] TA A kM qA w mêM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
jo\ SdLE \A oiqA BUv { KohT mêA SoU  1940 w 
AmC BoLA nBTwA vA SBe k 婧BA z Ak] h MB  ZoM
 oYA Am Bd BA nBYA ok SnBv zBM RBM BTBd  峖v
RB~oA BBe zdU mêA  kU B jBG oU TB~M SB nBYkA
FT B] Aoiƫ M k 幼oip dM BE kLA Sv Ak] j o]C nBiqM
BhA nBzM U RAo mêBM dU Ak] oL L U h  SM 
nB pAoM ]   幪kA mêA  \v o wBT o kk\A BLA Am
.ȦA B\A
$
*5
:BA
20.40 BUkB d  33 d BBUnA L We BTBhM qA w më qTU
ko ȷ 幚eA  MBvA jAkM lD E dE ȴ 16.20 BkM d 
 8 BBUnA L B E B] oz ȮYA  FTU TA BUkB { ȗ BE
 jAkM lD  E ȗ Bd ɃA jk We  kBA m X k]
T  BLv {n AwE LoM BUkB ZT A e j]M ϧm qTU
Bw kLA oTh zA ȯAwE mêA kM zA Ȧ~M ǰo ~ tEoM
RB~oA   mêA ȃe kvU ȯBXA dA ȗ G BT  Bqe
oiqA RAzdA RB~oA B] ȷB TA TA KoTA kA \A
TA RzTA  mêA  Aq]A RB~oA BBe zU TA BoU ndA o]A
oiqA RzTA 鼪] 嘱MBA  ȗ TA  ~A  kLA B ȅU
wA q\A q  ZnBhA  o~TvA wnk Ank] nBip pAo  jk\
qU TA ϦU oBU oip RzU   ozM ZT BG nBiqBM kLA 
.oiqA dTA  tAoA LoA A dA h  dA

$
*7
: njB~A
209. | / Bw v nTkA / AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA

$   37 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / 汪A
B\A d ȗ Ank\M ~T  nA B]  ȧBzA oA ɗ mêA m U
.汪A k w oLA
$
*3
: uwBTA
B\A (汪BM qA kA uwƫ) qA jd kA n MBUA ϦA M k
. 1171 / ɷ 566 w ϧl wBM vA
B]  țBLA keA oYA ȷ mêA m  (1)  1173 / ɷ 568 w U 
d mêA Bd BMkdBM Sw   1946 / ɷ 1365 w kU mA nA
m M  ϧB A LA kT 汪A k  BwA Ʉ k  ozA
汪A Sj BG ϧl o dA  汪A k  SA TA vTA vTA
(2) .BM nBA ]j o ZB]  nA  Jkd qz  B BMkdBM kA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
 o\dBM   BM kF (tEoA LoA dA) mêA  ǱA vA w k 
A RB\A SnBv BkM zU B 幯mêA B Rk{ TA }\A  MBBM u
.oiE o B ǱA q\A w ȗU  BTB e wAnj  oXE jAkBM
oz  oXE 郰 U  凱vA  BlBG ȗ kBv B RBü SnB{ k
 oXE Bo qB mA B  koA nBA m w  kAqTA BBdA ȗT
 mêA m nBBM ~ThA A om 孫qA RBjB BU AqU  ȷ o BY
RAoTA ɗ [T A E 夰A BLA k G j  Bɗ BdA Vke oFM ATL
.eA
$
*5
: BA
BM AoYFU ɛAoA lDA oXɟE B ȫwA BA ɗ nzA lDA  ȷ
BU TA eBvA w BUnA  ~TA ȗ BB B k]  TA ț\vA
BBUnA L AoA ȗ nB E ȴ BBUnA  BUo{ UFU B 幼oiqA RAkeA
d nA cw Tv  UoU h nz Mo kB  BkM qUo  55
BkM }\A  o\dBM B wA vA ȮM  5.7 B  k AoT 19
tEoM ȴTU zA AwE jk\A LoA AoT 24 BUnA  5.24 o ȯAwE
BvE Lw  B ȯAwA ǱA vA Tz  3.30 Bo L ǰo ~
TBM pBTU TA 嘱MBA  ȗ TA  \UBA BMkdA ȗ B nE ȷ 幼oip
dU ThU  MnA RB\A  d kBB 幼oiqA RAkeA B{A ȗ oLA
 Tz ThU ȗoip ozM oƫ Mo üM ȷ oiA ]A  ] 
B{E TM qTU ] oip dTM mêA kM p voA zTA E zA
mêA iAj ȗ  BTU  BUBTv ȗ BLTU B{E oz  MoU ȴ BUAke
E ȗ ȯBXA nBA SdU  mA lƪA SM cw  A vA EkL : Bw
 ~ B  dA ȗ G nBA iAj BT  B 幽nzA kBA
.nA Bij mAA  jk B cT nBA E G Bjƽ oiA

$
*7
: njB~A
161. | Bw v .j : AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA  1
297. | 3 Z XkdA 汪A w  2
272. | ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  3
421. | / w o{ / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU  4

$   38 
*1
: oTA
) SLA  MvA eoA  kAoA  oXBM nB\w k RoT{A k
ME M Ȧ BA SM oLA Kp kv JvA koA kBzA ϦU  (vA
ȗ A A BBLw noM kzA Am oE EkTMA k 幽o\ 65 w SU TA) KB
AoTeA  ABe mA kqA l A eoA m hU 孼L~ 
.RBBA m JBd

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / nB\w
M] BzA AoA k keG nB\w k ik ȗ B Mn  kzA Am 隽
.汪A G oA   L~

$
*3
:uwFTA
L   BLA Am A coA o nBv G AoA ik  {A RBA kU
/ ɷ 657  637) M oTA ȗ nB\w jL  BE (ƧƧ kA nkM) eoA ϦA
ȗ nBA bB\A U SB TA z AA  B mA  ( 1259  1239
.MA  MBUA l SA ϧl

$
*4
:nBA  wTA
m Roɓ k  幽oU RAoT kM o k E BL ȧBdA ɃA i  kL 
LA BioA nBiqA M w  L  WdM BL ]nBhA oA RBoTA
oz jBdA oA ȗ BMn Ak] oiFT S ȗ SM TA  kjBiA RAl ohA
.jA oz MBvA o\A
w Joi A kM jqA kd kA A  B mA oTTA KB L  kzA jk] 
k  k MBw G kE nB\w  ATwA Bk vE nBTTA kE  ɷ 660
.nmA KBA
ikA  TA eA Kve ϧl koA Am nB\vA Bp M kd jk] 
.ovA
e  JT  B kzA Am jAki M B{BM kw jk] ɷ 1105 w 
.ZnBhA   coA o nAk]  j] Bin

$
*5
: BA
FM mhUA BA Am o JBM  G ik wA B  coA Am T
zA Mo o G BjU T]nkM A G 隽 ik  BLA Am G q oL
L o  nBL ȷ oA ikA M BvA   3.62   *   3.40 BjBME BLoU
nAk\A ȗ BioA  BiAk Mo o LB]   3.30  *  4.30 Ʉ
Bo LM ɗoA m Sɓ o\dA  ~ JAod MoA ɗo M\A
L coA oɓ ȷ zA nBd oiE L B U ǰo ~ ]nBhA
LA S k RB~oA   YY LA m  U   7 d LA BUnA
 ZnBhA  LA kLU  BLoU BB B Rk WdM }\BM A 
jƽ o\dA  Ak{ ik MoA țozA nAk\A wT zA oh
xA  Bi ȷ zA Mo o o G iAkA    mA ikA
mA ikA  (k{oBM oA Mn en ]An) nBL JBLA jB  k]U
coA o G jƽ  o\dA  nd UBL xM oiq k nBvA 
텛 M ȗ k] }\A  o\dA  kzA oLA Bw ȗ TA zA TvA
Ank] nmA MoA oA S k RBMBTA M SB woA C  RBMBT
k coA A kL j]A BioA nBiqA LB SApE WdM SwBM oA
BvE  ol B 峪oU kk\U jB o  ȗ kk RAo KohTA kA MBE
. voA Aq]A AA ȗ X BLA

$
*7
: njB~A
333. | ȯBvT{ ve : j ȯBXA cTA Te ȫwA cTA  nB\w k  1
313. | WBXA k\A / nBdA 汪A w  2
924. | 3 jkA wA \  3


$   39 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
.oLA AoBw B\ ȧBzA nAk\A   28 kM  mêA m U
$
*3
: uwFTA
Sw  oLA AoBw B] FzE Bk  852 / ɷ 237 w wBLA TA BBM
.ȯqdA ȯAwA BzM qTU B ϧmM
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
We B A nkA  BUkB ^B~i  ^AoL ^BkU A SkU  1846 w
酛  qhA   ZB]qA  MBA  AE BTdU SB  A Bd STiA
 BM dA BA S B BvA m B~M nBYܧ BA vwƪA SB nX
 1936 w ϧl  B n~M kB ȦA 񼴧A BM kE
$
*5
: BA
B Te B SAp TA  BA  AoA ȗ SM TA oBA JoA  kA  ȷ
 nBL ȷ  B\A  q nBA ] mA JwA B~U ȗ LUA  Am
L  52 BBUnA L We ^BB gzU ȷ  Mo kB  nk K oh
M iAkM o ZoM A ȗ RAnj ui  `T o wAM Uo MBA 
.wBLA BhA p ȗ lƪA B   aw  RB]nj
] qU  4.20 nA cw Tv  UoU zM ~TU Tv mêA kB
vU Bjk LMk j RAl  BBe  A kM u\ TA vA L~A Ank]
B{ o  M\A ]A ȗ Lw  幼ozA  MoA  BzA ]A   ȗ
}T We wBT ZnkTM BM   RBAwA Sw  ƫ BF kBz
 幚A AwA A  wAA MoA kBA M MBvA üM RBAwA \e
 BvA Jo ov uB B\UA ȗ mêA w e nk zM ~ mêA kM
 B\ ndA hA  M\A kBA cw ~T k A RB]nkA EkLU
k ^AnBv  Y BkM e RAo ui nk A A  A kB~A ZBTd
jƼ \nkU j üM vA Am vA oTh We wjBvA LA kB ~T
Lzi kA BY  U Lzi  A  k]U 3 Bo L TA A A
.oiqA AA   FM A v] u   oA  uzA  lƪA B
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kA oM TT  nBe o  A nB vU wBLA TA jBTA k
.BT  \A
$
*7
: njB~A
1986 w jAkM 488 | kA o oB .j 幼wA MoA kA hU - 1
.
120. | 1 Z Bw v .j AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA - 2
$   40 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
oA nB\ mA (([) kA B]) M vA B\A L SdU JAjovA Am 隽
.MoA BzA BTAp k oA ovA
$
*3
: uwFTA
 oTA \dA  ovA vdA jBA Ȧ A SL BMBU BA Am B
ɷ 260 w ȯAo~A J M j  () jBA Ȧ BA BBTMA TA  vA
cw B BG  UBe ȗ BMAjow   oA ovA odA A XU SB
Tü  zA SBe k JAjovA X BA AoU  qA noM cLF 婷nAj
 k  ȉe 婴UjBL B TL  vA  ݧ BoU kA
zi hM BUG ȒL TA BLA  nB ([) \dA BA BM Bd~A
iAj ([) \dA BA j]M B] kT  ϧB MBM k BkA K ne
zA  oA ǰl k  E  jBTA Am 峯o tBA o JAjovA Am
A om B  峯o   o  tBA o BkA m ȗ Be j]M kTU TA
BE ȗ RAw ui o B  Bp BE B  AkM TiA ([) \dA BA
.ɷ 260 w wBLA kTA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
oU kA B] BLM A k oBA wBLA hA oE  1209 / ɷ 606 w 
 JAjovA k B  oz YA A BwE SLT  LA JBM   JAjovA
d JAjovA Lz Ap B  ǱwA kw M vdA M k ozA k  ϧl
.Am B G oTA gnBU
.JAjovA  B\A kk\TM wBLA BM o~TvA hA oE ɷ 640 w 
BioA o\dBM MBziA MBM kM JAjovA oLA ȦLkA keE o ɷ 1200 w 
.ȦLkA B kM BLA  A  A mA wBvA ApoA  Ao{BM ϧl
B BioBM ]nj n ȂA JBLBM JAjov LzhA JBLA kME ɷ 1339 w 
.ȯAoA ȚU kd Ao{BM ϧl

$
*5
: BA
 FT Znj wAM G L LmA o LA SdU k\vA w ȗ JAjovA 隽
BXA  A wkv A o VY G jƽ qj nBvA G k] ]nj 20
(B]oA ~) M oU oL Tv XBXA (BvA ~) M oU o Tv
E  EkLU o mB ϧB   pB\M LM BM ~T oA m
Am oLT  AA nA B m ]nBhA B\A nAk]  wA vA Te nAk\A
 L oLA TvA oA B ȗ LA JBM 隽 A KjAovA  JAjovA
Bo oT 1.80 BT]A  o o\e i k]  oT6.5 BUnA  oT 3.5
JBLA  oLA o T q] dA ȗ ȷ (LA B) wBM oU oT 1.50
Ap ȗ 隽 幗oA  țBLA vA o\dA M ~ Lz q]Be qM BBE mA
 A ɯB{BBM qɫ JAjovA Ank] (LA oLM) ɗoA oLA o\dA m
MBT  oT 4.80  KzhA  B YXA Ank\A   kT oiqA
Bo oT  45.32  Bd L zA okTv L JAjovA  U pnBM 
.npA ȯB{BBM Bz ȷ 15.11

$
*7
: njB~A
.AoBvA u gzA / 2 Z AoBw gnBU  1
.RoM 1987 w 2  12 Z ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTA w  2
w jAkM kd K]n pB .j / 2 Z AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA  3
1989.

$   41 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
oA nBv  B 2 kM   幦dA k  țozA BzA A kzA Am 隽
.Mo A B ZnBhA

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ BA Am ȗ () Ȧ BA no ^BoU E kzA Am BM E oA 
k A A Bk 廦 k BA    KA uzA SMnB B 孼 A o
 A kM  孼dn MAo A lBM RjB To jƼ BvA kL A uzA
kzA oB G  omA m BAoA kzA Am ȮL JoA d RnBw () BA
MBvA oA  WBXA MoA kT BzG gnBU A A Ao{ƽ TL {  nBA
TA MA  A A ozU B AoA A B jA oz WBXA oA E o\A
.A k oBA keA tBLA MA hA k ȗ SA

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
kzA BzG gnBU  ^Ak] oiFT kzBM Ank] S~TA mA k\vA BM gnBU A
.RAkk\U A RBeG E A [Td  WdM BTA  BM
.kzA Am BM oT ȮqA k kd kvA w ɷ 1320 w

$
*5
: BA
 oA   kqT ^ pnBM BɃA tn S] 幮X o  BLA T
JAod A keE wT mA ikA MB  B u\U TA BA L BdU
 }\A  MBBM kz BLA  幦] RB~oM iAj p KMk k l \
 RB~oA  幼oiqA RAkeA  U  RBMBTA  iAkA  Ank] hU
kB TvM T SLUn B MnE ^B 17 iAkA  Bjk L LMk j RAl
nA B~A B oA 幼BY Bjk AE B MAoA ~A ȗ mU  ZnBhA  LA
SvA më LzU TA  UnB q B A kLA kzA më oLTU  kzA A
Bv Aq   ǱA Bv kU oiA më k]U  jAkM  foA KB\M kMp
.^Bd ȦvA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kzA Am BE ȦMBLA ϦA o~ miL A  kU kzA ȗ MBT Rk] k
om B  Am B A  ABe vA B] B A   uzA  ^BAoA
Rjn BA ǰn lA () Ȧ B uzA B Rjn TA A oA ȷ m U  A
ǰoA cBvA  vTA mM kzA ol  E  (|) woA Be BMG ^BA 
.ɷ611 w aTA
ȯBXA BdA BM B TA 幽ovA VAkeA B VAkeA k kzA Am k{ k
ȗ dA E  B]  MBU ov \ oBd  dA ȧBA k M B
.uzA kz

$
*7
: njB~A
.Bw v .j / 2Z / AoA ȗ wA MoA nBA  1
.ȮvdA ApoA kL / ^BXke  ^Bk AoA  2
.ȦdA xo w gzA / A vA / dA gnBU  3
1.Z / poe kd gzA / nBA kAo  4

$   42 
*2
:雱A
v / tkA
oz  L] ) (BTpn) L]  SM TA BA v ȗ BA Am 隽
G  ɗn () cvA kvA A nB~A qU tkA țo{ ~A k\vA 
.(BvA

$
*3
:uwFTA
Lzi  WdLU tkA G oA v ϦA E () 񦪧A RnBw Bk
mA 雱A ȗ SM Uk] B B K () v A nB~A qU mA K~A
k ϧm SBE  335 w ϧl (BA v) M oA vA  zTA
  B mA 雱A u B vA  U mA BA A B K~A
vɟ) M ϧmɟ vA oU vA B o kA (e婼ɟ) q
(2).(BA

$
*4
:nBA wTA
BoeE A kM vA BM (Twj) KAoA jBE oA cTA p ȗ  636 w 
. 614 w toA
.BoTM A BU ooLA B wBLA FA k ȗ  817 w 
nB~A jBF BTL Sw vA SoeE kziA kA p ȗ  965 w 
.BBM
.BoTM ȯBXA w ϽoLA B kk]  LA Sw  980 w 
 nB{E  Sk BkM A oFM BdA ȪBA hA oE  1009 w 
.kk]  BBLM nB~A
vU BLA oTwA k kk]  BBLM BM o~TA ȪBA hA cw  1037 w 
.BLoU RAw
ȗ nBjA uBA  A] vA Ao tkA L~A TeA  1099 w 
.BdA BA v ȷ keA v
.BB Ajk] oA Bo BTL Sw vA SoTeA  1810 w 
Bwn SB vA Sk~U ȯBXA B{BM AoMG k ȗ Vke Aqp oYE  
.BoU  BB 60 d kM BoU Bvo

$
*5
: BA
ȗ ozTA KmBM q  \A xA BioBM oiq wA eBv vA zU
.oip B] BnE tkA JBL oLE  BTL oLTU B 

$
*7
:njB~A
209. | { w {B kd : gnBTA oL hBzA tkA  1
170. | 1 Z ȦLdA kA o\ 奼hA tkA gnBTM \A uA  2

$   43 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
.oA w M oA BA wA 幮kA nv ozA M\A AqA ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
. 691 / ɷ 72 w ȗ E ~A k\vA oh~A L BM p ȗ oYA Am ȮM k

$
*5
: BA
o  w wAM A 汧A  nA SdU k\v  nBL oYA Am BM
 n kE MnE BdU o Bin L kA  SM LT 35  ǱTd
 ȫBin e BzA LA m SdU ȯBXA kA A BBM j BzA BioA
o kvA JAod A B BLA vM ȫBin JAod kA BE () v LA k
TLBh k () AoL] e 郱  JAodA Ap ȗ BkLT 郱  ()
 () Bw LG 郱 A 汽 kke JBM M\A BdA ȗ () o
.^Ak] oL nB\eBM d eBM zA Mo d  T

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 o ol Ten ȗ oYA Am A AnB{A mA inƪA E  ovi oB k -
.o oA T MA ǱĻA ǰoA X inƪA

$
*7
: njB~A
15. |  2 Z ȦLdA kA o\ / hA tkA gnBTM \A uA - 1
.wnB 79 | kA kL \A kL \ w / tk B\ - 2

$   44 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
ȷ  odA ȗ L E ȗ wkA odA ~T ȗ AA oh~A L k\v ȗ U
.(Bn) L

$
*3
: uwFTA
d A o B  691 / ɷ72 w Ao M ϦA kL ǱA BdA BBM
E jAnE ϧm  oMqA M A kL vB B oTwA TA   ZB\dA ZAE BA
kn  B~A ϦA kL ] k  nB~A uB oBw BTBh  BBM ȗ ȷB
B]n  AkA ME A A ZBTd B  BA o   oLA AA nBA m
 AoA B  ϦA kL  w M kq A   kA j] M Be M
.692 / ɷ73 w ~A k\vA  LA nB

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
k\vA țo{ kA ϦA kL M kA A hA BTA kM  705 / ɷ 86 w
kL BE LA  o  Lw mA  KmA  LA  B ZAohTwBM oF ~A
.k\vA  LA  kA B oT ϧl kM E  ϦA
Jo Aqp oYE  LA  Joi B oU  nBBM wBLA FA oA ɷ216 w
.tkA
.KzhA  JAMA B 郰  LA w n wBLA BM nkTA k ȗ  ɷ301
oYG  k\vA nw  LA oU oBA kLA hA jBE 1022 / ɷ413 w
.A oFM BdA ȪBA hA p ȗ Aqp tkA Jo Bk Bw
L k\vA  LA  SB B BM MA kA b jBE 1187 / ɷ583 w
.iAkA  LA p  L~A TeA
nBiqA  n~A ϦA M kd oBA ϦA jk] 1318 / ɷ718 w
.LA ȗ LmA
ik k wBdA JAMA ~M BLTB o{A ϦA oE 1467 / ɷ872 w
.LA
k ȯBXA Bi kd BvA M keE BvA 郰 1611 / ɷ1020 w
.LA  }BhA KmA wvM 
AA k\vA  w Bk LA nBBM BXA kA w TA ɷ1195 w
.nBG A A ~ ȯBXA BvA nBw LA 
 Joi B oTM ȮvdA E kd kvA v T oE 1938 / ɷ1357 w
.A nB ϦA k ȗ LA  k\vA
 oTM jnE \ SB tkA nAj ȯjnA kA ɗ  1958 / ɷ1378 w
|BoA  KzhA  ~A  BM dA bAA SkLTwB LA nB kk\U
 ȯB{BA kk\U U ϧm  LA  A~A B STLY  oeA tBdA  AFM
.BvvA

$
*5
: BA
BhA  B\A ȗ wA oBA E  A inƫ  k oh~A L oLTU
oh~A k\v AM mA  Aq]A wBU  ~TA BvM A BBM oiqA AkMA 
BBUnA  20.30 iAkA  LA o L lA 幫BA v RBwB  AkTA
 Bj  M oL Bj MnE   okTv kB  L ȷ  20.48
16 B zA AwA Ln jA   ^BLMk ^Ak 16 B  kE YY oiE
.L kB oLTU LoA m  mB
iAj  oA BAo TA ȴ : iAkA BA 幼]nBi  iAj TL  LA FTU 
Y Ll cB~M d~ ^Bk SB k  oeA tBdA  ȴ ]nBhA BA  k\vA
LA qUoU  oeA tBdA  ȴ A BA  Bn cB B ^kM c  SpE
j  M MoU \A tBdA   j  ȗ  BioA  ^Aj 12 
.iAj tAA oiC 
ȗ A BwA ȗ oh~A  h 텛 ȷ  ozA oh~A  o{BL LA U 
A (|) LA B Zo TA ozA oh~A ȷ  20.25 BTeBv nB B\U
ozA  BɃo  w70  17 J\A A BzA  B  LvA RAvA
d oh~A d  孽oT  oT M bAoT nA  BBUnA  13.50 JoA A
BLA]  ȮM k  L\A nB\d o\e B  zA T o ȷ  4.5
 AowA  ȗ (|) LA q B G B oY Bw ȗ  Mo Bj MnE MnA
.(XTA) v B BM k] oh~A e  Zo Y ZAoA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȫ B ~A BYA oh~A L BM Be BU SB Ao M ϦA kL k ȗ
Y oLA  vA  Y d AoqBM oF We LwA   uhA YA
 k~ Y kE BU A Ank B h oh~A A M UF  hA miF
jAnE  tB SdT k oh~A A A jB jB Y B ȚM B Ah Te oh~A
k tkA SM ϦA kL M Bw ȧ B  B Am  RF B ~A
 (Bw) LM oU SB TA  oh~A Ȧ B k\vA d L ȗ u\ B
.AkA JBT  AA LB] A  kBwA  wAoA  vLA vL
.tkA JBA Aqp oYA  ozA oh~A L Sw ɷ 407 w
^AkL B AM  v A oh~A k\v L~A e 1099 / ɷ493 w
TeA p ȗ   ^Ao L~A BwoA mhUA (A kvA ) M wE
.Am B A j] kkdA  ~ LzM ozA oh~A SeE L~A
zBM LA  KB] oTeA ] oBA ϦA BA ȗ  1016 / ɷ852 w
.ǱdA kA u{ ȃBA BdF
RBMBA k BMBF ~A k\vA L d Am jA J 1948 w
.o{BL
SdU ozA oh~A  aL SdLF tkA SM jA TeA 1967 / ɷ1387 w
.ȯ~A TeA

$
*7
: njB~A
286.| / ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  1
.{ w {B kd / gnBTA oL hBzA tkA  2
.ȪA k\ jA .j / tkA k gnBU  3

$   45 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
.~A k\vA ȗ ozA oh~A L Jo B{ LA m U
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ o\A o{BA oA ȗ ȯBXA k j LA m pAoɄ A hnBTA ĿkA ozU
jA oz tjBvA
$
*5
: BA
oTvU  tAE Tw dU BioA  kE Tw  o o L  nBL ȷ
ȴ ZnBhA  BE oAj { kBA SdU  iAkA  LA  U B LA
odA RAjnA qhT qh khTvU o BLA Am wE U A wAkw
oh~A L Ȧ B MoA BA SdU A ǰn RBBA  Bo ozA wkA
JBM B\U oh~A d wA ȷ () ohA 郱 BE (gM gM) vU ] oh
BA Am oɈ  ɗozA oh~A d~  汪A avBM ~TA kkdA
.(bAnA nB) M o oh~A d ȗ h JAod
$
*7
: njB~A
.{ w {B kd / gnBTA oL hBzA tkA - 1
340. | / kA kL \A kL .j \ w / tk B\ - 2

$   46 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
. MoA BzA \A ȗ ozA oh~A L k\v  JoBM U

$
*3
: uwFTA
jBA kɗ ZoA B BA  BvA A (|) LA Zo ^AnBmU LA m SɛA
BvA p ȗ ozA tkA ȧT Ȧ\qA BX kA q nvwA oA BBM
.ɷ 597 w JA M oM MA
$
*5
: BA
BioA bABM L Ank] A X {  BLA k  ^Ak] ] L ȷ
Aj 30  qUoU RBw LA dU  |BoA cB~M B L   MA
YY  B M\A \A BXTwBM M KB] A BM 隽 kA m  ooA 
ȗ LA JBM 隽 幽oo nBiqM BM AA Sv k  M KB] A U kA
ȯB{BBM v ] BM iAj M\A \A ȗ JAodA 隽 幼BzA \A
.BA oiA

$
*7
: njB~A
423. | { {B kd gnBTA oL hBzA tkA - 1
100. | kA kL \A kL .j \ w tk B \ - 2
20.  19 | 2 Z ȦLdA kA o\ / hA tkA gnBTM \A uA  3

$   47 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
LA JBM) M oA JBLA k ~A k\vA  MoA \A ȗ nAk\A Am 隽
.ozA wkA od MoA BdA  q]   MnBA JBM A ("|" kd
$
*3
: uwFTA
   keA vM LA o\A L (|) oA woM BU A owE B
奒LA j  nBdA   BM MAj ) AoLA ^BLAn tkA SM A oA
k BLA BM Mo TA dBM AoLA () oL] Mn (o T k oBe 邽
BA  cLA  AoLBM vA k nAk\A wA B] B   k\vA JBM
.wkA wA

$
*5
: BA
   20 BUnA   50 Ʉ L  kA hA nB\dA  nAk\A Am ȮM
.ozA wkA odA eBw  Eq\T  q]
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 k AoLA TMAj Mn ~A k\vA JBM A AowA  (|) A wn TA B
o vB   ZAoBM UE Y k\v dU Tn TL ȗ ~ k\vA ij
RA~A B  BU A o  RAvA M A Y BkA BvA A k~ B
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LA ) kA   q] A  婴 BdA Am A jA jA  1925 w
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Be) w  k BLA  唱A ȗ v Adw B (Bnk) ^BBU kM
vA ɃnB jBL ~ThA RAjA  oBTvA  kBA AkhTwA  .(LA
j   k jA BM nAoTwA Rno  AmC dA SikU k  ϧl ȗ
vA  tkA ij   AB jA A oA  婴UAjA  E nBeA
k o{  B  BdA m    wA B]   . 135 w m B
Be BU   p ȗ   tkA SLA Av A tk ȫwA cTA
A bBvA Am   婴BLA nBYC  T B nBq jA M JovU 孼vA
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A B |BhA vA Ϧ  q]  郱A Am ȯBXA w k  k ȗ A
k) BA  ȫwA   nBqBM B k jA k  mA oA
.vA  MnBA  MA kA b p ȗ zE (VA
Eo] RjAp Bk AoLA nAk] Be ]A  v A nY SB  1929 w
BUkA j \ ϧl kM SFT tkA A BoLA ij  BdA  jA
m \T SB  .ke  v BdA M S TA kdTA A L~
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. 1930 w AkBM ^Be BoLA RAA RnkA ^AkB\ 27 A
 nAk\A B TA MnBA nBe Ak tkA  jA ow kM   1967 w
.ȯ~A TeA o SdU Am B A   BdA  Aw

$
*7
: njB~A
136. | { w {B kd gnBTA oL hBzA tkA - 1
JAo{ ve kd kd 幚Y hnBU wAnj ~A k\vA  tkA SM - 2
329. |
.wnB 372 | kA kL \A kL .j \ w tk B \ - 3

$   48 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
.(jAj JBM) M oA MALA k  L]  jAj LA e ȗ 隽
 d SM ȗ A B   () jAj LA j d ȗ inƪA TiA k
   () Bw k  k Bv\A v  Ko B ȗ B  
.A BTeA   jAj LA e ȗ tkA ȗ B
$
*3
: uwFTA
郱 B  YXA BvA BjA k wkA BA keE hnBTA oYA Am k
/ ɷ736 w ɗ voA BLoA M kɗ 孼voA BLoA  jA M Aqɯ
jA M  M AqA oTwA  BA Am ȗ ( oj) M Sw v 1335
A TBn  TAkw  G BBM ] BvBM Ake B BA Am  e
 峼 ^AoB eoA J gzA a  k\v A BA dU U  孼vA
ϧl m BA Am o  TBn  nBA TM ϧl kM tkA BE  nBL miE
.(() jAj k\v) M A
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.() jAj MAM BM jBBM ȯBA Bw ȯBXA BvA B 1541 / ɷ947 w
$
*5
: BA
qT ov  nB RB~hM ~TU ~e   nBL () jAj MAM BM
 ko o\dA ZAoMA j]  BzA BUnA  oLA ϪvA  BhA BE
lA 孼]BA AkA  ȦA SqA Kw  bBoA  BvA Ʉ  LAoA
ikA   oA tBdBM v Ao~ l Lzi JBM ikA ȗ k]
SL~  nzA o\dBM n o ZoM  ȮM zA ȧ o\e B o\dA
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 k] KL B  zA Mo oiC ik A JBLA jƽ  nBA gnBU
 : jAj LA B BA .BLA Uo Ank] BM dU eBw A 汽 o 
ȗ A dvA kT  (ȯB]kA ) ^B ^Bk B MB   SM nBL
jAj e u ȗ k]U  oiA BzA nAe  () cvA kvA BU SLA Am
ȮM JAjow ȗ 隽 () jAj LA oL A kT  (ȯB]kA )  ~~h oL
ȦTv An  k\vA Tz lA d  h nB pAoM qT k\v 
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孼v A v  A  eBv oA  ȯBXA AoA BA A vA ȗ JAodA
k\vA U  oiqA ȯB{BBM MAod v Ao Ak\v  M\A vA 
MAM Jo ~A k\vA ZnBi k] A om B  BUnA B{ ] nB
zM o\e B  nBL (jAj JAod) M o oYE BM BM oA kA
kA k  M dA nvA A A LA  ~U  zA Tv BM iAj L Mn
.1298 / ɷ698 w ({ kA Bve) BvA p ȗ JAodA Am BM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B dM AB We j kL A () jAj LA k\v B~A kM 1948 w
Ank\A  ȮLA ȯB{BA 馛 lA .oiA AoA BA B KohU  AoA RBA
  幽j RBh B ^kM SL~  coA  MoA RBhA SMoi 
.Am B A ȯ~A TeA ow SdU kBhA oYA Am Ap
$
*7
: njB~A
340.| / kA kL \A kL .j  \ w / tk B\  1
.{ w {B kd / gnBTA oL hBzA tkA  2
$   49 
*1
: oTA
B xB () K{ A L Bwn Rk{ TA nA BE G k nE E jU
ȗ Bol jn B() K{ Bv () w B TwA TA oLA BM () w
11 / j 7 / AoA  BL{ BiE k G   BU  ȗ oA CoA
29. / RLA

$
*2
:雱A
jnA
LA [i M BM B  220 kM αLU k Jo A nA m U
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ȗ oLɄ ɃAnE  (k o) : ȷ  LɃ J\A  LA [i BzA
.jnA

$
*3
: uwFTA
M k M o  ) Am] pB BG K{  k BE G nA m ]oU
G VLA LA) K{ () AoMG M kM Sw L wA k (o M VnBdA
αLU k M Ȫve BL] vU SB TA Am]  A ȮM keE  孽k E
Sv nAq  nBMC B SkM Y RoYkA k B kLBM nA m vU ]o
.ϧmM

$
*5
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: ȷ nA m ȗ hnBTA BA E G
A JBdE Jm))  ȗ oA CoA ȗ BU A ol B  : A  1
B A  JAmM AkME E 婴G wnE BL{ E ol 176 / AozA ((woA
(AozA nw  189 G 176 RBA ]An) Mm
.kA  kBA A  LA E A k : lG
:A 雱
M nB\{A TA A ȷ A A αLU E  αLU nA ȷ A E 
K~ jA ) K{ G k  A A  婟 220  oXE A αLU k
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.jA
SB BMn BE  幼L o BA G h nA m ȗ L\A A BL\A o 
.Bv n~ ok oA m E  A qE JAm ZBT
.((L\A ȗ A nBA ȷ)) nB ] : K{ RAnB  2
: 雱A
JoA  (kLA)M A oA A U TA K{ Ao ȗ nBA m U
.() K{ ~  隽 B Ao~A m ȗ
:BA
ϧl L E o\A wBTA oA AkM ȗ BA Am ȗ o~ ZB\e  BeoA o k
kTA MmA BM pBT jA ȗ ȷ () K{ L KvU nB  A Aom
oX L\ w Uo oL nB A ZnBi ȗ 奼hA  oX jnBLA
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kAn oX Bo ȗ BA 峦X  ke nk  {  UE mA BU A 
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.ME xBM  WX] B SMAU Aoiƫ

$
*7
: njB~A
.BkM B 134  | jLA W M UB / JoA jM ȗ Ren

$   50 
*1
: oTA
CoA ȗ ol jn mA ȮYA A  kM B\ TA A A mA A 
A (^BL\ BUBC  AB oA A JBdE E SLve E) BU  ȗ oA
oLT 13 / A (k Bjp MoM AC T A) M BU A 氰 9 /
kA TeBA  E B BnA ^BB BBwE ^BF{ oYA BA nA 
.hnBTA

$
*2
: 雱A
jnA / B
oɛ  JoBM B jnA BA J] ɟ 8 ɗBv  A Am 隽
.oA L\ M\A cvA  郱 ȗ(oA) M A oU TA  (K]oA)vU
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鼪] ɛ A nB{G E ozA LA WjBeA ɗ jo  ϧm 峯B jkd
kB RAo JBLw BdU TA dvA njB~A A RkTwA wA RBAoA
kU kM ȗ (BoU ȗ BA) oA jM ȗ k] A 雱 FMkBTA qA
E hnBU jE A kTv    wTA MA odLA  JoBM (tvɗE)
ukA ȗ (B{) k 雱 ȗ 隽 A A ϧm  幽oYA RBM E Ao]
JBd Kv v ȗ AoTLA ȗ  zkM wB L] ȗ  ϧB
/ oA oɛ) ɗ  A AoA c]oU A  ovA AoA  A
.EoA AmM A oT   ϧB M (jnA

$
*3
: uwFTA
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nɄAoLA o~ ȗ A  A JBdA E   1953 w oA 
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nAoLA k ȗ BA 幼dvA wA njB~A ȗ A RBAoA Uol mA
RnB{A k oYA RBLA ϧl  kU B  117 - 98 w M e mA (B]AoU)
o    RBM Ȃ BYݧ k\v B BA Am A A gnBTA nBwE
o{ cT (B]AoU) BA nAoLA A A AoA RBLA m U TC jBL
oX k A Te ^YB Aq  mA ȯBoA ZnkA B ȗ M  106 w jnA
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k A jU TA A ȗ B oX TA qLA jA ϦU AoA m poMA
cB~A nɄAoLA k ɗ   AɛBɗA A JBdA A om .(B]AoU)
e mA A k B mA A oA A  AkM o mA (twjY)
A  425 w Ukn  A JBdA VBLA ȷ q\A m  Ro 幮w 42
A Aoɗ nBLA vkA BwA  cB~A ϦA Am Zohɗ  437 w
{Be  Bƫ ]n k k 婴A ȗ AUB k  Ao~A B 婷
] n ȗ T~ jow TA Ʒ BwA kU A AA BM B BB ϦA
BLA Am A ik ȗ TBBM ϦA oA mA BLA ȗ 郰 tBd  RMBU ȗ
nɄAoLA p ȗ B  ȗ M Td ^Ak  ]  ~ kL  nBL
oX k A  nBA SM  527 - 518 w e mA (A tTv])
 oT MBU BBzTA U TA RBLA AoA 鼪] BLA kA k j 
A omBM ok\A (o 309 E v{ w 300 E) oA CoA ȗ Rjn B
wA A MAn X BLovU lBTwA k  B A Am oiA BzTA
BA ȗ A kA  B mA ȯB]kA n ȯjnA nBYA B p ȗ B ȗ
.KTA odA
: B Jo ȧBdA 훱 ȗ A 雱 d kU TA RBBLA AoA jA
ȗ B] k ^BBU 雱A Am  A nw ȗ nmA ozA C BLA - 1
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TU  uzA A BU A RBC  17 / A (( `\ ȗ  BzA RAl
LA] A ikU BAoU BM A Te ^ABv  ^BeBL  A \ A ikA 
A A oiC ȷ TA \A  U joLA A eU 帱\A A ~U 
dU ]XB \A U E uzA ij k  A e SB k A
ϧl 18/ A (BzA RAl A RAl L) BU ɛ ϧmɟ 婷jBv]A
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BU  k~ mA AA A nB{A ȷ BA ^BXL SdU  n~A m A {
18. / A (k汧BM Anl wBM L)
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)oA CoA  BM A JBdA jk ȗ AnA STiA We 奼 A jk
LA AkA  RBêA (tvG)  ȗ Ro BM 22 / A (UkM E Mn
qM ȷ oh~A ȗ n Ak BY Ro k oA  ȗ BA MBA 
E tvA  ȗ k]  B oX TA jA xA oiqA  B kTwA
.j~A  A  kU RBMBT A x
A B SAp B () cvA kvA BLUA  dB~A BM mA k\vA j] - 4
oLT We jk A nB{A ϧl ȗ  A A B SApB kA Lw ϧB A
 AL mA B) BU  ȗ A nw ȗ ol jn mA k\vA  nXA
j~A B kTv TA A jA  21 / A (^Ak\v  mhT oA
Y dvA kA ȗ ^AkL B (A nB)  A k jBLA B  k\vA 
.ȫwA kA ȗ k\v A dU
ȗ vA B  k B A  M\A \A ȗ zE oiC k\v o B
ɟ ɗ  j]  k\vA Am Xɫ A tkA BA AmM n~A Thɫ
. Mo   (tvG)
A e ɗ jA A oA A ]o (tvɗA) ɗ v kA gnBU A - 5
p A hnBU ]o A JBdA BTwA oYA  A ȗ A mA k\vA
 郰  T Am jA uBhA oA ȗ E (ȯBXA twjY) nAoLA
TA (ȓnBvA u])  KT mA qA  T oA k\v gnBU A B oA
474 w BovBM A JBdA ~ KT  A A XkdA kA njB~A kU
kM E ( 518 w U  452 w k) AoA ȗ nBw B ^BB B 
.(ȯBXA twjY) nAoLA B
jBA AoA  kM B]  MBd~A An B oYA hnBTA jA  - 6
o~A ɗ JoA Ao{ vE  jn B ɛA Am AnAp mA vA B
ϧl ȗ BA nBYA oAj BUo]E TA RBodA BUpq BUkE k ȫwA ȦB\A
A JBdA  o mA o~A  do j kU B qLA jA 雱A
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: vTA
A B   L] wA A B   婼oA   j~A ȗ BA TiA
A  孼v j G B ȽjA ȗ  幽o wA G B   K wA
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A JTA) oA MBTA E yA ȮU oA JBTA oA  啴A JBM
iAkA  ^B{ɫ Bɟ A JBdA A A mA A A o (xA
SA Y (K]oA) M oU o ȗ A zTA k Bo kA RBMBTBM
hnBTA wAnkA SoTwA k BA kA BwA j oA wA B jnA dA
.RAw oz  oXA oYA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
 B ȗ wA A MAn X BL ovU lBTwA oX  1953 w -
nmT An\ B o L] ȗ 隽  nB  nBL BzTA AkM ȗ B A
nBA ȅU SB 幼BM B B eoA M  k] A k{  A ikA
.oiA   Mo  BA MoUA nB\dA  AA LA] 鼪] 
 zA KTA odA BA Ao]BM B ȗ nBYA ok SB  1961 w -
MoUA nBLA ApA kM  nB\A oiA A  A oYA 雱A Am B
gnBU LU TA ȗA  hBM MoA BA RBMBTA RpoM A Ank]  
: B TA A nB
A nB Jo BA k\vA Ao M ϦA kL M Bz jk] ɷ 117 w -
BdA  j]A nBLA Kve ϧl Ao M ϦA kL p ȗ ȮM mA
.JBLA t țozA
M keA M nBi) p ȗ ȯBXA k\vA nB Rjk]  895 / ɷ 277 w -
hBM oh~A ȗ nd nBL Rk] We wBLA A hA k ȗ (
k\vA gnBU M  ^B{ (Ae MA) wA k] k (Ae MA ) U ȗA
.A 
.BLTB o{A ϦA p ȗ A nB Rjk]  901 w -
.nA ~ ϦA p ȗ A jk]  915 w -
雱A Am MA kA b nBp  A iAj RBMBTA RBodA STLYA -
]A  A iAj BMT wA  oX k eBvA LU FA Be BG
.tA
k\v BzBM BA nBYA oAj  BUBM wA A MAn SB  1963 w -
 500 M  8 oM kL o BzA U kA k\vA nA\M A 雱 ȗ
. 1970 w BLA mTM o{BLA SU k
Bi BM BnA\M SA A eB Sw 雱A nA\M eB BzA U -
g U eBA m ȗ AoA odA wU U 幼wA A nAj wnk
Y ϧm Bo B BMo  oiA RBkhA B~G nB\{A to BA BA
 o oiA JB\dA wA  A BAoE 鼪]  B BA  o BzA
.vA  ^AnAq  jAkA Y A 郱 A^BBU A KB]

$
*5
: BA
k\vA  o  BoA BM ^A 1963 w Aoqe ɗ A 雱 B
 oB { B   qLA nB\dA  ϼAk YY w A  ǱA
nB\dA joBM ü A eBw SB Tmë Znj  MAod  k\vA Be
[BTA SB KTA odA BA kM 啴A JBM Mn joA ȅ XkdA nLA
..UB
Rk] MoA \A ȗ oiE MnE ozA \A ȗ nL MnE A iAj Rk]
oA CoA ɗ Boɟl jnAA \A ȷ BA kT vT n~ BzA \A ɗ
bn B w ȗ Ȯ A  vT ȗ  E 17 /A ( \ ȗ )
A   BA joA ApG kM uzA oe  nBA Jo lƽ  AA
kT k\v A Ao M ϦA kL p ȗ vA Be TA nBA E kLA o
 M\A \A ȗ oiC k\v oɈ ϧm oA CoA ȗ nmA k\vA 
BT A A A wA  kTU  Rk] 幼qM nB\eFM ȮL  A
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]A ȗ k] B A k B k\vA A kT Bn kE Lw  A
ȗ jA WBXA oA A ]o BBM pAo Boiq Aj MBM KB\M A
BX wBL A qMBn  wBd j  oX B ȯBoA kA
Aqi ȗ d ȷ 幖Th n~  poi UAi nBwE k  oX B
JAodA BA  oX B  Ƀ nBh nBMA B oM  oX 啴A dT
. B ]B]  oX孽k\vA ȗ mêA
w 60 - 40 Bo 4 B BM L{A  RBodA K BzTA U B poMA 
A  BA k\vA nA ȗ BT A A A wA  ^Bj UoU
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ȯBA ȚA hBM pn RBMBT e KA Lz Ad wn ȧBzA BdA
.ȯBoA o~A A BhnBU ]o Tq o~  oX婽kA
FM A Am 雱 d kƽ mA AqA ovU KeB BLBLA kvA A ~
MoA țozA LB\A  AoA oA L]  M\A cvA ȗ oh  nd
A iAj ȗ JoA ] MB A JBM  uzA B{  隽 eT
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ȯBBM i x Ank\A  Lw A BY BF qLA uAA ü 
nB nBYC nBA  oiE RBnqU nBip  L~ K n jXA kA
p ȗ L B  B zTA oiA nBYA jA kU (k\vA) qM
.(tTw]) ϦA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ɉd Bv]A B  A Aɗj AUB 啴A JBdA ɗ TiA k -
\d 啴A JBdA ) o M v q k Tv B A cd~A
v \d " : (|) woA B B A coA UFU Te BA  L U 
.(kM A\d  B A JBdA  o M
AnB ]B AmiA A JBdA A / ok / AdA Be JBT ȗB] -
([) kA BA A : B ([) kA BA Zoi k BqA oiC A Ukn A
U Te   Ukn A ]o Y vA  jo d  v
kA AE A JBdA)  B (|) A wn A tBL MA  An ȗ .BvA
.(([)
M jBL wnA A hA A  633 w ȗ 幪kA wA RBAoA ȗ jn -
BM o Bv]A B nB  o E wA A k oA Ϧ A ^wn S~A
mA 雱A E) pB\dA BzA M AA o  Mo  oA L] ȗ BM T
oA  雱 A  (LoA ovU ȗ B) oX RBAn kU (^Aoiƫ BzTA U
B 隽 TA A ȗ Ao k MBd~A  oXA A wA nk ȗ ^Bo B
.AoLA ME  BzA bT ȗ kAA Bo TA (oB M kw) ~ oLTU
JBdA  mA BM Ao oA d A q ȗ B tBL MA A ǰn-
ϧ ϧl u :tBL MA B ? A Bo Ʒ  B z  B B A
Sæ ^AnAo  S  SA  : B Ϯ oi   ϧl BU A 鮫 k
AijB ALlA B ^B]n WL 婴 E Te ȴTA  : B B ^BLn 
.T]oiF ^Bdn  BU A WM Aij B ALm AoA
25 m TqA o\{ AkB{  nB\A (k MA) o ȗ oA M A -
b) k oA Bw keE A  20 JnB BBUnA B BoY  AA ^BB
ϧl jƽ A zh BM oLT Bwk AB ȧBA  o\zA m 酛 (ȅdA
.BUjBL A
MAoA oA)  301 w A m e (tBkɛj)kA ȯBoA BdA A -
.k oL B A Am A (jA

$
*7
: njB~A
1 / BL  ovU kd / oLA CoA q\A n / A JBdA 雱 - 1
.uU  1983 w
293. | 13 k\A BLBLA ve kd kvA / AqA ovU - 2
.kAA / BzA bT - 3
.wkA / BA o ȗ wBTA veA - 4
359. | 1 Z gnBTA ȗ BA - 5
.(Te K) nw gnBU - 6
116. | / 2 Z oX M BA AkLA - 7
69. | 3 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \ - 8

$   51 
*2
: 雱A
jnA / \ k
nBv  kA ~T ȗ AA \ B]  țozA ȧBzA oA ɗ U
\  A kB~A
$
*3
: uwFTA
ϦA BBLM oE TA jnA o{  ȗ j]A lDA kE  mêA m kU
ϧl  1263 / ɷ 662 w \ B] BM gnBU  w 17 kM toLM oBA
\ k ȧB ^BoU
$
*5
: BA
nAk\A Ap  ~A SM ]A  țozA ȧBzA oA ȗ mêA m K~TU
 ȷ zA Mo oeA o\dA  L ȷ k\v ȧBzA JBLA  JoBM
.MoA BzA lD ȗ BzA BA JwA  ThU
Tv o JBM mê BvA B A {n UoU  4.5 B  L
nBA m z A oz MBT y B vwFU e U JoA ]  zA
m mêA BM  pnBM o{ A ȴT Znj iAkA  mêBM nk BhnBU
A  mêA nm] ȗ cT lƪA Be nk KzhA  ~ SB ozA
mB LzU   RBB mêA w ȗ cT ov jM j mA MnE
E ^Aoiƫ Sk TA lhM mêA ȴTU ZnkA A nA BijG BT BvA
.hnBTA BB]  ^B] B{n mêA SLvE zA AwA jBp B ^B
$
*7
: njB~A
/ 2  / BkM B 215 | A ynj w / jnA ȗ țozA nBdA gnBTA
.B 1982

$   52 
*2
: 雱A
A / B
 wA vA ȷ) (BeA) BvA ȮA ozA ȗ hA A ȗ U
.(ȧBhA MoA AoA ȗ Aod~A A B jBLA A JoA ȷ TA oA ȃAnA
.JnF k Jo  14 kM  B  Roe M B U BA :  

$
*3
: uwBTA
nwA ϦA A oA CoA ȗ Bol jn TA  L\A kA m BM Kv
Ϧ E kM jY  Lo pB SB TA  jB   Bk{ mA (jB M jAk{)
(nG M | M jB) A Lv (nG) M kA m Sw  B  SAj  nA
A B kA iAj M AjAk{  jBA RAmM S  廫AkA JoA    
(w 46.2 = AnmA) Anl 100 j   RBA  k]oMqA  kE  o~
jM ȗ (BA ϦU X E) BX h   (jBA RAl nA) M oU SdLA 
.(nqA jM) BA B A TA Roe

$
*5
: BA
MoA  BeA BkA  jA ȷ oL `nBd MoA oq\A L{ wTU SB
A o\zA A B M B kTA oA A ȗ U jB  pB SB  ȧBhA
JoA jM J] A ozU nA \ B ^AoX vA B  k A Roe
 BhA [v    Aod~A BoM oYkA M\A kA m j] A 
Y KmBM A A cB~M Sz  ȯBA pohBM BAnk] Sp k oBwA
jAA ϧl    ( 5.5 gwoA) Bhwo 40   nA SdU jA B o]A
 oA Ank] SɄ  ȗB~A BA Bɗ o\ kA pA  nA{ ɗ țAvA
 ( 140) Anl 300 kA 鼪] ȗ RLA BUnA B  oeA KmBM țAvA
Ak o~ A om ) A ȗ A j]A oYA Ak o~ BUnA jB B 
keA (K~d M bozA) L  SM JBdw dB A B  BMB 20  T
LA eBv SM Aoi ] G kA SdU ϧmM  jA A oA α
jk B nA ȗ B X  SdLA  gwAo 10  *  10 B SM TA
.o~ C 10 B kzA n~A
 oXA A  kT oA  MoTA SdU nAk] BBM  BXke nBYA RBXM RoX k 
 3 kM  隽 mA WkdA JnF kw  JoBM h q]Be  nBL  100
 BA SB BMn  ( . 630 - 650) w BM U mA  kA kvA 雱 
BA mT q]BdA An  \TU TA BBM (nG eA) kqU kA kvA Am BM
nA SdU h B wAM B nAoTwA FT pA BA 鼪\T A \A
A  jAA A SdTɗ kvA BzA L jBLA ɗ nU SB TA BA ȷ 
nBL keA A om  ohLTA  BA Ȫd oL ki {  oe mA hA
RAoB FM oz oA VBdMA oAj T탰 ^AooU  1984 w Roz d~A
Rk]E ȧBhA MoA  A SzTA (o\BzU) BA Lo ȗ BA TwA
kƽ Am  奼 A  o\ ȗ B SkU k o ^B dvA ɃBA ȗ
 BnBYkA KLw TA  kBLA JoA nBe B A  SB L\ k ϧB FM
 RBAoA BTBM ȷBT oXLTA  Be ^BMB\A ^Ao~ BA BoBM BTU o
.A jAM αA kMB

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B cLA mA jAkz oA }i kk{ RB B (kk{  jAk{) B BMA jB B k
M ȗ k ȮL A jAnA \A WkdM w B nA α  kU BnwA
 A  ]n  SdU    ]n ë  BBX  k nBd
AA    MoU BLA AnBTh  A nA   AL A oA  AA
 幮kA ϦU M Y RBA  nnkA  A  KmA  nA ȗ B \M B Y
io RB] Te m Tk A ZohA  q () j LA A BjB oA B
.BoA ] ȗ BBM TA kA RnB      S BvA 
CoA A nB{A B ϧl  k BhA [v ɫ AmC kA m j]  
 AjB Rjo{  () j LA  S~e L YnB FM RBA  oXA ȗ oA
BUo jM ȗ oL oXM TT AB mA jB A M YA A A B jY
M BeA  jB  M SMn TA oA A A ovA kwA B M  BoA
3.  BeBM  nmA AlA jB BiA olA    BU
oLA oA AkM nBd ȗ YnBA m YB L BwF  ~e B ϧl kƽ 
nqA RAl AnA SdU B kM BMBdA Rjo{ TA  B\A \T  nB\A
L\ k ϧB FM jBT Bk Am  oA Ln Aod nA A o\zA 
.jBA RAl nA k ȷ ȧBhA MoA Bn BUo k B氿A
kT jBTA Am  zj k ȷ jBA RAl nA FM oz cd o En ϧB
MA FM B B] TA  Bw MA M B  B~ TA (M M A kL) ~ 
 幦m k nBYA A ovA M B S MA K ȗ B  B  ȗ Zoi M
RAl nA) BG JB]E (Ȫo\A o{ M kL) k kTA 񦖧A BA B Fw B
Sv ȷ  - zɫj E - ɗ  Bɫ A Kl    jBT]A   (jBA
RAl nA oLTA oiC AjBT]A B A B 幽jBLA o  U M Aod~ nB\
ȷ  odLA B{  A B ^BA cd o jBTA Am  nkwA ȷ jBA
BBLM oA mA oLA nkwA gnBU A A BG BoBM u  BBM BoM jk
.BA ]AoA ȗ o o~A BzA  Fo

$
*7
: njB~A
526. | vwoU Bk 孪A ȗ A JoA RAnBe  FLw jM - 1
.ȪwBA kd kBi [hA  A gnBU ȗ RBwAnj - 2

$   53 
*1
: oTA
CoA BG nB{E  jA njB~A BUkE TA hnBTA kAzA  FLw  xo A
  SUE  U EoA Rk] ȯG 孼 FLM FLw  T]  BU M oA
Bv FLw  nBq ~U k\ B 23 - 22 A   xo B {
(1).()

$
*2
: 雱A
A / JnF k
BLw j B) JnF k o{ (lE) jA  ovA A ȗ xoA Am 隽
uM xo B 隽 B TA kA oYA kA oU  B  2 kM  (kA
(2) .B BA o{  142 d kLU TA (bAo) M

$
*3
: uwFTA
jA L o{BA oA ~T ȗ LvA kA e oT G uM xo gnBU ]o
ȗ E kA kA ȗ jo   . 950 w d ȗ d Bw LA B We
SM uM) BG AB inƪA M  ovA  񦪧A m wA oA CoA
(uM) vU  ϧB SB A :   Am o  (jBkA) SM E (Leo{
ȗ Se (MBLTA) M JoA k oA oe α  BXA LA RB keG ȷ
TA  A FLw B ȷ TA (bAo) A B j MAoA oA  A ~A
m  (unB)  ȗ (Moi) wBM A vU TA  (bAo l o) BBM
(2) (1) .FLw 񦪫  RBMBTA kE  XeBLA ~e LvA kA

$
*5
: BA
ooBM kz  AqA B zA WX kL (bAo) A FLw B ȗ B
L BE ooA  ]nBi nvM kLA Am eE k ] BTd RdA MA
M B uM 񦪦 SB BG  n~ k k]U kLA Am KB\M  2.5 w
kM  () v L] ȗ A  uM xoM A E k o  B{o
k ȷ FLv B JnF SdLE JnF G bAo  LvA kA Ϧ BTA
BY  keA oT o nw BM d keA Mo oT  AmC BTeBv LU ]
 KmBM Sv BTME w L\ k SB  kA JAME Bv ȷ JAME
qA An nBiqM oiq n~  ǱTdU SB B 幪oA nB\dA  ZBBM Sp
~ ȗ BAkA  kT okU ȗ () Bw LA nBq uM Sen kA m 
k o~ ϧB A  JnF o U mA TA   奼 kM B~h jo
ȗ nm o~A Am wA (uM 񦪧A) FLw  o~ FM nBLiA Rol (dw)
ϧm k] kk Bo FLv B SM TA kA m ȗ  幪kA A xA
oA ߧ Ak{ AoL AkL B  (uM xo)  (uM odM) Bo AkL
ik  B qoU TA  nBYA  KTA RBXM RoX  1952 w ȗ (A)
nB\eA RBë  nXA T FLw  p  (uM odM) oA (AE) kL
A om B  kLA  MAoBM Md~ Bk Sk TA  奼] hM {A
nB JwFM nB\eA m Sz k  uzA kL  AB B uM 񦪧A
(2) (1) .Ȯj nd e BB nk

$
*6
:  gnBTA oAl 
: B~h TA  A nw  24  20 RBA ȗ Bol jnAA FLw  ~ A -
FLw  B] A : () Bv B kkA B] B kkA k\  oA kU Bw A
BA JBTM  WM Bw A uz B  ȷ k\vU U EoA k] A
KM {nE G FLw  SUF 幪v G UFU A  U E  K 񦪦
BM B~U k  nBL SB o nB\e  AoX BLl BMBE Be B\M 
BM jk B E E oE BL  Bw (BU{n) S B () Bw LA
Bw LA G RB] kkTA Am oYG  BA BM  L  Aj] BjM G wo
REn B REn A kM BA B{o  郰 onA  Ajo Beo B k{ mA ()
M nB{E k  (BA Jn  Bw  SwE v S ȯG Jn) : SB
nwE Am ȗ xBLeݧ  Ak B K\E  B]qU () Bw A G ovA
(2) .Al Lw  MBA kwBM K B zLdA {B\ FM BM AjoA
y \v A (KB) zLdA {B\ oE A xBLeA TeA B   525 w 
(1) .uA v M lG JnF ȗ o~
M u{ kL) G BvwFU Kv  o Lw Bp FLw B JnF k SM k
LvA w  E   AoX Bi Lw qA  oXE  FLvM K mA (K\z
TA dA ϦU jA L 24 w A  BoA e JnF Rk{ JoA k
 M kM  隽 mA A BkvM A oTzU TA  JnF nAwE BE SiA
M ϧm oA CoA oU  B B gnBTA ȗ T Al mA 幮kA  RAoT
Mn pn  A B{   BT] C v ȗ FLv B k  : BU
15. / FLw nw  n Jn L kM  Ao{E
 BTB  SodU k nwA BBM oA uM 񦪧A A kT  ϧB 
 SB eoA m  () Bw LA nBq BT{Be  BTen dT J\A
B{ B eAoTwA  oiC SB wAA BUnB\U RBd  ȗ SBE We eAo
B{ G S BA FLw  voA oA qA  k S TA (AjAj) oq]
 (BBe cB Ak) o\dA ȗ () Bw LA 񦪫 B  JoBM oeA odLA
pB\dA ȗ A oA (A) k ȷ BTeAoTw  Aqo 񦪧A BUmhUA TA (AjAj)
(3) .() Bv BUnBp kM okU ȗ Sj uM 񦪧A A om 

$
*7
: njB~A
428. | A kL kd w / nBYC A gnBU ȗ AnE  1
45. | B ΰoL kd / wA L B o~ JoA gnBU  2
322. | vwoU Bk .j / A JoA RAnBe FLw jM  3
262. | 2 Z Ȧ jA] .j / wA L JoA gnBU ȗ ~A  4

$   54 
*1
: oTA
 SL BzA   \A  A ohw mA () Bw LA G oYA Am Kv
kkdA  E  coA  A ohw B 峦A lBM nA  S vAlG BUBi A
LA ABi mA BzA B\ B\w B oYA Am 郱 A A ȧBE kT
Kv B () Bw BFE TA nBA jBL j tBA AoG ABe () Bw
M v \vA Am  JoBM 隽 L] () Bw L SwE TA uM 񦪦
.(uM SvA L])

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / MoA B\MnlC
MBTA (JBU)  o{ B{  45 kM  (nBzE) d ȗ hnBTA oYA Am 隽
.B\p Bd   50 Bv   (JAkB) k

$
*3
: uwFTA
(dA B~dA) M (KvznlC) vA kL   toA oBM BLA Am B
Am nBA kL () Bw LA k k qoM ovi nAoLߧ Kv o~ LB\M
kkA ϧl ȗ BkE  B񦪧 kkU  Ʒ nBA kL  uM G ST{A Bk
vLe xoA JoM B\w () Bw LA L BvBM oM BE (T ABe mA)
 () Bw LA nBTiA k jA L A A G xoA Am gnBU j 峼
.\vA Am BB xoA   5  kM  隽 mA (uM L])

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 BBE  W B xoA Am nA\M Ao~ ȯBXA ovi wnBA nAoLA M 
.jBL vA
 BhA B ȯBwBvA kA G xoBM d mA BkA nvA BM j 
k A xoA Am nBG oT E ]oU  nv nBA RBMALA oTM kM
oiE RAnB B Ao~ M We (ɷ 680  663) (BiBBMC) ȯBhA nAoLA
.ȯBXA qoMovi nAoLA BM mA o~A KAoi 

$
*5
: BA
xo) nBYC   vA cw  ^AoT 20 d UoU L L  xoA Am 
 kTv nk Aq]FM ~T zA ǱM Bj nw iAj U (() Bw
hA nB\eA  RBL   nw BLBM d 幽oAj ~ RBBkM ZnBhA
ozT  ^AoT 1200 nvA Am d L ^AoT 14 BUnA  nBTE 5 o L mA
Aoݧ B jBTv TA nvA Am ȗ BvT jBMFM  zA Ȅoh ^B]oM 38
 oiA MAM BMBU  BzA \A ȗ BkeG BTMAM xo  幼A  ovA
L ZnBhA G o B o\ wA odM nvA w ȗ U  J\A eB
nvA iAj ȗ 幼BXA ȗ oT 100 nAkM BA kU nB Bw ȗ  110 B
20  ^AoT 18.5 d TdT LU mA ȯBXA ovi nAoLA AG kBz 
oA m cTU   ovi nAoLA  o ȷ  o  孼To   ^AoT
 (KvznlC) nBA SM BE nvA iAj ȗ xoA nw ZnBi G ow o 
^AoT 150 o  ^AoT 250  Tv { miF Y zA Mo BM  nBL
eBw AG o (30) ɧ AnBYC U kT A ȷ oAj ~ B]oM 60 M d
kw v B K BM {  BLB] G ȯBwBvA ϦA o~ 隽 RBjn
nBiqA odLBM dA MA  ozTU  nBA BT{A AjBM  mA nBA SM
nBL  \vA BE SnBA  nvB nwA RBAd An XU TA B{BA
mA BLT oXA zM qT  nBTE 4 BUnA  oT 300  oh ki 
 o\U SB TA A B ȗ nvA RBLwoTA G U KLw AoLhA q
.L\A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
o~ɛ  (KvznlC) nBA kL (tAo) ȅqLA nɄAoLA ]B 624 w 
.ozA oA v Aqn nBLTBM nB FE LohTM B ȯBwBvA nAoLA
w oTz BE AoG  ü SB B KB]A BeoA  oXA oYA Am nAp 
.oYA Am B nBYC  z VdM Ao]BM 1059

$
*7
: njB~A
nAp 10 | / Moɓ B\MnlC o VAo qo / Bw ShU BAn  1
.AoG wG n] ȧB xpC  Ϯo

$   55 
*1
: oTA
SB (ɷ 736  345) M oT tnB jM Se TA BhA kA nBYC  ȷ
m Jo (ɷ 726) w aTA ȦdA A BE k  kA m B BvA
.wnj B ȦdA  (kM Aki kd) ȯBhA BvA kE B LA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BvA
(jBMC k) o   8 kM  (nj oi) kM  JoBM AoG B{ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
() Ȧ BA Bn  BBM A  (kM Aki kd) ȯBhA BvA BM  ȷ
oL B A  ϧl   ȦdA A  TB ȗ oL \  \A 
.v kMAki

$
*5
: BA
jk Bv ÄA  RM  TU vM o  nBL ȷ A BvA o G
 nkA RAl .kMAki ȯBhA nAoL Ao  B SB B kM tBA  
ɫ A RAoz Bv Bɟ wAA RBeBvA nAzA RAl 幼BA n~A
L L  B BM  nBL ȷ TA (kMAki L) B B E 失A oBv
 nAk]  o ^AoT 26 o L E BY l nak BLA  ^AoT 56 BBUnA
  ȚM d nw BBM BM  kT BBM BLA e  ^AnBTE 7.40 Ank]
 Xke ke BBM MoA KB\A  ~U oA RM A BLBM dU  kA
iAkA  J\A ȗ  B kU BBM G B{ SLl DT iAkA  BLA Ank]
Ț ȦdA  (kMAki) kE mA BA ȷ  Tv B G Ȃ Uo JBM
峦E  U  BLBM d BE ZnBhA  BAo  kLU kBA m wnj 
  EkL B o JAod  ǱTdU  峮 ]nBi ȴ M S~UA E  B
kM ȮL M d o k\v BLA  oiA KB\A ȗ k]  Bw G BnE
Ȗ LA  kT ~~h BA SB (ȦdA A k\v) wA  
nB\eA BBLM  eBw ~A M  oiC  B JoA G   B ozA
d oA jk L  BoBM  BnE  Bw kT oL o\e J\A G
SdU  unkT BB BTB UoLA Uo\dA A  L ~~h SB o 12
  LA SdU BLA  ]nj 14 M G ~ JAjow G jU L eBw LA
BvA) L A BoiE BTL oA ȗ  j]A oiA nBYA  MA YY
SB .ɷ 728 w G ]o BhnBU  kMAki L J] oT 100 d kLU (L{
ȗ T BXA BE o]A  L  L{ BvA oL B E Y ~ BBi E
BTdU  oiA {BBM Bz ȷ  廧A  qT L  oLA B  JoA
.wnk E Td  BM oiA KB\A  BMB  AE Be nkU  o

$
*7
: njB~A
247 | /  1996  ɷ 1417 / A vA / MAoA jkA / ZBA \

$   56 
*1
:oTA
^AoL ^Ajk  ukU o ȧBA BA o Ao k ȗ oYA BA E  oLTU
481 w TA ~TA BA nB~A A kL ]AhA  BM Aj dB~A 
.ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
BTvBA / Ao
.Ao k o{ B{  5 3.5 kM  U

$
*3
: uwFTA
BA Am ȗ oA Ak{ j ZnAhA vA M o SYke ɷ 150 w
BBM nB~A A kL ]AhA B oL Ao Ʉv Ao BA Am Bɟ
.o\A oz jBdA oA ȗ nTA vA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.kzA nB Ro ɷ 859 w -
.BioA o\dM nB~A gzA ko n Bi eoA kL oA BE ȗ ɷ 1304 -
.kzA Am BipoAo nBvLw oA o ɷ 1307 w -

$
*5
: BA
BnE BY Al ^BhB{ ^Bdo kBz BM dU TA kdA nAwE oAqA pBT\ Bk
Am BLA w ȗ oLA U oYBT o nE k  ǱTd h L U
 (jB o) hM RBMBT RBC  BA MA ooA  ȮL coA
x  B{ BɄ  Mo  B\A oA ȗ C Lzi  coA
 LA nLA RAoz ^BE oLA w ȗ BvvA ȯB{BBM d nBip
LA  ɷ 865 B X MoA gnBTA BM  k] jwA k~A ooA
wA (ɷ 1076) Bi E kd wA (ɷ 1053) Bi kd Twn wA KT oiA
wA o BM oYBT nL ϧB jv oA (ɷ 1067) Bi  kd
MA ooA  BG ϧB ^B B E gnBTA wA \ oiA BM gnBTA
1100 w ȧG  ]o  tBA Joz TMA T E  Apo fn B{ G B
Ko  ozA qp e ϧB kM wn xM ZnBhA  q  ɷ
ȗ C BM k̽ nA SdU oL k\v ^BE ϧB 孼~TBM |BhA LA 
TA wAkA m ^Ao oL co 400  oXA LA m ȗ k] wkA B\A
E j ^Bk A F\ BhA o\A B k kzA Am A ȧBE B
.B񪦧 ^BAoTeA BdA k G kTU

$
*7
: njB~A
324. | kd Ȫ A ME / A uA M BTvBA - 1
.wnB 232 | ȟ oU ok kd / MB BBw - 2
45. | / o kA kd / BA jM ȗ BE  3

$   57 
*1
: oTA
TA  BnE BLA nBYA E  oLTU TA kBzBM ok\A eBvA BA  ȷ
. po B] U SB

$
*2
: 雱A
BTvBA / Ao
o o ȗ  po L] cw ȗ (n o) o B  nBA m U
.Ao k  ozA G AoT 46 d kLU

$
*3
: uwFTA
KT̟ mA (ɷ 588  ɷ 545) nA kA VB BvA k G BBM gnBU ]o
.BA nBA Aq]E keE  ȗA hBM wA

$
*5
: BA
RAl kBA BE Aq]A k  TU  AoT 70 d hBzA nBA m BUnA L
.keA oT q\A Am BUnA  4 d 馃   E BXA

$
*7
: njB~A
54. | o kA kd / BA jM ȗ BE

$   58 
*2
: 雱A
ukA / L{A
 ^BM]  542 d knk BA  kLU TA L{A K ȗ nBA m U
nA] A L{A k oTh mA oLA jAA o  ozU 婟 220 ɄBo
.MoA BzA \A  AnkUBA Ap

$
*3
: uwFTA
n~A) M KA ƪA kL M w J ME keA BvA BE ȗ SM
L{A kM TBA BYA  1172 / ɷ 567 w B\A k\vA M mA (A M
We  1184 / ɷ 580 w A nBA m BM oiFU  孼BTzA k Moe i
ȷ B tBwA o\dA 郱M (vM M keE) oA B kM  J MA BA
A Lv nAkA E (AkAohA) M o ȫwA nBA A  B ZoM A
.bBoA JL k nkU TA LmA ZoLA Am  SL~ TA nB{A

$
*4
: nBA wTA
nBA BM BBM keA w M J BvA oA  1196 / ɷ 594 w -
T SM mA }BhA KmBM  k cBU  STLY j BE ȗ n TA
cɗBTA m BqA ϧl   nBj A 100 M kU ȷ BX E 7 AmA
cBTA m 郰 BTeA oe k (Ȧ~A WA ME) tkA ~U  SB
.RB~hzA nBL BME M A k oBA k ȧ v BvA
 ^BB nBTvA AkwA A kM tAo]A ZoM BLwA M  1558 / ɷ 966 w -
^BXU ZoLA  AL~ (njBw Bw) v A Be wA L{A nB
L) M ^BA Sw TA (AkAohA) bBoA JL k nkU nB{   5 BUnA ^BqoM
Se JBLM p Lm BAp MnE  ȮL MB   nmA ZoLA (AA
.^BwB 25
$
*5
: BA
keA zA ȷ AoBM B M L kw më  B~U mêA m SvLTA
Te BBM B~U ve BA BB\M qTU TA A L{A k\v  ȚM mA
wAM iAkA  BA k~ Mo nBA { (oYA L{E ƧƧ) wBM So
^Ao 30 d  Bjk L oiA ^BBeA nkd ^BBeA kB o]BM o RAo
 kkA kLA LB\A jBhA  RBLɄ MnE wA BXY k nBA m
m U 奼\A MoA pAoA  MoA xBM BUB]A Soip TA RBozA
Ϫw L  B lƪA  B RBo{ nE RAl vBi L MnA RBLA
BUkB eBv  100  kq BBUnA oTA WY oTA d nBA m Ank]
2. 129 d B U TA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A B\A k\vA dTM nBLeA B BLwA kFM L{E Sw ɷ 646 w -
A nBA  K~A n Y (njBw Bw) v wA B AA AnkUB v
^Ak\v L{A ȗ B\A k\vA k  A ϧl  (kBjo) BTz Ϧ  LB]
.Am B A ϧm oA ApB më Tmë 
nBA E ȗ TU SB TA LmA cBTA STA  1355 / ɷ 756 w -
.L{A ȗ nA q SYke Bk ϧl
BUBnBw SpE E kM wA nBA m  nBTvA kwE  1558 / 966 w -
.KmA ZoM wA B A E  uhA UBLM voA B ȚME wA

$
*7
: njB~A
264. | ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA - 1
w 1  364 | 2 Z KMp K\ / ukA JoA gnBT BA wA - 2
. 1995
.]oA w kd / gnBTA jBn ukA - 3

$   59 
*2
: 雱A
uU / AoA k
.kA w  JoBM 隽 mA oLA AoA k\v mêA m U

$
*3
: uwFTA
ǱA MBA E kT ȫwA BA ȗ A Te BBe  BLA lDA kE ȷ
BM mA B\A  SM k o\A oz wBTA oA  A ~A G ]o B
57 w AoA k cT Bk AoA k ȗ (ɷ 63 w aTA) B M L
ozM BE ȗ k\vA k̷ Bk  724 / ɷ 105 w A B mêA m SM ɷ
}hU TA kA oLA B ȗ B] mêA BM jk] mA (oA Be) A M
.v B M L BME (o C)

$
*4
: nBA
kk\A BLA A  mêA BM KA M A jBp jk]  836 / ɷ 221 w -
ɷ 242 w dA U mA KA MA kd M keE AoMA ME BE ȗ U mê
. 856 /
U ȗ A EkM Ln MA KLdA vTA uoA k ȗ  1962 / ɷ 1382 w
.kA wkA n oT mêA BM

$
*5
: BA
BT ]   MoA zA RAl BUkB ]  wA A ȷ B mêA m
kBA Ȧ B BkM BE 幽BvTA 酚A RAl hA nB\dA  kBA SM k
A BAo  ah Te T ^BA BvT BUnB\e B B A MBA B Te
E G pAoA u  BM Uo kBA cw  LaA  KA  nBL nB\dA
JBM  mêA iAj A k̽ 幯mêA tEn BLA Am  WBY BM  ^B\e oA
m noTU JBLA  ϼMBL{ oL BiAj A nA JovT B~dA ke { 
A k~  35 L mê ȧB]A A 幼BXA kBA Ank] ɗ ϼMBLzA
]nj 128  vA Am BT BAnk]  nk BiAj ȗ h aw wAM Bdw
.kBA Sw  B]nkU YXA BMA ]AoTM ^BA mêA pBTU

$
*7
: njB~A
261. ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA

$   60 
*2
: 雱A
BL / b o̟
K ȗ MoA BL BL\ wA cvA  AA b o kM ȗ nAqA Am 隽
.BLA w
 tkA nB ȗ 幗A k\v ȗ : B k ɃA k () b L Kv 
co KB] G \A ȗ  (vA)  J  BdwG  AoMG  Bw jC
M M   汪BM j\A L]  (BY) o ȗ j  ()  Ȧ BA
U RBAn ϧB kBM (lM) L]  A kT  ϧB  BA oA qp
.o o ȗ B j BLA w ȗ E  BA kM w Be A

$
*3
: uwFTA
wA An SdU Sij A kL B coA j] kM Bk o k Roa~̫
G Ak\v AM () b L nAq kzTM JoA B  636 / ɷ 15 w Bd
 BA cTM o () b A L G Lv (b o) M kA Sw  nA]
ozU  AoA cTM jnA o  B AqU L] M UFU B~e ȮU AoA w
M Uo ozA kvA L  ɷ 1128 w ȮM nAqA FM o\dA  pnBM MBT
.A ȧT ȮvdA A

$
*5
: BA
k BM   30 MAo kT oh~A ȗ o B\A d w co  nBL nAqA
B S k  MA vA qM KzhA  ] oLA ɗ  AnAo an
B\A k{ nAqA  MoA KB\A   娰oA ME dwF nBhA  SAoA
M\A nAk\A ȗ BTk BTMAM  ] JAod   10 o  14  mA
RBMBT BU Ud BUnB\e  nBv  BXA  JAodA    A
G Ȃ mA ȧBdA ik U țozA nAk\A ȗ XBY MAM   z k
 A j  T   kA  B  nB\eBM L d
wAo  nBL ȷ  ϼBA k G ]oU x  RBMBT  JAodA nBv
oBA ȧAA Ao{BM oM oBA k G jU MBT B   BBM TU
U k më oLA tEn k BzA k\vA Ap ȗ K~TU SB \A ȖvA
vA BE SkhTwA 幚B{ më ȷ  幼ozA T]  BA o G B  BBA
o ȗ  幽oA  AkA M ~dT  RmhUA JodA BE ȗ  AlA B
B  BA  o\ e LA SdU  UdA nB\dA  L L B\A d
ϧm BG 孼BA ȗ b  w) Ba~ { MBT JAodA B{   幽oA
.(vdA q\

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
G F\  T m LM njB (ɷ 157  ɷ 88) ApA A G RBAoA ozU 
 RBk~A  xB BMn  峫 M B U oA E Ld~U (b o)
b LA co k pU SB TA RAnBqA
qU)  ɷ 731 w  AkTMA Ao{A jBvA  Bo () b LA  uLe 
.ȮvdA Uo w M ve kvA G ϧl kM A kwE mA (ȫBvdA
  }~i  b o ȗ A A ȗ (oAq\A  M Ȧ) BA Bw 
S TA  1543 / ɷ 950 w Bk TA (ydA kA oB M kd) oA
b LA nAq nB  o~U A oT{A  dA  UBvLA  eAA  oXA
.Tki ()
/ ɷ 1003 w Ȗ BdA oi k Bk z Al b o k SB 
ȗ B zAodA ~dU Bk kA  Bj 雱 oiC B\A më SB  1594
.qqA BLA  Ao SB  Tp oj o

$
*7
: njB~A
164. | A o~ tBL ve nTkA / b o gnBU  1
1996. / ɷ 1417 A vA / ȯBXA jkA / ZBA \  2

$   61 
*2
: 雱A
kA / jBMC nke
 kA yjAoM AnkE  B jBMC nke B{  16 kM  LA m U
.Bk 2017 d odLA cw Tv  UoU

$
*5
: BA
- Ȧ   - wBM oU BUBUo A  () Ȧ B KvU oL L ȷ
wAM LA m A A k~ 幼BA zA  BBw () Ȧ BA L] E
k  ϧm MA o\dBM SM jkT RBMAM oL MA o\dA  SA RB]nj
co  K~TU L BT A ȗ Rk{ k  (ȦB) RBMALA m A ȗ KT
 k  () Ȧ BA A Lv ȫjC   L o jwE o\e  Ȃ
ϧB A wBM nB\{BM LA KB\M  jA   v oz mA BA
nAq  kA LzA KA ȗ khTv dB o BoY () wBM oU o\{
A uB\    nmA  nm  A ȗ vA  L  BA
.od BA ȗ qTA uB\  ȮkA jB{nA 

$
*7
: njB~A
852. | MBvA jkA wA \

$   62 
*2
: 雱A
~A / TB k
nBA nB{ E (BTA) vA nBzA ȗ LA A { k\v ȗ nBA m U
.~A J] (zU A k)   M ^BB oA TB k ȗ
$
*3
: uwFTA
m BM (~A ȗ wA Bij TA kA kE ) ȷ TB k ȧBE Kv
qM SB hnBU njB~ A kTv  BjA  |B ME M kw A nBA
oT{E mA B\A k\v më B A BG ^Bk vA M kTU mA (nBA)
.(nBA k\v) M ϧm o (LA A {) wBM
$
*5
: BA
BTa A k~ o\dA  L ȷ kM B  nBA m o E oAq  -
B q 嬱lƪA Tv ^Bk B mA BiAj ȗ Ƀ o\e Znj wAM
]nkA ]nj 153 B BE  E BwE okTv B{ Ȧw Znj wAM
vA RAnBA nBA tEn  kBzU A 񪽰 keA hM oA Bk~ TA ȷ
q M dA MhA oBA A oA SL\d k\vA  e SUnA TA
BBT TA LzA RBBdA Kve B |B ME M kw co E ^BA kA ȧBE
B KT T ik  wA ke ȗ kA wT coA Am cLE M
BkA{  Sj 孽oiC v AoL 50  oXE coA e |B ME n
(|) LA G Jv Wke BM  KT BM 幖ozA WjBeA CoA RBA
.(Ak{ RB BLo RB ) :  
$
*7
: njB~A
.jLA oB M kd / oBe B ȗ vA  Wke ~A J] ȗ
41. | oA B vw / k Ȫ / ~A ȗ wA
$   63 
*1
: oTA
KA Wƽ om jA E L]  (2)  G BMoE [dA oBz keE 
ȯBXA A G ɗ  \dA l  o{BA  odA  ZBdA q (4) omTA
.ZBdA B]o TA VXA RAo\A M ozTA BE ȷ oz WBXA oz
$
*2
:雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
A i   4 G BvA m Ro~TiA) odA o{ B{  7 kM  隽
oLA L\A M B Bo oavd jA G LA o]   ke (L\A wE
]   ke ȷ LA o] ovd jA Te LA  BjAkTBM cMB oLY
.jqA ]  Bke ovd jA 

$
*5
: BA
jAA ϧl w ȗ RBo  pBA jAA T  SM o L{  SB
A oA  jAA Jo ȗ LA o] ȷ VXA RAo\A E (4) BUo\A
o~A o\A 廧A o{  130 kM  wA o\A BU  G jƪA
A  廮  vA A ȷ RAo\A  wA   130 kM 
RBeA k  Sij MA k G UoU RAnB   BeE  oL e
oU eB ~~h eBv B Bi  ZB\dA Jo cv Ak  ȗ
B) M oU B  o\ B  ȗ ~A v 雱 ɗ (odA ) M
RAo\A ZBdA 酚 A kM B Uo]E wBLA k{oA ]p kMp A B (kMp
nkd Ƀ hA k\v  nz k\v G ]T B LA ]  VXA
woA  k\vA Am ȗ  L] wBM tBA o mA M\A cMB~A cw
dA k   ~U k\vA w jBzA oAkA AoA iAj ~ (|)
nB G ZBdA ]T Y (B TMB SB o\{ G Lv) zA k\v v
M 훱 (|) A wn  RwoA nw  Sq mA BA  RwoA
o]  BE L\A cw ȗ L\A cw ȗ nBA  cMB~A L] hA k\v
\E e () BwG k oYE  o\e J\A eB  Be ȗ oiC k\v LA
ȗ 郱A Am ȗ 峼 ]n So o\dA   ]oM o cMm () AoMG
ȗ 幗o B\UBM KAmA nBv  yLA k\v A  yLA o\ oYE L\A o
oLA LA o] L JoA ]   jke L k\vA 隽 LA k\v 
oMjE B  B  BLB]  ȗ BM dA BL\A    LE B A ol k
.B u BL\A 
B AkLA m TE B BE YY k oA JoA kA AwE BU  ȗ 
.JAoTA ȗ BXX] kU SB kA od

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ȫw  (Ao E) BkA  M  B  Ȫw  vTA ] ȗ TiA 
Ȫv 幮\A UE : B aU :  B () jC nB jAnE B () oL]  ϧmM
Mn  U  B () AoMG UE () oL]   Ȫw  (3) T ϧmM
oF BzL MA B A \ A U AoMG A WkdA ȗ 廮 Ȫv S{ B
.tBA n{ cBMmA Bj   隽 B  Ȫw  B A BB 峧 k dMmM
郱 ȗ ]ApE q B BA ~ nBv  M (|) A wn q B 
(1) .nBA nAj i nB~A q B nBA nAj
. k\v ȗ  SLBM B k  BL 75 [e 
Ak () AoMG B cMl TA oh~A ȷ oLY L] FM TA M TA oh~A A 
jC MA Mo mA yLA  oE E yL oLY L]   L () BwG MA
. LT  ()
B ɗ nB\dA o AB 廮  kM kA od ozA Bɟ 
.B Bü{ Anq E     ȟ nB\A K~dA B Bi
 k\v M mA (oA)  K~ BE Lw M K~ d M o A 
o\A  B BkA  B A o\A  K~ B A o\A
 v  B oLA o\A  B jAA o{  K~  B wA
(1) .RB~e VXM B Y  o B~e oz keG ȷ nB\A ~e
ȯBXA hA nl  E BE k k k B] qqA kL ϦA k ȗ 
(2) .ZB\d BBz BeAoM j BM   ȗ B kM ALB
Bdo] 153  T 131  bAn ozTA BE E oe  ȗ K{ ɷ 1395 w 
ɷ 1417 w YjBdA m X RnoU  RAnBvA RBë SoTeA i 600 A
(2) .TA  oL jk B bAn ZB\dA Bi  SoTeA We
ovd jA G Uo 婴 SB M tBA oX AlG : () jB~A BA B 
ȗ G cMmA jvA dA 鮫 \T ZBdA ]AU TA zA dU AoA m
(5) . e e ovd jA   ȗ cMm BUkE BE

$
*7
:njB~A
175.  174 | 2 Z țnpA /  nBLiE  1
8. Z jLA W M UB / pB\dA B \  2
100. | 19 A oA]  3
551. | tBL Bve .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA  4
11. JBLA 10 BwA  5
162. 140 | ɷ 1415 w A jkA [dA RB \  6
84. | wnB kw kd / [dA k odA nBA TA  7

$   64 
*1
: oTA
oBz  ~A ozA ȷ \A   jo  BA o ] u RBo
kM BM A  B o odA ZnBi  mA keA ozA ȷ [dA
(o [dA)  (|) A wn  ǰn \dA l  wBTA A  oA 
.[d  oM    E

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
  10   kLU  22 dM  țo{ BA  M oA  U
.o jA tA oU  BL\A  tM Bd vL w ȷ 婟 6 jqA
: Bjke
FM BA BLU RBAoA SB We odA Ȧ B o jke RBAoA Rol k
 B ϧl o E AnA K\M E pB\A l E Y E o E oM)   ZBdA
BE (odA) JoA eB  o jke ȷ vhA BA m (q\  o ZnBi
RBo M 酚U TA BL\A vw j] kkdU A ZBTdU  oiA VXA RB\A
: ȷ RB\A m Bo
ozA  (kw L]) v gB{ owE L] A  oz : țozA BzA 
(d L]) v J\A  ~T MBw  ^BBUnA E K{E L] B oz :
 o ȗ K~U L{ ȷ (LA) jA B v o{ (kw) L] M M ~
.ozA
.(oA E) BpoME Ajw L] vw A  ozU : J\A 

$
*5
: BA
kA RDz M Bɗ [dA BE A Ao  Bw Bɗ u RBɗo SB
B e Y L\A k   B SB ...Bo A oAkA L KUB
B A  nqA  Bi SB (AnA B)  LU TA kMp   BA
k d  B A 幗o  Bq   ve nj B oi nAq
RBBw BM ZB\dA M B k~ VoLBM L{ o E  T L]
k\v o k\v B Ak\v o ȗ BA k  ȮM k  Be
o~A oA U ZB\dA M \ mA k\vA  o k\vɫ () AoMA
B]nBi M RBo jke ȗ ^iAj u k\vA Am RBo  BA  Kh
o o  o L] o jke  RBo ZnBi B o jA BdA ϧm
AoU oM S AlA o L]  BA o M ȷ TA RBo  ]nBhA o
ke Bol B  odA RBo M jAA Am 幯o jA w M ϮM Mo
ȧB{ B횽 AoL B 啛A M nmA o jA M JoA  RBo
jA A ol k o M o jA M BA kdA B () AoMA k\v țo{
 (o M  AUnA) : (|) A wn   ȴ o   u o
K~ (d) L]  v K{ ȷ (\A) M oU XA B u o jke
Y  (Y Ȯ) n wEn ȗ (eA)  ^BT\ țozA J\A  o ȗ
oTiA k MoA J\A eB  o ke ȷ TA Y RnB~ gvA odU Bij
 h Be ȷ (oB ȮM) nBYC B BA A  LAmA RAnBv o ^Aoiƫ B
Ae n~ nmA 郱A ȗ B k qo M oB M A kL A KvU 
 孼A B o]E oM BdA mhUA  A B mA ]oA Am wA MAe
eB  Ko o  A   m w  (pB\A l) ^BA o jke
 jA  幼B\A ȗ JoA AwA  w pB\A l ȗ B B (KL)
RBoM o jAA Am B B  B ^Ake u o  kM  nAq B 
l M Ȫw  A  tkA nBzA  k RBo ^Ake UB] keA T
B) M j~A (AnA) ^BA o jke  峼 SB ZBdA pB]A  pB\A
T k ɗo jke  u  ɫBTA pB\dA jE ɫ jA  (AnA
WLi v 峮 LU ozA kMp  A ol k  A  ȴ k jkdA
.Tw eB B
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
:  B oM  B B wBA () AoMA o () oL]  oM Sw -
BM BnBU Ae jC  ϧmM o Sw M : B 幗o Sv  : B ? So
Ȫw M  啛A ϧl ȗ MmM oT tBA A : B 幮\A  Bq kM
v o L] oL~A Ȯ (oA)  BA 汧A ȗ kMB B  oL~BM
MAkA oM  ^BLzU Aod~A ȗ jo L]    o o~U (oA) M ϧm
 (SMBA) ϧm v 峼   eo A  eoA L] BE v
k  JAovA jnBT mA E (A) L] ^BA v nA ȗ TLA B ^Ajo
.oA oe jAkT{A
v ozA  (d) L] An ake yo nBk B o jke SB k -
ZBdA q BE Ko k A {oA B yo Mo m o{ (汧A) jA
BM ^Ajke oU  L  nA o]E ȷBA SAdA E  L oM
B BM BwA A A L  o ȗ BM |Bi  L  B oiA M
.Mn LM |BhA (햯) 
B  SMBA LA LA : L]A M o z (|) LA  B k -
SMBA L\A Jo  (|)  BA 郱 TU TA JAoA  SMBA 
BA o nBv  oM (G)  B mA L\A ȗ UB B nB\eE M to
.BA  
nBThɗ JoA  oɓ  ɗE vE o  E ϧm yoɛ SBɟ -
L]  AB (o) wA 郱 ȗ jq ȗ eBA B  JoBM 
.Ao{ ol k M v o ȗ (G)
l  A ozA  tjBvA A  BLBM ݪU AwA o ȗ BU SB -
.JoA w BAwE o{E  \dA
YY E BzBM MnG KeB kA o oLA nBvA oA oE ɷ 605 w -
uA ] mA  A m keA w k 幯o jA o nA T M
A m pB\T A ZBd p\  ^BA KT BzBM oA wA  KT o\e 
.uzA Jo L

$
*7
: njB~A
182. | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 1
92. | 9 Z  73 | 6 Z jLA UB / pB\dA B \ - 2
409. | tBL BveA .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 3
.~A ve / q] wAnj / BozA BodA - 4
144. | ɷ 1415 w A jkA / [dA RB \ - 5
6.  1 WkdA 9 JBLA 10 BwA - 6
94. | wnB kw kd / [dA k nBdA nBA TA - 7

$   65 
*1
: oTA
\dA l  o{BA  o  BA  ZB\dA Bq TA oBzA keA ȷ
oA CoA ol mA AodA ozA ȷ ^B] ^Ao~ BzA JoA B ~
B 198 / oLA (AodA ozA k A AolB RBo  TE AlB) BU M
(6) (2) . BE  BM ]o TA nB\A ZBdA miF

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
(2) .   5.5 d kM  RBo  M 汪A oA ~T ȗ U
: Bjke
: jq jke RBAoA Rol k
A k  BM L\A Amɗ 孼L\A M oA  (BpFA) : ozA 
.RBo
.^BLoU  27 o L   jqA ~ mA jAA  (ovd) : JoA 
v țozA BzA ]  jqA  oz (~A oLY) L] : BzA 
n) v n pFA M M ~ (nAoA L]) M] v (JkeA) B{
ov `B L]  jqA L] v BA ~A oLY wA A o  (nAoA
.j~A
.K̃ jA M (ov̫) L] : J\A 
L\A A pFA M B Bke) : () B 幖jq ke  () oBLA BA w k
ȗ  RBo BL pFA ȗ A p\  kkdTA Am  (ovd Be A
) ǰn k B A q\  幖jqA  Sv m B 廮 kM ovd jA
.(uzA 馅U Te ovd jA pB\U

$
*5
: BA
ozA  BA k\vA A TMBY BL B u 廮 jA BL AjAkTA jq oLTU
RBɗo A KAmA nBv  AodA k\vA wE (jqA) k\v v AodA
 ovd MA oz Bɟ jq  Bo\ɗ \A  ɗ ~ ^An Ap
vdBM ^AnB o A k 幼ozA oLYA A oLY L] bw  miF o jA
jq  M oA ȗ  o  ZBdA A   oA Ao  Anp M u
TvU ] ol ovd jA ȷ BdA  jAoA ϧB M~ RB 
zLdA oME A   M Ȫw BA A ovdA ȗ BA E ovdTA  ovdM
.햽  LA A A]T A Ak] B BA A ovdA ȗ MBdA 雰E

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
jpA  BT]A  jpA   ϧmM jqA vU ȗ TiA -
jqA vU 幃BA kM  ȗ tBA jp  峦A  Mo B JAoTA
p BM tBA q  BM Ae jC BT]  BM tBA BT] (^B]) ^BA
A B jq tBA  jq Svɗ MoA ȷ qA  ^BA ]  A
A Ae A jq  nA A Lɷ B jA A ɛ ^B] E keA p odA
ozA) ^BA jq B (^B]) Sv jqBM BT]A oM BnBU Te A jqU
 B 幖jqA ȗ BA k\vA u  ozA  ^AnB~TiA ozA A (AodA
no~A  JBLdTwA  jn B 峼 j~A KdTv L]  ^BE bq L] 
.jqBM 5 / RBjBA (^B] M w) BU  ov̗ k 峦]oM ozA
oA Am oTwA (J M ~) B bq̛ L]  nBA {E  A A ǰn -
d A L jq A A~ ZB\dA jB{nA  ϧl  kA  wA n Te
(6) .A
k q (|) woA B Am L  ~ nB\eA RmiA pFA  A  -
ABi E ȮM A A (|) woA BL 郱M ϧl kM o  L BA Am
(7) .^Ak\v 郱A Am  ABE vA m
v nB\e BoB ȗ dU ^Ao ovd jA ȗ wnE ] q A A ǰn -
A ~ ^Bov ^o ovd jA odA pBT\ Am zLdA oMA y] 
.(7)
B] B jqA M U M oM U  yo BwEn  JoA BL M SB -
(1) .jBA m ME wA
nkTL tBA \ɗ (]) M (|) LA  : B () oɛBLA BA  ǰn -
(6) . Am  S ȯA : B A  kM F TB BiA

$
*7
: njB~A
266. | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 1
135. | 8 Z jLA UB / pB\dA B \ - 2
2. Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 3
171. | tBL BveA .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 4
.ozBM A JAMA  4 JBLA 10 BwA - 5
185. | 157 | 1 jkA [dA RB \ - 6
.~A ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA - 7

$   66 
*1
: oTA
A) BU  dM A{E Lw BM vBM ZB\dA  TA L]AA oBzA  B
vU oBM ȴT B~BM vA AkL 185 / oLA (A oB{  oA B~A
vBM BM AA oA
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
A odA iAj MBT 훱 ȗ Aj] nA  Uo oɓ Aqz B
oA J] B~A U  400 d BM BvA (|) LA JBM ȗo  ozA
.AodA k\vA țo{ 隽 vA B~A B{ oA U

$
*3
: uwFTA
L] B) B횼ɛ L\M ~T oA uLɛ ME L\M ^~T B~A L] B
BwA o]BM UE Bk () AoMA p A BM vA kM ]o (M Anz
BqF BA jAqA   A B u ^Ao ^Ʉ () BwA B  A
 S B~A A SLl BL 酚A jAqA BA K B B o~A B
 S]oi Te Sw jAA M ȗ RnB B oA koU SLm W  oU 
}d Uk] () BwA A RjB B A{E Lw BM RjjoU oA SUF
oA B~A M vA nB~ qp oM Ro nA  BA L We kM nA
.w

$
*4
: nBA wTA
B TA  E RM BM dU  w E  nBL oA B~A SB k
khA nAj AodA k\vBM A npA nAj mBA KBvA MA MA nAj nA nAj
oMqA M A kL p ȗ BkeE B kLU A ȗ Vke k nkA  Bo
ȗ BijA nkA m oMqA MA oT{A We wBLA kA hA p ȗ ȯBXA
160 w A Tj  SB TA wBLA kA wU ϧm AodA k\vA
]  Ro~TA kA oMqA MA BYkeA TA RkTA ɷ 167 w BXA ɷ
.RkU B VkdU  BA M BA k\vA k jAA
UF Te z Y B~A  ZBdA q A oA B~A M vA ȗ avA SB -
oA    帰oA UF Te z Y  o Te w B] AlB vA M
wBLA n~A k ȗ  ȧA (Ȧ M k~A kL) L wBLA B] E A Znj
dTM FA p ȗ (ȟoTA nBL) B Y ]nj 25 UB]nj jk ^B]nj oA 
.nBM ZnkA
TA RLA Sk̷ qqA kL M jw ϦA p ȗ  1956 / ɷ 1375 w -
M ~ ^Aq]Be A MBA ȗ ] MB   v M vA KB\M
A MBM kk\A AoA vU U M\A eBA ȗ ȯBLA Sk oA B~A
.ȯBXA

$
*5
: BA
ȗ wA kA B BU SB TA nA M nA nAj B~A  BA poME 
k{oA ]p AnqhA BTM Bw BB ȗ B 幽ow SB Bk A RAvA
uL ME L] A  k~ B~A  mA BqA BMoM (A) ke nA nAj
nAj U B~A k uL ME L\M  SB 孼BvA nj nA nAj  JoBM
nB\U  SB mA SLA B B TA nAkA ȷ (mBA KBvA MA M KBvA)
M Sij k nB\TA ȗ (|) woA Ͻo{ KBvA B B\A ȗ (|) LA
kL RnB Y (w) nAj B B TA nAkA ȗ M B S jAA ȗ nAkA m
B~A k kBi M d M kd RnB Y KBvA ME M B M oA M qqA
nB BAoT{A Y ɃBA npA M B SB khA nAj Bk TA jB~A U
. MA nAj SB B nAj KB\M k{oA
A oɓ AodA k\v ^B jAA BBjA ɗ o oA B~A M vA B
oU  T  vA B k\vA wU KLvM RkU jAA o\ ȗ SYke
 ^BMn A kA  ^Bz vA T k A B oA zA M bAoT BA keA
B B oL z dT A  kM  BvB dv oɓ nA SB JAkA
RAnlBA VAnBM h nA oU B ^AoX MAkA o  v ZB\dA M
M ȗ  v mA oiA A  mA {B ȮM JBM B 年oA cAoA
oA  oz B .BT ȗ k\vA wBLA kA oiƽ A L AodA k\vA
mA B   kk\A wA miA Y (Aow) B\A ȗ v B (Ȫj) L]
 ȪvA nBi M oh kM B nAkA m SC k ^AnAj L\A ϧl ȗ M B
kM nB Y 夰A \ki Zp nAnp M {BL A ȗ B L{ L] ȪkA 
M kv BA ȗ SB AqhA ϧB M A kL nAj oA B poMA  Lz ϧl
(1) .d MA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 ozA  BM aE  B (B) vA ~A (zA) L]  B -
wA ȗ ϧl  AoTwA Y oA B~A M  A ZodT ZnqhA tA
ȗ (|) A wn B 185/oLA (A oB{  oA B~A A) BU A qF
(7).w jAA M ȗ Bk SL~A AlA Te v BM A
ȯBXA B~A  (BwG) k A  AL~ k B\A ȗ ozA B -
MAoA Mo tA LM Bk  BM v AB oA  (B)
 B qp k oiA LA ȗ BkeA \ (J M ~) Be Y B
(5).(d M o) L~ 汷 (oA 텫) ^BA oA
BMG ovA A kL M kBi [dA ȧB ȗ RBBA KYA B~A ȗ cL~TwA  E -
(1) . T
JBM   e  AdU B Y K M k ȮM JBM  B mA B~A JBM A -
 vA A Zoh  AodA k\vA JAMA oLA  JBLA Am B qh ȮM
(8).oA B~A M v (|) LA Zoi

$
*7
: njB~A
632. | ȦA keA cB .j / wA nk ȗ pB\dA - 1
255. | 1 Z / odA Co - 2
48. | ~A ve / q] wAnj/ BozA BodA - 3
.jLA UB / 8 Z pB\dA B \ - 4
124. | 1 Z  93 | 2 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 5
152. | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 6
531. | 362 | tBL BveA .j nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 7
247. | TLvA w M wBA / JAoTA eoA jBTv - 8

$   67 
*1
: oTA
nBYkA kM o~ BzA E RB ^BBe (MAn) SdLA k o~ BzA E RB ȷ
.wBLA kA oiAA ȗ d\A B

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
pB\dA  ȧBzA ȦeBvA oA ȗ  Jo B{  187 kM  d\A U
d\A A BvA ]T MAn   Jo B{  200 kM  MAn k U
5 d d\A  i ok kL
(1) . 5

$
*3
: uwFTA
vn d SB BA B\A ȗ oB kM SB BE k\ d\A gnBU AoTwA 
wn BM S wA B] B JoA k ^Bo ^Bo B mA oA Am 
(|) A wn ϧmM BBw M  () vU SB BzA o~  (|) A
JoA  AA L ȮM w SB BA kA e  A ]q A Bj
A A o\A ȯBXA oA A  (Joe) L BT Y B RnB Y kBLA
(1).BTd]E vA  ϧmM d\A Sw

$
*5
: BA
B odLA w  o k ȷ (a̟ jA)   40 kM  MAn k U
B 鼪] L w oYBT kk BeA MAo w 30  Jo B n\ ] B
^Bo{  7 d d\A  MAn kLU 幼e nj U KUB B kA ȗ BL
k\v  MAn   22 kM  d\A k\v 隽 ȦeBw BA jƪA oA
L{ k\vA B o B {  ^Bd ABM  cvA SwBM ȮL ]
 600 M  kLU oM MoM ]nj 37RAl nB  BTA B oYA M u n\
WkdA k\vA Am țo{ k BM RBwBwE BBM G  u kA d\A k\v
RBUM v mA A Bw B Tv TA oLA m wA n oM MoM
jBU  KAoi k\vA e 幪kA d\A kM BA B (kBhA oM) vU ozA
Tv w  nBL k\vBM dA nA B Be TA nA  BqU
(ao) jA v ^ Bk jAA Am B nAohA jA wA ȷ (BA) jA hT
kM  LoA BL\A nAodA  UFU o jA  A ^eB jAA Am ȚM k
kU k  E o~ k] ȯBvA oA vA ZBdA oɄ  d\A  4
 6 BUnA L }\A  ȮL  B A YY  S iAkA  BBM
k~  (B o~) o~A Am jLA E Ȫv 幪k kM nBYC o~A KB\M
Ao A kA kLA Bd BA zA wBL BLA oB M  ȮM g{ kp MA ]p
^BBX u BLBɗ kA ϧl oiAA ɗ d\A Ro\ k ^B B A kLA ȧA
~dA BM ]nj A RBdA mM A BTA om  gnBTA  ^BA u
A BM Ank] SAp  mA d\A  LoA ozA k]BvA  (1) .A
BM (|) A woA  E mA BA  (okA k\v) nz  A
.() Ȧ B

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
E o  Ȧ B d\A kM ^Ak\v M (|) A wn A : inƪA B om-
vA Ȯ k 娱A j]A WkdA k\vA nA\M ȮM mA kA k\vA ϧl
miE B  A SLXU TA BA ȗ k]BvA BLM AB (|) woA nBYC LTTM
d SdLA ZB\dA kh SAdA B SBɗ BM oLT Bnq ZB\dA
.A
 Ak] ȧBzA pB\dA eBw o  UA ȚoA o~A ZBdA oX B -
 ^kM (nTv oM) ZBdA mhUB o U oiA RBd  WdLA noA
oiC KLw ϧB 幖\dA kM BmhUB o MAn k] nTv  en B Y (Aaj)
oU oA mM dA BLA RmiF nBkA m ȗ A Bw wBLA kA ȗ A 
BA MBTT BA miE BM ZBdA q M MAn Ro B BM o   B
A ȗ ǱdA RB BnBYkA A L  A ^BBU SoU Te kA UkM o]B
.o\A MBvA oA
kA (|) woA k B () A kA BM A A : (|) woA B -
KLe A) : B ϧmM (|) woA oLiE B 廪dBM bBMn M M oM MA 
A BBM A BB Bk̫ ȗ nBM k{E E  BA SLLe B kA BA
.(3) (d\A
BwA B d\A Aq JoX  jB iA  L ȮM A]oiA BA A ǰn -
(2).d\A Sv d]F w B\ ()
 kA ȯBXA qA ȗ kA d\A oɄ o ȫBzA ȟoTA ZBdA  -
RAo\ ^BdA Ap oB Ko p L A U  BF oU jB\A A ϧl
.~dA  oA SB BA M ȗ oU RBMoA

$
*7
: njB~A
.BkM B 52 | jLA UB / pB\dA K ȗ Ren / o\A o  - 1
156. | tBL BveA .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
310. | 2 Z 153 | / 1 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 3
161. | /jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 4
41. | ~A ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA - 5

$   68 
*1
: oTA
A RB  (|) A wn BTɛ TA SɛAA   A [dA B  
.BU BL] nBL  L]  nBL  孪A
.  keE (kw) Boe B oM A Lv 幽kvA 婦E M ϧm o 

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
婟 100 BM M  J] pB\dA  M\A ȧBzA ȦeBvA oA ȗ 隽
.(kvA) A v

$
*5
: BA
AovA  UF nA ]  o\ BA oX kAoA jkT pB\dA jE  jA 
[B M  nAkdA ȗ ^BMo k Y BA Jo J]  30 MAo  AA
M k] J] odLA ȗ K~ kvBM o BL] (A oh~A ȷ Z ])
MBU ȫe qo  幯B  L{ ȮM  Bw AnA UBL AnqA ȃAnA M
(L] M lB)  k\v M o k\v  幼dA RBvwƪA M WA nB
kvA kM {T Te ^Büz ^Bü{ vT Y  L] cw  EkL Am  jA
L]  oeA odLA ȗ ^B] K~U oiE jA  ȚT BA ȦeBvA oA L
ZBdA o  kU nBYC ϧB M nA L]  ȯAwA B{ ȗ LzU 
Kv A oLA Jo A oiE oM ϧB 幼Moe  BeA U oM B
oA BM o TA kA A BA B  o AB mA jA ZB\dA A BBzA
- (jvA jkdA o ) oe - Aq] - mA  WA - oA  : ȷ
.A

$
*7
: njB~A
28. | 10 Z jLA UB / pB\dA B \ - 1
187. | 1 Z oLA / \TwA B \ - 2
310. | 2 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 3
328. | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 4

$   69 
*1
: oTA
vA A (vA) A v (AovA ] ɫ A) BA k\ɯ A RBɫ 
.BA BzA Th M kM ȷ oLA

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
 ^Bo{  80 d A  M M RBo    țo{ L\A Am 隽
.BMo B{  53 BA

$
*5
: BA
 TA oA Sw ϧm pBA o wBM L\A Am ȗ mA jAA Ȫw k
 zE k 婟 80   kLU  - BA o  oA U ^BE wBM
]  UApA  L\A cw k oA Be  oA ȗ Aoe oL k\v
 ȷ (BA h tAn) Mo U (odA jA) v jA ϧB (Ao) L]
B A om B .BoLA  (AoA o) jA oLT mA pB\dA jA kAn A
A oLY M   miF : BE .BA ȗ A BT\  vn o  
ȗ   Zoh ȯBXA  133 A TBv eAo VY  oA Am Aoe
M oA Am  BvA ȧB]G JoA  Ao L] o  o Y jq Y 
kL k B~A oɄ SB BA ɗA u oA Am 婟 90  BA
.BA  M voA oA cLE keA C ȗ RAnBw VX vT nB~ ^BXke

$
*7
: njB~A
263. | jLA UB / pB\dA K ȗ Ren / o\A o  - 1
310. | 2 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 2
36. | / q] wAnj / BozA BodA - 3
259. | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 4
266. | / 7 Z /  jLA UB pB\dA B \  5

$   70 
*1
: oTA
A [d kA  Zoi AlA (|) A wn q B  nA kA A RB 
 w SAA kMA   () Ȧ BA A Lv Ȧ nBMC A v  o
.WBXA hA k ȗ vA M ST{A TA TA BA () Ȧ BA

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
kLU TA  A kA  oA B oT 幮kA   9 kM  oB kM ȷ
.^B{  450 d B

$
*5
: BA
oL k\v  A k  BTwnk B  幮kA  T  kLA m kTU
 (|) woA   B mA o\zA k\v A B tBA VnAT tBA  od
(RAB\A)  (MAoA) L] BzA  B oz 幮kA oe jke M\A BoM
  A oA B ov (AkLA) v B B MoA J\A  BM ~T 
BzA A  (nBU B]) j (|) A wn k\v oB B BzA ȗ oU
An  oU (XkA) A v  (nBLdA B) M o B (cE) ^w oU MoA
B SL  jwA L] (Z) ȦL] oU JoA   pnBM Aow kBi A B]
ȷ  kM AoT ^BL] J\A A oU  () L] v owA L] BM {
 (LzA) w  K~ nA  cv ȗ ( Aoe) ϧl j (tk) BL]
BUqM nzA (kwA Aoe)  14 dM J] A B kM o Bv  U
l  ozA    20 kA  kLU  ɷ 3 w (|) A wn BAq TA
^Bo{  ^B{ M ~TU (o) L]  B oz Tv odM jwA L] dA
 ȗ KjAow nBYC kBz   BL k\v nB n   BL oe B nAoe
A om B  ^BdɃA  dA l  AoU L~A nA  A j~A  L\A m
qn TA oLA MoA nXA BA ȗ oTA RAA MAoU SB L\A Am tAn ɗ
: uoTA) toA k\v BA oA m B   幮kA e UA (B{BM oh)
 n k M tao (|) A wn B mA 郱A   (A oiC ȗ qA
ijA k  o\zA k\v nBv 隽 k\vA Am B  AkLA j L jAA M
.(o\zA k\v) RBA k\v kk\A wTA  ȗ

$
*7
: njB~A
106. | / jLA UB / pB\dA K ȗ Ren / o\A o  - 1
196. | / tBL BveA .j / nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA - 2
310. | / 2 Z / țnpA /  nBLiA - 3
.jLA UB / oYA  hnBTA  B - 4
36. | / ~A ve / q] wAnj / BozA BodA - 5

$   71 
*1
: oTA
Ȫw dA l A  AlA  (vdA) w  (鼚A ) A v oL jA 
RAl  (o RAl) AoA A RB cLA Y țAoA ZBdA RB  幮kA 
jA M ȷ  (RBLohA) A B B (LoA)  ZBdA od  A oYk o
.(dA) v LoA  AoeA 郱  A  A

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ȗ (o RAl) U jAA Am oiC ȗ  Bo{    94 d A jA kL
o{ B{  100 kM  (LoA) U  B  220 kM   o{ B{
(cvA)  M ϧm o A jA A  (kMp Jnj) M oA oA  
.A KTA ȗ jn B gvAE

$
*5
: BA
 o A v  (q) jM ȗ 隽 nzA nA kA jA  : A jA
 AoL  Ao m BdA  A jA  v A v Am oLA  oL
 mA (oMqA M o) oM  oLA  BX oM vU  (n)  oM o~A ȗ U
jAA  vA Am B XA BM Jo o oM B Mm  B ^YB o~ Ap
 BA Mm   AA K ϧl  hA n~A  ^Ao~ 70  oXA  ǱTd
dA   (dA l) () Ȧ B Lv (Ȧ nBMC) kM jAA o{  U
ȗ  WBXA hA p TA BA kA qTA Bk ^AoM 23 () BA  FzA mA
 JoT A A B oX  jAA M~i  k B RBnqA oXU A m
v oL ^Ak\v ^BXke  zA k  幮w  oXA m v  A We B] oT
oU (B)  oA nBv   (A kw) MoA LB]    (o k\v)
(nBvM Aoe) JoA  A  ozqT kA  o{ RAl ȷ oM
B JAoA  (MAoA) M\A A o v (B L]) nBU B] ȷ
AozA U BB \A hnBTA AnqA jAA Am A Ajw BUoe kz RnB
.o B M d  B ozA  ȉe A  k LA B\M
q (|) LA B o\zA k\v wA B mA dA l k\v ^BA nBYC 
A wn  Ȧ~ q B k\v  (toA) k\v ^BA nBYC  峮 od
mA L\A  啽ozA ǱLA odA L] ϧm  娱A Te BM nBYC (|)
(Bi k\A kL) ȯBXA BvA p ȗ kA ozA odA BL o\dA  miE
oiC) MBp 帱~A L] BvA :  nzA oYA BA  ɷ 1280 w
oe  B Bv A A jA miF (() qe AkzA kw kz Jo A
d jAA Ʉ L oA jA  B BA wBT (tk) BL] o ȮM
^Aoe v B (vdA ) vA q] nBLA ɃG kAn   150
.(鼚A) v ϧl L B
: LoA o RAl B
RAl Sw L]  BA  oA o RAl  ozA L\A  : o
BwA K (o RAl) FM (KAoA) JB SB L\A Am A Lv o
B`jA ȗ U (LoA) M AoA E RB o cLF (o RAl) wA v
Y (^ve)  (BnBM) M oU BL]  jAA Am v nA cw  Lo
.(AoA ao) v mA (ao) jA B (Be) v oiC jA  T\

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
jAA Am ȗ  B RC A ȯBUE A jAM :  (|) A wn  ǰn -
.(ȯqA VnBdA M L) (|) A wn 텛E k B Am A jA (nBLA
.A Ȫv nA  Am B kA k B BM o A Ϧ (^BLU) A  -
. k] o~ A jA ȗ |B ME M kw RB -
iE kozA M o MA oh T̛ We  ȮM  孼 ϧB A ǰn -
.kA   Mo   (M) v  `jA ȗ ϧl BvhA

$
*7
: njB~A
104. | jLA UB / pB\dA K ȗ Ren / o\A o  - 1
183. | 160 | jLA UB / oYA hnBTA  B - 2
36. | ~A ve / q] wAnj / BozA BodA - 3
199. | nBhA wB keE / ^BXke ^Bk  nA kA B gnBU - 4
310. |  2 Z țnpA /  nBLiA - 5
156. | tBL BveA :j nBA oLhM nBA oA - 6

$   72 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
 幮kA jke ȗ iAj   BoA L] B{ nA kA B{ keE L] 隽
 oz MoA o  nBA oM țozA o ~T  婟5  4 dM B kL
.nY L] BzA   AkzA co J\A  kd  嬱A o
$
*5
: BA
oBA   UBA odAA   奼]  JAm] o l h  oL L\A
   Ld  BLd keE L]) :  (|) A wn B k ϧl ȗ o   峼A
vw  nBL dA ȗ   keA L] A kM  A oBA   (\A BL]
o  nh  RBL  k]U .KzA  A jkT  ~T  jAoT RBUo
eBA  o  婟 10  9 d JoA A ozA   nk  AA Th
: ȴ B A BA 3 MoA eBA   2 ozA
: keE L] nB  1
BTA kM (|) LA  bAoTwA mA k\vA B{ ȗ 隽 2 TeBv o nB  
ȧAe BoA L]  nBA Am kL  o~A  oA   A   keE o
 TA o nh~M qT  100 nmA k\vA   ^B{ keA AoT 
. TiA k B (|) LA E ^Fi o  .TvA o A TnA
: unBA  2
M oU L\A  pBA nBA B B T\U  \ keE L] ȗ k]
tAoA BoLA  nB K{ vA nAo\A K{ ȗ nBA B{ U  (unBA)
BTA kM Tnj ȗ tAoA  BM LA A B] () B BA A o  夰A
 Joz   wEn  M K  kA  (|) A wn v keA o
.oA kM (|) LA t] B  B nk~ JoE tAoA Am B
: keE L] k\v  3
 nBA J] tAoA A jƪA KzA o ȗ L\A wE 隽 o k\v  
A wn   mA BA  ϧmM Ȫw  (cvA) k\vM k\vA Am v
Sq   ^BB M k\  Te  ~ tBA ejpB ^B AmA B (|)
ɗ AdvU  ɛ AlA AC mA BF  jB\A nw ɫ 11 A ϧl LLvM
Am ȗ o~A  oA  (|) LA A om    A cv AdvɗBɗ uB\A
ȗ n 郱 k] B k\vA Am  nBTA kM   keE o BTA kM BA
u] (|) LA A B (BA) oh vU BvA tEn nk  L\A  oh
.BTdU
: ( L\M o ) BoA L]  4
U  B jA o  幼M\A eBA  keE Ak{ co BA L\A Am 隽
婟 1.5 dM keE L]  kL  () Ȫw KLvA Am   AkzA  MoM
 jn k  oXM ϧl  oLA dA ȗ   \dA o L\A { o 
 [dA w ȗ RAnBvA oX KTvT M dA RBeBvA vT UB] 鼪]
 孼BXA e p ȗ kA A BBM TA BvA  RLBM  A L\A
M A kL  a  keE  (|) woA E mA BoA A Lv ϧmM Ȫw
.nB~A oL]
: nY L]  5
o    nB\   keE L\ BzA MoA \A ȗ 隽 o L]  
.M ~T
: JFU  6
  nBA o BM ~  keE L] o{ 隽 A oeE o L]  
.khA q ȗ B L Sq L\A Am   幮kA B d~ B Aqi A
: () nB LA L  7
 Sn  S] nB\eE \  nBL () nB LA oL q BM 
 TeBv  v o o k\v {  ~  oT BUnBM LA BM
 ȗ BLA Am 隽  嬰nB wA }h{ BE E Td  1  *   1.5 iAkA
ȗ hM TMBY oh  JT  B ɷ993 w A hnBU j  keE L]
.ȯBhwo] Ȧ kd 鼛TM ]
: ((|) LA  qe) A kwA ko  8
L] Jo oA Ak A ȗ kzTwA qe A om  keE L] cw ȗ 隽 
.^Ak{ Lw   BA Am ȗ j  BoA
: B jA  9
BoA L] v B  BM  keE M 隽  婟5 kA B{  kL jA 
.ozA y] ov   v A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȫwA gnBTA ȗ wBdA AkA nBA nBA oiA E L\A Am  SYke
^BnB~A 64  (|) A wn k M ^BMBd 70 B kzTwA k  ɷ3 w ϧl
oT{A k  ^Bdo] 150 M vA  eo\A jk nk  o]BA  Tw 
  k~U  婅dU Te w ȗ n k  nBz oA m ȗ (|) woA
kA Bw  wEn ȗ bo\M w  A   A  KA k  nBA \ 
 BTLn Seo]   oe ȗ w  T{ S{  TBMn Rov  ] 
. ȪE
 Bwo 20  nj 700  奪] (3000)  UB (3000) M ozA y] nk
1000  FT B vA y] BA BoA L] Jo keE L] J] Aov
ȗ ov  UB 700 y\A cLA jA j kM  .wo  nj 100  UB
.BoA L] Jo B{ KzA ȗ jAA Uo
TeBM nB~A  BoA k\  ^UB 50 oA Jz L (|) LA oE
B  .ozA Bwo kB ] MA M o  kA M kBi B  BoA L]
 vA i  ATA mA   .   oL] M A kL BoA kB T AmA
.T k (|) ^Akd A AB{A  ^BMo  ^B coA  vA  A탰
y] A \A  ɗ  B jA A ozA y]  uhA  ɗ
oA REkM  Bz\A dTA ɷ 3 w A{ 15 SLvA  ȗ  .ke vA
. ^AkeA ^B RoTwA 
B jA ȗ A AkA keA Ak  MBTT jB vi ȗ keE o Ro] k
 幟oA SdTTA We 孼ozA ov  vA ov M BoA L] Jo
WBXA AkA BoA L] o{ ozA ov ȗ  A AkA u ȯBXA AkA
Uo A JBdvBM (|) woA oE Y vA ov We keE  KzA  ȗ :
v ~dA B keA L] B nBA ]B  oBd  Zoh L\A
Bd M\A \A A eT ] LU  JoA ozA  BzA  Be We
AkA vA ~T A JBdvA i cLB .TB\{  wBU  kAvM
 M vA TeA We keA L] Uo  uBhA AkA BA 幟o MAoA
.RB] VY
 vBM Bd  BL\A  keT : B JBLwA k keFM L\A Am Ȫw
   峮w  E   keE wA BA  ]o Lv Ȫw   jA
\Uo wA A   nB~A   A o~ BU A    BU A Ake Aqn
L\A  (e) kA A v  (^Ak) v B\A A Bɟ  L\A Am
.L\A Am cw  AkzA   B   () qe AkzA kw oL  k  ae
.yo   ^T 22 ozA T jk M k
$
*7
: njB~A
M jw BU / nA kA ki ȗ RBwAnj RBdTA oA nBYA keE  1
.kdA o M w  kB~A dA kL
.1984 / ɷ1405 w / 2 / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~  2
$   73 
*1
: oTA
ȗ (AMA q) ȷ (|) LA RAq A  S훰 pB\dA jE  oL jA 
.B M B kL oM ȮM o ȮM ko (|) B ɷ 2 w o
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A /  nA kA
ȃAnA ȗ ^Bo{ ( o keA) nTv o   43 kM  A AMA o U
15 d Aj o  kLU  婟 23 kA Ȧ B d\A M BM kA  oA
.
$
*5
: BA
BA ȽjA BTA  Moi o~U (LohA) wBM A o mA AMA jA T
oe) M oU J\A  Ajw oe M dU ^BMo nkd Y (ϽoM) oM k oA
 MB Lz TEn  SLE AlA 幼Anp oM 100  kq B jAA Am ȗ (MohA
k] TMoU  ozTU RBdA nB\{E RmiE k 奼hA  BoXA oXA nB\{A
woA oTA mA BA ȷ (Aj) M oU   SB k o ~d
o AMA Ȧ B 婟 3 Bv  U BB RoYkE k yo ^Ao  (|)
BM  nBL  K SM C kvA (|) LA E oL B (kj VoM) M oU
M KzhA  dA nB\{A KzhM v 婉 o Jmz o o\dA 
LA  Kv 峯B  kU o nB\eE A oLA Am k k oilA RBL
  oT  9 Bv  隽   ozA oLA ȗ (A) M oL ^BA (|)
keA oT   A Bv  (LA) B B  ȗ (|) LA k\v jAA
LT  BMA   B AMA M jAA Ȫw k AMA L] M o L]
RB AlG  nkT BA LoU zd mA k\A  (aM) ]   M vA
.Bk
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A   AoXA  B  o ȮM (|) woA jA AMA q ȗ -
15 TL SB ]An KAn 200  B ]n Y ^BMBT M KT ^AkeE 
.
SB ^AoU nBT kA A Zoi Bk AMA ȗ (|) woA kA A kL RB -
(|) A wn  UE B oL nqU kA A B  ZohU K SM C T]p
RnB B (|) A wn Be E E KA kL B S]oi 孼w Sw
.BM SUB  A o~ AMBM
 AjAnE  (|) kd A oL AzL A  AoTA AMA A yo STA B -
Bw ME ]p k EoA Am p SB oX BM E n k A (|) woA
Aqi oM M SzL ϧl A   ϧl   yo  EoA E ̲ mA
..BU
kvA Rk B nAq nj B  AMA k~ vA  ĿA B -
w () BA o] M w BA () jB~A A kL ME BA ]p (ke)
.[dA o Aj AodA A SM A ^AoBv () jB~A BA B B ɷ 128

$
*7
: njB~A
334. | 4 Z  11 | 2 Z kA / pBA - 1
85. | 2 Z ȦBA Uo o] kvA / (|) A LA ow  cd~A - 2
36. | 1 Z jLA W M UB / pB\dA B \ - 3
131. | jLA W M UB / pB\dA K - 4
120. | ȦA keE cB .j / wA nk ȗ pB\dA - 5
43. | 1 Z {oA o{ oBM / o] M w BA Be - 6
.~A ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA  7

$   74 
*1
: oTA
ȷ   ȟoz  vA M ɷ 2 w Bn 17 ȗ oLA nkM q S훰
 wA B E oLTU  婉 y] ȗ nBA k vA Bh o A
.yo { BM RovA  w ^AnB~TA B vA nB~TA B
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
153 Bv  nA kBM k] k Mo mA oA  A nkM k U
qo ȷ : kA   B{  343 Bv   nA kA Jo J] 
.L  k]   M oA oT  Ao~A jA
: TvU  雱A A
JoA AwA  w   (nkM) M o oA  S훰 mA BA wA B
Lv ^AnkM Ȫw  峼A LAmA  BzA  jBA AA Bi  JoA k~U oA
nkM) A Lv Ȫw   BA Am w mA (B M oA M kh M nkM) A
K Y 峪wBM oLA Sv BA Am ȗ ^AoM oe mA (VnBdA ȮM  yo M
oBA B BB B~M nz oLA A   (nkM B) M o  BA  wA
nkM o kM BwA oT{A k oA ȧBA BYA B nkLA o ^ Bdw A
gA ....B\A TA   BTA nkM  (BoA nkM) M ϧm Sw TA oLA

$
*5
: BA
RBLwoU  ǱTd wA  vL w ȗ U  nkM  qo ȷ A nkM k
mA (BdA)KX MoA BzA   nkM BL] JoA  J\A  Bkd 
BL] vw țozA BzA   Ȧn KX ü  wBT j Bn  T
pBT  BoM nh  nBL vvA m  (kA) L] ozA   (Bk~A)
k\v   yoA k\v kBz kA w ȗ BvA  AlBɗ İkM 雱A
(|) woA q We (|) ~A yo M B mA BA u ȗ ȮM ]
B We yoA Am BM A (lB M kw) nB{A Ao~A jA ȗ vA 
kA) BvA o A ϧm   幟oA KɛAo  (|) A wn  u\
nA   峼 vA q We kA J] UoA (BdA) KX BX  (BkA
 Rov mA (A) KX BBE  (~A kA) kBz  B B in
^BL q d B  (xAo) L] nA\M nkM  MoA BzA ȗ   yo
pBTU  Bw MA jBM ozA i oA SB  ̦avA nB\{A  BA We
RBUoA  nkdU TA oLA  o~A jA  oL jk j]M ^BA A
ȷ jA m o{A  ^BMo oeA odLA ȗ jA m M K~U  A  LoA
Ak ȗ kkA kAn oU  J\A  ozA  kA kd mA (Ao~A) jA :
nBA B oLTU  (kA) jA  (BkA) jA   (LzhA) jA  nkM o
 幼\A BA  BqhM nBMA kU BnkM TA  kA B voA nk~A
nkM Bw k o B   孼ozA T  ȚA mA (KA) ϧm kBz
ȗ ozT ohA  JBzA eU BM ^BMk\  M KzA  {  SL
 ^]n 24 kM (|) A wn oA BA Am ȗ  幚A u  oiA BA
oiC B ȗ  ^]n 70 jk M mA ozA T ]  yo kjB
jk nkM oL iAj nvM Bd   nkM Ak{ oMB   A oAqA 鼅Tv
.oA nA ȗ Aj nB~A  8  孽o]BA  6 ^Ak{ 14

$
*7
: njB~A
.ȯB kL kd 帰qA  kA oLA nkM - 1
32. | 2 Z oLA gnBU - 2
.wB jd F nA kA A eoA - 3

$   75 
*1
: oTA
JAqeA jA Jaqe Bk o\ vBhA vA  A{ o{ ȗ khA q S훰
.vA MnBd o j G A  yo 
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
]E)  kT  w L] Jo B{ nA kA   1.5 kM  khA 隽
.(cTA k]Bv Mo) kL ȮM L] Mo G (hzA
$
*3
: uwFTA
Bw nB{F nBzTwA  MBdE ](|) A wn G JAqeA oLi  B
nBz (|) woA nB{ k En  AA Ro]  khA odM  wnBA
Ao{   oz M  BE Tw  oe k ȗ TiA k  oe ȗ 
y]  L B khA oe A SMBXA  SLYA   o{  BLo E
 \ vA y]  khA oe (|) woA v k 幮k JAqeA
: hA) i oz   ]  (w 46.2 AnmA) nlE oz  oz
.nB~A  o]BA  B (w 92.6
$
*5
: BA
  Ƀo ( 3.23)     ( 2300) M AmC khA  nk k
LA oe k pBT]A  Bz BBwo ozA 鮪 E WdM oe k  ( 4) 
ooA JAqeA y] BE bTA keA ikA ȷ BzA \A ȗ khA (|)
BM ȮM oe JoA   A oe ozA  幮kBM kdA nAodA vA khUB
 Bv  BM B  nAodA m  AmhUA We J\A  BL oe  oMA oe 
y\A jB SBTwA khA odM  幮~e  RBUo  RAT  h  BM
k  幮kA  AkA RA voA \TA B  kA RA qU A ȫwA
B 啦hA G  BnBv G B mA w L] B  vA RA RjBTwA
BeB] Bd A oe n   ovA BeB] Bd oMA oe n  RjBE
^BLz̫ kA oBw B oiƪA Bd ov L] M\A odA   孪A
L] SdU ov ]  kh zA KB\A (|) woA nBTiA k BLBM
  UFU B khA ȗ  ^BwAoe JAMA  ]  BMAME kh ] Y w
A k]U  BE h khA ȗ  cTA k\v Jo (gvBM) mA hA G BL
nBL) LoU n~M i    B oYE B k khA i  kU  E
G (nB\dBM ȮL ~e ȷ cv SM  ]A) hzA ]E  Tv i 
Te BTwBM M\A JoA G hA  We MoA odB kL ȮM L] Jo
keA oT  dM hA  nk k khA i ȴT We MoA odA G ~
. kq k BLoU
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B  婴 Bw jBT TdwFM UB  10.000  JAqeA y] FU 
 BA kBA B oM 1500  to 300 k  UB C 4 ke yo y]
 UB 3000 d vA y] jk B Joe M Bw ME yo y]
.UB 900
郱A ȗ) MBp  o\A M n ȗ BwA \ ȗ BBe yo Rov -
y] ov  keE L] Jo Ȫ Kl ȗ B Rov (oLBM A vA
M  M khA n i L B ]  w L] B{ ȗ vA
.k
JAoTA o o BM o Jo B We khA oe ȗ (|) woA nB{ -
A wn B o  雰 JAoTA A Te TBM JAoTA d o  BdvBM
i Bwo Kn w C  A  A ǰn We odA ȗ jBLA  (|)
 JAoTA  () Ȧ ƪA oE  vM o]BA Ƀ ȗ oe  khA
 w C  A  B KTA BE  (|) A wn o Te odA
AkLA BwA STwA k khA ȗ BM Y B E  k mA oA LA
.UB  tƗ  eBv  khA oe ȗ jkdA
Bw UnA Bov BTTU  Aq\ L oh vA SɃoTA Bk -
q oh~A m oFM oLh ( L (|) A wn Jo We) JBMl L] wnBA
.Bk~ RBMo VY BMo  miF kh Bw  (|) woA
B mA o]BA  wnBA Bw B k 奪A ȗ vA y] uBU k -
B  (|) A wn L M eE d B  nB~A SB jBhBM BnB B
MBE Te B]n oz   më B k (SLA E B ]n Bw) : (|)
.BM (~ ME MA u)
(A  G BG) : e ȗ (|) A wn B JAoTA   SMBY M kp B -
 q B B B  ew (qe MA nB) miF khA ȗ B  TL 
B Y ew Kl Te S k (jBn BME B) nBM B : (|) A wn  B ew
B k   A wn B BE : nB B ? A Am bvM    : (|)
.(BL BT miƽ vA o A  峼G jn (|)
A BYE ozA Aq\Uo E  (ϧB M K  SMBY M Bve) (|) A wn  -
B e ȗ ozA pB\UnA k BkA  cLBM (Aow M ]) A Bk ϧl
.Ao Bw më wE o k (|) A wn
] ME M o (oBA j kL M o) khA oL Bz\A MBU Bk -
 B  AoX We 峦A kL M   K ME M oL  JBi M nAo
kL M o) T () ƪA oE BA  k~T 嬱vA E khA ȗ
.MnB nBMjA BLA  khA ȗ w kM  AA M oMqA T (j
k n  Ajn 郰 cTA k\v UE We JAqeA  (|) A wn Bj k -
.(JAqeA qE JBvdA ow JBTA q̫ A) : B
vA  BdTA  Avý  B 20 oTwA mA nB~dA  JAqeA Sw k
We jA JBdvBM Bw ME oF omTU {] RmiA ] B] Joe ȗ
Bi S JAqeA  B B] cn SL Am kM v Lw k\ 
.BUFE G Tz AnB  oTU   nk RF  TME Sk 
.nB~A  ] BY vA  kzTwA  yo   MnE JAqeA  T
$
*7
: njB~A
 1984 / ɷ 1405 w 2  劗Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~  1
.k]
9. Z ȦBA Uo o] kvA / 9 |) A LA ow  cd~A  2
234. | t ~ / JodA   MoA woA  3
2. Z kAA o  M kd / pBA  4
$   76 
*1
:oTA
BLeB wA BwoA  jA  kBd B\ SB TA L~hA eAA ȷ
B ~e j jBvA nM     cTM  (|) woA Bo TA
.ɷ 7 w od ȗ ϧl
$
*2
:雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
nBz  kT  nAjA B A ȷ nA kA   176 d kM  U
 (Bk k) BdA ozA  U B{ (AkA) oe G BM] (~~A)
Be B (oM) ozA  dA
$
*3
:uwFTA
 M B M oLi) G Lv Sw kA MBLA RBMBTA ȗ oLi wA jn k
~dA oLA BM oLi  郱A Am q  E B (b M Bw M nE M
ȗ SB nAodA oLi 嬱~dA oLi hA oLhM ϧm oLi vU A E
oLi nAoM vU SB TA B L Be SdU JoA AwA  Bw B\A
o]B E B B ȮM  o ȮM oA ȮM  jA M wA kM Bw
A  BdT Te Ak Akve  Ake oLi j t RTA Te (|) woA
.B~e  TwA w C 
$
*5
:BA
~dA  jk 幦h  3  Jo B B hA oXM qTU oLi SB k
BE  LU Ajw AnAoe hTU ȷ jA ȦUB  unBT dBM SB TA
v L] B toA jA B 幽nB] B 180 M Bjk nk TA MBA
M ȼe SM ~M (|) A wn M dvM  odA G Jo mA  BL~A
BkeA v AoeE keA E ȗ L] B 帱 L]  oLi Ϧ KiE
wE   mA ȯBA  ȯBXA J\A  oLi   ȫBzA 
jA B 婟 17  Jo BM oLi  M\A LB] kL BzA  toA jA
 (ozA) o oM BzA   L] cvM o jA  (avA) v
幼dA oAkA  nBA o Bɗ TL~ oLi E ozA o oLTU J\A
ȗ BnAq  BvBM C oX o  kk jE U wA jM A oLi
nAqA ϦU  Anp   ZqA  u]   oLi E AkB q L  A
qA BE nAqA Țw nA Voe hA toM oLhA  ~BM wAA
B A  G  oLi j ~e SB k 幦A ~  ϧl  {  
~dA p wBM ~dA M Sw BMn M o |Bi wA B ~e 
BA : ȴ ~dA ϦU E BA (lB M K~A) ~e Keo ~e X kw
ϦU  ~e  k AM k AB 婧w cA |A LTA zA  B
AlG BU ȗ ZBTA LzU jE Tw  oLi nBE TU LAo B]oM ~dA
: ȴ BAo E BE 幫oM nBYC  U kAoA oX jA  (LA) jA U ST]A
o~A jA ȗ o~A o ȗ xBzA 孼A AoMp  k { ME 啽ozA
KB\M   oLi q Ak{ nL BzA jAA  k 啽ozA o Mo B{
Am v  (|) oA woA B  TA oh~A  k\v (|A) ~e
 BE oLi ȗ BL~A k\v oLi ȗ LA BA  qA k\vM k\vA
ZB\d d (bw) S k xBzA kM A BB SB TA kA (bw)
: (|)A wn  ǰn RoYkB B αLU G ȫBzA oA dU Te
(bw dBv kMA  Te 幮kA G AoBd A vA {
$
*6
:gnBTA oAl 
TM tA  o (|) A wn lE Bk oLi E  JodA REkM ɷ 3 w 
k o{A MBM ȧ ) : (|) A wn  B mA jA o{A M K
.wBdA nB{A  (|) A wn k od B (ȯAlC
dA ME M w   An ME G ϼT M A kL (|) woA wnE ɷ 6 w 
.o{ oX A kM T JoA ȟoz  e  B  B mA  oA
M UB 1600  JnB B  BLoU o{ k oLi (|) A wn oBe 
mA BwoA  BE BE oz jk BLA ~dA m Bw M B tnB BTB
 (|) A wn hTwA  jBT dwE B  G ]BTd B   RoU
.(XA A kL M ) kA
E ȷ : BTA  d oiC Te BmU  Aoe TA ovA jA i SB 
 oimA A\ vA cA  ȷ ~dA keE ȗ BvA BA A\
  AAk ZAoMA  UBA oTv   LTA ~e  oiC ~e ȗ B텧A
]nBi vA AUB ~e   UB  v Zoh  nB\eBM ~e 
.Bow BBLUnA BLM LUo SB B LM ~dA cT U k
Am cT ȗ kzTwA k (B) ~e  vA kE  cT ~e E G 
 ]n vi bo] nB~A v M kd  pnBLA UBA keE ~dA
.wA ȦUB
JB (|) A wn B (]oA) k oLi JoM jA ȗ jBA o SB 
.BE Lw k A BYE TwAoe ȗ MBdE
 (dA ME) BME wEo B mA (|A) ~e  wA j] dT ~e ȯBY 
.(|) A wn RB]p  kM B RnB TA (KiE M ȼe SM )  RowE
(|) A wn ] oLi ~e M cT  ȯBXA A BThA q\ Bk 
wn A Ld wn A Kd ]n Ak AoA ) :  B z] kjB
峼 ȗ ~L knE M UF B ȧ AjA : B (nAo o nAo k  A cT
BE oz vA BdT  q\ TA cɄA w T cT 峼G AoA j
.oLi j kjB keE  mA  BLeo T o~ k ȗ () BA BdT
~dA  B BMBM BU jA keE TUB k k  () Ȧ BA toU 雰 B 
oT Ƀo AoT  oh~A  JBLA Am B v  M toT B  qTA
AL E (|) woA  An ME  wA BME  BY Be k keA
.ϧl  Ank  B  od E JBLA ϧl
A wn  BkM) Ȧ Bߧ uzA Rjn oLi  BL~A 郱 ȗ A ǰn 
. (|)

$
*7
: njB~A
14. | jLA W M UB / JoA jM ȗ Ren  1
.BkMB 386 | 2 Z ȯBdLvA o] / woA kw  2
94. | 2 Z oLA gnBU  3
63. | / JBi S{ kd / LA ovA nzA  4
.BkM B 84 | 4 Z / ǱdA RB / AkLA \  5
24. | ~A ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA  6
$   77 
*1
:oTA
ȗ (|) A wn pB oiC Rk{ TA wA L oA AA keG ȷ
k A ȷ (o) oA Ϧ jBM BzBM oA ] Aq Bk ɷ 9 w K]n
. ov kB pB\dA B{ BXA ]nkA 
$
*2
:雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
kA  kLU B nA kA M voA oA ~T ȗ A αLU U
.Bk 2543 odLA cw Tv  UoU  婟 450 B   778
$
*3
:uwFTA
e ȗ Sij k 娰oA d Bi SB wA L o kM αLU SB
BTB SB TA (Bd) j e BG kTA  B 孫qA  oTɗ BLA JoA
KT Rol TA (αLU q)M nzA qA BhnBU ȗ B ] BM (LohA)
ov ȗ B vA y]  (ovA q) BE vU SB BBU ovA
U SB JoA  αLU Sw B BA oE bBT dBBM BE So
 q\A  BE cB k (|) A wn B BM ȴ Sw BM BA SBM
B BwA A ol Aq BM u TA BA SL{F tLA  Bi SB BT o
B (A m BLU BTp B)   T{A BwA A B  Bi qA L Bo
.WdL k~  WkdA Am
$
*5
:BA
 BL\A ȗ Tvw M BzA G J\A  kT  wA w ȗ A αLU U
 eB Aod wTU SB k 婟 100 d vA Am Ʉ L nAodA
BB nAqM pBTU Mo  9 G ~ Aqe zU TA A ϦU  G BvA
A kM 幽jvA MoA 񦪪A  BzA BA kB A ȷ  BnE M~i
k oLTU XkdA RAovA RDzA BvA B RoX ov kB SdLA
BzA jM  RBeBzA no kL o jnBM BMoU pB\dA B{ ȗ R汪A
w ȗ K~U B  kA M kke w BMoU B k] nA kA G
ϦA oE mA nzA A oM  ) A B : BE jA  kkA αLU
  RBL\ ME jA YA jA oiA jA (ZB\d BBLM jBA v
Ƀ jA nBLA jA 幪kA αLU ȷ (uAn) oɛ A LA  TA (uAn)
ȷ kM B  B oU TA αLTM dU TA nAodA BL\A E Mj jA
RB]B L] A L] o L] (Bo{E αLU BL] oLE) no{ L] :
oe BoA oe 幽AqA L] pA L]  B L] A 廪ve BL] vw
nBYA E BE (BAj B G Aom  ApnBM L]) BL{oU 噼LA L] vA
]n {  RBBM  nBL ȷ (o{ ]n vU) o{ : ȴ αLU e
SB o]BM L Bov BhU h eBvA  \dA o zA Mo
BBM) oTA o~ 幗An nBYA  幼BdA E LA kA nBYC  ȷ Bd Ao
TA) αLU  (ovA ȗ ol B nAkBM A oU) Ank Y (oYE o~
B ZB\dA Țv qA o  Ro oM RA B αLU kM  ȚvU SB
oX RBL  (ovA ) vU αLU q  (|) A wn Bjn TA A BA
.BB 酚A A m RoYkA k 幚A ȗ
 BG o AB mA BLA nBYC  B oM o~ɛ) ȷ  BE nBYA 
oM o αLU o E  (k o~ oYA B L o nBYC) nBYA  (oA RAnB
ZB\d d SB αLU B{ 29 d kLU TA ZBdA RAl o tBo M
  9 kM  oYk o ȷ) Yo\A o αLU   3 kLU TA uAn o
. 20 dM αLU w Jo B{  o (αLU
$
*6
:gnBTA oAl 
G tBA (|) Jk BzBM oA q  (|) woA q ɷ 9 w K]n ȗ 
jAnE AlG B lG UjB i  ϧl uhA  ȗ B T]M E ZohA
BA ȗ  ]Be ov ȗ tBA odA kk{ B SA B oM n BB
.kA   E ȗ () B BA hTwA k
B AjA Y ȗ ov BA jA  Be  Bz] ME M A kL ] 
.y\A ϧmM ME M A kL hU (|) woA nBw
B Jo{   (cB Ak) o\dA  Y oA jAM o (|) A wn nBw 
Bj αLU  u zA jAM oA ȗ BA Am \ B \ E BoM
.BB  tBA Jo{ MBdw RoF (|) A wn
o~  20 BM BF UB E 30 M αLU  Te (|) A wn nBw 
.BzA nE  }dM  o ~A
ȗ LA k ȷ) E KeB (Mn M d̽) BUE αLU G (|) A wn TA B 
q\A F (B Jo B{) ZnlE BMo] E BUE 幽q\A BA dB~ (jnA
.ϧmM Ak  KT
jBL jn S{B Bv  RFB BzA cT U A kM αLU E S{U 
.ZB\dA A d SB o w BMn
A  v BBe αLTM B ȯBXA dA oiAE ȗ 1912  1911 w 
.B BdA SMk BG kkdA w  kM UBv SBU
RAnB d Bɗ SdLE oA SzTA BXA ] kM  1916 w 
A o BBe kL S {BA vA d Se j\A ƪBM dA
. ȮM f{ kM SB BLA  햧A vA
 YY oiC B AoA  jk BoE U nBG αLU SdLE jvA kA ȗ 
.ȧBdA BoE Bw Y kBv kBi
BXA ]nkA k  A ȷ h ov kB αLU SdLE ɷ 1374 w 
.jvA MoA 񦪪A ȗ

$
*7
:njB~A
.BkM B 41 | jLA W M UB / JoA jM ȗ Ren  1
.wB jd F / nA kA G eoA  2
525. | ȯBXA k\A / Bz MA ow  3
.jLA W M UB / pB\dA B \  4
17. | 2 Z ǱdA RB AkLA \  5
$   78 
*1
: oTA
ME M o] jBM Bz] (|) LA WM Be  630 / ɷ 8 w Uƫ o S훰
 ϧl ( 641 / ɷ 21) w TA o jBM oA \M TA () KB
.oA o~ k  (jpA o M VnBdA) (|) woA VL T oYE

$
*2
: 雱A
jnA / oA Bd
A kM BLoU  10 BdA qo M M oA Bd E  B A : Uƫ
.BLA o  o uBM SB

$
*3
:uwFTA
mA oA y] B (Uƫ) oM Sq vA y]  ow (|) A wn WM
BkA M k  BzA jke ȗ (nBz) B B BLA o keA JnF o ȗ q
Ak{ eoE j] M  ME E oh  L] nl  UƪM dA kA
ȗ kA BA E  SdLE (nAqA) wA  A TA kA m ȗ Uƫ o
.jnA

$
*5
:BA
 oA  Uƫ o Ak{ BkM L BMAoU F ozTvU nAqA k ikU Bk
S]njA bT JBT {  ] K~ E kA ik k B Bo 14 Ȃ
qT ȗ B~~A nB\{E K~BM dU \A ȗA hBM Uƫ Ak{ BwE 
kLU nA  M ȗ j mA nBA o] kzA ko  țozA KB\A  o
o] B j TA LA RAl ȗ  150 kM 幟oA 雱    75 d
eAn M A kL kzA j   100 Bv  YnBe M kp kzA j nBA
BwE  KT zA K K~ B~~A nB\{E M B o eBw wT 
jwA BM Ȧ kke ZBw AkzA K~M d MoA ȗA hBM \A
jB cT mA Uƫ 훱 dT ϦLTv nBA o] ko oLA MALA B{ 
EkM k Uƫ Ak{ RBB oT oz A  匱LwE   \A  nB
G BBL eAo VY  ozA T ( 1996 / ɷ 1417) w A
Bw A ȗ 郱Tw B]oM  nB\U w Bw AkzA RBB oU wU
ozA  幼wA A B] BUApAM U wA B BzA ϧm oL
TA nAj BTw B nBA o] kzA ko ]nBhA eBvA  qT BM BE
ozU  RAw 3  2 ozA pB\ noA kA  k\U UU oA Co
.jnA ȗ RBBA  k]BvA nB  \ 

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
3 d (AoA y]) q BE vU TA Uƫ o ȗ vA y] jk B 
YnBe M kp UB TTA Bz\A TA B 娰oA  UB E B MB UB C
k\   Kz)dE AlG Te UB () KB ME M o] AoA miE Y T Te
ȷ vBM BA JoɃ) Bo (B vM n)  to  dTA BTA (B~h
 S텛 Te UB Y wA ȗ wo o vA  ]n E o] B (B
ϧmM A MBYF 幮w 33 MA  T Te kM TeB S텚 BzM AA miF
AoA miE T B () nBA o] Ȫw Am Bz We BM o \A ȗ eB]
jB kA M kBi U YXA jBA jBzTwA kM T Te UB eAn M A kL
. G M jB mA y\A

$
*7
:njB~A
15. | 4 Z Bz M / LA ovA  1
755. | 2 Z / kA / pBA  2
226. | /  1996 / ɷ 1417 w MBvA jkA / ZBA \  3

$   79 
*1
: oTA
BA nBw Bk  658 / ɷ 37 w o ȗ  훰  S훰 mA 雱A ȷ
.() BA B  Zoi mA B y] B z\M () Ȧ
$
*2
: 雱A
nw / oA Bd
kM  U TA (oL])    14 kM RAoA o A A   U
.(oo ME o) M A  o oU oA   50
$
*3
:uwFTA
nBw B  RAoA B{  MoA KB\A  oA JoM oA BBM k o 
 BE ] gLA o B{  oA q B Jod A  () Ȧ BA
~ mA ov\A A텛 A kM B A~dU BMAME A A  Ao mA BXA
oh M Bw) kB B nLA  z] () B BA AB RAoA T M
.(kwA
$
*5
:BA
ozT  12 k  xAoeE gLA o M BM kTU w  nBL  nE
 nB\dBM o keA o RAoA G Ȃ nA  BA qq Bi
oA M U SB hLvA ȃAnA BeA  BjA B ozTU AmC RAoA 
.uBM 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
y\A   B  G A  () Ȧ BA nBw ɷ 36 w A{ ȗ 
() Ȧ BA W nB~A oB M L jv BME A  hTwA BE 90
oA G oL Te Aov]  Aov\ A oA E  K k gLA Jo BE YY
[L ov] E oT{A ϧB jkU k 孖vA G A AB k AMF  ȫBzA
.ALF Aov]  LB BG : G AXL nLA  () Ȧ BA y] A񪼧
w 郱 ȗ ov  G () BA Lv BE 85  BzA  B nBw 
 () BA y] M ABe ϧmM ozA AmiE wA vL Tv q  (cE)
ȪvA nA BME   kA tvBoM (uBM) kM An B B i BA
.B]n  BE MnE  ozBM
 BA G jnA M M e k B{B oLA ȗ z] () Ȧ BA RBM 
ApE BA 郱  B y] bApE u M W{A jBM () Ȧ BA y]
.A 
STA k 훰 vU  B  BB SB BE 110  o RoTwA 
BE 45 BE 70 oA T ] A ol w k BTA BG dTBM LBM
w 93 oA   owB M nB B kzTwA AoA E  BE 25 BzA E 
.v   () Ȧ BA  k

$
*7
: njB~A
374. | 2 Z KmA Zo  1
67.  66 | XeBLA  Lh BU / RAoA nj oA  2
1 513 | v E FU / hnBU RBwAnj  en / wA RAoA  3
.jAkM 1990 w

$   80 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
ɷ233) (wBLA T JoA opA) BBi M cTA nAj ȗ U LTA m SB
.ɷ247 w AoBw ȗ  T k  (ɷ247 
$
*3
: uwFTA
oiAp Aqi nAj S BA  KTBM 駱A kk{ ^BB ^]n BBi M cTA B
 BLUoU ɷ275 w aTA \A d M Ȧ vdA MA U njBA KTBM
  AqhA m KT \M B MoA gnBTA ȗ B LT A A B B~U
.Bk\U n  Bi B\M So TA UBƫ  oXA BA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
JoA Bd~ nAj od B  BA oMBE  oXA TBoM BBi M cTA { k
  B  ^BA vB\ od  wBLA TA B  o~LA  A B 
^BMBT ^Bj  d B A  o k A  Tq w  kU A BA
cTA Bnoe ^BLT BA  keA o   e BA Eo MBL] ȗ E  ȗ BA
B  oTA KB) JBT  (αA iE ȗ ZBTA) MBT A eB\B BBi M
iA) vA cTA JBT (LXBM) oA VodA M kd   (hA k]
.~A  o  (αA nBLiA
 B  BE ȗ ȯBA ZoA ME kTA ^AoB{  ^BLjA \A d M Ȧ B
   RTeA B ^Ao BnB\ B B   A  Te cTA Aqi ~TM
.A oBw ȗ KTA

$
*7
: njB~A
226.| 3Z / AoMA gzA u / AoBw k gnBU  1
144.| 15Z BMjA \  2
111.| BXA vA / 11 jkA / A \  3

$   81 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.jAkM k  foA KB\M U
$
*3
: uwFTA
anvA M ^AnAj ȴLA kA BM op  o{jnE M nMBw o~ MA BTMA ɷ381 w ȗ
zA tnAk E ȷ  A nAj BBw  ThA A KT BA e  Boa 
A kL MA  vA M vdA MA A BoE ȗ oA ]  ȴLA kA ȗ BA
.w 70 nAkA m SM k  A B   ȃBA LA
$
*5
: BA
KTA   幦 ȮM hM d~ 100 B k\ 10400 U AqhA m SB
 wnBA RBLTA  nMBw Bvwƫ B] k B Bƫ hM B jA
 tnk B jjoT XeBLA  B MBX nAkA ϦU SBɟ  ~A  kA
o~A KUBA  B RBƫ  KT  񦪽 B   XeBLA  oBA
.o~A Aoi M Ȧ M keE
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.jAkM ȗ BE Be oA A MA  nAkA m nAp ɷ399 w
oeA B jAkM A ü\ k nAkA m ɛ\vA M oɄ oeE 450 w
.oiA zA RBvwƪA
 MA nBzM SB KT ^AnAj ȯBL~A  M kd vdA ME E ɷ452 w
w BLT  K  oTeA B ^BU ϧl  JBT A d BA   jAkM Mo
.jAkM  owBvLA Zoi Bk 1079 / ɷ451
.BA  BTA ȗ nAkA m KTM Tv wA o] MA gzA B
 k\ A 120  ǱTdU Aqi oz B LTA m A : (ǱdA RB) 
S :   n kM BoXA  ^Ak\ 200 B q nB  BTA w SB
MBT kA oXA  kA  A  BA  kM  BvE BLe E  BkA  uLTE
.AqhA ϦU  (AkLA \)

$
*7
: njB~A
455.| L{ keA.j / wA MoTA gnBU  1
64.| ȯB\qA AoMA kvA / wkA BA ȗ ]  2
.RoM 1983 w / ]hA M kd / uU gnBU  RBd  3
.jAkM 1970 w A vA A jkA / hnBTA \A  4

$   82 
*1
: oTA
^Ako  Bi j wnk oLTU ȴ jAkM ȗ BXA qAoA oLA dA nAj SB
LTA m 꼴U   wA ȗ BA RBLTA wE  B A BBM ^B
.BA  AA  A RBwAnj BzBM SB M Kvd oA  TA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.jAkM AoA BA ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
 ^Ajk B   hA o~M d SB oB LT wBLA n~A hA uwE
ȯBA KA  vA  ]oTA  K RBhA RBë B K]  AnA
m Bi BA }~i k{oA nB hA p ȗ  幼MoA A wnBA JjA 
k ȗ BT Al  RnU TA  810 / ɷ185 w dA SM FzF KTA
M w) KjA  ]oTA ]  BoAj wTM B mA (ɷ 218  198) FA
.B ^Boz (nB

$
*5
: BA
 d B oLA RAo\e VY  ǱTdU B n~M AmC RBLTA SB
jAA  KTA qi  k\TA  gvA B oiA  BA  RBhA o
SLUn wA LT ȴ dA nAj LT BE pBh F XBXA  oiA LTA
 峼 WdLU TA A o  BUB KvdM Bi n  Rk  KTA B
 (Ao]) B KTA hv fBvA B gvA  ]oT Bi ^Bo U ^BA SB
B BA  BA JBve  hv A hA   qLhA nA  jk ȷ
SM  hv A JBT  ~dA ɗ LɓAoA o B ^AoX lA  . o]E
 tnk BA  ǱTdU ^B ^Ak FA k ȗ SdLF M BjAo dA
n~A MA M d) A oE E mA 񦖧A koA KB] A FTA  ]oTA
Ȧ)  (ȫpnAhA kdɫ) ɫ AmC ɗoA \A A ɗBɃBM (\A
.o  (o\A tBLA)  (MowA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
w aTA (zTh M Be) nzA KLA B wBLA n~A hA k ȗ
.MoA A BA A  LA KTA ]oTM  769
/ ɷ207 w aTA kAA A kL fnƪA ϦTA k{oA nB hA k ȗ
BTwA ϧm  nAkA m BoU A  JAjA   h \ 822
RBBM kA KTA  B jAkA ] ȗ oLA kBi M d opM k{oA
nAoLA BwnA TA LA BA RBƫ A BBM AkA  LA  wnBA
]oTA L  MoA A B] S]oU k  LTA m A (AnB BnB{)
KTA  Bo  (tkE) M (oBA) JBT BM  B  (wB M Be)
.n  oE  k{oA B TA kA LA
B TA wA KT  BUBTd RoX  nAkA m A RjAjpA FA k ȗ
B ϦA  BA  oL\A KA ȗ A Th A BBM |oL oq] 
 ((w)) pBhA M  nAkA ɗ BA ɗoA A  ^B] FA wnA
 kA BA RBƪA  WdL (BdwA M e)  (oLA MA) B]oTA
] k 幪dA nAj LT ȗ SjA  S]oU We wnA BLT TA ϦU ^B~i
wnk ȗ j]A XkdA RBƪA BA  BMjA  Lh M SBeA mA FA
~d (ȯBXA Bh)  vA oBMFM o{BL B~UA BTwA  nkwA
 BA  KTA m  BdA  |oe  幪kA vA RBMBTA oE 
iA YY A om  幯AqhA m ȗ k\TA nA T (yodA MA MA) B TA
AqhA ȗ ]oTA  jk BM AB BY   ǰl AB (w ȮLM) o
M  nBTh LTA A AqhA KeB Bɟ  ^Bo{ nBj 500 ϧl ɟ B
AjBTwA mA o{A   婴Bp ȗ oA ]oTA  ƪA  XeBLA vA
KT  ^AkT ɷ377 w (SwoA) MBT A mA (kA MA)  dA nAj 
.jA oz WBXA oA ȗ KLA KUBA LE MA MA kM   LTA m
oeF jAkM A TeA Be 1258 / ɷ656 w  LTA m Bz oTwA
幦]j ȗ AoA B RFU  TA RBhA An  KTA  RBLTA  j]
.kk B RBhA oLe oYE  U ]j B A inƪA BoLh 

$
*7
: njB~A
]oU /  kd.j / .ȫwA kU  Ϯo nj k]Bv B BhMBT y  1
134.| U{ Ȧ.j
nBYA  inƪA ]  nk~U / MBvA jkA / nBYA  gnBTA ȗ RBwAnj  2
.AoA ȗ
.1973 / ɷ1393 w / oA nAj / 51| BoA / wA A gnBU  3
62.  61| / 1972 w / o~A wA / AoA RBLT  4

$   83 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
 ^BLo (BoA) jAkM  țozA KB\A ȗ o~TvA wnkA BM ȗ U SB
.AkzA ov]
$
*3
: uwFTA
w o~TvA Twnk BzA k LTA m uwFTM wBLA BM o~TvA B
MjA  kA A  TdA vA KTA BeBTTE  BA   (ɷ623)
.UB]nj TiA  A B KUn  k\ E 80 Bjk M TA
$
*5
: BA
 BA A nj E  o\A BXA  MBvA oA ȗ o~TvA LT SB
 mA BA BE B ^BpBi B mA ȄA MA k ȗ Bw   BA ȗ Bo{E
M  BM ~ wnkA nB  wA kdA ȗ oL RBB  T LTA
M mA B U   MBA BUnBM UoU RBBA m  B  qj A wnk
 LTA m SB k 幽TA  B ȖU oB AqU  w  B B
Bi{  Bwnk  wnkA J ^BB ^B]o SB  A wnkA BvE E
.wnkA ZnBi ȗ BA  A J A BBM
: BUBTd
B oX ^BLT ] jAkM A wA  kA o~ gzA  Bk  ɷ662 w
KTA nAk ȅ Am  k\ A 400 Bjk  Ao ȗ (koA nAj) ȗ B탰
Mn)  hv ϧB unBLM A KTA nAj ȗ  幽o~TvA Aqi ȗ SB TA
gzA A Bɟ 幯AqhA m A jU WBXA q\A B JT ozhɫq (nAoMA
^Ak\ 20 d  (RBMjA) JBT B RB~ k  ɷ650 w aTA nBhLA
ME M kdA kL kA q  B wnkA   hM B o{  Tz
JBT oiA BUBTd   LTA  (oBvA XA  oAkA ϦA) MBT kkdA
z) JBT  幽o~TvBM tnkA UBBvA oA M A ȗ (odLA \)
 B E o~TvBM tnkA lBM B]A kA o  (BA k BMA
\ gz oA ɗ (o~A ǰBdA) JBT  Bw M KA ɗ (BA) JBT
Kh (jAkM gnBU) JBT  (ɷ665) w aTA BzA ȮqA nBA kL kA
Bj) JBT  o~TvA LTA  ɛ 啧ƪA hM Ak\ 14 ɗ jAkLA
JBT  ȯAodA cTA MA M  n~ MA M d E (B BkA J] ȗ wA
ȗ Bi q] LT TE  A Ǳd mA ozA A JBT   (wBA)
. o{ ]  lA cB
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 B  vM o{E k BM T  AqhA m BoM  BM o~TvA B k
AqLi BnE oz   ȗ  pBi B  E B ^Bo{ B oT{E  BU
AqLi BnE vi   ȗ   pBhA  oz B  A ^Bd MnE
LT B  BA M B k  KT B B  A  Bd n
  幽o~TvA ȗ kA (vLA kA oh)  B ozA u B ɄoTz 
kA B  nAjBLA A kL kd ME ȃBA BA wnkA tnk BAqi o{E
.gwBA j qqA kL MA keE
A U B  RBLTA  KTA Ak ȗ jAkLA A KvU TA RAnBTMA 
TA B pnBLA MBTBM o BM o~TvA wnkA ȗ ^AlBTwA B mA (kA)
E B (AoM) wA  Bvo ]n A BA A ek  nBTMA  nkA kU
.1829 w MBTA m oTL
hA RLA AM  AqhA m A oj jAkM w kM  1258 w
kA  A jAkM ȗ KTA Aqi oE 籗  LA  ^B BA KTM BA
wBM kB~  SB mA kkdA ME M kdA kL kA q iE  kkdA MA M
.BM o~TvA hA BM bk (RBo~TvA)

$
*7
: njB~A
 ^ jAkM 1965 / ɷ 1385 w / BXA vA MAoA q\A / A \ - 1
288| / A z  539| nBLiA   306| / Ȅv BhA gnBU
284.| / 2Z / BdA omU 
8. jkA / nBYA  gnBTA ȗ RBwAnj - 2
.ȄA MA / BA JnB\TA  B\A VjAdA - 3

$   84 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / BA
ȗ SvwFU wnk A oLTU TA () BA BA kz wnk ȗ AqhA m U
.BA k
$
*3
: uwFTA
m Re k  wBLA oBA hA nBYC  () BA BA kz wnk oLTU
jn AqhA m S  B LT BA  B]  KT Aqi  wnkA
. oT BA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
hv  AqhA m ȗ (ɷ664 w aTA) tB M kA ȃn kvA 馄A k
kL kA VB kvA ^BA BLT M  馄A ȮBL (eA) JBT  k
.ɷ693 w aTA tB M oA
MBT ȗ AqhA m vA A M ǱwA vdA kd MA M A L ol
JBT  yM MA A B k : ɷ 703 gnBTM (AkdA nBpE  AoA \A)
BvM tB M  kA ȃn i  AqhA m  (AA   AkA )
. Eo 

$
*7
: njB~A
BA / A k\A / BA () vdA BA LT Bnk~U BY vw : JBTA
.AoA /

$   85 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.FA nB{ ȗ jAkM  MoA KB\A ȗ țAoA dTA nB\U BM ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
k  1923 w zE mA țAoA dTA BzA gnBTM LTA m gnBU LUo
̭vT  WdM  SB  A jnATU KTA RmiA Te BqA  w BzG  o
o kA nBYA ok B RjoE Te  o RAw qTh S B LT BzA
 BkT  A BTe SA   RBAqi B S탰  1933 w ϧl 
.^Ak\ 490 d Ame BLT \ B

$
*5
: BA
dv eB]  dTA nB\ o o ȗ Bik 隽 TA LTA BM FTU
Bv BLA  ǱA MBA ȗ BAkeG BTo LTBM dT  15 B  
k WdM AoA kAo\BM |Bi bB] LTA ȗ  o~TvA wnkA ȗ oiA 
.\220 BU\ jk L AoA ȗ oA RB\A wE
: BUBTd
ȗ SdLA Te jAjq AkA E AozA o  LT񪦧 jnAA RAk\A jk miA
d 1957 w Bjk M k ^B] BwA ȷ M ^Ajk  wB AoA RBLT 
 MT tnB YY B  MoA BM B h 2293 ^Ak\29739
KA   A WBXA  ƫ A ȯBXA  hA A A oz BkeE RBBM
E  oLTU  UAnBe  nBYA  kA AoA gnBTM }ThU LTA KT RB
.A  jA ozA RBLT
: BnjA  RBhA m uB A 
.ɷ548 w L KT (üdA Aj)
hv gnBU j ȮvdA kd M d M AoM (ozA ǱLA KvA o\{)
.(ɷ 506 w L)(ȮnAkA w)  ɷ741 v
.(ɷ565 w KT) LA [
.ɷ1355 v ]o ǰBvA kd gzA hM kAoA keA M h (A)
.ɷ 446 w ȦLA o ME hM tnB M (A ȗ \A)
.ɷ 774 w KT k~ (BA S ȗ BA S)
.ɷ 607 v hnBU ]o / ozhq (JoA BXE ȗ ~TvA)
.ɷ 729 w hnBU / ȯBA jAj M (oqA JBT)
.ɷ 504 w BU M (wBdA Aj)

$
*7
: njB~A
82.  40| 1957 w / 13 jkA ow \

$   86 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.o~TvA wnkA  JoBM ]j o  AA BA wnkA ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
 408)) (wA BdwG M vdA Ȧ MA kA A) ϦA B k{ Bk
BzBM B BzA A unkT ɷ459 w BA wnkBM BvA Twnk (ɷ485
 dA B ozU AoA ȗ wnk A oLTU TA wnkA m ȗ h LT
A Y o~A ϧl ȗ wBvA  BT]A  oA BdA ȗ oL F{ B B
 BUnBM oA  KTA  A BA   LTA m jk] A k oBA hA
.ϦA B Bvwƫ A Lv Sw  ɷ589 w ϧl

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 AqhA m oE JjA  dA A keA qoLTA KhA M d vdA MA U
B kM ϧl  KjE  oB{   (jnMA keE M kd) BTAqi U ϧm
.w ME ȃBA
.k\ A 6 d LU LTA m  A KTA SB
ȫaohA AoM (WkdA Ko) JBT ϦA B A ȮqA vA kL kE k
.LTA m  ϦA B  RAk\ oz ȗ 隽 e M o MA hM
 KTA  TAqi (jAkM gnBU l) JBT KeB nB\A M kA Kd  B
wnkA oYE dA B LTA m RoYkA k  nBj A ǰBvU B LTA m
.oA A ȗ Bp  BYAoU k  BA

$
*7
: njB~A
454.| / wA MoTA gnBU
B\M MoTA   nk~U 1962 / ɷ1381 v o{BA k\A / lBTwA \
.jAkM

$   87 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.() KB MA M Ȧ BA ko d ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
k BA A hnFU ]o mA ozA A odA KT ^Bqh LTA m SB
RBhA \M A  B mA (982 / ɷ372 w aTA) ȴLA kA
o{ M kA nk B ɷ755 w AqhA m AoTeA KLvM   幮XA  njBA
KB MA dA ohM ^BTv ɷ760 w BvwFU jBBM (ǰA) M oA kA
.A AqhBM vU SB  (ɷ771 w aTA) ȦdA vdA M kd

$
*5
: BA
k] hM i B E B~ hM BLA KTA uB U LTA m SB
: BUBTd A  T
hA ABM  Th n~ A ]oU KmBM ad BhA o{ Y eB~
d~ 400 d eB~A m jk M k  ȯBA  vkA  ȗA hA B
B Kv ȗ hM n  JT d~ B B k  ɷ400 v ]oU
ɷ40 w U E oiC ȗ KT  () KB MA M Ȧ
.() Ȧ B JvA (joLA [) JBT
.ǱdA wnBA nBA kL M vdA MA gz (pAozA BvA) JBT
.Bi M (knkA bo{) JBT
.ɷ700 w aTA ȚBTA M (LTA Aj bo{) JBT
.ɷ576 w KT (BLTA) JBT  ȯBXA q\A
.Aq]A YY ȗ 隽 ~A hM ȦdA  (hA nAowA) JBT
.ɷ700 v ]o pAoA kA oh (A  ȗ AkA B) JBT
.k hM ozhq (TA) JBT
.n~ M dA ȗ (JoA KoU) JBT
.ƪA hM Be M (KoTA) JBT
.ɷ718 w KT Bw MA uoA gz (RBXeBLA) JBT
.~A hM (BMjA \) JBT  A q\A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ǱA kzA ȗ K{ mA odA KLvM LTA m SoTeA 1354 / ɷ755 w
.() Ȧ BA hM RAk\ YY ȗ d~ oTeA B ]   ozA
 XXM oTz A iA M UB kM ǰA kA nk LTA m uwƫ A k
RjB A BLT SBU RAw ui i LTA m  B ^BLT VAoA
.njBA KTA B oT{A B kM BTL B
 KTA uB  e B oT BA A j Bk kA A J B
.AqhA m ȗ RBeoA  Bwn   E B
We B SoU  ovBM BA kA RkTA o\A oz WBXA oA oiAA ȗ
RBêA BLT pB\TU  lA BwA o LTA m  o  nB~ nA BM SYB
kd kvA k~T Bh  KB]A oAq A cTU   Aqi ȗ SɃ
mA ǰBvA kd gzA  ]TM  B\ AmC A oA jBw KB oA
bA U  KTA Rk  } B   Bi o ȗ S] We BM TA
.A TL A qhA B]n Bd ȗ BM
u  B  B   BATeA  ozA ǱA kz LTA m LU KLvM
SB k zA BA  AnpA  AoA  αA BTA Ƀ SB k KTA 
A J  o{ mA o\A uBhA oA ~T kM ^B~i wA  o{
ȗ FTA dTBM Ao mA BA o{A   .AkLA Th  \A A ]TBM
:  LTA m
 oL jk  (zA BE) Tw FU ȗ kTA mA A vd kvA
ǰBvA kd gzA  BA {B C Ȧ gzA ϧm LTA m RBh
ɯAoA nqM BɓC gzA  娱A odM o] kvA  ȮvdA kA L kvA
.jA un lBTwA  MLd o] gzA
ȗ tB M Ȧ kvA :  RB~hzA  oXA KT ȗ AqhA m Rol k
kvA  (kA nkA) JBT ȗ BA KeB ke Ȧ gzA  ((AoA)) JBT
KB) JBT ȗ Le M keA Bol B (BA dU) MBT ȗ oT{zA A kL
.(() SLA A
 : ^BA BTBn  BLT  Ao{A AU mA RB~hzA o{A  
.nAkMBTA ve kd nBo{ M keA M kd B M d

$
*7
: njB~A
224. / 7Z / wkA RBLTA w - 1
148.| / 1Z / BoBe  \A ȃB - 2
454.| L{ keA .j / wA MoTA gnBU - 3

$   88 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.Twnk BM ȗ  BA {B C oL nA\M nBA d ȗ LTA m U

$
*3
: uwFTA
 (ɷ1373  ɷ1294) BA {B C Ȧ gzA M ve kd gzA BvwE
LT ϧl L SB k  孼vA  B  A TwnkM ^BBi ^BeB] B M
 o{E  RoLTA B LT A ϧl kM SdU  Ȧ gzA kA BT Bi
oXLU B  oLA \A RBLT o{E RBh  SB We \A RBLT wE
.KTA uB  B

$
*5
: BA
oBw ȗ kA KTA RBE BoB S] TA XA RBLTA  LTA m oLTU
TdU AqU B TA gvA  幪kA n~A ȗ h BoXA  A  A
LTA  幖Th AkM  B\M (n) BA {B C Ȧ gzA B hnFTA BTM
BM  h (2100) B RBɄhA jk L  k\ A 10  ǱTdU
 (n) BA {B Ȧ gzA ƫ hM (zA RBL ȗ A ~dA) JBT
: oiA A BUBTd 
w A hnBU ]o oLA ϦA M kd ɧ (BTzA uE  nBA w)  1
.ɷ 459
A ]o ȯBB~A kd M vd (~A nBLiA bBd ȗ LA nAA)  2
.ɷ 692 w
w A ]o nkTvA KeB A kL M Bd (WkdA E ȗ oA)  3
.ɷ 425
M keE M kd M vdA BM n~A ƪ (ƪA oE BA ȗ A nAE)  4
.ɷ1108 w FU  o k  A AoE keE d
.ƪA i B  ɷ 605 w 汪A k BM ȗ oYA M (BA)  5
.ɷ708 w h (n) ȮA gz (ȗBA) JBT  (BA)  6
.ɷ801 w h pAoA kA oh ƪ kA A ȗ (BA bo{)  7
.k{ B kv (nBpA dU)  8
  ȮqA 鼖{ M d (tBA o\ɟ) A uAɛ ɫ kkA ϧB 
ozA AkA   (n) ȦBA Ȧ gz (qqA CoA ovU ȗ q]A) owBTA
Aj bo{ ) ɷ 700 w hA Ȯ] M LTA Aj bo{  (UBBvA)
.ɷ750 w hA keA ^BA (LTA

$
*7
: njB~A
164. / 1Z BoBe  \A ȃB - 1
243.| 7Z wkA RBLTA w - 2
.1965 w / 11 q\A / A \ - 3

$   89 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.ydA w B k U

$
*3
: uwFTA
Tw FTM o{ Be ȮA vdA kL gzA L  ɷ1373 w SvwFU
FU k o  BkMB TA BzA oiܧ   o A BM gzA jAnA  (okA)
.nmA wA

$
*5
: BA
Th  BATeA We  wA A RBLTA oLA  LTA m oLTU
LTA U B  B  ǱTdU B wk VkeE  Se TA KTA
njAɯ ɷA ɫ vA eB~A oLTU  hɫ 3600  JBTɟ A 30 dɯ
RM   Th eBT  S] k  LTA BUe TA LmA RBhA
: ȴ vA BUBh A BA kA  AoA ȗ oMBA  AoA
.ɷ606 w aTA pAoA oh KA cUB
.ɷ 981 w A i ]o 峼A od  
.ɷ 500 w A i ]o wA gz BLTA
.ɷ740 w A ]o A nnj  dA no
.ɷ736 w h ozhq BzA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 LTA m  T ȮA gzA nBTiA mA oBzA ve ZBdA Bw k
hA KTA  \ o~TM B B BdA LTA nB ȗ BUnAjG A 籗
B B Bo  BoU  nw ȗ BA RBLTA p  BTA  njBA  vA
.()ƪA oA BA LT  q] ȷ TA ȮA gzA oL ~TM

$
*7
: njB~A
257.| / \A v 7Z wkA RBLTA w
360.| / 16 jkA wA \

$   90 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
JoE kA nw A ȷ  oLA vA ik k AA nk~A wnk BM ȗ U
.ozA ǱA d~A A B

$
*3
: uwFTA
A Lv Sw  A nk~A M oA ȯBA Bi ve kd ZBdA BvwE
 o\A oz WBXA oA  A ~A ȗ nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT BA ȗ ϧl 
BvwA k  B LT o{E ϧl kM SdLA  \A ȗ SzA B LT A oLTU
njB~A Aoz AA  oXA mM  kA Twnk J BM Tv A nk~A
.KTA  LA hA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ɫ oXA Rkɗ BA A B SɯA TA oLA BLA  BTA ɫ ɓoA 
MAoA oA  A MoA Te ^AoL Bjk B TA njBA BLT  oYA BUBh
.o\A oz

$
*7
: njB~A
243.| / 2 \A v 7Z / wkA RBLTA w

$   91 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.UoL nA\M  kk\A d ȗ BA ȯAoA poM BC gzA nAj ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
k ɗ ^B B Bk 1970 / ɷ1389 w aɗTA ȯAoA gzA BvwA
LTA m KT ]  ɷ1954 B \A A TA Bk  ɷ1329 AoBw
oiC Te BUAnjA  BTBn T w oL  gzA B  A L  BA  BA
.UBe BE

$
*5
: BA
 oLTU ȷ  凱h JBT 200  L JBT A vi U LTA SB
wnBA  MoA TBM vA A Bn U TA \A ȗ BA RBLTA
S k o~ AoA  |~hBM  Th RB]  ȯAoA gzA B] TA
^Ak] ^B~U S  Tv oB ȗ  Ank\A ȗ BAqi STLY  ^Ak] ^BU LTA
: ȧBTA zA  BTwo SB
ȗ S]  T{ hM SLT Th VdM  Bwn k B 3  11 \  1
: ȷ  keA k\
w aTA uoA gzBM KA Bw M A kL M vdA M : ovA BwoA  E
.AoA nvA AA ȗ B\A odA BM ȗ WdM ȷ  ɷ 427
.bBA j  Bwn  J
aTA ȯAnkpBA vd kd M cB kd gz jBLA  ȴA ȗ Bwn  Z
.RBd Lw ȗ U ɷ1280 w
.ȴzA bBT M kd  JBvdA i bo{  j
.TA  oBA  WdLA JAjC  ɷ
.kA A  ȗ JB\dA z JBT  
.AoA  ȗ o~LTA  b
.oA\A ve kd gz A oA] JBT ȗ LA JBT  텛  
:ȷ BA ȗ BXA  A ȗ A TBwn  ǱTdU  : 4  8 \  2
.jo\A j]A RBLYA  E
.ȯAkA kw M kA ]  AkA nAA  J
 ȷ  Th ɃA  VdM ȗ Bwn ui B : 1  11 \  3
MA M kd kA o kv B\A Bwn (d85) nAkA U ~ : KUoTA
w aTA ȟoA d jA  Bwn 孽kA A ɗ ǱwA vdA
.ɷ1031 w aTA ȦBA BLA gz JBvdA i  텛 ɷ937
aTA ȪA MBM M Ȧ gzA kA K\T vdA M : zA B Swo  4
.ɷ 585 w
.d 13 ȗ nmA KeB hM Th Bwn vU B : 3  11 \  5
.ɷ1281 w aTA ȯBA k  ~A BE  6
.Th hM SLT wnBA  MoA BM Bwn  ǱTdU \  7
aTA jBMC BvA jooA k M ve kd gz : A RAnB{A  8
.ɷ1314 w
.wA kA o~ ]Ah : oB iE  9
.ɷ436 w aTA kA  UoA oz : A  A ] bo{  10
.MBM M w M vdA M Ȧ M kd gz : 鮚A  11
wA gzA bBL~ ]oA MBvA o] kv JoA B / RBhA A 
ozA kv  oiA A BeE k oBA JAjC tBɄ MA kvA bBL~
.UoA

$
*7
: njB~A
261.| / 7Z wkA RBLTA w
1054.| / MBvA jkA / wA \

$   92 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
ydA d M BA nBzA ȗ A Zo Bn kd gzA SM ȗ LTA m U
.kA nw A mBA AoLA d 

$
*3
: uwFTA
m A AA Ƀ kɛ A Zoɗ BɃn kd gzA kA oBɄ gzA A B
jk oX A kM Ak ^AnB\ ^BB A Zo BɃn kd gzA }~i Y LTA
~T A jU TA BhA RBLTA A  LTA m SdLF B] TA KTA
.o\A oz MAoA oA

$
*5
: BUBTd
A BM ]o ^Bh 160  JnB B   k\ 8000  LTA ǱTdU
: RBhA m E  Bƫ o~
.ɷ 800 v ]o TA țAo A ȗ (A\A ] bo{)
.k (k{oTvA [ bo{)
.ozhq (nAoMA Mn)
.A n~A Aj   v hv ȷ  (n~A vdA kL Aj)
.kAoA K (LA [ bo{)

$
*7
: njB~A
299.| / 2 \A v / 7Z wkA RBLTA w

$   93 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.nBA d ȗ o{ C nB{ ȗ BA ǰBvA gzA nAk ȯBXA MBA ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
幖Th BA  oX KT \M ɷ1370 w aTA ǰBvA kd gzA B
hA  LA KTA uB Sa LT \M nAj  ȯBXA MBA }~i
.o\A oz MAoA oA AA ȗ ϧl
$
*5
: BUBTd
 njBA KTA  B We kA KTA \M TA ^BB ǰBvA gzA B
uB  UTeA B wA o{ TLT SM  BTAjA  Bk\TM  hM vA
A  wnAkA  oAqA k~ SBɟ JBTɟ A 6  d Bjk M TA KTA
: BUBh
JBT ɷ 800 w KT nB{ (ikA) ȯB]o\A ozA kv (omTA bo{)
l   (vA z) A KeB k (A) JBT  ȯoL (TA)
mM Bi  ko hv ȷ  Ȗ\A nBzM C Ȧ kd gz o~A w 
Aj  qA Aj  廂UoA kvA Aj B AkA ɫ oXA ϧB  LTA
.(BoA ovA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
SBTMA k  ϧl kM L BTo LTA TMA SYn  ǰBvA gzA U Be
.^Bh ^BMBT 450 JnB B B (n) dA vd kvA LT
$
*7
: njB~A
293.| / \A v / 7Z wkA RBLTA w

$   94 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.ozA ǱA d~A  LA JBM k kA k\v nA\M LTA m U

$
*3
: uwFTA
lG ɷ1377 w (n) dA vd kvA BM SzA TA XkdA RBLTA  ȷ
 oL jAk A en kvA Ao{ kM SwU Y BhA LT  BUA SFU
.o{ ^BU BoXA  BA \A RBLT wE  SdLA WdM KTA

$
*5
: BA
 2500 d  L ka\ E 15  Bjk   KTA  \ U SB
eB~A  ^Ajk SU B .vA KTA   o jk BM hA KTA
gnBTM S BA ȷ  Bi qM LTA RpBTA B 孼BhA o{E FM hA
 嬱\A ƪA \TA B  \A }h B  S\ ɗBXA ȪA \A
: BUBh E
 unjA MA gz (BvA M]E) ɷ 586 v i ]o wA gz vLA
(ThA) h  (KmA dU ȗ KA T) ɷ 588 w A i ]o
hɫ  ɷ734 v (k~A zɟ  dA [ɯ hɫ ) ɷ699 v
.ȦdA A hM RBh ȷ  ɷ697 v (vA)
.ɷ677 w A ]o oLA jnA M vdA hM ȃoA oz (LA [)
.ɷ772 v i ]o kd kA o B (~A kA{ bo{)
.ɷ699 v ]o wA gz (hA o~Th)
.ɷ 834 w ȦBA BLA u M Ȧ (A  ȗ j\A o~)

$
*7
: njB~A
263.| / \A v / 7Z / wkA RBLTA w

$   95 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
KB]  ozA nkdA d~ A kk\A ozA kT ] BM ȗ U
.k oLA vA

$
*3
: uwFTA
kvA SM ȗ A BUnmM S  ozA kT ] uwFU kM LTA m SvwFU
.ɷ1354 w ϧl  AozA d ȗ A odM C w

$
*5
: BUBTd
B\ jq   \A BA BM oLU TA KTA \  SFU LTA A
kqU  TA  A A RBɄhA  B u  L B JBT C 3 
Bo  ȯB{B cUBA  ȦdA  (ThA) JBT BA Bh 50 
BA (BLA) SM A ozA kT ] STA Bk BnBjpA ZE LTA S k
.(BU k) vA nBzA ȗ

$
*7
: njB~A
259.| / \A v / 7Z / wkA RBLTA w

$   96 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.Mo AoA kA ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
 A ~A i AoA ȗ aA A RBLTA Ʉ ɗ LTA m SB
jBw ǱwA  C nAkA vdA kL kvA BvwA o\A oz MAoA oA
RBhA  KTA uB B ] We (ɷ1380  ɷ1299) vdA oA
.^B  ^BMjA ^kT SB

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Mo ȗ oA ϼM qe YjBe oYG  LTA m ȗ oe K{ ɷ1333 w
njBA RBhA fBvTwA  KTA AozM oiE o Bvwƫ B BLT  ST
.B
cB kvA \ A (ɷ1380 w) nAkA vdA kL kvA B kM LTA STA
KTA KLU  U  vTM nAkA jB kvA ke ^Aoiƫ B Y nAkA
.hnFTA  A RBwA  鼫B\ BA BA B j]A
KUBA  (zA B~U A nmA) Tw ȗ ȯAoA nqM BE gzA Bol
.(MoA A JAjC) MBT ȗ Akp ]n]

$
*7
: njB~A
306.| / joBzA kA n / Mo ȗ A odA gnBU - 1
.텧A jB Bw / Mo VAoU - 2

$   97 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.ozA ]  () vdA B ozA coA Jo ~e o ȗ U

$
*5
: BA
eB~  Y RBh A BBM L JBT A 15  d AqhA m U
d~ 200 Bjk L We A ABM  A  KmA BM q k i
nz n  AnA d~ : eB~A m A  wT  o  oL \dM ȅi
 () jB\vA BA A Jv kɛ hM ɛnA o T A kT nw 
Bd~ ϧB o] kdɧ ɷ 1225 v ]o A gnBU  ȗA hBM
B hM ]oU owE M  A jn] owA tn Ȃ jAkM  BLT Bo{
ve Anq Jv hA  BX nk n~M d B owBU zA ȗ A
.(k kA E) AA wA  ɷ 1252 v ]o A gnBU 
: BE Y uB AqhA U 
Mn K~  o{ Ap  ȗ  BAp Sw  K~M { Aoi   ZBU
o\e ƧƦBM q o{  o{ (16) ɧ Kl  ZBTA AmM  ƧƧ 94 
 k ȗ d ZBTA Am  ƧƧ 383 RBozA ɗ ƧƦA \  oeE
.(tB) {  X A
ȗ Kl RAjn SvM  k  (Bi Ȧ ve) nLB oA BAkA w Be
ȗ  Kl  RAjB VY   k\A oiA joqA  oL 텛 jn  w
.RBA  joqA  nB\eA B keA 
 k  Kl LM ~  ƫ   Bi Ȧ ve AkA Kl  k w
.k\A oeA RBA  텛 13  joqA  텛 12
.Kl  nAk  (x) j  Kl  Zow
 ZBU B oeA RB 텛 (77) M q {BdM Kl n BAoE  Co
.jB tB  jop RB nB\eFM q Kl n
.joqA  o\e tBBM q oAj w ȗ (kMpBM) mU [j
 nB\eA B  cw ȗ  ƧƦBM AoɄA Bq KmA  AoL o B]p
.joqA  RBA
.ɷ 1276 v BT ]oU RBBM q Ͻj tEn zM Kl {
.RB  po nB\eFM q MAoT Kl 텛 93 B MB~
.BX 15 p RB jop nB\eA  ƧƧ k
.po  jop RB nB\eBM q nBp e
.ƧƧ 24  w  ǱTd ^Bw 13   ƧƧ 
.BX 400 oiE jA  B  p KmA  k

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
XA RAo\A  ABM ü ɷ 528 w Te vdA oA Aqi SB k
Lɛ  AkA njBA  vA RBɄhA A ɗBɃBM XA ɛAoA jB\vA 
oE BM k{oTvA wBLA hA   vdA  BA   AoA  ɄvA
jv BvA MnBd kE k B mA z]  Bp  AqhA ȗ B \M
B  ț\vA BvA UB nBw AqhA z] K A kM  ɷ 528 w ț\vA
oFM T z] Bi A kM jv BvA kM ^AowA BM k{oTvA 雰 Bz\A MBU
.uBA  AA oiA  K mA ț\vA jv BvA 
oA Aqi eB~ SL Mo  MBA nB oYA   ɷ 1216 w
zeA \ ȗ jw MA AnB{ mA AqA keA k k] k 幖ozA vdA
.AqhA ȗ RBhA A  oLT KmBM h oL d~ Mo 

$
*7
: njB~A
1990. w BL joBzA kA n .j Mo ȗ A odA gnBU - 1
. 1959 w tjBvA k\A țAoA ȪA \A \ - 2

$   98 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
.pAozA B o\A wnkA BM ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
ɈBɟ kvA  Bd~A ve gzA k  1941 / ɷ1360 w SvwFU
B  TwBoA l vdA kL kvA k ȗ BT Al  RojpA B zoA
.ǰAoA eoA kL gzA BTM
$
*5
: BUBTd
Bn U We XkdA BA RBLTA  oLTU  AoBw k RBLT kA  ȷ
.h 200 BM  k\ 2000  oXA
$
*7
: njB~A
229.| / 3Z / AoBvA u / AoBw k gnBU

$   99 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
ȗ wA A B] nA\M () BoA w M Ȧ BA ko d ȗ U
.wkA oA kA
$
*3
: uwFTA
kM () BoA w M Ȧ BA ko A SkE oA CoA  gvM LTA REkM
RBLT M  eB~A  \ BA  LT U  BA o ɷ202 B UB
oA ȗ Bw KTA AkBM U LTA RmiE koA BM wU     幼jA
Ȗ 幖ThA KTA C vU LT o\A MBvA oA ȗ SdLA o\A MAoA
BTBM  S B B jBTwA Bw  BB  LTA jnA SLUoU ɷ681 B
ȗ B ^B~~i S  Si TA kk\A BLA A ^BMAoi SdLA TA kA
.E nmA 雱A

$
*5
: BA
BTeBv LU AoA ȫwA pAoA  L MA YY  FTU BdA LTA BM
^Bv oz vi  oXA B pT B LT RAq\TM q\ 229456  d
BA BkeE B   BA BA u\ M B ok BwEo TA nAjA M B
 ]nj ȷ) oA kA jBw A LTA hU  ȮA BA ȯBXA  nAjA
 幫BA LTA okM ~T B  ϧl ȗ kBv (BdA K~ ȷB K~
ozA  pBhA  o~TA   o񼪧A v  d~TA v : oiA BvE ϧB
ȗ nAjA U  hA  woA  ZAoiBM |BhA ȮA vA  tnBA  RBkhA 
KTA  hA KTBM BhA pBhA M MBA Am u ȗ k] B ȯBXA MBA
d zU  幼L]A RBBM LA KTA v : A tnBA S k  LA
RAozM jq oL Bɛ ȷ  RBɄhA vɛ  幼dA BA RB   24
un Bok  JBTA MBT gnBU Kve  kA Kve ] woM pBTU  pBhA
Kve ~ tnBA  ȅi JBT (13.000)  oXA ϧB  RBhA v
BvA   JBTA A Kve Y  JBTA  Kve Am  啧ƪA wA
 KTA d~U  B   oL v   Bd~A v oiA LTA
 jAnA  B{A veFM BToip  JBT LwBA B{A wn  A B
Bok  L]A KTA v ϧB  ȮA vBM vA Am   AoA RBA
o SA zA  RBA ThM MTA L]A KTA B zU  v un
 ǱTdU ^] ^B~U ~ 25 M oL B ȗ 隽  : uBA v 
ikA k 婧BA BdA ȗ  o{ B njB KT B lA 幪 oBil  uB
k]  o Ao  k] oL ]B]p k B 隽 ]B]p k kBzU B
BA hM d~ ϧB ϧm () KB MA M Ȧ ƪA oA BA hM AqA
 () vdA BA BBM Th ɗ hM  AqA k]    () vdA
 d oiC ȗ  KT k  () vdA M Ȧ kMBA p BA hM d~
M Ȧ kM oTA LT jBA h  A A ϦA   dA ) BTA nBLA
 () o] M w BA hM d~ k] B (KB MA M Ȧ M ve
: BTA nBLA  KT k  () BɃoA w M Ȧ BA hM d~ ϧm
m ȗ uBA   (ke  ϦA) vA  Ti  ((w M Ȧ LT))
jBdA oA A ]o  oA CoA B oe Lzi cB  KzhA  Ao BA
 BMo 30  zU oL e ^BA ϧB  An M\E   o\A oz
 ^Ak] ] nBBM Bd  Lm eA  婽oA AoA  q]  ǱTd Mo
(^Aow oz keA l AoA) M oA AoA X T  oX eB~ ϧB
^Aow 11   d  ǱTdU lA K\  m zM AoA Am KUn We
ovA B (...M  A ) X () oe BA M A ovA EkL Bd
EkL We oA AoA ȗ  B () oe BA M ^BA EkL (oiA) oz jBdA
o{BA ovA B () odM ȯBXA ovA EkL Be  (Tv Ao   ) M
pA (A) odM WBXA ovA EkL Be  () oe BE M EkL A K\
 wA ovA Te  Am  pA A oe BE M EkL wBTA ovA B
tnk LT ɷ1306 B A TMBT gnBU ]o AoA Am  oe ow M k o ow
JBT RBhA v ȗ njBA RBhA   KB MA M Ȧ wA ȯAk
BovA A BA  A (nB\{A |Ai) JBT  ǱdA RB AkLA \
n (141)  bozA  RBUBL ^{ (744) z mA  MoA A A Y
tBM xBA  MT RBh ϧm j]A uBA AdA  Bv
Th eB~  (w 80  *  w100) tBM Ao B B w 35  *  w 39.7
 XeBLA B zU ȷ  B RBB LTA ȗ k]U  嬱A T  hA
BA B ϧB  BA  eAoA Bw B oTU B]o oL B  孼dA
 kAo\A  d~ ^BB wA MBA ȗ  BɄ oiE B ϧB  Bv
.nkA RBozA
A Th ȗ ^BMBT (150000)  oXE woA  ~A KTA  LTA U
KTA  SA zA B A oXA m j]  oBM  JAjA  A 
jB\vA d~A JBTɟ BE Ʉh (13000)  oXɟA SM TA njBA hA
Ȧ ƪA oE B A d~A JBT  () vdA M Ȧ kMBA p B
k oX M kd M n~ wBA MA JBT LTA ȗ k]  () KB MA M
M kd M n~ wBA MA Lw)  v BLUB hM n  o ɷ 393 B
^BL  A ] ^ABTMA ɷ 393 w A Mn o{ ȗ tM kzA  oX
SLT ve M Ȧ MA hM 텛 k]U B (Vn   K   BL  UBo
.ɷ421 B
: LTA o
 ^BnAjA BA  BB hU AoA ȗ wA n\A iAj o k LT񪦧
k iAj Ȗ 匰oA m RBAq  jB~U TA ȷ  oiC BLUnA B u   ^B
: B BTLT ϧB kz
.jBMC keE nB{ ȗ U  BoA k\v LT  1
: B kz k ZnBi BA Mn ]Ai k U  Mn ]Ai k\v LT  2
.Ao ȗ U  Ϧ LT  3
.jq k ȗ U  op LT  4
.Bo k ȗ U  ko LT  5
: tnBA B
|Bi keA k\  KTBM Bi tnBA  RAk\ oz  oXA LTA S
 Y o{BL ƫ wA Y oL hM JBTA A KT We R\A woM
om ϧl kM Y ow  oXE ^BBeA   MBT ƪA EkM ow A om Y ƪA
ϧm 峃o   JBTA uB omU ϧl kM  MBT ȗ ƪA LT B oiC
AlA B om ϧm owA jk  RBd~A jk  MTA d~A eBv uB
  nA  om ϧm hA   KUBA wA KTɗ ^Bi JBTA Bɟ
.qhA ȗ n SLX  oTz A k B AlA JBTA k wA ^AoiE  BhA
: LTA RB
 oX   ɗBY RB Bɗ oYA  A BTE  LTA k ^Ao
 KTA B jBLTU BA ɗ RBB\A  BA RBLTA  A  A B\A
\  oBA LT A  A kA LT  BUBA LT  B~UA B BwoA
ȗ A LTA  opA LT  Bvo ȗ A LTA  幽nw ȗ MoA A
 ^ RBB\A M RBLT  (Ak) k ȗ A LTA  ϧm  o~
.AoA ȗ wA n\A ȗ j]A RBB\A
: LTA RBE
Te  ^BeBL BXA BvA  ^B dA XeBLA  B BMAME LTA cTU
.^ABv BXA BvA

$
*7
: njB~A
.Ǳn tk BTwA BTBoM no oe
.ɷ1405 w /13 jkA / keTA \

$   100 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
.() BoA w M Ȧ BA ko oe ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
.ȯBnA fn B{ BvA p ȗ ɷ809 w A BvwFU ]o
$
*5
: BA
U lA wA B o{ RAl ȷ  AoG ȗ A RBLTA  LTA m oLTU
M  RBA Th  hv A 500 d BLT jk M k BkE  KTA uB
B  hv 1000 B n~A gvA SM 凱h A 31 d RBhA jk
 RBLTA  A jBLTM LTA U RBhA m tnB U ^Ak\ 13
LTA m pBh ȗ j]A KTA  A o~U T B oiA RBvwƪA
 B Aq]A SL Bi oz B nk~U SB  Xke oUL q]E wAM
.jB{o B] LT KT ^Aoiƫ BA S k  幖Th RAoT
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 SL k MpA Bi ƪA kL q oYA   1587 / ɷ996 w
.vA RBhA  KTA  LTA m Aqi
$
*7
: njB~A
262.| 11Z wkA RBLTA w - 1
24.| Ǳn tk BTwA BTBoM no oe - 2

$   101 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
.JA wnk BM ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
 ɷ1086 w ϧl  JA wnk BM ȗ ǱoA KA cB MA ApoA BvwE
vA RBhA  KTA jAkA RkAqU UB kM  KTA  ^AoL ^Ajk B oT{A
.A  AkA \T B

$
*5
: BA
A Th ȗ  zA B o{A  E FM  RBh LTA m U
813  ^Ak\ɫ 3626 d KTA jk M kɗ A Te LU  TA  kA
.鼪\ eT LTA m JAME  ^BL 1992 ^Bh

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.Sk Bk (Bi B) wnk LT KT BM SdA ɷ1310 w
 L nj  RBvwƫ  oX KT BA SkA jAkA A JA wnk SkM Bk
.oz
 (o] Apo)  KT BA S Bk kz k ȗ hA RBLTA  SdLA
.BXA KT KT ϧm
 BLT SoU  LTA m SE ɷ1320 w A ɷ1314 w M oTA ȗ
BT \T ϧl kM BUo{  BTA BA RjB   Th RBvwƫ  jAoA
 Ak\ B   BTA KTA SdB BM kz ȗ A pdA  vA
.tnBA

$
*7
: njB~A
/ ( Aj) ȮëBhA Ȧ kvA / kz  pe ȯ BA  MBw pA {nAq
56.| / 2~

$   102 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
.jAqoM wnk nA\M n~A AA i jB{o k\v BzA ]AA ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
BLɄBLA kw kvA eoA A BLT A L  ɷ1365 w SvwFU
STi L  h M JBT A MnA M B LTA REkM k  ȯBA
A ȷ  MAo ve ZBdA B{ ok B  TYn  BLBLA kvA wBM B]
.keA kvA Ao{BM  RBLTA  B\ ȗ ~~hT L  nAkU
$
*5
: BUBTd
ǱTdU SdLA  AkA  A i  qA noM LTA m KT RjAjpA k
LA KTA jk M k 幖ThA RBBM d  RBL  RBh 
.Bƫ hM  wA A Th ȗ RBh 2306  JBT E 20
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ϧm ^BLU  kz k BA oAj A jB{o B] RB STA ɷ1377
.BA oAj Ao{A SdU LTA RnB
kM   LTA BM SkU   AkA kM kA kM SB ɷ1403 w
JwA  kk] BA ȗ BBA LTA SFTwA AoA ȗ wA nXA nB~TA
A L  oL jk BjBUo BA oAj ȗ vA B 郱 SdLA  kk]
.^B }h{ 200 jk ~ XeBLA
.oA ǱoA od qoA LTBM ^Aoiƫ LTA m BdG U
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / jB{ o B] gnBU tAo

$   103 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / oA
w aTA jBaL M KeB~A kA ]n  KUBA nAj ȗ U LTA mɷ SB
.oA k ȗ BA  (995 / ɷ 385)
$
*3
: uwFTA
M KeB~A ] TA wA gnBU ȗ ~hzA RBLTA E  LTA m oLTU
k ȗ nAj ZnBi LTA m STA UB kM LA v Tki BYA BLT jBL
.w 35 BBz oTwA  oA
$
*5
: BUBTd
峖vA RBA  ɗ BLɓE JBT E 117  oXA U LTA m SB
BjAn dM ϧl BjBUnA Ʒ jBL MA \{ wnAkA  B ^Aqo SB
.k qA] ɼAkA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
M b) BvA  K E ]nj A KTA ] Ld  JBaTA  jBaL MA B k
A TLT  ȗ TLn k KLvM A BE TA AnpA B  BG (n~
.nBhM A KTBM oiAqA
(TLw MA) M oA ǱqA kd oeE (ɷ422  ɷ390) M oTA ȗ
An ^BkM U BLT A \dM oiA zA RBLTA A BBM LTA m KT
.BA BMA Km SLXU ]A 
$
*7
: njB~A
]oU / BLvA  kd .j / ȫwA kU  Ϯo nj k]Bv B BhMBT y
145.| / U{ Ȧ .j

$   104 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
nA nB{ ȗ () ~A ɄB kvA ko   Bv  kA w U
.(Ȗ\A zoA A C nB{) M A vA
$
*3
: uwFTA
JB{ A C kvA \ zoA jd kvA L  ɷ1385 w LTA SvwFU
v kE   mA oLA ȗ k A MA E mA (tk) Ȗ\A zoA kA
ZnBi A TnjA AlA oLA Am ȗ j ȗ k] nB~ mL A BE  LTA JBLM
kvA eoA LT B RBMBT  unAo  ^BTd ^Bv  ɗk A   k
zoA
$
*5
: BA
K~T  21500 LU nA  eBv  kz MA YY  LTA BM TU
o]BM Bz BLA Ank]  (tk) Ȗ\A zoA kvA ko BLA ik nBv 
: ȷ BvE k  LTA TU  .BmA  BzA AA oXM qTU  oYA
BTwo  B~U  B BdA  RBhA BoM  mA RBhA v
 LTA \w ȗ Bjn  Kve KTA ol  nBL woA [  幼 wo
Am  oz  h  RBTd j   B SLT TA RBA Kve
BBM }Th mA RBLA v ϧB  ȮvdA keE kvA WeBLA vA
B]BTd TA KTA odTM  mA dA  ƪA vɛ  ozA  BLA
LA  hA KTA o~U BBM  mA o~TA v  WeBLA  dA
Am oz ZnBhA  iAkA  LTA A jnAA RBLA LU Xkeq]E  
 AnjA v  oiA BA RBLTA  n~A A jBLU   vA
n~A KTA qh B oiE BvA ϧB  啼d~TA  k\TA v  RBMBvdA
Th  LhTA  vA RBɄh n~ hv A YY  ǱTd mA
v ϧB  幽nkA R\A  d~ {nA v ϧB oiA BA RBLT
.oiA nA  KTA tnB ovA jB{nBM  mA oULA
jAkE JBTw ϧl  2 A25 A BTeBv S Te LTA BM wU U k
We BjAn oXM LTA pBTU  JBT  3 A ~U k TA hA KTA
B]nBi  AoA iAj  oAp 2000  JnB B ^B BjBUo
$
*7
: njB~A
oTj nAkA .B Ͻ nj / (tk) Ȗ\A zoA A C Roe ȫ BhMBT
.ȫ MAn

$   105 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
.ozA ǱLA odA  MoA nAk\A ȗ LTA m U
$
*3
: uwFTA
eB~A o U BA We RBLTA  ^Ako  ^Akk] ^B LTA m oLTU
/ ɷ1391 w ȗ BeBTTA B  qqA kL M ~ ϦA p ȗ SzE 幖ozA
.1971
$
*5
: BA
jB\vBM {o  ^Ak] ^Aq\U q\ ȷ BA  [dA nAp A MBU LTA m
 hA eB~A  oL ^AjAkA U TA BA RBLTA oLA  oLTU XA
M  nBL LTA  啽ozA ǱLA k\vA A ȫwA BA BdE  AkA
uB\A o WdM k\vA  U RBB B  J\A A BzA  kT Tv
U vA oA  oiA  keA To   ȷ  k\vA ȗ B  B
 B BM LTA d~BM ~TU TA nBYA M B BA  ozA eB~A
B KT k  BA MA ZBBM oA owA tMA Kzi  A : AqhA
xA M ZBBM B Swn B oA CoA  o RBC A  ZBBM
w BUkE k\v ȯBXA tBL o~ɫ ki kA ɫ k RBAqhA m  \A
 ^B] BjAp B BA ȗ RBozM RBAqhA m Sp k  1910 / ɷ1328
B  LT񪦧  mA WkdA pAoA   LTA Aqi  ȯBXA A BA n
ȗ B k  Am 幦] n ȗ Ro Te B~TM ȮTA k  ZB]qA  JAMA
BThA Sn k  ȯBXA kA m oA tBdA  BTh ozA ǱLA k\vA
.LTA ȗ BT탰 BMAMA LTA SdT B  k\vA 
: LTA vU
d U ȷ  BB\eE  Bi B] Y BTkE KvdM LTA ȗ eB~A SLUn
ϧB  o\A tjBvA oA A i j B B  幄h B ^Bd~ 1774
ɷ1240 w kA ȼd  LT ] hM AqA n  JT h d~
MnA UBBe  po  ^Ak] ϼw d~A m   ǱLA odA A AkE 
eB~A KB] A LTA U 婒 155  d d~A Am q  ME kM
XA BAkBM LTA Ank] Sp k  婽oA CoA  RBC B SLT oYE RBe
kL BvA  jd BvA X BXA vA M hM SLT RBe B
.jd M k\A
$
*7
: njB~A
111.| / nB~A tkA kL nA kA nBYC
/ ɷ1409 w / 1 / A kvA kd .j / gnBTA oL ozA ǱLA k\vA
.1988

$   106 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
.ozA ǱLA k\vA  M\A \A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
nB keA ȟoTA BA BvwFTM B kA MoA RBLTA o{A  wE  ȷ
 h BL MB KTA BT oL ^Aj] mM mA ɷ1270 w ϧl  Se
oX RAnB B A  A A jBUo ^BBY ^Aqo LTA m U A  |oe
.nA kA  LwA ȗ
$
*5
: BUBTd
 ^BMBT 5404  d B KTA jk M k BnkE  KTA uA  LTA ǱTdU
B kTM LTA RqU B A  MjA  A 鼃AA 鼪] ȗ ^Bh
.BjAo RBkhA
$
*7
: njB~A
105.| / 3Z / nkM wBLA kL FU / nA k BzA gnBTA

$   107 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.qj wAM M LUoU  ȪBA o~A  JoBM U SB
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ395 w BXA jB]  o{BA ɗ A oFM BdA ȪɄBA hA BFzE
SɈ TA LTA m A qM ȪɄBA o~A Aqi KT SB kɛ  1004
.o\A tjBvA oA AE Te JAMA eT
$
*5
: BA
LTA S{oɗ  BA TAqi KT dM oE  nAkA mM ɟBdA hA TA k
B üU  B wA o }~hU U  oBTvBM BMAME S  XA jB\vBM
BA B  v B }~hU U B oLe A  n  BjAo RB]BTeA
SɃ k  oɈBA  tnkA  WdLA o Ʉ RAoTɗ Bɗ  AB mA
.AmC ȫwA BA RBLT E  kU SB WdM KTA  oL ^AjAkE LTA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Bk ^BB B mhT B] A A ϦA z A kM nAkA m SA k
hA oE A ϦA B kM   vn  LBM oE  BwA Km
.BUnAjG { (dBLA M FA) op  k  BTBn  BdT A BeFM oA
JodA KLvM oBA ȗ BXA qAoA țBM  LTA RnoU 1068 / ɷ461 w
 İBA M  ȪBA BM o~TvA h AA AjvA oBv M eBA
25 M (qA ZoA ME)    AA keE B mA ke M kA o~ jBM
.M BA TvU  vA l ȗ  K MB nAkA m  KTBM ^d ^AoM
w ϧl  ȪB i oiC (kBA) B Te JAMA eT LTA m S k
MA kA b B  j] LM ϧl kM LTA S훰 lA 1171 / ɷ567
hv 2400 A  Te Y   e i B A BBM KTA  AL mA
AA RB~hzA keA A SE A  KmA BM Ʉh oA CoA 
o ȗ SA  BM SoeE  KTA  meA S A om  孼ɼMA v
ϧl o  JAoTA  oBM Si  U {  oiE KT Swka  奼A
wnk BB M  nAkA m MA kA b k ^AoiE  (KTA U) 郱M
.Bz
$
*7
: njB~A
BLvA  kd .j / ȫwA kU  Ϯo nj k]Bv B BhMBT y  1
138.| U{ Ȧ .j ]oU
hA  ^ 1966 w 3 454| L{ keE .j / wA MoTA gnBU  2
M oLA  ^  210| 3Z ȫwA kTA  ^  458| 1Z qo
79.| 4Z ki

$   108 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.opA B\ MBTA BLA wnkA L ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ (KTA Aqi) M vU SB  A UFz m opA B] LTA m Sp
(cB ohA ME) ȪBA o~A ȗ BkA Aj BTBE T  ȪBA o~A  郱
gzA Bj Bk 1897 / ɷ1314 w A ]oU B LT BvwFU o  
B] nE RBLT ȗ oTA KTA RBT{ 鼪\U A o񖪧A  BA kL kd
 BA  dU   Aw ke  o  LA 鼪] B kTv opA
m L cE A kM LTA m ^Ao T BLA wnkA L  nBTiA 雰
B\ MBTA woLA wnkA BBM RmhUA  KT kk] KAj S  wnkA
.BA LTA m ^Bd
$
*5
: LTA RBTd
 BeB~ o  M o~ ȗ BA RBLTA  oXA  LTA m RqU
幼wA RBwAnkA T{ ȗ XkdA RBƪA  kA njBA BLT  BUBh
AkBM LTA m U ȗ BwA A BA  BA kL kd gzA Bj Bd
TA BhA RBLTA E   kA m  oXA JB\TwA BA BhA UBLT
: ȷ opA LTA A TYn E BMBdA BAkA
uE  ȷ  ^Ak\ (1484) RkE k  1898 w / B{BM BME Bw LT
.BhA RBLTA
.^Ak\ 2857 M LTA }i  1912 w / B{BM e LT
.^Ak\ 1458 BUAk\ jk  1927 w / AoA njBA kL gzA LT
.^Ak\ 3365 BUAk\ jk  1938 w / A ShM kd gzA LT
.^Ak\ 1452 BUAk\ jk  1941 w / MBLA kA u{ gzA LT
.k\ 1000 BUAk\ jk  1925 w / BC v LT
.Ak\ 818 BUAk\ jk  1938 w / woA ~ gzA LT
BUAk\ jk  827 w / BvA A kL gzA iE  BvA AoMA gzA LT
.^Ak\ 590
.^Ak\ 392 BUAk\ jk  1922 w / M ȉe AoMA LT
ohA \A oM SjE k  opA LT BM oU  kL kd gzA LT BE
.KTA nAj A ^AoiA S Y (qB\A JnkM) wA
B KT 7703 ȷ ɷ1314 w opA LT BM REkM TA KTA jk B k
An  AoUA An  MnBA An Ak 幛nA RBLT  BT  ^BMBT 6617
nA m RBLT ǱTdU  幫BA LTA A BUBLT   SoTA TA kB~A
BA LTA RoT{A ϧm  (njAA) wA B A njB RBh  YXA
 ovTA CoA   eB~A BM  ^B 27 B jk M  ^BMBT 1086
eB~A    .MnA KAmA   BA A  失A  c~A WkdA
ȗ j  M kd oBA wBM BkeE  eB~ LTA BUTeA TA
nBME M keE)   LeB wA   JT BM  BM |Bi k
 hɃ RB\ɫ ^BA LTBM k]U  1323 / ɷ323 w (Ȧ汪A
 B oA jk o~TM kdTA  MBTA vA  SB njBA RBhA
MTA oA \ BA SA B oA Am  RBXM oBA A RkE
k  .opA   SB eB~ k M ȷ  MoA hA  ȗA hBM
 Am ^B 60 A B jk UnA  k\  d 1983 w BUAk\ jk M
.d 982 ȗ Aq]A m U Aq]E Lw ȗ nk L to LT񪦧
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k\ A 200  kq B  ǱTdU ȪBA kA ȗ opA KT Aqi SB k
A KTA m Se  ȫwA BA jM Th ȗ ^AAoY BX   A oBw ȗ
m ~ S kɛ  ȪɄBA A oBM ɟBdA BFzA TA A nAj  dA nAj
.opA B] A ϧl kM KTA
Te B B SM  oLA nA\M opA LT 郱 B 1753 / ɷ1167 w
 B\ nBA UBBG ȗ ϧl kM BijA We (AkhT eoA kL) oA Bk
.^AAoY RjAjpF nA RBLT  BLT Sp
 BMnE A KTA  RBhA uB  oXA opA nE RBLT  JovU k
w BA  Aj  `oA nk Am  k  KTA owBw wAM BUBLT
Rk  UAnBe  opA nE  BBTA  k]BvA RBLT jo\M 1853 / ɷ1270
A ]oA k  ^Ak\ 8564 vA ϦU ȗ RAk\A \ M k  \w ȗ
JoA  BBwE A vA KTA m  k] A k] 1935 w \vA Am
A A B]o   opA ZnBi L]E kE A BMovU k \vA u A Am 
.AozBM
ȷBU SB TA  nBL B{BM Ȧ Ao{BM khA KTA nAj SzA 1870 w
S   opA nE RBLT A BLT U A nAkA m knE k  unBM LT
BBe   BB ȗ LU E A  AmT opBM oA E  nB oA m
.AjAnE B  B
$
*7
: njB~A
.oBA 1983 w / 1Z / ǰBzA kd qqA kL .j / B]  ^BB] opA
$   109 
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
. 350d zj nvA BA  kLU TA Ke k ȗ LTA m U

$
*3
: uwFTA
o\A MAoA oA G jU TA  ȫwA BA ȗ RBLTA A  LTA m kU
(ɷ357  333) M oT Ke e mA ȯAkdA kA w oA  We
.{B M BX MA oBzA BTBA U k\ A 10 Ke ȗ KTA Aqi 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 BMjA  {Be e \ A  Jjݧ LdM ȯAkdA kA w o k
MAnBA vA  ȯBA ZoA MA KjA  LTA KA MA oBzA  wA
KTA  oXA ]oTM B  qA] B k (țAoA v) KLA  BA B 
.LTA m ȗ S탰 MoA A A BovA 
Aqh k mA ȯBA MBT  k Kl nBj A ȯBA ZoA MA B B
.ȯAkdA kA w
u]  Ke B] jvA q Ke MA kA b ij k  ɷ579 w
.B B    KTA  ] B nBTiA  A BLT Aqi ȗ
RBLTA  Bo  LTA m A o  ozTvA  XMBA kA RkTA k
 JBzhA MA kA MA  dvA MA RBLT ȅA kA B] opA LT X
A BvE Kl We A M o B L   Ke ȗ BhA RBLTA  Bo
.BMnE RBLT
$
*7
: njB~A
/ BLvA  kd .j / ȫwA kU  Ϯo nj k]Bv B BhMBT y - 1
140.|
7. / jkA / A \ - 2

$   110 
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
oBA wnkA BM u ȗ ǱA B\A Jo B{ (koM JBM)  ȗ U
ϧm  qA jd kzA  kA b Ϧ oMB LTA i U  oLA
.MoA hA dT
$
*3
: uwFTA
w oiAE ȗ  ɷ 677 w B unkTA EkTMA vM wnk LTA AkM SB
LT A BdU  wnkA m BBM ^AoE B{BM Sek ȯBXA ȧAA nkE ɷ1295
MBdA  B]  oAq\A oB gzA B k  Bo  A KTA \U B
 BA  woA RBvwƪA SBw B BhA RBLTA RAoz  \A eoM
\ M k  幫B LT SdT  KT  k BM LTA kqTM XA
 孽kMB kA  BwEo oi ] A Rk ^BMBT 2453 AkLA ȗ KTA
TA nAkkLA toLM oBA ϦA A Lv oBA A KTA nAj M ^Aoiƫ Sw
.ɷ 676 w oBA wnkA FzA
$
*5
: BA
oA keG S~~i We 幪kA oBA wnkA BM Bv ȷ LTA BM A
XBY o  RBh oiE o  tnB oAk BL ȦvA MBA ȗ oLA
BXA  XeBL BAkeA B BTB ɗ k]Tɗ ǱA MBA BA R\
XeBLA B M ^AoiA LTA SB k  KT Bqh  nAj o  oTv
   o{BL M LTA LUoU mA MoA A \ B 隽 TA MBA BLA A
.(MoA A \) wBM \ nk~  A  BdA  VAoTA dU 
: BUBTd  LTA B
LT  oA LTA ȷ RBLT oz  LTA KT A \A eo REkM k
 BvA LT  BhA LT  ǰoA BX A LT  A B{BM A kL
LTA  BA LT  ǱA B\A ɗ MBhA SM LT ɄBvvA LT
B B KTA jk  k  BL B] LT  keA LT  {BvA
\ M  .^Bh 3830  ^BL ^BMBT 9296 B ^BMBT 13126 A 1982
jqA A  BAk {  KTA UFU  JBT 100.000 ɷ1403 B KTA
B] KdM VAoTA k A nAp ȫA jB{nA BXA nAp ȷ LT񪦧
ȗ BB miU We RBLA A A KTA m vU zj B]  Ke
E A Kve BA tnBA ZnAjE ȗ T BM B U A kM KTA jTv
B jkdU RBBLA KB] A khTvU TA poA  AA KvdM E ƪA KvdM
o (|) w () oL () \dA  () oe ȷ  oA ȗ JBTA
(|) qn mA BqA JBT KB] A (|) qn mA ^X A JBT kBz 񪼗
XeBLA B k  BA KvdM  Bpn Kve o\ KTA KUoU A lA ^BA
pB]  njBA RBhA o~U   A Th ȗ ]AoA A k]U
|Bi v ϧB  o~TA KeB Ln Kve  o񼪧A  n~ B fBvTwA
m nBTwA   幪kA R\A  d~ oiC vɛ  RBnkA  R\
1200 LTA ȗ RBhA jk L LTBM |Bi nBTwA B Kve KTA
SkhTwA k  h 200.000 L RBhA RB ȧB]A BA h
RBhA oU  Be ]A  nvA BXA nAp  L  k Tw oLi
Le M keE BA JBT X oXE E w 100 A RBhA v gnBU ]o 
(BvA w) JBT  dA  KA ȗ njB RBh B  ɷ 266 B JTA
CoA gv LTA ȗ XA uBA  .ɷ355 B KT BvA kw M ke
.ȯBXA kdA kL ȯBXA BvA k A ]o B B oA
 BA j ^ABv 6/30 BvA Te ^BeBL 8/30 BvA  BMAMA LTA cTU 
.kA  nA K BTzA ~ ȗ B BA jk jAjq
$
*7
: njB~A
.1948 w zj / Bj keE kd oBA wnkA - 1
v  njB~A  ɷ 1405 / XBXA vA 141 | / 14 jkA / keTA \ - 2
.Ao  AoA wA n\A / ȫwA A  ȗ kA RBA

$   111 
*2
: 雱A
uU / jBn k
.jBn k ȗ KA ȮM AoE n~ keE ȗ U LTA m SB
$
*3
: uwFTA
dA  BM ^B B mA (878 / ɷ264) LA oA AoMA oA BvwE
AkM  JBTA  BA \zU  nAkA mM BA A e BM BT{A A vA 
.uU A  \A  Th
$
*5
: BA
SB lA jAkLA dA SM RBTdA  BvA  A We  LzU nAkA m A
 LTA k]U BAkeG ȗ  BLM ~T RBB 5  4 Bjk dv RBB  TU
KTA  ^Ajk ǱTdU B Aqi   KzhA  KAj  Aqi ȗ k ȷ
oE ȗ n YAkd ^ BTwA B mA kBA E oA  ivA nBThA
t\ ~~h ȧAp BhTU \A o~dA  AFM {o BUBB SB  AmE
BvB\  ^Bv\ oA oe B AlA  幧kA B]n  XeBLA nBL  BA ]
KTA Aqi KB\M  oAkA RBzBA A S~  MoT ((wo)) oow  K~
ow JBvd 񦖧A RA B dU KAj RBBA M BnA ɗ k] B
 keA C ȗ BA  wAnk ^Bv\ dA SM SB k  Bkn  KAA
o A v hv fBvA Bɟ  BTMB  KTA gv dɫ Bɗ ϧmɟ
BTwA ϧm   RBE ȗ njBA RBƪA ]Ao B cv B o]BM
.B A k]U  TA 񦖧A RA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
uB BT jAkM A Bi XM B  ȗ wo LA ȯBXA AoMA oA B
oBw ȗ |B~TiE ǰl B K\ pA ABM TXM un jq B  B KTA
 婼\U  Ϧ  dA RBƫ Bw  A KTA gv Aoz ϧm  A
kM BA ABE k  (909 / ɷ296) w o e k BA BYn k
vM  B ȯBXA AoMA oA E om  .A kE E hvTwA B oXA ϧl
M ^BBeA  B 馄A TA BoA A ȗ UA RB~A M ]oTM
(tM) JBT ]oU ϧl kƽ B  BT]oTM MoA BM TA ~A BLoA
MoA A ]oT hv  ϧm oX k  幼MoA A A RBLA  ȗ ȯBoA
. 420 w aTA (ȯBoA oM) A JvA (kA A gnBU)) JBT
B  B B wAoe  ovA T LUo  nAkA m  oz B
 (dA SM KeB) v  oB Ʒ tEo  KTA  A ]BTd B BA
.ȃBoBM nzA (ȯBLzA AoMA ovA MA) oA Am U  E
ȗ dd~A A B kA  Bo  AoA  UF RBhA A B
wBA ME   BdU  Bhv Lw ȗ  ^BBE   BT]Ao  nAkA m
m RAk\ TzU  BzU KTA cd~T nAkA m ȗ ^ W mA ApA
ZAn  B B Bo  wA kA A oBvM TU RBɃ  LTA
 B ThA RBA  ]oTA RB~A  TzU B SA ϧl ȗ d
.ϧl A B  wkA  JBvdA  KA  \TA  ϦA  vBM 
$
*7
: njB~A
.jAkM 1965 / ɷ1384 w / A vA / uBhA q\A / A \

$   112 
*2
: 雱A
uU / uU
BA ȗ nBA w  ozU TA \A ȗ TqA B]  țozA AoBM U
.uU vTA

$
*3
: uwFTA
w AA ȗ ~dA jvA kd M vdA M kd A kL MA BvA B
kM  kLA LTBM Sw TqA B] ȗ KTA  \ uLdM ɷ1000
opA  nB{BM BBeBM 1875 / ɷ1292 w BM jB~A kd ozA B BwAnkA
Sw  TqA B\M  SB mA dBM Bqo ]  nAkqi ~ kA oi
A KTA nAj A BUBh 鼪] S 1967 w ȗ  jB~A LTBM ^BA
.uTM

$
*5
: BUBTd
 uU ȗ tnAkA  eoA  k]BvA   SB LTA m KT KA
BBM TA KTA B TA vA LT Aqi BM jB kd ozA dA k B]nBi
^B KTA m SU ^Ak\1798 Bjk  BA ME M keA gzA opA 
B o{ Aj  o keA gzA KT ^BA LTA m KT   幮Y uB 
Bjk M LTA m A oLTA KTBM UoB TAqi kA oi opA BA
 BLTM BT ^Bo{  ^BB B 郰  (A nBLA) JBT B k\ 1000
.BMnE ȗ A KTA Aqi kB  B\A  B]AoiG j
KTA  k\ 300 nk B BM jBA kd A ^BA LTA m  ɛ 
RB~h{  oX KT B SvLe k  LT Aqi ~ B BɃA  A
d SvLe TA kvA SM BM kvA 啼 M ȧlBzA gzA  BUoB
w ϧl  ((MAqA jAkdA B M cB)) B]p 汧 ^AlBG KTA  q] 1200
 ȯBXA BM B{BM keE  B  LTA m  oiC  1933 / ɷ1352
d BLT jk   Aq]A MnE ȗ nMBvA LBXA ovU B njBA KTA
.tnB MnA ȗ S훰 (KT 5808)

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A BM B{BM keE BvwA TA keA LTA B BTLT TqA B] ȗ SB
/ 9 /7 ȗ fnƫ wBn oFM  幼jB~A E kLA LTA  1840 / ɷ1256 w
.uTM A KTA nAj A TLTA UB RBh 鼪]  U 1967
TeA k TqA B] KT AqhM BLwA WL BkM B  ɷ1000 w ȗ
d~M MAoA oBv i MBw SwAj  BYA uhMFM BBM  Bq uT
 k U jBU UB] 鼪]  B\A e nBA A om We KTA m B\A
.KTA o

$
*7
: njB~A
.RoM 1983 w / ]hA M kd / uU gnBU  RBd

$   113 
*2
: 雱A
kA / xjAoMAoUE 
.kA xjAoMAoUE  MBTA nLAn k ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
A 輗 kvA JA) nLAn  ȧA BvwE kA RBLT kE  LTA m oLTU
.1794 / ɷ1208 w (nj BM Bi

$
*5
: BUBTd
 幽jnA  wnBA  MoA RBBM njB h E 16  d LTA m U
M Ȧ ƪA oE B KvU oA AoA gv  oYE njB \ B B YE
kM  A B ȗ oiA ^BLT ^BA U  UB BhA kM oiE  () KB MA
oM BLUoU  BTM B  oYE h BM ȗ B탰  BAozM Bvwƫ B RB
.tnBA B 郰  

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 tBA B BMAMA cT k Bi Ȧ kBe kvA JA  p ȗ 1889 w
RBhA LM  BL ^Bv FzE B KTA  oiE oL jAkA \M B
.TA  KTA w  Bd BwA B khTwA  njBA

$
*7
: njB~A
139.  135| / kA nBA L{ RBLT

$   114 
*2
: 雱A
kA / nBM 
.kA nBM  B TM k ȗ AA BvA wnkA BM ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
B mA  1876 w (yhM Aki) BvwFTM B kA ȗ LT ȯBY o{A  kE ȷ
kM  SC h 1400 Bnk njBA KTA  RBhA  oL jAkE \M
Sw  LTA eBw ȗ j  1908 w ȗU Te BoXA LM B mA MA A
om B  ǱoA C owE  BA keA A Lv (oA LTA) M ϧm LTA
 vA A unkTM TU TA kA tnAkA kE  ȷ BvA wnkA A
.kA TM k ȗ oz ȮYA ȫBA KmA
$
*5
: BA
: LTA BvE
: ȷ BvA m   L  nAk B v  BvE vi A LTA Sv
.RBhA v  1
.LA KTA v  2
.]AoA  BA v  3
.B~A  vzA A v  4
.nAjA vA  5
: BUBTd
  MjA  RBL  njBA MoA RBhA  A LTA m U
kA ȗ vA BT ȗ B]  Boz BLM (yhM Aki)  Bvwƫ B k
w G ]o Ȫ~TvA RB M gvA hM d~ : RBhA m A 
v ]oU oodA Ȧ M wBA kd MA Bƫ hM oodA RBB ɷ668
w Bw M RBLTA  RAnB{A ɷ571 w oBv M zj gnBU ɷ 630
.ɷ584 w gvA hM KT ǰAoqA tBL M h (o~TA) JBT  ɷ520
$
*7
: njB~A
140.| / kA nBA L{ RBLT
451.| / tjBvA jkA / wA  \

$   115 
*2
: 雱A
BL / BzA uMAo
. 83 d RoM BLA BA  kLU TA uMAo k ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
MA kA E uMAo ȃB B ȫwA gnBTA ȗ RBLTA A  LTA m kU
TwA Bk  MBTA A nAj ȗ BvwFTM ɷ464 w aTA nB M vdA KB
.JBT A 100 d BvwFU A k U SB 1070 / ɷ462 w dA 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 Th AkM  A JɄ Bk~ k BA   ^Aqo LTA m SB k
 zTA oz ȗ Bw ^Aok ^BLUB B v nB MA A  Bw wA o{ SB
.(bAoA  novA bBL~  bAnA coU) MBT : B TA UBƫ i
nE   jk ȷ ) Ao\BM KTA hv ^BiBv 180 B  B A om
B \ BA ȗ oX B A oBv ƪA  BA  JBaTA B B (qLhA
.hA gvA  nk
 vA  ϦA  KA  A T{ ȗ ka\  YY d B KTA jk M
ȗ k\ E 80  ozA d~A  hv A 50 d Re B gnBTA  JjA
.ovU
e BE SB WdM nAkA m kk\TM kA E iE MA nB MA ϦA ] B
.uMAo ȗ zTA oz ^B ^Aqo
k ϧm \T  L~A TeA SdU BzA uMAo S훰 1109 / 503 w
 gv k A BUBTd  vU   j]A  Sd  nAkA m KT SoeA
.oA CoA

$
*7
: njB~A
BLvA  kd .j / ȫwA kU  Ϯo nj k]Bv B BhMBT y -  1
155.|
365.| / 8 jkA / nBYA  gnBTA ȗ RBwAnj \ - 2

$   116 
*2
: 雱A
A / B
.B ȗ oLA B\A  ozA M\A \A ȗ LTA m U

$
*3
: uwFTA
BA LTM o țozA vA  țo{  Mo v  TU LTA m A
 ɄhA KTA  \ BA Ƀ ɷ1343 B d BA  oFM SzA
k MoA vA BE ȫwA  ȮA VAoTA  ^B ^Akn A ȗ U LA
 opA ȮM LT  ϧm jE  ~hzA d BA LT  ^BwBwA ]
.o
$
*5
: BUBTd
BM h KT B %60 k\ 9000  d LTA m  țozA vA 
iAj dU RBhA m  .Bo  oA MA  ȯBzA RBƪ Bƫ hM
 MoA vA KT ~U  wo Bd E REkM k  ZB]qA   KAj
Am RBh jk ~  SA j  k AoLi k  1974 B LTA
28 BUBɃ SB  Wke țBM to B  ^BɄh 2415  d vA
KTɟ B %30 k\ 6000  d LTA m KTɟ \ A A  ^BɃ
.h
$
*7
: njB~A
.1976 / ɷ1396 w / A jkA / uBhA k\A / jnA \

$   117 
*2
: 雱A
oU / LwA
.BvA k\v nA\M LwA k ȗ qoA Am 隽

$
*5
: qoA RBTd
B LT 48 A ~U oiA RBLT  Bv BvA LT KT qoA Am 
ǱTdU TA) cUB k\v LT  (h 1300  ǱTdU TA) B] ȮM LT
2230  oXA  ǱTdU TA) kE o{B LT  (Ʉh A Tw 
 Bo  L] A kL LT  婼AoMA jBAj LT  Ȧ c LT  (Bh
.RBLTA
: woA B
BwE Kve  B\A odA  Bi RBBM qoA Am KT SLUn k
A woA ȗ (Ǳj ]) o  ϧl  KTA BwA Kve oiA  ƪA
odA oT MoA A  u od oTA A Kve RnBw B\A woA
MAn  () oe oiA  () oe oiA  () oe nBU  RAnBLTA k  ^X ()
kd lBTwA KUn k ϧm  廖h B ovA  B o ȴ ϧl  () oe 
vM   MoA A Kve  nBw LT񪦧 oiC ^Bwo woA v un d B~A
.q] 12  oXA ȗ 隽
ATeA We  LwA ȗ LTA qAoA A  oLT qoA Am A omBM ok\A
.MoA RBhA 

$
*7
: njB~A
.1968 / ɷ1388 w / 17| / vBhA vA / WBXA q\A / A \

$   118 
*2
: 雱A
BBLwA / Lo
.B 7 kM   Lo Jo B{ AoqA o~ A nBA ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
oA oBA M ȯBXA dA vkA BdA B o\A MAoA oA RBLT  ȷ
o~ ȗ BvwFTM (ɷ366  350 M oT ukA e mA (BM o~TvA) M
.BBTA  KT LdM  o B BTBoM TA  AoqA
$
*5
: BUBTd
Eo k  BLA B BhvM kA U JBT  ~ d BTnE ȗ U SB
 Swo 44 B B  BUBd  UBU KT  BLE ȯBXA dA hA
^Aj] Bvwƫ mM k   AkA BwA B ol n 50  ǱTd Swo
B LT E SB TA BMnE RBLT ȷBU BA ȗ ko LT B \ oL
1800 d U AoTA o{ J] S B ȗ (nMoTB v LT ȷ )
.k\
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 LT d]oU ke A B ^BLd KTBM ^AoLi BM o~TvA vkA BdA B k
TA BnjA  KTA p jBLT ^B\An ^Bw ukA  ] A om   xo
 ~d njB JBT MB XA BAkA k B  婧BA AkM ~E  joU SB
\T (ȯBA ZoA MA) ozA jAkM KUB A ^BLl nBj A nk ^BL wnE k
.jAkLM oz L ukA A  hv wo  (ȯBA) MBT BUBM
BvA  o B mA (oB MA M kd n~A) op kM vA SdLA Bk
oiA LA E  BM oeA  vA  RBA KT qM B vA  LmA
.BoXA U A jA B AoqA o~ oM ȗ
m RBTd LM (j) wA n~A  B Lo  oMAoLA \ oYA 
.() A B LU B ]BA   LTA
j w oYG nBA K~  Bo  LTA m KT (uBhA kBjo) ϦA ]
RAk\A  A pB\U kA Te  \M Am oeE B We ukBM wA
.hA
$
*7
: njB~A
.j ]oU BLvA  kd .j / ȫwA kU  Ϯo nj k]Bv B BhMBT y
140.| U{ Ȧ
.1959 w / tjBvA k\A / țAoA ȪA \A \

$   119 
*2
: 雱A
BTvBLA / nBzM k
.wA nBzM  BM ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
.A kL jAp KeB JA Ao{BM  1913 w LTA m SvwFU
$
*5
: BUBTd
 JBT E 56  d Bjk M RBɄhA  KTA  AoL Ajk LTA U
gv BG S k  LTA m  B U TA  njBA hA KTA RBë
.ɷ1293 w TA (ȯ] B) nBzM ȗ TA  B i
$
*7
: njB~A
1.Z / dLvU ve kd / BTvBM BBhMBT

$   120 
*1
: oTA
op  RALA bov 幮kA  ɫ kM ozA ɫodA WBY  TLA E ȷ
.n~A kA m ozLA nBA 郱  AkA

$
*2
雱A
v
BL] vw  wTA odLA  ozA A BLoU v w ȗ tkA k U
.ozA A JoA G U bw RAl
 1150 d SAodLA cw    750 d wTA odLA cw  UoU
j 52 ]nj  31 o i ^Bo{ j 13 ]nj 35  i  U
.B{
SA odLA   22  Tv i ȗ wTA odLA   52 Bv kA kLU
   婟 388 RoM  婟 88 B  kLU oeAodLA   250
. 290 zj

$
*3
: uwFTA
b M Bw M nA M BA  BBM wA A j tkA BM ȗ hnFU nm] kE A
  wLA α keA (jB ϼ) A    tkA BwE keE BA  ()
 ( . 3000) w ϧl  tkA k M  TiA  E  BA BL o{E
 E Te vA Ke  TBM (jB ϼ) o k  (tL) M Sw TA
B{ j M (B{ nA) E B{ E Bw k wA B] B   (vA Ϧ)
K~T A L ^Aj]  ^Bo ^BwA B {nA B ȧBTBM  Bw k E uwƽ
() ^BA AowA BBw  wLA BMBdA kA  kA m AowA
A BwA  wA  mA (tkA)  wA kA  K k  孼v ȗ L\ Lv
A SM  mA (tkA SM) M ϧm Sw  廮vdA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
SdLA n~A k{ nkA B L tkA SvUA () Bw LA k ȗ 
BM o{A A Bw  oLT .o~ hU G RAoA  RkTA 幧k B
.o~ BMBU ^AkL  B BA k{ h oYA
.B RBeA kM JBhA M o ȯBXA hA B 
A o B  ~A k\vA  oh~A L Ao M ϦA kL M ɷ 72 w 
.tkA A oMqA M A kL vB B oTwA TA   ZB\dA ZAA BA d
tkA k nw BM ȗ vdA MA Ȧ MBvA ȪBA hA o{ ɷ 425 w 
BA  tkA ȗ  zTv A ȮM ȪBA o~A ȗ 幦oA nw BM kM
.BA
qɟAoA A  Aqɟo tkA Rkɓ ϼBA p ɗ   1253 / ɷ 651 w 
.ȫwA BA ȗ A
kA kBM d mA ȧBdA nvA ȯBA Bw BvA jk]  1542 w 
.^Bk 40 BUnA  4200  L mA

$
*5
: BA
 ozA YXA BUB]  BM dU Aod BqA k ȗ tkA k nE SB
BM dU  z SB MoA BzA BzA BUB] BA 幽jA MoA M\A
 BA (nBThA B) Bn L] ȷ 幮kA B SɛA TA BL\A ϧm
BA v k]U We oA L]  770 d Uo oh~A L ~A k\vA
J\A ȗ jAj L\M o mA  L] oBvA JBM  JoBM BToL L]
.kA tkA  MoA
Mo {  鼮 nw BM d B  2 19331 M kA eBv Rnk k
: ȷ JAME Lw nvA Am T ZoM 34   ^Bk 40 BUnA L
JBM  5 oBvA JBM  4 jBA JBM  3 kk\A JBM 2  奼hA JBM  1
.() jAj LA JBM  7 BLwA JBM 6 MnBA
: tkBM dU TAjA
.(Aw jA) JoA v (nk) kA wA ] jA  1
.() kA wA MBMoA jA  2
.(L\A B) B (MoU) vk (jAA)  E jAA  3
: tkA  A BL\A
KB]  odLA cw   795 T U tkA J] ȗ 隽 : oLA L]  1
kB\A   nY MFM KA - tBLA ME keE - gzA oL  L\A Am
.MA kA b  tkA cT ȗ AoT{A mA
kLA ɛo{ 隽 odLA cw   826  : TqA L] AnA L]  2
.BvA G L\A Am  k cvA E kT tkA k z :  wkA
 (kzA L]) BE  B tkA k  BzA G 隽 : nBzA L]  3
.ȯBn kB G Lv (uMw L]) wA MoA  A mA
.odLA cw   885 Uo tkA Mo B{ ȗ 隽 :  LA L]  4
cw   1016 Uo LA o M (nBe M) odU : nBA U  5
.v ȗ BUnA ȗ MAoA L\A :  jw oo] oj To M 隽 odLA
k) : M ɷ 900 w wBTA oA B ɗ tkA ȦLdA kA o\ɫ ~
h M 屦  Uo kA BM M 幽jE BL] M BLA d 
hA BA  BjB  oz BA BA ȗ TA MA KɓA jA ȗ
幪k ME BwA k] BA KE ȗ o BM w BM kA nA{
B̾B  BA qh kA nBMA oX ȷ 婽k BM  k\Tv BM B ȮM k
.(nBA  \
: tkA ȗ BLA dA BA
: BAwA
BUnA B ȗ w  JoA ]  k\vA JBL nB\A BA w 
JAodA JBM  JoBM YXA AwA jLA  oX ȗ X k]  BUA
MoA  nBA w AwA m A  .oA BM   奼hA JBLM oA
.e~A Twnk  MA kA b E k JoA ] ȗ

: BUAnBe
nBe 婦A nBe ozA nBe MnBA nBe ȷ tkA ɗ nzA RAnBdA
.A nBe VnBdA ȮM nBe zoA nBe 孼T~A nBe njBdA
: A
JAodM o Bk B JoA ]  tkA SM oBM BLA  ~e ȷ
BLA ɫ ɷ jAj ZoM v BLA  ZoM ~dA Amɷ ɗ  ( ) jAj
jB  BzA JoA M   ȗ BhLA  kU SB 婽kA ȯBvA
.jLBM A
: Aw 
M\A k\vA nw B oz jABM LA ]  ozA tkA oBM ȷ
nB\A A keA ȷ  BTB B氰 A m A nBLiA M ȗ jn k
50. / eoA nw (Bo\U B B) qqA JBTA ȗ Bol jn TA
: BnBMC
B BU A A B  () JE Bkw G Lv Aw   JoBM ȷ JE oM
.(JAo{ jnBM vT Am Ϧ]oM nA)  () JE L
: Bk]Bv
.ozA oh~A w ȗ U TA .ozA ~A k\vA 1
.JoA ]  ~A k\vA oBM 隽  : MnBA B] 2
: () jAj LA B] 3
: BoMB
.tkA SM țo{ AA () w LA oL  
.jAA ȗ tkA SM o{ (Bv\BM ) oA vA ȗ () jAj LA k 
.vA B d oL Bop oL ϧm
JBM ZnBi n L] iAj ȗ 幼Bv\A v ȗ  (vA B) o oL 
]  tkA k oB ȗ oBvBM oA 鼚LA ȷ : oBvA oL .BLwA
.ov B B  nA (oBvA)  vA U k B BzA
.~A k\vA nw nA\M ȷ : eoA JBM oL 
AkzA oL 
.JoA ]  tkA oBM U kLA oMB oLA ȷ : B oL 
: BwnAk
: B kk oi j  kB tnAk kA ȗ
幼ɫFA 幽k{oA wnkA RBAnAj 孼AnAj : ȷ ɫe tnAkɫ
.gA ....LA wnk 幼BoA 幽oA 幽oLA
ɽkLA 幽oɟmTA 幽oBA 幽dA wnkA BA kɛ wnk 70 d ϧB
.gA ...ɼnA ɼUBhA

: BUBLT
: BkE om Th RBLT ^BwA 34 ϧB 
 1558 B SvwFU .}hA ukA LT 
 1725 B SvwFU ȦhA LT 
 1865 B SvwFU vjYnA ooLA LT 
MoA B\A LT 
 1900 B SvwFU kBhA LTA 
okLA C LT ohA LTA B kA owA L jU Bi RBLT ϧB
.SA C LT 幮 C LT
: BeBT
. 1927 B zA nBYܧ ȫdA dTA 
. 1923 / ɷ 1341 B A ȫwA u\A vwA : ȫwA dTA 
: oiA hnBTA BBA
娿A oɄȯBvT\A cvA uLe ɓBMkA A BTwnBA 幫BA 幫B v
.TqA L] dTA 幼e~A
: BMBL
.ZAoA L |BoA L 失woA L 好oL] L 幦vvA L oh~A L
: oA CoA ȗ tkA SM
(B B BnBM TA nA A ^B B\) M oLBM BU A B~i k -
71. BLA
w B lA) BU  ȗ wkA nA   eAo oA AoA } k 
21. kBA (wkA nA AijA B ...A  AolA ... B 

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.v A JoA nA o]B  . 3000 w 
.v A nA  () hA AoMA o]B  . 1900 w 
d o~ A J C o]B oTA m ɗ  tvA o\  . 1785 w 
. . 1740 w
.v A o~  TB]  () w Zoi  . 1290 w 
.() Bw MA i   B { nA () jAj mhUA  . 1003 w 
.n{A ȯBXA ]ow k  AowA w  . 722 w 
.ȦMBLA o~ miL k  Aj w  . 586 w 
.v A bqBM j eBw  MBM ȮiA xn TeA  . 536 w 
BM  Bw  kk\TM xn B 孼v iA TeA  . 538 w 
.kA
B UB kM jLA A Se  孼v ȯkA nkwA TeA  . 332 w 
. . 322
.v BoA TeA  . 62 w 
Ɉ  tkA  \A  ^B ȫjA tj o BoA K~  . 37 w 
.d SM ȗ () v LA k Bp ȗ   4 w Te Bd
kA ȗ VkeA  ȯBoA t BoBd tkA k ȗ K{ Vke  70 w 
.tjo BM mA kLA oeA  TA odA KA
Bɛ Bok ȯBoA nɄAoLA A A oiA oɫ KzA jA nBYA  135 w 
cw  Y k A tkA e  B훱 Voe   kA oj  M TBM
(B TM BBA) kA w jA A  A E  B A A dv
.BA kA Bnk owA  Tz
.ȅqLA TeA SdU v SdLA  324 w 
.v qoMA ov TeE  614 w 
(|) woM A owE vM LA o\A L K]n o{  A Mn / 17  ȗ 
.~A k\vA A AodA k\vA 
G LA Se Y tkA B\UBM U E (|) woA  ɷ 2 w BL{ ȗ 
.gnBTA Am ȗ ozA LA
.tkA  toA jo A o ȅqLA nAoLA BTwA  628 / ɷ 7 w 
.Uƫ o S훰  629 / ɷ 8 w 
.αLU o S훰  630 / ɷ 9 w 
.oA  B vA o~TA  jB]A o S훰  634 / ɷ 13 w 
.B vA o~TA  αoA o S훰  636 / ɷ 15 w 
.BE cB tkA JBhA M o ij  638 / ɷ 17 w 
zj k nBTiA tkA ȗ LA Bw MA M B miA  661 / ɷ 40 w 
.Th B
.oMqA M A kL ^AkFU ȫAm\A B BqM v nY S훰  684 / ɷ 65 w 
oA ȗ M  tkA ȗ LA ϦA kL M Bw miE  691 / ɷ 72 w 
. ^Ao~
FA kM   wBLA kA v nAp (ɷ 218  163) w M oTA ȗ 
.wBLA
.o~ ȗ Tj A v  M keA  ɷ 264 w 
.v  BA ow  968 / ɷ 385 w 
.BA  JoA AoA e nB~TA  v o S훰 ɷ 417 w 
.tkA  ȧB\A nkM M A ȪBA opA TwA ɷ 492 w 
 ~A k\vA eBw ȗ j pB\ ALUnA  tkA L~A TeA ɷ 493 w 
.wkA oh~A  K~A An
MA kA b k  L~A  tkA SM jAjoTwA  1187 / ɷ 583 w 
.e o JBA ȗ
ȯBXA K  AoTA Ϧ kwA K jnBzn e S   1190 / ɷ 586 w 
.(wnA) o ȗ v  TwA  (XBXA L~A dA) Bvo Ϧ
.tkA  MA TwA  1239 / ɷ 637 w 
.v  ϼBA TwA  1253 / ɷ 651 w 
.A nBekA  (RB] ) o S훰  1260 / ɷ 659 w 
tkA SM 񦪫 ( M o{A) BvA A  1291 / ɷ 690 w 
.L~A
.tkA  (ȯBXA w) BvA TwA / ɷ 922 w 
.(ȯBXA B{BM AoMA) kBM tkA Sw  1831 w 
]n A Lv tkA ȗ (nT e) k j e A A  1854 w 
.ȯBXA BvA kBvM v nA Ao{ BTwA j
.B jA j BzA ]A  ȯBoLA JAkTA SdU v S탰  1920 w 
.B vA JoA jo  jA L  v SL~TA   1948 w 
Aoqe v kM tkA  v   Uow jA TwA  1967 w 
.({nA) wA B  AjB 
nB{ SdU ȯBoLA TeA j A ^BwBw tkA  A U  1980 w 
.tkA keU
: A RB~hzA
BL Te () AoMBM ^AkTME jBL BLA Bk~ TA nBLA LA kA  tkA oLTU
(|) kd oA
:  BA BA αA  oL jk BMBU 80  BMBd 20 BnAp Bw
kL ApA .kA MAn nBj M ϧB lƪA oMqA MA ȯBXA hA B kL
M kA u{ " B A MA A  wkA ȧBA MA A o M eoA
.Bi

$
*7
: njB~A
/ 1 / JAo{ ve kd : ~U Y hnBU wAnj ~A k\vA tkA SM
.RoM  1994 w
.RoM  1987 w / 2 / ȦhA o] / tkA v / wkA RBLTA w
35.| / 2Z / Te K / v  BL  nw gnBU
1.Z / ȦLdA kA o\ / hA tkA gnBU ȗ \A uA
.jAkM 1955 w / 2 / 209| / 1Z / oBM  / kA RAnBdA gnBU ȗ k
/ ve kd vd .j  o nB .j / wA wA n~A ȗ v gnBU
.jAkM  1987 w

$   121 
*1
:oTA
BM KeE 孼A eA L  孼vA L  噼TA A SM wkA kA
.(|) LA UBi k  孼vA k×A  峦A A nA

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A
98  k] o{  73  nA kA J]  460 kM  pB\dA J] U
.BA Jo 
25  ]nj21 o oAj  odLA cw Tv   360 d kA UoU 
nA kA BzA  Bkd  .^Bo{ j 49  ]nj 39  i  ^B{ j
.A ov J\A   k] JoA   k\ ozA  

$
*3
: uwFTA
AoL] kM ozA odA jke 郰   M  A  () hA AoMA A
kM Rjk]   . 1892 w ϧl  峫A  BwA MA  BA k A kM ()
yo Y J M ~ kM   jjA M Bk Y () BwA L  () AoMA
A  ^BL BA L tBwA ȗ tBA \d mA SLA B  (|) kd LB
^Bw A ^Ao kA SB  BUnB jAnA B () AoM B A EM Te
BA LU B) M Sw  B ]ohU  B o]BA ϪU B  Sw nB\T
 oA A) oA A oiA BBwA   BejpA M ȷ E (BovU  oMBL\A
awBLA   awBA  (BM M wA) Y  (BM tBA eAoT) en E  (B]o
.gA ...BdA jB 孼A kLA 噼TA SLA (U  B kdE  uLU)

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.wA nAjA w e B B B Te () BwA k ȗ  Ro 
- B~A  ozA uL MA L]  LziA M ^An~d kA  Ao B 
.B횼 L]  oz mA oA oeA L\A M 
.ȪvA o M kw  M ^BTM M  A 
Ajk\ A qA kwA M U  i M jwA (|) LA oA (cTA B) ɷ 8 w 
.A odA (jke) A
oz UM iAk oT BA B lA L MA M KBe   ȗ JM  A 
.ZB\dA B q TA RBeBvA  RBoA BA JAMA M
A kM BAwA RoX ZB\dA  BA kAA oX  BBvUA   A RjAp 
 JjA  ozA kT cL~ nB\TA jke pB\U  BAwA A B w B
.a\ w kM  pB\A w cTTA ϧl kM Y KhA

$
*5
: BA
 MBzTA BL\A  nh~A  Ajo\A eBA TA M dU B jA ȗ  U
oBe A SdLA   pA  o BeA k  FTU SB 幼TAo\A jA
oL  o M B ^L] 45 A Bjk ~ BL] k BM dU  oL Ao
odA a 幼Y 16 Bjk ~ RBozA  BBXA  kkA B  ^B~e ^BB T
 127 odA oAj LU  幮kA eBv   2550300 Bnk eBv A
 jkdA kMA  oiA ȗ kTLU  BA M ȗ ozA LA  jke JoTU
LU  LA   2 B kL kdA B v{ E (LkdA vU TA) xBzA
oz keA w B L   SkU B ^B 9340 odBM dA (jkdA) A
.^B
: jke  A odA
m qo   RB]  ]    87552 A odA oAj o ~ L
: ȷ odA Am jke   ozA LA oAkA
 M BvA  oA k\v A TBM vA BA / nA kA ]  ^B{
. 7 dM nkU AodA k\vA M
k\vA M  M BvA  幼LkdA A A vA BA k / k] ]  ^BMo
.18 M nkU AodA
AodA k\vA M  M BvA  幯Ao\BM vA BA k / k\ ]  ^Bo{
.^BLoU  14.5
. 20 dM nkU AodA k\vA M  M BvA  o k / o ]  ^BM]
: M dA voA BL\A
UoU jAA w ȗ BA B] ȧ L] JoA ȗ B L] BzA ȗ
 B odA  A uL MA L] jB] L] ȷ wA RBUo nA
.k L] uL MA L] MB M k\v
: vA BUd
JBLA nBe 夰o] 幦vA 幼{BzA nAoA jB]A LzA 幼ɫBzA kMBA
.BA Ȧ K{ oB K{ 幼BvA
孽kɷB\A Ao{ n~A 幽qqA 噽ohA BLLA : ɷ A ɽnAjA BUBvU
.odM WA ȧAA 娱\A
: Bk]Bv
:  Tz : AodA k\vA  1
: ȷ wkA BB E : A LA  E
nB\TvA   LA JBM   țAoA ȫBzA BoA   ȯBA oA   jwA o\dA
.AnlBzA   qTA 
.BwA o\e  J
.AoMA B  Z
.qp  j
.oA B~A  ɷ
o\zA k\v  2
toA k\v  3
zB k\v  4
LA o k\v  5
hA k\v  6
o k\v  7
hA AoMA k\v  8
MB]A k\v  9
LA k\v  10
TA k\v  11
Ao\A k\v  12
RwoA k\v  13
todA k\v  14
\ki k\v  15
nA nAj k\v  16
 l k\v  17
AoA k\v  18
jqA k\v  19
novA k\v  20
Lvw k\v  21
.yLA k\v  22
: wkA BoBz
RBo  3   jq  2     1
: ozA BBA
kvA k  A oL  ɛnA nAj  \ki kvA nAj   (|) woA k 
nA L]  (|) woA kA K SM C oL  () Ȧ BA k  () B
.AnqhA nAj  Aoe nB 
: BTA
d\A (^BM]  94   kL)    (^Bo{  94   kL) A jA
oɛ  (^B{  464   kL)  dA l (^B{  320   kL)
.(^Bo{  94   kL) pBA
: oiA BB
 7  ɯAo\A  6  d\A  5 BLA  4  AkLA  3 nkM  2 AMA  1
 11  BvA  10  ]oA  9   kwA Aoɪe  8  Bɪ\A
.o~A  13  Bv  12  BA RAoh

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.oA   z\M zLdA oMA \ 奼A B ȗ 
 B e qo BFzA TA kA nAj ]   e J M ~ U 
.LA A ZBdA Bw
A  BBM ̌ak oe LA JBA ozA XL L  woA Be ȗ 
TB oA M kA kU Te Bk ȗ AjjoU  BoA ȗ yo RnBd BUnB\e
{B ȮM  BA  BUnB\e  ȗ JB{   (|) LA nB{  B o\e A
 tBA TiA A kM j] oLM oTwB B ȗ jwA o\dA 郰 mA  
L iAj A w  A   A   B SL iAj A A ATeA
.ozA ovA KT BoU ~ ȗ dU  AUB
. cT U o\ 8 w 
kq kB BiAj a~dU mA oMqA MA M JodA KLvM LA SoTeA ɷ 64 w 
햧A RnoU BToeA nBA RoBU \BM LA n mA -oA M ~dA -
.ZB\dA k  (ɷ 73) w
M AoMA uA ve jBM A nBY (ɷ 218 - 198) BA k ȗ 
. Bd A  YA U U  kA   Aov w
(1500) Aq  (ɷ 930) w ȗ ZB\dA  oA AoA 酛 (ɷ 304) w 
孽odLA G  LA  jwA o\dA AL BBw  A AdMl  ȅo
Bj  hA AoMA B ȗ K~   A A ^BA jwA o\dA AoA  k 
.  ^kM A k\v [e A tBA AoA
. BozA wA e (ɷ 968  951) Tw M 
v hA A  (ɷ 1039  ɷ 994) bTA MA kA (ɷ 1011) w 
.o~ ȗ ȪBA h TB k wA BozA TwA \T
L~A  B jAkM ȗ nkTA hA BA (jBT) ozA k ȗ (ɷ 1182) w 
) TwkA TkA  TwA ABe [dA o A텛 oA  ]BM
.(kA
kM oA  (jB\M M Bw) jBM MBA RAA STeA ( 1924) w 
.B ve ϦA JBdvA
: A RB~hzA
kL {B nAkA kL B kL 奼BwA BMA  nAk SMB  AoA o{A 
.o]  VnBdA M o VnBdA Ȫo\A o M B KB MA KA

$
*7
: njB~A
 1987 w / 2 / ȦhA o] / 2Z / ikA wkA RBLTA w  1
.RoM
. 1925 w / 1 / 1Z B{BM Sn AoMA / odA Co  2
.~ ve / q] wAnj BozA BodA tAo  3
.ɷ 1415 w A jkA  [dA RB \  4
. 1995 / ɷ 1415 w / A jkA A kLA \  5
244. 228| / 2Z / nk~A kd kvA / A An B  6

$   122 
*1
:oTA
BzA G ȧBzA JnkA pB (w C  A ) A wn X F ȷ
RBd keA gnBTA ȗ kA oA  keA BA oTA ...BA K~hA nA
.MoA oq\A ȗ oAqA nB\TA

$
*2
雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A
  447 kM  ȧBzA B\UA ȗ  ZnkTU L  pB\dA ȗ kA U
.oeA odLA  kA B L   210  k]   425  幫oA 
i j 36  ]nj 39  i   557 d odLA cw Tv  UoU
.j 28   ]nj 24 o
o L] MoA J\A  w L] MoA BzA  keA L] BzA  Bkd
JoA ozA ]  BTU (ȧBdA Bqo   4 d kM   隽 mA)
(AjvA BoLA nB\dA ȷ odA) oMA oe A oe B BUoe
$
*3
: uwFTA
k A ]o B ol kA SoA A Be ȗ dw j A kA uwBU ]o
Bk (jA L 630  1300) MB oTA ȗ UnBe RojpA TA A
B o wA   JoX B kA wA A 13 / JAqeA nw ȗ oA CoA
kM () b w  A]oi B tBA BM gnBTA om JoA  RBB] Bv
M JoX) p BTwA We 婴 L L SB A M SB BA
kM BA ϧm Bw BM k  kA ȮL A () b MAoA kdA (L
RBMBT x ȗ k] We Bk JoX wA B{ k  B LA LA A]oiA A
So B LvA xA ȗ BMoX wBM tM Ao] ȗ Rol k 幪k hnBU
幮kA B  Ro~TiA Y (dA) AnBM ȮU TA (BTk)   wA AmM BA
(gMTA A ) KoXTA  c  JoX BTvTM (|) A wn o  
(|) woA k BwA cLA   BA k kM 幮kA BBw BwA o
: B ^BwA (29) Bk] ǱdA RB BB~eA oX oiA BwBM So BA B
幟nBLA 幼]BA nLdA LLdA LdA oMB\A AnmA 幮vA MB LɄ
gA ....BA nAkA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
Te LA o\A m ȫwA d qo nBA wTBM kA RoTwA -
cLA We 幗A A hA qo () Ȧ BA  We ɷ 36 w K]n
.BnA{ RjAkTA B RBB\UA jkd k Aqo ozA ǱLA k\vA
SA kA nB ȗ (ȯBXA Ao) kd M Ao jAp  725 / ɷ 127 w -
.AkdA n~A B
kA e nw A k\A kd M BdwA oA M  876  / ɷ 263 w -
.LA  B
BL Anw  ^kM BA  k kA nvA ȴLA kA k k ɷ 367 w -
.BTBe o o\dA 
ȯBA jA\BM oA n~A MA M kd kA B] jk] ɷ 540 w -
.BM  w 200 kM oiA o nvA
.BA oiA o nvA kk\TM p kA n B ɷ 558 w -
k\vA B{ BBTwnBM BM o~TvA o] MA wBLA hA FzA ɷ 627 w -
.ozA ǱLA
tnAkA k ɗ SɛA kA AoM (ɷ 901 - 826) BLTBɛ ϦA TA -
.oXA MA
kA M Bw TA pB\dA A BXA kA w RkTA ɷ 927  w -
Ȗ BhA BoA BBM |Bi zM ǱLA k\vA B zM ȯBLA Se
.BAA kA nAwA oiC BM U ȯBA Bw BvA k
k\A JBLA : ȷ JAMA k  SYkeA kA nw kk\U U ɷ 1285 w -
wBA JBM o~M JBM BdA JBM
$
*5
BA
  ȷ  B\UA  nAodA BL\A BM dU Aod eA nA kA
MoU B K\T BL\A m  nkdU TA BjA  RB\ B텚U BoM nh
.Anq dB L~i
ȷ 雱A }B~i ]  AoLU ThnBU TvU ȗ }hTU  kA AoM
: Ȧ B ȷ B Aq]A YY G vU (BvA BA) BTBw kA B
: dA BL\A  1
BA J\A BzA  Lo U BUB] 鼪]  eABM BL\A dU
. 9 Bv kT  5.5 d kM  nA kA B{ 隽 mA : keA L] 
LA] 鼪]  M dU  350 ~ BUnBM    300  100 M ̹o bAoT
" }e B B " jA Bv
wT  4 Bv kT  8 d B kL kA J] ȗ : ov L] 
.oo ME jA   300 d Uo  70 o
RAodA 2
MoA BzA G B] \TU BzT eAA G BL\A  nkdU  : jA  3
" BdM ." A B " jA BA " MBp " ȗ B] ȚTU We (BvA wA)
.A A oiA YY " k]MA
: XkdA vA BUd
nBMA oA jA nk~A vdA cA yoA 幼BdA kA nkM A L
.{BA
: kA BAo o{A
(kA   115 kM ) oLi (kA   3.5 kM  jA ) A
M jA ) oA jA (kA   3.5 kM  oLi o  o ȷ) k
.oA jA Ȫw BM oA  oXA oLi BU M ( kA BzA
: BnA{
kk\A BvA nB{ (ȧAA) () Ȧ BA nB{  幧BhA nB{ 鼚LA nB{
.AqdA nB{ BMo nB{ 孼TvA nB{ nl MA nB{ nBA nB{ ϧB nB{
: Bk]Bv
56 MAo jvA B k oYA k]BvA  oL \ nA kA U
: k]BvA ϦU A  BA no  oYkA  Ap k BoXA A o Ak\v
A " BA k\v) (|) kd A woA oLɛ  : ozA ǱLA k\vA
k\v (|) woA lƫ bBMn M M k\v  () B kvA k\v " ~A
" dA l k\v (BBe BA SpA) (uzA k\v  " ovA k\v A " zA
孼UnBA k\v BvA k\v  (od jvA wTA ȗ ij) " o\zA k\v A
nB\A RBM k\v " jAA k\v "  \A k\v toA k\v 帰o k\v
B] MBdFM   kA ȗ (|) LA BM k\v A ) BL k\v (BLM)
Ȧ k\v cTA k\v ȷ) cTA k]Bv MB]A k\v 孼TLA k\v (AoB
(gA ..o k\v oM ME k\v wnBA Bw k\v () B k\v ()
kw k\v 幽AoA k\vɫ (k\vA k\vɫ) nBA nl MA k\vɫ gA k\vɫ
." KA kL M qe " AkzA
: BnBMC
: BA BhnBU AoM 20 kA ȗ
BA   kvM ]B M o " : to oM  (|) LA oM A UBhA oM A unA oM
oM  " (to oM) oM  Jo LvM ȯv S BA AlG (|) A wn B () Ȧ
.nkM oM  qp oM A JBA
: BTjA A
.Km jA  BAn jA  k] MA jA A BdM jA  噼A jA
: nzA oYA Bnj
nAj  () KB MA M Ȧ M vdA M kp M vdA nAj  nB~A JA MA nAj
.(Aoiƫ jvA wTA BYA B] SpA).()jB~A o]
: BoMB
oMB  (|) LA RBM BMA oMB (|) LA RB]p oMB) U TA 鼚LA oL
嬱퉫 M BX) (|) LA JBdA oMB  {B ȮM oMB () LA SM A
.(o M Kퟰ
: nzA BBBY
.kozA Y WX Y  AjA Y
: BAwE
w MBLdA w  BwA BoLE iBA ȗ Bw 11 nA kA ȗ SB
w wBdA M oBLA nBhA w (wAoA) 峯BvA w nB\TA
.kA AwE kA  BMp w oLT " ...woLA

: BwnAk
ȗ SijA  RABM |Bi u\ A SdU  B TA U : TwoA wnkA
.ǱLA k\vA wU
A LA oU n A Te ^BB Ap B BMn A wnkA SdU : {BM o wnk
.ǱLA k\vA wU ȗ ijA mA
.SA A  BwA oU : BC kd wnk
.ȯBXA kA B A Bnj jU S : (jBvA nAj) BzA wnk
.ȯBXA kA B A B S : ȧqBvA wnk
.ȯBXA kA oiAA A B S : (ȧoL wnk) kk\A wnkA
.ȯBXA kA kA oiC A B S : kdA wnkA
.wTA oz EkM Bk ɷ 1371 B SpA : jdA wnkA
.kA nA{ vdU oz ȗ SpA : BC ve wnk
.ȯBXA kA oiE A B S : BveA wnkA
.BMn A SdU : ApBA wnkA
RnB Y dA nAj o A SdU Y B unkTA U : wBhA wnkA
.BA oBv zTv

: BUBLT
d~A LT Se nB LT (oYA RBLTA \) qqA kL ϦA LT
(Aoiƫ SpA TA)ȯkA odA LT
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
o{A B L oLTU o~ ShM ϦA k ȗ BA jA o]B  . 586 w -
B~M RoT{A kA  M\A q\A ȗ Sw TA BBA jA BLA
.KmA
w kM A  jBA MoA BLA o\ L JoX k BA  JoA w -
.BA jA bq L ( 450 B)       A oA
tA L  BA MoA BLA o\ REkM ( 532 - 447) MB oTA ȗ -
.ZnqhA
mA ]oA A Lv) ow  Joe B ZnqhA tA TL M kk nB S훰 -
nB 훱 nAovA 훱 VBM Joe KBe Joe (kp M ow)  wA B{A
.gA...BXA A nB\A 훱
" M kA RBA ȗ BA MBhM nA kA A BU nBLU A oA k 
." AC mA BF
 ȗ [d k k JoX A (|) woA M B~UA A U  620 w -
.o\A B ȗ  622 w ϧl noU
(|) woA  We kA A   ozA LA o\A REkM  622 w  -
cA We BA MnA B W o\ A BA  A Mn 8  YA  ȗ BL
.B k\v FzA A kM ^AnAj TM ° v i B ZnqhA tA BL M
A tkA SM  LA Se ɷ 2 w BL{  ~A ȗ BYXA  o ȗ -
BA vA m ȗ nkM q S훰 娱~A o BA vA m ȗ 幪A LA
.(B A w) AoqA B kvA  () Ȧ BA ZqU
qe kzTwA keA q S훰 B () Ȧ M vdA BA k o\  3 w  -
B LA o\ eA RAvA ȗ S훰 oX VAkeA B (|) woA 
c AoA M  幉o ȮM q khA q BoA RAl q oA ȮM q
kA  jA BL MBTTA ReoA REkM BA vA m ȗ oLi q 幼LkdA
.BzA A
A kA  hA qo TB AoA ȗ L A () Ȧ BA oYC ɷ 36 w -
.A
.A kA RAnBA  nBA kA SdLA ɷ 41 w -
Bki  We ǱA dA k oMqA M AkL jBM kA A nBY ɷ 62 w -
L M v ij kM nXA  BA U  幮k BzA \A ȗ Anw
.kA A k\M
e ki M () vdA B oLA kdA A kL M kd B ɷ 145 w -
.(|) A wn BA  mA khA 郱 ȗ kA
KLv ( ȮM)   \ kA SoU YAA hA k ȗ ɷ 230 w -
.BBL  kkA JAoi
b B jAoA keA jBM Ak  L ɼLɼ~A j\A q ɷ 578 w -
.MA kA
RBpBA RoX mA ϼBA A wBLA kA  vA STA ɷ 654 w -
.kA Ao nkU Bp ȗ iAkA
kM kA ɗ oTA vA SB A BA JodA KLvM  1916 w -
.B BkA vU kM odA e ȯBLA
.(o~A JBLA)  Aq]A o  ̙L  kBM dA nvA k  1950 w -
nBA BYAoU M  odA UB kA SoTeA  1971 w -
$
*7
: njB~A
w  4 nBhA wB keE kvA / BXke Bk nA kA B gnBU  1
.k] ɷ 1414
kd / FU / jvA MoA 񦪪A ȗ [dA k odA nBA TA  2
.B   1984 w 1  / 137:| wnB kw
.~  cB / nBA BYAoU BnU nA kA - 3
23. : 1 Z / nkM wBLA kL nTkA / nA k BzA gnBTA - 4
A kvA kd nTkA / A wA B nA kA - 5
$   123 
*1
: oTA
q aA cn JoA \] ȫwA cTA kM wA ȗ Roa~ k ȯBY ȷ
nB~E  Ld T{ B () ƪA oA B 孼vA o\ nAj BA
.wA nBdA  oAqA qoA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA
\A k o{ (kA kA {) wA RAoA o A A  kA U
. 156 dM jAkM BA Jo  10 dM
(MBM Bd) A eB  BzA  Bkd  22 dM odLA cw  kA UoU
 kw o JoA  (AkA Bd) e~A eB vA eB ozA 
.odA eB oh MA B J\A

$
*3
: uwFTA
|B ME M kw BvwE AkA kM v B o\ nAj T A SzE
ȗ RoYE k AkA üM A  SLY A kM JBhA M o  oFM  638 ɷ 17 w
oA 婴MA A B A A  JoA A kw A o KT lA JoA k] d
ZBA MA hTA  nB  odM kA  ~  ^B탱 AjBUo A jA
B (ȯBvA M M cvA kL)  B kw j mA kwA ϧB M o
TA  BM So JoA Bo~ Be (AnmA ki)   (BTwnw) B B
 BL~dA B nA  (oA  okTvA ɃAA) ȯBɗ Sw (\TA)
kA M B) E (ozA LA) M (B) Sw () vU oA A
B \TU ov kB T SvwA B) k\A  Sw (KzhA K~A
ȯBow BwA A  Mo wA BwA F  B (k\A
$
*4
: nBA wTA
Ank] SM (ɷ 50 w R) L{ M oA k ȗ BvwFU  RAw 5 kM -
JAMA k{ B A o]BM Rk{ (ɷ 53 w R) ME M jBp k ȗ LBM BUM
ZBA MA TiA { A - .(LTA d) k nBzM SB S nj A nkA
 ^Bki oe RAoA   1.5 kM  Bw ȗ Bk\v A ȗ kwA
A 4 A vT B odA  M ] owBA Bin   Tk ȗ M
.BvG A 20 ɧ vT nB Te jBp MA M jAp BvA
o]A  LA BvA ȗ o () Ȧ BA Bo{ e ɷ 36 w K]n ȗ -
.BB  JmE ϧB u ^AoM B oe BLA M RTA M
A ^BB ov\A Am  A B 鮪 ^Aov] (ɷ 53 w R) MA M jBp FzA -
aA kL M kBi (ɷ 103 w) oL MA   kk\U eBM B ǱA dA
.(ɷ 105) w ovA
B]  țozA KB\A ȗ (nk) tBA k oA A o oL MA VkeA -
.ovA kBi oA kM  BdA A
AwA B ȮM (ɷ 126 w TA) ovA aA kL M kBi ȧAA k ȗ -
.k\ B ] ^BB ^AnAj BM   ]
naw ^Bki oe (K~hA MA) M o Ao~ n~A o] MA M ɷ 136 w -
.nvM kA
 Be ~A kA SM (ɷ 354 - 303) LTA k ɗ ɷ 314 w -
.BLA AoA
nA A ^Ao (BhA kA Aj KeB) Ȯ\A ϦA B oe ɷ 676 w
A Lv (]BTA o) M oA Am Ȫw  ɗA k\v A BA A  \A
.E o~A ϧl  keA kA oA M Ȧ kA ZBU kvA oe  ȧTA
o A A RAoA  o odM Ǳ~A A KwB BzA oA  ɷ 943 w
A BwA BzA oA ɷ 1032 w ȗ (pBA) A d Y wBBM oA
A BzA oM oA o \ oA oBd ɫp ɗ aɄ mA oA Am oM
.(oA)
.kA o oe  ɷ 1208 w -
UBvLA B AYkeA K~A  ^BUM B AM pBA M BL ɷ 1290 w -
.RAoA LB] 
Ao kU vA   vM \A odM ȗ BA ] B  ɷ 1305 w -
.(A o{) M oA A BA Am o We AwA nkA B VkeA A
.RAoA o  ov\A K~ ɷ 1317 w
.dA  A A oLA wE Rk ɷ 1323 w
w wA d BLM ozA ǱA odA jBw  Ȧ kvA B ɷ 1325 w
.kA ȗ oAqA eAo o
.\A A M (AAoTA) kkdA w Rk ɷ 1327 w

$
*5
: BA
B B nAmA o RAoA A BUBBL] BAo ~TU oL wA k A SB
2 510 A BTeBv LU JoA o nAj A 24  Jo nAj A 50 nkA 
mA RAoA k M  e ȴ eAA 鼪]   \UAoTwA 雱M TTU ȷ 
n oTh ^BnB{   MmA BM wA RBB wB{ RBeBv m
A Sv A Ro~U B tTLBA tA nB\{BM BdA nBpBM X
JAj ^Aqo SdLA n~A nAzA vA B SzA BUd oA BBMnA
B nAj 婼dA nAj 孼Bi 幯BL\A 幽XA  : kA BUd ɗ ɗBXA A
uL wBA SijoLA Aod nAnp 幗A Bn ui Len nB Ben Anj
.B{ d LvA d ( A o   B) BvA .po
.w w Se w kwE w 幃Aoe w : BAwA 
o 幽nAvA Bw bAoA B~dA 幼BLe tBvA BTwA : kA BAo 
kw Be LvA oe Anoe oo] o] KLA YoM AjoA BBM  幽oBA MBM
孼o 幪w A Aod Ȧ{ B{ BB{ Akp np BUnj 噯nhA 孼E Be
.BoA 奪]  孼~A
KB\A ȗ) nAkeLA 幼vA kk\A 幽jB{oA AovA d XkdA BUd 
.oX Xke BeA k d  幼AoLA (oA  ȯBXA
C o 幼]BTA ȃBLA o RBzoA o dA  o : XkdA BAo  
.Sioi o oB\A RBnqA v
: BnA{
o A AovA d ȗ 13  14 nB{ RBMB\A nBzM oA (26) nB{
k oA nB{ (BdA C nB{) M o ȯBXA (oL~A wB kvA nB{) M
.kA BhnBU A ~M SU YAoU BwBM XkdA BnA{ Sw

: kA BnBE
Ȧ{ o okA o 幼]BTA o Anw o KLA o AjoLA o BMA o Y o
gA ...to o 孼~A o

: hnBTA BnBYA BB
ȗ RAoA   1 /5 kM  Bk\v A ȗ TiA B A ɗA k\v -
L oAj ~ ZAoMBM k Ank] MnA  FT A  A  MoA \A
ohA B  () AoMA LA B B RBB k TeBw ȗ ^B]oM 28 Bjk
jB~A o] BA B  (|) LA B  BA j  SzA SM B ()
nk ɗ  () kMBA p BA B () AoL] B () jC B ()
oiq   () BA ɗ JoɃ mA k\vA JAodɫ 隽 k\v ȦLA nAk\A
.wBd Lz w ȗ  ȯB{BBM
.(nTA E b w) M o JAjow A jƽ m k\vA w ȗ
ZnBhA  LA ]  A k\vM ~TA BA 郱 ȗ STiA : nBA nAj -
αA Bh BBi q SB |B ME M kw B w BA SM B ]
.UAnBz UAoUƫ UAoAƫ BM U kw kM  AoA
B  2 kM  A k\v  MoA BzA \A ȗ 隽 : vA k\v -
.([) oTA   kA BA B 
.MoA nBA nAj nv  Uo nA  隽 : () Ȧ BA SM -
k\v  M\A \A ȗ 隽 (() Ȧ BA KeB) Be M kp k\v -
.vA
B]  ozA \A ȗ : (vA B) o M ȯB  M v ko -
.  zM A
k\v ȦLA BdA K\M ozA AqA ȗ : ȖXA kL ME M nBThA co -
.A
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.odA
1 kM  nBA nAj  MoA M\A \A ȗ 隽 : (n) nBTA X ko -
.A k\v 
TX]  SoeA mA TA  : (aA ) jAoA \ M eoA kL oe 郱 -
.nBTA X oL nA\M ^BBe 隽
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.oTA
\A   \A - A M BA oA ȗ 隽 : ()oA AoMA kvA oL -
.A
.vA k\v A KAm kA oA nBv  隽 : () vdA jA jBvA oL -
Kv \A A M BA kdA   : (nMBw ki) A kw o -
.oe mA (BTA l nMBw A)
.B 7 kM  kA ZnBi 隽 : o A o~ -
: RBvdA A\A
jB ZBdA k\v () vdA k\v 幼vA k\v ȧBhhA B] A B] -
B]  qe k\v 幽jB{oA ve B] ȟoTA ve kvA k\v nB~A
ve 孽pBLhA ve B RBve oz  oXA B 孽kA d A ve
.{BA ve 失wn g{LA ve jBA ve 孼A
: RBLTA
dA nAjA LT 幫BA wA BwoA nAj LT 幫BA ()  M v LT
Ȧ gzA o] LT : BhA RBLTA  ɫBA A ɫB] LTɫ ɫBA
KUB gzA LT ȧBhhA ȚU kvA LT pBLA Ȧ gzA LT \emA
Mn keA kvA ve kd LT ȯBTwozA ApoA kL nTkA LT doA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
^A SB k . 636 w AoBM ȯBwBvA dA nBA kM Ȧ햧A kA gnBU EkL -
ȧAA Bq Y Roe A  odT oB TLB B ke JoA q
UE mA jA nB~A LA BovB nB\A kA BMA  iA toA 
.ɷ 20 w A  BA
.AqhA BvdA MA YjBe Ro] ɷ 30 w -
.yLe M eoA kL YjBe Ro] ɷ 33 w -
A AnB{ k BE E B oX VAkeA  ^Aqo A SB ɷ 35 w -
.T A RjA TA BX k nXA ȗ o~LA
Ȧ BA o~  A A ami mA o{A w MA YjBe Ro] ɷ 36 w
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. A Zoi B () Ȧ BA ov (hA) A JBM  BA hA qo
BzA ȗ Ti B A () Ȧ BA jAoA \ MA æA T ɷ 40 w
.TBL  A A nA
.k M o\e AqhA dA M o MA M jBp T ɷ 41 w
So o~LA   B] MA MA jBp A A B  ɷ 50 A ɷ 49 w
.AoA BTB BA E (AoA) M ǱA kA ȗ BTkA
kzTwA vA m ȗ () vdA BA ow  M v A k ɷ 60 w
.M nk A Bi kM jBp M aA kL k 
Ȧ M kp nY ȖXA kL ME M nBThA nY 孼MATA nY SYke ɷ 66 w
Ȧ  oL YjBe W{A MA YjBe Ro] ȖXA w MA ZB\dA BA ȗ  .()
.oL] M kw YjBe jBp M  YjBe ()
B BA nB qo BTA kU A REkM jAkM uwFU kM ɷ 145 w
.^BBY ^Bov ^Aqo qA   k SM
o\dA A ɷ 317 w ȗ B AXL A  AoA TwA ɷ 312 w
k\v [e A tBA AoA Bj () AoMA B  K~   BA jwA
.  ^kM A
\BM BM ATA mA LA k  BTB M A RjBTwA ɷ 334 w
.ozA ǱA kzA o{A
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.B nB\A ]Bi L BMAoi JBLwA
RAnB KLvM ^An\ B oLA q\A B M MA BeoA BnAp / ɷ 726 w -
.B nB\A kLA
.A A SAp  \A B nAj MBU eB A SdLA ȯBXA kA ȗ -
wBA SBo~LA  oXA B ozA B JAjA  ^B̫ ^Aqo A SB -
mA ȗA hA B o B uBTA RAoBA RAoiB ^BB o~LA kMo X
.BwBM oT{A
.ve ȮM BE M A A SYke / ɷ 1335 w
oɫɗA SBɟ qA kɃ nXM \A Bɛ  1917 / ɷ 1336 w -
kvA ȮkA ]oA B v B lA qA \A M RBBA RBBT]A
We qA y\A k A Rjn ^BA vA m ȗ jqA ɈB kd
.A ȗ RAoA Ao{  (LTA o{) ȗ Aov
ModA oiBLA SoA B 孽ozA nX hA 郰 kA ȗ SU ɷ 1920 w
.A k\v qA ~  nAXA k  ( oB)
: T gnBU Kve A 
R) owB M nB (ɷ 50 w R) L{ M oA (ɷ 55 w R) |B MA M kw
o M L |BA M kw (ɷ 61 w R)  MA M L MA kA (ɷ37 w
42 w R) o{A w MA JB{ M nB (ɷ 40 w R) nB~A LY M
(ɷ 65 w R) oA kBi M u M BdA (ɷ 53 w R) MA M jBp (ɷ
nB~A ozM M BA (ɷ 50 w R) qA kp M kw kwE M kBi M aA kL
kL (ɷ66 w R) ȖXA Mn M BX M aA kL M eoA kL (ɷ 66 w R)
KBvA jv M oB (ɷ 85 w R) Woe M o (ɷ 67 w R) jBp M aA
.Mn M aA kL M VnBdA (ɷ 71 w) AA M oMp MA K~ o{A ϧB M
o (ɷ 95 R) ȖXA w M ZB\dA (ɷ 75 w R) dA M Ao M ozM
(ɷ 100 w R)   vvA zL MA M kq (ɷ 90 w R) L{ M oA M
R)  nAqA oL M o ȪhA oe (ɷ 102 w R) jpA KA M kq
.(ɷ 126 w R) ovA kq M aA kL M kBi (ɷ 110
: A B
Mn M Bw (ɷ 76 w R) u M VnBdA M co{ k\A MA M o
M A kL (ɷ 136 w R) o M ϦA kL (ɷ 63 w R) k]A M ov
MA (ɷ 103 w R) o{A w MA M joM MA (ɷ 73 w R) jv M LT
}e Ȧ\LA KvA M v (ɷ 182 w R) hA ZnAj M b kA o
w R) kM M keA (ɷ 95 w R) oL] M kw (ɷ194 w R) VB M
ȗA JAo M Ȧ (ɷ 323 w R) odA nB M kd M Ȧ (ɷ 258
.BA  o (ɷ 555 w R) ȖXA keA M keAA kL (ɷ 184 w R)
: A B
() jB~A o] BA  (ɷ 40 w R) () KB ME M Ȧ BA : A ȗ
.(ɷ 187 w R) (e MA) SMBY M BA (ɷ 148)
K M Ɉo (ɷ 72 w R) nB~A JpB M AoLA : WkdA AoA ɗ
.o (ɷ 150 w R) AoA v M lB nB~A
(189 w R) BvA qe M Ȧ (ɷ 67 w R) ȧkA jwA ME : dA ȗ
w R) SvA M BdwA M J .(ɷ 190 w R)     wAoA o] MA
.(ɷ244
kL M kd (ɷ 168 w R) LA kd M A (2) qo M jBe : A ȗ
.(4) (ɷ 207 w R) A
w R) mA M KB M kd  (1) (ɷ 126 w R) kp M SA : ozA ȗ
(ɷ246 w R) AqhA Lj (ɷ100 w R) e M bBoA  (3) (ɷ 200
354 w R) LTA KA MA MoA  M BA (ɷ211 w R) BTA MA
.(ɷ
.ȗA Be M oMB] : BA ȗ
B]n ȗ A odM k kd kvA BoXA ol B BTM 25  oXA A ȗ
$
*7
: njB~A
.RoM  1987 w 4  țAoLA keA kvA / A gnBU - 1
. 1967 jAkM / MB\A B .j / A k hU - 2
.\A  1974 w 1 nL\A Bw B 2 Z 1 Z WkdA A gnBU - 3
.RoM  1982 w 1  doA kw kd / A ȗ wkA RBLTA - 4
/ SLA A vwƫ / ȗA ȮvdA kd aA kL MA / BE  A  - 5
RoM
$   124 
*1
:oTA
BA oLA BkB Mo  MBA wA nXA K  wA A k ȷ
JzA  oXA BMA F\  BTL  BjAn k×A   (ozA ow tk) eAoA
A ȫwA oA B{A qo  kA ]oA o  幼wA
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A
.Ao AoA BA J]  147 kM  U
.odLA cw Tv   930 d kA UoU 
  AnA k JoA  BA k J\A  Ao k BzA  Bkd
Bw Bd ozA
$
*3
: uwFTA
inƪA M BLv  (toA α Bk) jAkzA o~ A  k uwFU ]o
w ȗ  (KwAo M nAv) A BLv oiA LA  ({ MA Vn) A
BA ]   o{A w ME B BE  BdTTA ȯBXA hA k ȗ ɷ 21
83 w ȖXA w M ZB\dA BA kLA Ro~ k  帱 BdTTB u M eA
  ZB\dA ]  BTv\w oA) W{A M kd M eoA kL qA B  ɷ
ϧB M kw BMA  iA  nBA ]  B  MB A ao ( Zoi mA
B  (Ak) BAkeA wA B   ɗ oɛ Lw ɗ Ʒ q o{A
BAkeA Sw Rd Lw LvA oA RnB   M A T]A BTwA
TA ()   liF ȷ  ^B LoTM Sv Boe M AwA Y Ak
Aw  A  ) o ɛ jo mA BoA RM  B toA B
vA v Mo  Ȫ\ v  BvwFU A SB  A om  (A
ve) A (BTvMo) 1359 w Te v B MoA vA  (Ak) M Ȫ\A
 A kA ȗ vA B ~A B \A kvA ko j] B  (jBMC
BTwU  BnBA ȗ
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
AA BTw Y BA RA A{  ^B kA ȗ (BA) toA α M M 
.(zL)   M oiA
ȷ  k ȗ wA kM AoA ȗ nB A SM o\A WBXA oA wAA ȗ 
.(nB BM) nB
RjB ( o   A) BoTA BdA k ȗ  o\A wBTA oA i 
.B BLA B vUA  Ro We A k  BMAoi kM kA A BdA
.^AoL ^BAo ^AnU kA Rk{ Ǳ~A kA ȗ o\A o{BA oA ȗ 

$
*5
: BA
: ȷ eA MnA ^BnAjA BLTU  2 380 kA eBv LU
qoA - 1
jBMC o] - 2
ϴ - 3
BTv\i -4
B 3193 BBUnA ~ BL\A  \ kBM dU  幽o 256 A BBM
.kA   47 kL mA ShU L]
: XkdA vA BBeE
峽k 屯  nlC ]BM Bo 幽nBw jBMC Lp o{nj ozAjq o{B
.gA ...Ao] B Ȧ kw B{ oA oT 30 (n) ȮhA BA k
: BnA{
țk aw ȮhA BA ȯBB JA Ȗ\A zoA kvA A C nB{
.gA ...oA 孼A nAM ȪB keU
: Bk]Bv
k\vɫ Ao] k\vɫ 婉A k\vA () ovA vdA BɫA k\vɫ
.() LT\A vdA BA k\v (oLA tk ~) B\A k\vA BLBLA
: nLA kAoA
BkɛAo jk L lA jBeA  SLA A A BM kɛAoA oXɟ kA B 
: BpoMA  ^Ako 16 d nzA
: () BA w BA SM ~A B kvA ko 
.AoA ȗ kA BA poME keE B wkA kAoA o{A  
oA RAjBvA k]   () jA\A kd BA M oLA w kvA ko 
.(ɷ 296) w ȗU
.() BA w BA M qe kvA ko 
kd kvA nA\M j (() jB~A o] BA jBeA ) keA M BwA ko 
.(() BA w BA jBeA )
vA  ĿA BMA  16 A Mv ȷ  (AoTiA ]) ^BL MnA kAo 
.nB~A  jk  jBeA
.vA  ĿA jBeA  jk Ak B  (ZoBi) kAo 
BA BA BMA  kd kvA  (AoMA B{) M oA AoMA kvA ko 
.()
.(() jB~A BA jBeA ) wB M keA kvA ko 
.(() jB~A BA jBeA )  o] M Ȧ ko 
.() jB\vA BA M keE M qe ko 
.(ɷ 329 R)  k~A gzA kA MBM M w M ve M Ȧ ko 
.(ɷ 1013 R) ȪA o{A kw M AkL M jC M Bop ozA VkdA oL 
.() BoA BA JBdE  ȪA o{A AkL M jC M BdwG oL 
.() BA w BA JBdE  o{A kd M AoMG 
.(ɷ 258  w R) () ovA vdA BA  BdwG M keE 
.() BoA BA JBdE  ȪA v M unjG 
.MBM oL ȗ oL RAnBqA B JBT KeB o] M kd 
.(ɷ 369 w R) ȪA  M w M kd M o] 
.(o\A MAoA oA ȗ U) ovTA KeB ȪA AoMG M Ȧ 
.(ɷ 1355 w R) jqA oBdA oA kL gzA 
.(ɷ 1373 R) ȯBA ȦBA kA nk kvA 
.(ɷ 1373 w R) nBvAhA ȚU kd kvA 
.jo]oLA ȖzA k kvA 
.(ɷ 1356 R) țAoA vd ZBdA M ȟAnA keE kvA 
.(ɷ 1350 w R)  oLA AkL kvA A C M kd kvA 
.(ɷ 573 R) (kAoA KA) kAoA A L M kw vdAME gzA 
.ȪA nB~A vdA M kd gzA 
.(ɷ 1327 R) ȯAnkpBA nA A  gzA kzA 
.jBMC BzA kzA 
/ ɷ 1402) (AqA ovU KeB) qoLTA BLBLA ve kd kvA A 
.( 1981
.țAoA k A kiA 
.(ɷ 1349 R)  ȯB\qA oMA ]kA kd ZBdA 
.(ɷ 1343 R) qoLTA 񦪧A jA] Apo ZBdA 
.nB]BA ȦdT ϦA ȯBXA tBL ϦA 夰A Ȗ ϦA 
: BA BUBLT
: BwE  BE LT 15 d kA ȗ
.Ȗ\A zoA A A C LT 
.A wnkA LT 
.A k\vA ȗ jo]oLA A C LT 
.ȯBBLA kvA A C LT 
: BwnAk  A BUBvwƫ
 vwƫ 60  Bjk kq A tnAkA  RBvwƪA  kkBM A  oiqU
: B wnk
kA A BvwFU j ɛ ɗ A pdA nAjA qo oLTU : A wnkA 
.Ǳ~A
ȮhA eAoA BA k ȗ SvUA  nB]BA kA ȗ SvwFU : BzA nAj B] 
.oL B] SLdA                 (n)
wnAk ^BBe ~~h ȷ  S\e kd kvA eAoA A BvwA : T\dA wnkA 
.wA RBwAnk ȪBA qoA oLTU  AoA o LA  v
w BBM ɗ kLA U TA hA XkdA nBzA  ȷ  : ~A B\A 
.( 1983)
.CoA  ^Ak U  XkdA nBzA  ȷ  : ȯBBLA A C wnk 
. ȗ vA  A nBzA hA  ȷ  : A k 
BA Ao{A SdU SvwFU BvBM Bi Xke B] k ȷ  : AoqA B] 
.(n) ȮhA eAoA
.B] RBvwƫ 6  ǱTdU  ȗ Xke B] k oLA ȷ  : k~A B] 
.^BA oL  Wke B] oz ȷ  : kA B] 
ȷ  pd MBU oiA  B\  RBkT  RBvwƫ  kB ϧB  
.gA ...WdLA  LTB kk RB\ ȗ ~~hT
: BXA odA
BA kM A \dA We  BXA kU wA BY odM  k dU
: B BXA odA Bz KA] A  Ao
B   (wnBA  MoA TBM ozU) oz ^AnAj 40  oXA ϧB : ozA nj 
Bi LT 20  Jo B B) RBLTA RAoz A BBM KTA L o
.(MoA BM KTA LM
KT : BpoMA  vwƫ 15  Bjk Jo : dTA  RBwAnkA RBvwƫ 
ȗ vwƫ VAoTA Be SLA C vwƫ ȫwA ozA KT ȫwA A
Bo  ovA oULA wA vwƪA dA o
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl  
TA  BM xB k k  B kw M AkL  Aq mA LvA kT B 
. Ȯw BM k] BE G zTA  mA  BBG B 婛 G B
 ȖXA nBThA nY i (kwA M)  vA M BA o]B ɷ 67  66 w 
SAU  (oT) L  B] BTw Y ( k J]) Ao] eB ȗ ABA
jBA B  (u C)  ([em C) B A  B  幼MoA BLA B
.BLA m o\ wBwA KLvA 
Aw  A BL   ) o{A o\ oLTU (ɷ 95  92) AA i 
.kA gnBU ȗ RAo\A wA A  (A
F  SB (TA  n~A BA) Bi  wBLA ǱA kA i 
(|) LA  ^Boe  SdLA Te .BMBnA vA   MnBA A  oXA
.() jB~A BA  B
nXA qAo keA  k SB (wBLA dA) o\A WBXA  ȯBXA oA i 
.() SLA  AA  AB BBw  幅vA k
Sj  SU We () ~A B kvA dM  Ro~U ɷ 201 w 
.B
 ~e oh A Bz M Ȧ wBLA FA wnB  A nBY ɷ 204 w
. BL\A ZAohA miA LB
.nBkA BA AqA k  oiA o nBk kA SoU 
n oYA  B BA en kM B{ AoMA k  kA Roj ɷ 1161 w 
.B{ njB
M  M RnAj TA nBA kM d kA BiA  nB]BA U 
.kA ȧBFM oL B\ S훰 We kqA
 ȗ A odA uwA jA  MBdA  o{A kw M A kL A 郰 
AoMA LA Y ȖXA ZB\dA e i A  kA A o{A o]B Bk
WjBeA oz  A B mA (() BoA BA JBdA keA) ȪA ȗA {B M
. ȗ () SLA A  oA A
ȗ BvwA TA A Upe  oBdA oA kL gzA BA o]B  1920 w 
ZohU Wke  B] M  ȪA Bk\ kA A jBB AoA  Uj kM AnE
.(n) ȮhA eAoA BA poMA B BA  dA o񖪧A  RBêA B
VAkeA oYA  nLA BzA BA ]M UnY (n) ȮhA BA E  1963 w 
oL (n) eAoA BA UnA vA m  Aoqe 3 Ȗɗ 幽kA A wnkA
 oiA e B kzM BA  BzA B ]B TA ozA TLi A  wnkA
 RAmBM  YjBdA m  ^Anh Ao A BwnA ȧBTA A ȗ BA BTA
. k  ^BA AoA ȗ A wA nXA Ro\U
TdM j k A Bd  e nw BM Be (JA) ǱM Bn BzA A  
.wBvA  A { ȗ B ij  BUBB
BTA  ^B]B\TeA nB BTBM  ȧBA K 1963 B Aoqe 5/jAjoi 15 ȗ
E RA) T  eAow BM LB Ao A Aep  (n) ȮhA BA
T We M BA B TA (jAjoi 15 BTA)  M BTA m So (ȮhA
.Ao   ȗ vA ȯAoA KzA  A A ϧl ȗ
d BUoz TA A BA  ^B]B\TeA  k STA  1978 w 
 (jwA nBTwA) M ȮhA BA oe B S TA (AoA RBA)
wA nX oiA  BXA A ȷ  (j 19 BTA) M BTA ϦU So
.nLA ȷBzBzA d BA AkM S  TA 
oXA ϧB  幼A pd  KvT mA KB]A  kkA kA ȗ k] 
L TA qAoA  oL jk  冚 JoA LBM Bi wnk vwƫ 15 
ɗ A  mA AoA oɓ LA  kA A mUBwA  A ϧB 
zeA RB\A  okT SoU B kM oLA \A B] oM Si TA BTB]
.BdA RBvA L 
: A BUB~h{
E WjBeE An 孼YkdA B Aqo SB  k E inƪA KɓEol
G (ɷ 83) w A oA ȗ w MA kw M AkL jn Bp  () SLA
w M vdA o{A keA M keA o{A BdwA M keE : Am B
573 R) kAoA KA (o\A ȯBXA oA A ) ȪA jA M Boɟp ȪA
ȪA ApoA dA  嘰k~A Ȧ M kd gzA odA o] M A kL (ɷ
keA MA țoLA kBi M kd A kLME nB~A ve M kd (ɷ 1231 R)
unjG M Bop
329 R) ȪA MBM M w M ve M Ȧ vdA ME gzA BdwG MA jC
Ank   (ɷ MAoA oA) AoMG M Ȧ 峽 M kd o]ME gzA  (ɷ
kd kvA  (ɷ 1355 R) oBdA oA kL gzA ȯB{BA 輖A vd 
(ɷ 1373 R) nBvhA ȚU kd kvA  (ɷ 1372 R) o ɟ S\e
R) ȯBBLA Bnkd kvA (ɷ 1411 R) Ȗ\A zoA kA JB{ kvA
jBɫAj kdɫ kvA ȮhA ǱwA A bn eAoA BɫA kvA (ɷ 1413
C kzA ȟAnA Ȧ kd gzA  ȦA {B ApoA gzA  (ɷ 1355)
cTɫ A C kzA nA A ɗ kzA  jBMC BzA kzA oA A
C ȪA oB kd  kiA Bn kd kiA kw Bn kd kzA
o   ( 1981 / ɷ 1402) BLBLA ve kd kvA kB A bn A
.qA vE A tk BA ]AoA BA 

$
*7
: njB~A
.RoM  1990 w / 1 / 451 | 4 Z AkLA \  1
. 1985 w / 1 / 173 | / wkA BA ȗ ]  2
.jnBT{A kd kd : FU / wnB / j B ~ oe  3
.ȦBA Uo o] / () BoA B wBvA BdA  4
. 1991 / ɷ 1411 wBTA vA / 51 jkA / keTA \  5
wnB / 3  / ozA oB ve kd /  gnBU - 6
$   125 
*1
: oTA
SLA C   峴 B  (|) A LA  JBM 幚oA wkA kA ȷ
]oA nk~ () ƪA oE BA JAodA k{  ..LA k X 孽oBA
jB\A  ozA  TA  A E MjA A RBodA k  kTA 
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA
kM   jAkM BA Jo J] AoA  MoA LA Be  kA U
.B  160
19  ]nj 44  i  U  odLA cw Tv  70 kA UoU 
.j 59  ]nj 31 o i   幚j
 ( 80 d B kLU TA) Mo k ɛozA BzA BzA  Bkd
 ( 18 d  kLU mA) oh MA \A odM h JoA J\A
( 10 d B kLU TA) A k ozA
$
*3
: uwFTA
SB Mo kM ȷ  (odA \  B ^AqU) A \ ȷ A \A A
ojA Bɗ ozTU ȫwA cTA Lɛ SB  (odA α) nlB ^B~ ^Bkɛ
Ȧ BA oL j] M BBw ejpA  BB vUA  kLA Ro~U  幼dvA
^Bd  kA Bq ^Aqo SdLA  AoTeA  wkA MB k A mA ()
  mA BA ) B\ ] (\A) B Mo wA \A  婦A 
\A  kvA  k\B ȴ BnB] B BA k~U BvA LzU B nA B (BA
B B  () SLA A WjBeA ȗ jn B B kk BwBM ^BA Sw  TA B
BvA MoA 幗A oɈ 帱MoA j\A BBM : ȷ  TvA  ^BnBT B
B \A A ǰn  kzA  oA  \Bɟ ^BTwA oXɟA  B B  nA
酚A Y (BA  Ȯ~ L] A ǰDw) :  b MA B mA   ^B ^L]
 ϧl kM ] Y (ȯ) v odLA ϧl B  峦A jAnBM ^Bj ^n nB  ^B텛
vA  iE  ^B\ Ȫw  (] ȯ)
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
vUA \A Ro~U () ƪA oA B ozA oLA n kM  (ɷ 170)w
oB k SdLA Te Büz Bü{ nBA RB B SAU B  AoA B
: ȷ nAA YXM BUnB Ro k
wBTA oA G (ɷ 338) w  kTA mA ȴLA kA k nB n : A
Y 幮kBM d nw E k{ We \A k nBjpA A X  o\A
.k ȯBXA nvA ɷ 400 w ȴLA opA w M kd ME M
cLE We 孼o\A oz WBXA oA wAA wBTA oA M 隽 mA nA : ȯBXA
.toA AoUA M JodA KLvM BUnB SLl  ^Bk BAo
G jB  o\A oz WBXA oA wAA  AkL mA oiA kA  : WBXA
BXA AoA RAoTA  oXA B SYke B AoA ojpA  BUnB \A
.Mo Bd ^BMBU B SB E kM 幼khA
B B wBLA A k oBA hA TA (ɷ 656  ɷ 550) Tw M 
.ozA ǱA kzA oU wA Ao BA S{ 幮kBM
Bi ve kd kA B A nk~A oE ( 1810 / ɷ / 1226) w ȗ 
RnoU A kM k nw E  hE kzTM (nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT op ) A
.wkA kBzA  MBA  k\ Aq RB\
ȗ o\A BhA TvA k ɗ  o\A BXA MBvA oA B ɗ 
.A nj BzA BvA BejpA AoA We  \A RnU AoA
kA MoU (AAoU) kkdA w 幼E o{ RFzE ( 1908 / ɷ 1325) w 
.BM
kU RBh B SL~ KMBFM BM \A SMn ( 1929 / ɷ 1348) w 
o  BA B~ RAoA  oTA oe  kTU kA SB A kM B BA
.kA  kLA RAoA
o] kvA  Bɫ BA k  dA dA SdT ( 1931 / ɷ 1350 w 
 nB\TA B  BM] ȗ oLA eBvA Si  kA nw ȗ JAME vi ke
.SAdA  AkdA  ȷBA  nkA  n~A BBM kA ȧBE
  ThA RBɷqTA  AkdA  tnAkA ɽkA ɗ ɽoɫA RBvA RFzɯA 
.pB ϦA wA A Lv (pBA) M kk\A dA m Sw ^BwA ^zTv
M T pA RAnBvA RovU E kM (AAoU) kkdA w Sn  1948 w 
.BM oA kaL A  \A

$
*5
: BA
BzA \A  U dv n nA  Uo MAn  A wA kM \A
 B ^ApnBM q  B  tnAkA B nLA JBLA  wA eBv  ozA
\A odM  MoA \A  ozU  vA jA kU A oLA m
kA w ȗ 隽 mA () Ȧ BA ko kM Bv  jBA kBz  B\A
.BB uzA BU qoMA Kl  텛 BF L  \TU
Uo ] BUAnB  dv Tv BnA{ 2 1338 d kA eBv LU 
 țozA kA nw  kTL mA oLA vA Bw    o BAwA 
.() Ȧ BA d k ȴT
: kA BUd
d A vU 啽ozA d~A  ozA M\A AqA ȗ U  : A d 
.AozA
oLA ȷ d~A  ozA BzA AqA ȗ A d B{ U : nBA d 
.kA \A Rd
.d~A  MoA BzA AqA  U nBA d Jo U : ydA d 
.\A Rd VkeE ȷ ydA d J] U : AoLA d 
: XkdA vA BBeE
BA e BwA e kk\A e 幯BdA e kvA e okA e oA e
.XA e
: BnA{
jB~A BA nB{ () kMBA p BA nB{ (|) woA nB{ 幮kA nB{
nB{ wA nB{ okvA nB{ 噯nhA nB{ nvA nB{ 幗A nB{ ()
.oh MA

: BUBB  BkAo
.() KB ME M Ȧ ƪA oE BA ko 
.() cB A L ko () j A L ko 
.() kMBA p BA B 
.([) kA BA B 
.dA M kd B 
.() LT\A vdA SM n B 
: B kAo k A ȗ 
ko  (n) nBTA X ko (n) o M ȯB ko ()  M v ko 
.ȖXA kL ME M nBThA
: Bk]Bv
k\v tEoA k\v AohA k\v 孼B{ M Ao k\v 幯BdA k\v 
幓B~A k\v oT{zA o] gzA k\v (oL  隽 mA) wA gzA
KeB gzA k\v BA {B C k\v jAoA k\v nkdA k\v
gzA k\vɫ B~A  k\vɫ ȦhA ve Apoɫ ZBdA k\vɫ oA\A
C k\v doA gzAk\v kA k\v 廂Uo gzA k\vɫ nzɫ
BɃn BC gzA k\v ȯBLLA ve ZBdA k\v yn Ȧ k\v kzA
.pAozA ve A k\v ȯAkA
: BwnAk
KeB) A kL  gzA wnk (vA wnk) E nvA jAkA wnk
wnk 婉A nk~A wnk pAozA ve ApoA wnk (A ȗ {BdA
E kd wnk ȯAoA wnk ]o\A wnk AA wnk jo]oLA
wnk  (1991 w  Sk) (ow tk ıhA kv) A nAj wnk ȮqA
 () ƪA oE wnk  jAkLA qqA kL wnk  ȯBMozA wnk  kA
廅wA kiA wnk oLA kiA wnk o~A ȦhA ve ZBdA wnk
wnk nBhLA wnk jqA B kd kvA wnk o~A kiA wnk
.MjBLA wnk 幼kA \A B] wnk 幪dA nAj
: BUBLT
LT 幽oT{zA vdA LT wA B] ȗ A LT 幽nkdA LTA
oLA o] gzA LT o~A oLA ȦhA Twnk LTɫ AA wnkɫ
jAkLA qqA kL LT 幼A MAoA LT  doA kA oh gz A LT
LT 幫BA LTA  ɗA nB{ ɗ A ɟ A S ozA kTɫ LTɫ
kiA LT ȯBA oBM kd gzA LT \A B] LT jo]oLA
() ƪA oA LT 婼dA kvA LT 娱A odM  LT 婼eoA LT
ȧA LT BLhA LTɫ ɓLA LTɫ nA LTɫ MA LTɫ
RBLTA ɫ kkA B ȯAoA nqM BɓA gzA LTɫ  (A  MvA)
.\A RBUM wBM oiA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
~dT odA ko Kl 幫BA cT kM kA M kBi \A q (ɷ 12) w 
.KLA 훰 B S훰 k MA o~A ȗ BA 
khA Am Aq JoA  Bi \A Mo ȗ ^Bki BTA l nMBw oe 
.(kw oM) o Mo  odA M B BdA
ȗ toA vA B qA jBLT Joe eBw \A SB (ɷ 14) w 
.toA  wA ȗ q] A RmiA BBwA keA BBM 
Ȧ BA   \A ȗ j  A RnA M JBLhA B (ɷ 37) w 
. Bj ()
oYA 幗A k\v ȗ eo\M AoYBT () Ȧ BA kzTwA ( 661 / ɷ 40) w 
vdA BA L  \A ȗ j jAoA \ M eoA kL A MoɃ
. M () TM A  vdA
BA ȗ A M Bw M B] wA kM B A B o] (ɷ 250) w ȗ 
oYA  A A M o]B JAoi BUBvM ȗ B Vke k " vBM " oA
.(A JAoi)         v BM wA G M  G
yL jAnA Bk ZnAhA  " u M o " wBA YjBe Ro] o\A MAoA oA ȗ 
.BA nAo \A nw AkA YjBe ϧm () Ȧ BA oL
RBwAnk Aqɟo \A SdLA ȴLA kA ɗ  ( 1056 / ɷ 448) w 
jBA kM wA o] MA gzA BA o]B Bk RBwAnkA m RqoU 幼kA
.B   BA UF A J d SdLA LT AoeA  jAkM ȗ
J]) oAq\A ȗ BBe B mA " zzA " YjBe S훰 (ɷ 508) w ȗ 
\A ɗ kzA Kɯ M owA \A ȧBɷA Tɛ mA o~LA (AoA
.Mo
.ȯBXA w BvA BA ȗ \A nA oA oBe (ɷ 1032) w ȗ 
M B TwA BeA \A So RAoA o B (ɷ 1109) w ȗ 
.L o B] mA BwoA
oXA SA AoA  kkA kA JBTA o\ oz jBdA o{BA oA ȗ 
.B AoA oe SA BBw 
(BA z) JBT KeB oLA o] gzA k ȗ ( 1813 / ɷ1228) w 
vA oYA   幼kA BqA KB] G Moe RBBp n ȗ SLLvU VjAe S훰
.RozA RoqA B T× G \A MnBdA
MBA qA VjAe k A \A SoU (ɷ 1225 1221 1216)vA ȗ 
.ozA ǱA kzA K  KohU  BA T BAn TA 
o G Ujo BXA AoUA k \A RnBY ( 1915 / ɷ 1333) w  
.]n
( 1918 / ɷ 1336) w ȗ \A qA ij ( 1917 / ɷ 1335) w 
.Ujo k \A RnBY
pA L  (n) ıhA wBA ME kv A nAj wnk kU U ( 1991) w 
.kBhA BL{ BTA VAkeA oYA  AoA ȗ oBA BA

: A RB~hzA
 cB j b jC BLɯA ɗ BA dB~A BLɯA nA \A
vA
.(ɷ 37  w R) RnA M JBLi - 1
.(ɷ 38 w R) e M w - 2
.(ɷ 41 w R) oiA M oi - 3
.(ɷ 42 w R) o{A w MA - 4
.(ɷ 42 w R) u M W{A - 5
.(ɷ 50 w R) L{ M oA - 6
.(ɷ 59 w R) jB] M ow - 7
.(ɷ 61 w R) o M ȯB - 8
.(ɷ 61 w R) nBTA X - 9
.(ɷ 61 w R) o M A kL - 10
.(ɷ 68 w R) nA M kp - 11
.(ɷ 68 w R) BA UBe M k - 12
.(ɷ 74 w R) ow M oMB] - 13
.(ɷ 82 w R) jBp M  - 14
.(ɷ 81 w R) A M A kL - 15
.(ɷ 460 w R) wA gzA - 16
.(ɷ 664 w R) tB M Ȧ kA ȃn kvA - 17
.(ɷ 673 w R) tB M kA B] - 18
.(ɷ 726 w R) ȦdA A - 19
.(ɷ 990 w R) ȦMjnA tkA - 20
.(ɷ 1087 w R) doA kA oh gzA - 21
.(ɷ 1151 w R) oAq\A keA gzA - 22
.(ɷ 1212 w R) A odM k kd kvA - 23
.(ɷ 1242 w R) oL{ M A kL kvA - 24
.(ɷ 1245 w R) țAoA keA gzA - 25
.(ɷ 1281 w R) nB~A Uo gzA - 26
.(ɷ 1290 w R) Ȗ\A kd gzA M ȃAn gzA - 27
.(ɷ 1300 w R) ȮqA k kvA - 28
.(ɷ 1312 w R) pAozA ve kd kvA - 29
.(ɷ 1326 w R) ȦhA ve ZBdA - 30
.(ɷ 1333 w R) MLdA kw kd kvA - 31
.(ɷ 1336 w R) jBAkA Ȧ kvA A - 32
.(ɷ 1346 w R) jBMCoTwA Bn kd kvA - 33
.(ɷ 1354 w R) ȓLA jA] kd A - 34
.(ɷ 1355 w R) ȮBA gzA - 35
.(ɷ 1361 w R) țAoA kA B gzA - 36
.(ɷ 1365 w R) ȯBA vdA MA kvA - 37
.(ɷ 1370 w R) jqA B kd kvA - 38
.(ɷ 1373 w R) BA {B Ȧ gzA M ve kd gzA - 39
.(ɷ 1375 w R) dA vd kvA - 40
.(ɷ 1413 w R) ıhA wBA MA kvA - 41
(ɷ 1414 w R) nAqLvA A kL kvA - 42
$
*7
: njB~A
.RoM  1993 w 1 / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w  1
.jAkM  1975 w / 1 / kwA ve / \A nY  2
. 1986 w / 1 / 1 Z BoBe \A ȃB  3
RoM  1987 w / 2 / 1Z / \A v / wkA RBLTA w  4
$   126 
*1
: oTA
nBM BdA BhnFU  BTwkM pBTU kM qM wA L nz wA k ȷ
 jBzA c LA  keA YjBe BTMoU Rk{ We Bv\A VjAdA  BA
kBhA A YjBe ȷ  A AkA
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA
ȗ Aod~A Be  jAkM BA  MoA J\A G  105 kM  kA U
.vdA k\ ovA \A  RAoA Mo
31  ]nj 33 o i  j 40  ]nj 44  i  kA U 
Bd ozA  \A Bd J\A  nBLA Bd BzA  Bkd 幚j
jvA MoA 񦪪A ȃAnA BzA jBM JoA  jAkM Bd  v dA
$
*3
: uwBTA
ȫwA cTA L nB~ oL A m SB ȦMBLA kA G kA gnBU j
幪kA MBLA  BA  ȷ (A Jo) Ȯ Mo  A XeBLA M o 
A Sd o  UF k kA (Mo) gnBU o G  TA A M En 
MBM o \ M MoA (MBM n)   Ud BA  ǱA BdU
ɃAnA) A vU  幽oɃBA Bɫ 幽kA kw ɫ LoA  Bɫ 幪kɛ
nBe lA oBdBM A o mA odA Y uAA Y MBM o A Mo Y (vdA
oLA Țw  kM wBLA TA oA Bk () vdA BA oL 郱 e BA
 AA oA bv k gnBU A j Mo gnBU A oiA o  啽ozA
Mo  A ~ k kL BɃnA  (kA RAoA) tBMBM o BɃ
 (A oe) BB  A E (E)  oe E (Jo) Tn{A TA  Ko
(BM)    E (nB) B T  Lo nk~A wnB  BA A oiC Kl
Mo  A Td  (A) BBwA   (A A) BB  A E
A ...Mo Sw in 郱A Am nA SB B 帰BioA M MoA  Tz
nA m U E Am  p\ ..BT BUpq AlG dA SMo B BA 
Am  E p\ BdA SL wA MoA .ϧmM Sv kA ~dA  B
M Sv B j] oX SLA  ~A
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
We M A A kM  Mo k Ao gnBU AkM ɷ 61 B od 12 ȗ 
) BA Ld  () tBLA iA () vdA BA RBɗn kwA M ɗj
.(vA
T kM Be nkA M Mo ȗ kBzA BM wBLA o~TA jBA ɷ 247 w 
kvA  k  Ǳ A BTwA Y BB k kBM WL mA TA MA
.() BA w BA M kMBA kd M ȗA ooA JB\A AoMA
2. 2400 TeBv Rnk k  oBd nw A k{ ɷ 372 w 
ȯBXA nvA (qoɫAoA w M A M vdA) opA BɛA  ɷ 412 w 
.kkdA  JAMA MnE LA] ȗ K~  幮k
o  jk]  ^BwnAj ^Ao oe  Mo Ǳ~A BwA BzA nAp ɷ 941 w 
.ȮvdA kzA
G BoA BT TA dA BeB doA ȯBA Bw cE  ɷ 953 w 
.B]
MBA YjBe kM)  Mo kA α keA nAp jA oz wBTA oA AA ȗ 
B Anw M AL  M BwA BUM ] BAwA B M (ɷ 1216 w
.kL
WBXA kA nw BL (BoA KeB) BLBLA Ȧ kvA k~U ɷ 1217 w 
.|Bi wBM JBM  o JAMA Tw  ] MBA nB kM
.]nBhA BBM Mo B~UA AoTA i B~A U  1860 w 
幼dA oAkA SM (B{BM Sek) c~A k ȗ   1868 ɷ 1285 w ȗ 
JBM ]  kA nw  ^Bv k  ȯBLA AwA  kkA BA wU U
.(wBLA) dM Sw kLA A oiA ^Bo BA  \A
oA nAzA o~A ȯBLA SzA A BA JodA kM   1914 w 
.BM dA BA Kdv qL BzBM ϧl BAnA S]

$
*5
: BA
~dA  B)  in  BnE  BMo  52856 d Mo k eBv LU
kA G Bjƽ Bo Y  RAoA B Bv XA UBvLA BM dU (kA
oiC o   97 B KvA kM Ano jAkM BBM BMoU o wkA
G \Tw B oBvA v mA LvA B BE wkA o{A \A kM B~U
noA  TBdA BT ȗ  kM AoA A Ak{ X () vdA BA ko
We  kA vU .XA hA nAq BA UBvM BdU oh oM
Mo BE  E mA  " kA Mo " A v vɛ G AoA
RAl BLA wA kk\A kLA  " kk\A Moɟ " ɯBXA vA k 幪kA
 kA tnAkA  oBA ȯBLA  AwA  RBvwƪA B Rk{ dv nA{
ȴT  oM o~LA  jAkM M kTA kkdA hA kA ~  oXA dA
.Xke L o AoA oBvM  BBM BMoU   36  kA kvM
: eAA A
.vdA eB odA eB / LTU BA qo  1
.MoA k\A eB .RAohA eB / LTU kA B qo  2
.oTA  B  3
: BUd
婼hA d BhA JBM d jAkM JBM d BA JBM d 幪vA JBM d
.MoA ozA wBLA d \A JBM d
: vA BBeA
Bn e odA e nXA e KA e tBLA e 孼A e 孼vdA e
e nB~A e αLA e 幧AkA e 幼qA e BwA e d~A e
KTA e dA e BA e 幽kvA e MoA e 幽kLA e 孼A
.BA e AnqA bA e
: BnA{
tBLA nB{ () vdA nB{ () Ȧ BA nB{ (|) A woA nB{
.() oLA Ȧ nB{ ()
: BUBB BkAo
: B nAqU TAnLA  kkA BLB\M  oA vdA oA 
 AkzA co kwA oB M KLe ko  () JB\A AoMG kvA ko)
.(() vdA M wBA () vdA JBdE
.oA wBLA oA 
: nAqA BM oLT TA BA RBBA 
B ([) kA B ȮvdA hA () eBoA kq M odA B 婽o h 
BA Bɫ () tBL ovA A Bɫ () tBL A A Bɫ 幼LqA U
MA B kw MA vdA B qe M B 峦AkL M  B () jB~A o]
oLA Ȧ B () o] M w B () Ȧ BA B 幂 B ȦdA k
.() BA M toiA B () LA E B () vdA tEn B ()
: ozA oYA BBA
.BzA Bi kA  oiA ~e
: Bk]Bv
M Ao k\v 孼vdA tEn k\v : Bo{E kA ȗ k\v 100  oXE ϧB
B] oBA B\A Bi ve nAj ovA B] ȯBXA kzA k\vɫ 孼B{
k\v uL k\v BLɄBLA Ț Ȧ kvA k\v 幽kdA B] ȯBTwozA
B] 峦A o~ ZBdA B] 幼MjnA B] 啦i gzA B] ȯAodLA w gzA
.hA
: BUBve
kd kvA ve 幽nkdA vdA : Bo{A kA ȗ ve 100  oXA B
ve 孮e ZBdA ve oB jE ve kBzA ve Mn ve cB
.ozA jAoA
: kA BwnAk
.ɷ 1327vdA wnkA  1
.ɷ 1333 o\A wnkA  2
. 1921 keA wnkA  3
. 1921~A wnkA  4
.ɷ 1345oA wnkA  5
.ɷ 1381 () oBLA BA wnk  6
.ɷ 1270kB\A wnk  7
.ɷ 1270MjBLA wnk  8
.(oYk) ɷ 1276A nk~A wnk  9
.ɷ 1287 oA kL ZBdA wnk  10
.ɷ 1250LA wnk  11
.ɷ 1250vA wnk  12
.ɷ 1920 oLA kA wnk  13
.ɷ 1300 o~A kA wnk  14
.BBM jk] ɷ 1358 ȦdA k MA wnk  15
.(oYk) ɷ 1276LqA wnk  16
.ɷ 1287kA wnk  17
.ɷ 1381jo]oLA wnk  18
.ɷ 1384ȯAnkpBA BA o{ wnk  19
.ɷ 1355 KhA wnk  20
.ɷ 1376() jB~A BA wnk  21
.ɷ 1388 vdA wnk  22
B ̙L  o 70  ǱTdU SB) ɷ 1180 Bi ve nAjovA wnk  23
.(o 16 w A
: BUBLT
vdA kL gzA Aqi oBdA A o~ kvA Aqi () vdA BA kz Aqi
Aqi ȮqA ve kvA Aqi 幪 A nAkA vdA kL kvA Aqi ȯAoA
Aqi oBdA kMBA p M keA gzA Aqi BLBLA \dA oBM kd kvA
dA k kvA Aqi KhA jAj M kd gzA Aqi KdA MA vd gzA
.ozA ȧ\A vd kvA Aqi ȯBTwozA
: BA BUBLT
tBLA A MA LT 幫BA qɟoA LTA AkzA kw LT 幽o\A LTɫ
kdA kL A LTɫ oBdA oLɟA Ȧ kvA LTɫ 幼vdA ɃoA LTɫ
oLA Kp kvA LT 幼wA A LT (|) A woA LT ȯBAoA
.oA CoA LT ()
: oMBA
jB~A o] BA MB) MBA eBw BBe oA wnk TA jA 婼hA eBw
MA ko MBA Jnl MA BTvM) jA oL (nBA d MB) kk\A jAA (()
.(qe
: XkdA kA BAwA
pAqLA w 幓B~A w 孽nB~A w ZoA w 孽nB\A w ohA w
.BhA JBM w 幼LqA w () vdA w ǰA w (JoA w)
: ozA kA BUBBi
.oiA BhA \AnqA Bi oLA Bi jAp Bi 幼A Bi

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B FT B k{  Joe G no BYA () ƪA oA BA B q 
" B BB{ nA m A : (vA ) B ϧl  v nBYA E  B
 Y : (vA ) B ϧl  v 婴Bj Ao BB MBn d BB
.BB q (|) kd
jBp M A kL i M SBeA Mo A () vdA BA TA B ɷ 61 w 
 BM l : () B oA BwA :   oA A nB{E  ?oA ϦU wA B : B
.M  Jo nA : B Mo :AB ? B d TA nA m wA B oA
 B BA MBdE  () vdA BA kzTwA ɷ 61 w odA  o{BA ȗ 
.tkA oBdA ȗ j
Mo  JoBM oA Ak ȗ KA M kq nY SYke B M kq k ȗ 
v y] BA nAXA q  RowA Ln o ϧB RnAj    RAoA  
.kq y] kB ϦA kL M
 AoA B Bk Mo  kwA kd M aL nB SYke ɷ 369 w 
.oTA
.kA w nBA p ȗ Mo  ]Bi RnB ɷ 479 w  
.Mo  ϮnU RB\ S훰 ɷ 795 w 
T ȮvdA kzA K Mo  (zzA Ȧ)  TwA ɷ 858 w 
.o~LA ȗ  nAj G  ȚM  owA Bnl T BE
" B M oB " kA BoA BqM Mo B C L Rq ɷ 1013 w 
.ɷ 1053 w G ^BB 40 kA  BTBp SvM
KA AT qqA kL M jw jBM Mo k  MBA nBE ɷ 1216 w 
ɗ B 鼪] AL  () vdA BA ko L Ak  RLA AwA ɗ BA
YjBdM vU SB Kl  tBL  bw AA  ozA koA kA
.(BXA A)
RAoA  o odM ȯBA Bw BvA B AoA BXA TeA  1534 w 
.ȧBdA vdA o  (ȯBvA oA) Ȫw
We B{BM jAj ȧAA k ȗ niBA YjBe S훰  1825 / ɷ 1241 w 
BoBe We (niAo Bw) TBi oA jBM Mo B{BM jAj RA RoBe
.o{A 8 k BBe bBLTwA
Mo k Bw oL]A lA B{BM K\ kd YjBe S훰  1842 / ɷ 1258 w 
.BXA d h bvA M
.Ǳ~A tBL BzA BqM AoA AoA TeA  1623 w 
.Mo k MAoA jAo ȯBXA BvA oBe  1638 w 
.BXA d İBA k Ȧ oe SYke  1876 / ɷ 1293 w  
.BY o Mo k MBA ]B  1923 w 
BkA B " A ozA nY " BvA AoA nXA SkA  1920 w 
oBdA ȚU kd gzA eoA wAn  nAX  RmhUA TA Mo k 
.AoA d vA o JBhTA odTM AT nAkA pAozA
 pAozA BA \ Bn kd gzA  LA ȚA  1920 Aoqe / 29 ȗ 
.B A ovU U  kB\A A fzA  vU
 BzA KA SkA () vdA BA MnA BeA wAo ȗ  1980 w 
SBe Bk AoA RBvA  () vdA nB~A  ɛAoA RBɗBdA 鼪]
WLA B p ȗ kBhA K]n BTA Vke () vdA nBp   RAA
.o\A
ozA ȮvdA kzA Lɛ AoA ɗ BdA BA RAɛ S~ɛ  1990 w 
.kBhA BL{ BTA VAkeA i ϧl  B ^Aq] Rok
: A RB~hzA
 fzA qn ȴ 幼hnBTA A kA BTB BTwkM Mo k RpBTA
A G B oz  幮pA n~A kA m jB\A JjA A Bj ȗ k\A BMA
.B AL BkB  A]ohU B ABA mA eBA BA  kA BUB~h{
.(ɷ 310 w TA) Mo ȗ A B] uwƫ ǱA jBp M ke  1
.(ɷ 460 w TA) wA vdA M kd o] MA gzA  2
.(ɷ 490 w  TA) (oBdA BvA) KeB oBdA tBA M Bz gzA  3
.(ɷ 630 w TA) ǱwA oBdA k M nBh kvA  4
.(ɷ 841 w TA) kwA ȦdA k M keA gzA  5
.(ɷ 900 w TA) ȪA AoMA gzA  6
.(ɷ 1168 w TA) vdA oA ȗ tnkA oBdA A o~ kvA  7
odA ȗ kA " (ɷ 1186 w Mo ȗ TA) ȯAodLA w gzA  8
." vdA
ɗ ɗkA (ɷ 1205 w ɗTA) ɯBLLA oɛBM keA uwƪA  9
.vdAodA
.(ɷ 1212 TA) A odM k kd kvA  10
nA\M j ɷ 1231 w TA BoA KeB~M ozA BLBLA Ȧ kvA  11
.() vdA BA
.(ɷ 1245 w TA) ȯAnkpBA BA o{ gzA  12
.ɷ 1246 w TA oBdA ov M i gzA  13
.(ɷ 1261 w TA) ~A KeB ȯBA ve kd gzA  14
.(ɷ 1262 w  TA) MAA KeB ȮqA AoMA kvA  15
.(ɷ 1286 w  TA) ȯAoA vdA kL czA  16
.(ɷ 1303 w  TA) jBAkA cB Apo kvA  17
.(ɷ 1309 w TA) ȯAnkpBA kMBA p gzA  18
.(ɷ 1315 w TA) zoA ve kd kvA  19
.(ɷ 1338 w TA) pAozA ȚU kd gzA  20
.(ɷ 1380 w TA)  C vdA kL kvA  21
.(ɷ 1380 w TA) pAozA k Apo kvA  22
(ɷ 1381 w TA) BLBLA Ȧ kd kvA  23
$
*7
: njB~A
.jAkM  1988 w / 1 / 텧A jB Bw / BU / oAmA ȗ Mo 
. 1983 w / 1 / 텧A jB Bw / Mo VAoU 
. 1987 w / 2 / 8Z / wkA RBLTA w 
ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk AoA 
$   127 
*1
:oTA
BE ȗ SdTɗ BwAoi k A  AoA k RBoL  Bk tɄ E kz
Ȧ BA ko BA BE RBBA RAnAqA nBYA  oXA B WBXA hA
.Akz kz Sw M mA kz () BoA w M

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A
 kLU 幪kA t k  RAoT  M kM  BwAoi A BA ȗ U
. 924 d Ao BA
幚j 37 ]nj 59 i   odLA cw   985 BUnA  kA U 
.j 16 ]nj 36 o i  
 Ao k BTvBɗA ozA  BTvoU țozA BzA BzA  Bkd
.k]oM k J\A  joB{ k JoA

$
*3
: uwBTA
oA \M  t B SwnkA B kA t MBU o o kz SB
Ao () BoA BA koM Aa~dU BA  ȚM  o]B  ȧA ϮnU
.BA AF MA  Anj e
kw ]AhA ȯBnA nU oA M foB{ oA   1406 / ɷ 808 w ȗ
oA oB ATB t A B G ozA koA e ~dTBM o]B Apo
Al kM ozA BA Am nB B~e B~e L .Anw nj e ȮL E foB{
() BoA BA ko j] B   kzBM jBMBw Sw  tM RoT{A A
.BwAoi jM kB kU wA k cL~U E kA (B) o ] ȗ A

$
*4
:nBA  wTA
]o Ao  kA AnB  ǱoA kzA AoM LUo kz k Ao A
.kk\U   tkA kzA nBBM BTA G
BA Tq oYA  BwAoi ȗ BA Bk (o] nl M t)  A t ȯBM 
A kM BBM jBA jAkzM kz] A   幮w 900 d L ϧl ovi ȟ
.SMoi
kd BvA  oFM kA e nw kE (qT M nw) M ɷ 428 w 
.ǱqA
kA e oiC ^Anw (kA k) M KA kA  oA BA ɷ 511 w 
.kA wU oYA  kA nvA  kM
.kA nvA  wE  oLE nw BLM ]Ai oA oE ɷ 808 w 
6  B]oM 141  kA e ^Anw Ǳ~A KwB ϦA M ɷ 950 w 
.A A j] nBYE SAp JAMA
.BLA  AoA eB  BT ZE A kA S B{ njB ϦA p ȗ 
So  kk] BeA BA SA We kA wU U nB]BA αA k ȗ 
.(k Roe A) ϦA p ȗ ϧl  BnA{
BA ȗ kkzA AqqA  kM kA ɗ voA ȯBLA SdA  1673 w 
.Ǳ~A Bw BzA
d~A ɫ oL o cTɗ Bɛ odM (kA o) Bɛ  1912 / ɷ 1330 w 
.t jBMC o{ M AA oA o 啽ozA
oA wU RB REkM AoA ȗ wA nXA nB~TA kM  ɷ 1403 w 
LTA nB BzA ϧm 幽ɃoA wA A B] nB BzA T nA
v A 10 A v RBkhA eAoA Ao BzA noA ovU oz kk\A
.αL K{ RBTwA qAo BzA nAj BzA

$
*5
: BA
kA t k ~U (jn z) jA   kTU BL] \ kBM dU
.nMBv w 
\A  qɟo un nB{ Bw kT 2ɟ 27487 d kA eBv LU
BTMAM  U nBzA Am 幮kA  ozA M\A \A A ozA BzA
.tkA ǱoA kzA ij B oAqA 鼅Tv
: kA BUd
] ȗ) vA BMBi (JoA ] ȗ) BA BMBi (tkA odA B{) B d
d M) JAow (MoA J\A ȗ) n{ow (J\A ] ȗ) B k (ozA
w 屯 ] Boz nB]BM BM nB] Bo BBw (BA BMBi d n{ow
.w
: XkdA vA BBeA
nTj kzA e jBMC jd 孟jB{ jBMC o jB\vA e B jBMBw jBMC oBM
.U 72 e (n) ȮhA BA k TzM
: BnA{
o A C ȯo kzA pAozA A C woL Ǳ JA () BɃn BA
ȯBA ȗo{A kzA Bw M jApC Mn ]Bi 劗Be Bi To{ Ȧ nTj
.o  (n) ȮhA BA
: BnL  BkAo
.(vA ) BoA w M Ȧ BA ko 
.() vdA M Ȧ M kp M d jAp BA 
.(ɷ 63 w R) ȗA kwA Xi M Mn ]AhA nAq 
.(() BoA BA jBi) ǰoA S~A MA ]AhA nAq 
.(ɷ 548 w R) (BLA \ KeB) woLA vdA M A gzA oL 
1031 w R) (BLA) ȦBA k~A kL M ve M kd kA BM gzA oL 
.(ɷ
.(ɷ 1104 w R) (ȦBA odA) M oA ve M kd gzA oL 
.B] T Biq] oC Bk vA RBë nL B BT oL 
.(() kMBA p BA jA ) kd jAqB{ oL 
.() BA BA jA  YY  keC kvA oL 
.ǱoA AoMA Apo oL 
.(ɷ 1343 w R) ~BhA k gzA oL 
.wjoA oL 
.pkBMoM oL 
.BhA o oL 
.k{oA nB (B{ njB Ǳ~A KwB BzA) : αA nL
: Bk]Bv
BM k\v KB k\v () BoA BA k\v (poM) k\v jB{ o B] 
.nBLA JC k\v ow
: BUBLT
幽k LT Ǳ JA LTɫ (ɃoA LTA) oA ǱɃoA odA LTɫ 
.JBLzA B oA MoTA LT 幼A pdA RBLT
: BwnAk
Bi B wnk jAqoM wnk njj wnk nBzTv wnk o] Apo wnk
RAoi wnk Bi Ȧ tBL wnk 幽jAqLA wnkA 幽oBLA wnkA JA wnk
wnk ıhA wBA ME kvA wnk ow BM wnk Bi Bw wnk Bve
oE wnk jqA țk kd gzA wnk An wnk ȯA jB kvA
.jAq wnk () ƪA
: BnBYA
.() BoA BA k () BoA BA  (BinB A) L jBvA nAj BdA nAj
: XkdA BUBvwƫ
vwƫ 幽oA BXA vwƪA () BoA BA B] 幽oA wA A B]
A B ) oz M o{ tkA ǱoA kzA oz L vwƫ 幼BXA tkA
Bo () SLA C vwƫ An{B vwƫ 幼BXA nA nAjA qo (oz
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
oiA  AoMB BAkeA Tk  TzU TA BwAoi k keA t SB 
.B M BX BA SdT B
.() BoA w M Ȧ vdA MA BA B j ɷ 203 w 
^B] Bk]Bv SMoi  BB  kkA T kA aqA BL Rq ɷ 548 w 
.ǱoA kzA L Ak B
.BB Aoj  BE AT  kA A ]B ɷ 617 w 
.BL t  q] jBeA  AoLA MA jAj \  1295 / ɷ 695 w 
M ZBdA oe  B Ϯ nU M { Ao t k oBe ɷ 791 w 
.() BoA BA kz A tBA o  kA ok
.~A kM kA S훰 ɷ 981 w 
MnA k gM Be MpA Bi ƪA kL t oBe  1587 / ɷ 996 w 
 KT Aqi jB  ozA odA ȗ B 鼪] K BB T BA T o{A
.Y tB 텛 L B ]
.B{ njB T kM Bh Ȧ kM kA S훰 ɷ 1160 w 
kM t SdT A jB] 9 keA  ȗ nBw T SB ɷ 1266 w 
.vA Bve
.nB]BA e SdU S훰 oz WBXA oA AE ȗ 
Bok BMoM o o (nMB) Jo BXY ok kz Aqp Jo 1673 w 
.}iA  kzA L okTA JBA k
BAk kz kɫ SdLA tkA ǱɃoA kzA toA ~ɛ  1912 w 
.oBvA ikT
oXA o~ G RjA () BoA BA co  hh L Ro\A 1994 w 
.B LohTA BA ]  ȷ ...RBêA bo] Ak{ 20 
: A RB~hzA
k ȗ   ȫqhA oL M k] () Ȧ BA k ȗ hnBTA RB~hzA 
XA KB (ɷ 47) nBA o M dA  U U BA  jk A ȮM
M wA Mn M A kL (ɷ 53 R) YnBdA jBp M Mn ȖdA ki (ɷ 48)
pBi M A kL jBp M w jBp M eoA kL BX M kw (ɷ 56 R) np
峦A kL MA bAo\A 婦v M LT (ɷ 82 R) o MA M KA bB{ M oM
(ɷ 120 R) A kL M kwA 峦A kL M B (ɷ 116 R) eoA kL M k\A
.(ɷ 246 R) AqhA Lj oBzA (ɷ 131 R) nBw M o~ 幦e MA o]
: ^BE BUB~h{  
ȯBwAohA v MA jAj M J ThMA oLA yiA (428 R) Bw MA 
hLA n~ MA (ɷ 230 R) oB M A kL 孼vdA M oB (ɷ 137 R)
R) MAnBA o~ MA ȯBwAohA oBzA wA kd M vdA wBA ME ȯoLA
.(309
: ^BA B kA BA  
(ɷ 1098 R) ȯAozA ve M kd A 孫ƫ kd M oBM kd ApoA
kA  Ȧ kvA ǱɃoA ȚU kd oɫ BA ȯBLLA kA u{ gzA
TA) BLBLA ve kvA M BLBLA k kvA (ɷ 1366 R) ȯBwAohA
(ɷ 801 R)  woLA Be K]n gzA (ɷ 1403 w
$
*7
: njB~A
/ 2 / BkM B  75 |  / 11Z / ikA / ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTAw
.RoM  1987 w
 1985 w / 1 / ȯB\qA ǱwA AoMA kvA /wkA BA ɗ ]
.RoM
1.Z / kA poe kd gzA / nBA kAo
.jAkM  1371 w / 1 / [oTv ȟ / ozA hA AkM
.To{ Ȧ .j / BwAoi BAn
.wnB / Ǳn tk BTwA BTBoM no oe
(wB{BT) L / tk kz o{ BAn z
$   128 
*1
:oTA
qA BTMoU U wkA AoA k  婽kA gnBTA ȗ oA kA keA ȷ
BA ke BA w BA B BA k BG SLv mA BA RBn
B ɟ  nAqA Bk~ TA oLA qɟAoA  ȷ vA B jA\A kd
ȗ B Anj AL mA MjA A owA A RBULA  oXA KvU BA
.AoA gnBU 
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA
A  B MoA KB\A ȗ  5 kM   jAkM BA B{ kA U
.foA KB\M ]j o A
]BTA ȃAnA BzA  幼MAoA ȃAnA JoA  幦]j o ozA ]  Bkd
ov\M " o Wke ov\M A KB\M LUoU RAkA ȃAnA J\A 
BoA KB\M Ao~A ov\M \BzA ]  LUoU " ĿA
$
*3
: uwFTA
oL kA 郱 ] (ɷ 145) w jAkM k wBLA n~A o] ME FzE B
A B (ɷ 150) w oLA o] MA ȗU B (oLA yo oL) BBw Bi
We oLA ϦU ȗ ̭j (ɷ 183) w () BA BA ȗU B B ̭j ̫
 (ɷ 220) w () jA\A kd BA ke kM  j 娱A ozA ko
.() BA BA w ^BLU  ^BU BA wBM kA Sw
BA ȗ jA L MAoA oA oiAA ȗ (Mo)  :B RBvU kM kA Ro
LTA JBLM B nB\A A Sw Y (Mo Zv)  Sw BwBvA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
jA\A BA co nBM ȴLA kA q oE LA k ȗ  ɷ 336 w 
.()
Jo  15 Bv  U TA Ko MA eB dA SYkdTwA  1944 w
B A nAqA  RB]AoA vU BYAkeA  oA B jAkM
$
*5
: BA
\A  oXA UBvLA RB] VY  BM d  2 13300 kA eBv LU
]j B{  kLU  kA A   嘱MBA B RB횮TvA BM dU MAoA
o\ B hM BA oA JoU B oA  kTL AoA B\UA B ( 1) A A
B Te kke w jAkM BBM BMoU SB BTBL BA A k ȗ
BpAo ȗ kA YAkdA M \U BUBBM 幂o XkdA BnA{ .( 1946)
.nBA
: vA BUd
 幽odA eB  Ko ME eB  幼nBA eB : ȷ eA k BA B
.vA e eB
幼dLA JAA 幼A 幯BA 幯BhɓBMkA TA fzA d : ȷ BUd E 
.gzA  幼\BzA kLA k RvA
: BnA{
nB{ AoqA nB{ yo nB{ pAnkA JBM nB{ 幦LA nB{ jAoA JBM nB{
.() BA w BA
: Bk]Bv
.() BA ko i  Ǳ~A B\A 
.oA ȪBA odA nv A w ME BA ȃB k\v 
MoM  (TA kz) M ^BA o  (A B]) M ^Bk o  BYAoM k\v 
w A L Tɗ kz    () { LA k\v A B kz ɗ k\v
.LA oL A B oL  k\v oYA   ()
: BnL BkAo
: B kk kAo k]U () jA\A BA ke  () BA BA kz G BBM
.() k]  MA ko nA\M  () BA BA M oA AoMG M w oL 
 { 郱 oLA  (ɷ 406 w ȗU) " v A tk " ȃoA ozA ko 
.B k Mo A  Y nAj ȗ j  jAkLM ȗU
.(ɷ 436 w ȗU) " v A tk " UoA ozA ko 
.(ow tk) kA gzA oL 
.(ow tk) wA kA o~ ]AhA oL 
.(ɷ 182 w ȗU) ȗA nB~A J w  ME ȃBA oL 
: tnAkA RBLTA
~BhA k gz A k LT wnk
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
w) ϧl  ZnAhA Joe ȗ AkzTwA mA  jk ^Bk SB BA  A 
.yo oMB wBM zo oL U A L (ɷ 37
BA VjAe G kA SoU (ɷ 765 w  ɷ 367 w)  oTA M 
.RAo oz ȪBA kzA  oA
雰 mA h \T z A qoA BA k RnB (ɷ 443) w 
kzA oTeA ϧl oYA  kA SoTeA oXA TA SYke vA m ȗ
.e j]A nLA  ȪBA
\T KohTA KA B kA SɃoU (ɷ 517  ɷ 353) ɫBA ɗ 
() BA oL yL ABe ȪBA kzA AL We 幗BoA A  AA \
.
j\A kA  KA KohT kA SoU (ɷ 1047  ɷ 517) BA ȗ 
.MAoA jAo BvA p ȗ BXA
.A kA  ȪBA kzA  kA SoTeA (ɷ 656) B ȗ 
 BoLA RAA M wBdA o Beov kA B{ MBA B SB 
.oiA ]  oBzA  ȯBXA y\A 年]
80  oXA bo] B~h{ 13 kzTwA Ȫ{BA nAp k ȗ   1941 w 
koL nAjA BA o n\ k oL k Bd k Ro] oBU ȗ B~h{
.kA ȗ B
RA  nkdA k kvA   kT\A BB jBM ɈBA k SB 
.ȯBoLA TeA
ȗ kB\ RBoLTA \ " jB{nA \A "  SFU (ɷ 1333) w ɗ 
.qA k Moe
BA jBM ȯBoLA JAkTɯA B nXA Bɫ SɯA (ɷ 1338) w ɗ 
vA m  Bn o{ ȗ ~BhA nkdA wB C nk~A C  kB\A
T ȗ TwA ]A  RAoBTBM B tBA pAozA ȚU kd ApoA Bj
.AoBw ȗ  BnkA
: A RB~hzA
.(ɷ 368 w  R)   M o] gzA
.(ɷ 1354 w R) ȪBA vdA kL gzA
.(ɷ 1336 w R) nkdA k kvA
.(ɷ1338 w R) nk~A BwA kvA
.(ɷ 1343 w R)  ~BhA k gzA
.(ɷ 1351 w R)  wB C vdA kL gzA
.(ɷ 1354 w R)  nk~A ve kvA
.(ɷ 1212 w R) npA B gzA
.(ɷ 1374 w R)  npA vdA kL oBzA ZBdA
.(ɷ 1377 w R)  ǱwA kA o{ vdA kL kvA
.L ~  ZBdA
.ȪBA keA ] oBzA
.(ɷ 1312 w R) ȪBA oMB] kd oBzA
.(ɷ 1379 w R) b B gzA
.nAkA ke gzA
(ɷ 1379 w R) { jB gzA
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1987 w / 1 / BA v / 9 Z / wkA RBLTA w
. 1982 / 7 / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk AoA
 1979 / ɷ 1400 w / 89 k\A / 4 jkA / jnA \
$   129 
*1
:oTA
B ovA BA RBn qA BTMoU U wkA kA AoA kA  ȷ
n]  AkTL TiA B ([) BqA KeB kA \dA BA k B vA
Aqo SB wA MoA nBYBM oiqU 婴 B BmhUA mA tBLA ȮM Bi
.Ro\ Y wA A  B

$
*2
:  A
AoA
BA  BzA G  118 d kLU ]j o ozA A  kA U
.jAkM
.j 35  ]nj 34 o i   幚j 45 ]nj 43  i  U
MoA BzA  jBoA JoA  jAkM J\A  SoU BzA  Bkd
.Bj țozA J\A  汪A

$
*3
: uwFTA
 Rk{ mA BA B 幼wBLA nAoLA B T AoBw k SM
n~ G kTU nBdA  K~ Bv Bɟ n~A kɛE m BɄTv kA
BL 郱  yT bAn AoBw G jAkM  wBLA ~TA TA B 幚dw
婟 118 jAkM  kL 郱 G  AA odT B B kk\A TB
JBTwA vdTwB dA   kFT BE YY  BF 孼dv Aoj  k]
Tk hTM (ɷ 221) w ȗ miE nBj C MnFM okA nE oT{A 岾A
G 誽  BA ov  jA  TA BBM U Bk (En  ow) Sw TA
A LvA  ovBM Sw  B{ ȯBL B Ak{ tBA Bk~ Te  p
oB kA SB  (En  ow)  Tz  ȷ  AoBvM RoT{A  ov
BUnB SU  SkU B (En  Bw) SdLA Y ojq 
$
*4
: nBA wTA
ȮL E jAnE  wBM Ȫw  ^Ao~ k{ kA ȗ o E odM k{oA nB B 
.BT   BA  ȗ k
 SBɟ TA  oA oɛ SM (ɷ 218  198)wBLA FA k ɗ 
.AoBw  jAkM RBqT
Tmë  B\A k\vA k{  TA k wBLA TA M ɷ 245 w 
.(A) ozA
ovA vdA  jBA Ȧ BBA ȗU B (ɷ 260 w ɷ 254 Tw kM) 
pBA  nkA SzA  RAnBA Be SM ^AnAq BAko mhUA (vA B)
.wBLA kA AoA kM B A BAo  kA SBd BA
.nvM BBeE kA ȯAkdA kA oB w (ɷ 333) w 
oU  A  幮kA nw wBvA kMBA p gzA o (ɷ 1250) w 
.kA α keA
.AoBw k ȗ AkTMA wnk E SM ( 1881 / ɷ 1299) w 
Mo ]j o  ov] E K~ BXA kA BA ( 1878 / ɷ 1294) w 
. oiA BM AoBw k
kvA wAM oU kA nw BM B{ Ȧ k\E ϦA jBE (ɷ 1258) w 
.ȮqA oBM kvA M AoMG
lA ^Bo ^B ^Aqo B]  kA ȗ BA kM pAozA ve kd ApoA B 
.A A BM SAp oL  wnk M
Te BA JBM  kT nB{ zM dA RoE ( 1955 / ɷ 1375) w 
 kL ^Anj  B ^Beo M  nmA JBLA kU kM 幽ovA odA JBM
.koLA  oL oAj  wnk  zTv
AnA nBzA E  oLT mA nBYoXA oz mTM A o{M ( 1952) w 
kA ȗ
$
*5
: BA
婟 2 d  L nAkTwA G  {  馂 nw kBM d B
B]oM 19  B  7 G BUnA ~ o]A }\BM ȮL  680 o pB\T
Am  jAkM JBM xA JBM 幽oBA JBM 失BA JBM ȷ JAMA MnE
.( 1936 / ɷ 1356) w Te B YB nvA
B cT  BhA  BA AkdA BB]nA ȗ ozTU  o]BM L kA RM oXA 
隽 kA ik ȗ  BnBYA  A RAn~A  RBhA  S탰 dT
.oA  jAkM Ț mA nBYoXA oz
: vA BBeA
.(w o qo) ]kA kM SoU : ȷ bA VY AoBw B
BvLA d nkMLA d 失]LA d kMBA d : ȴɗ BUd BE
.ozA dA A d 失BA d  幼MoA dA
: BnA{
ME nB{ 夰A odA nB{ (A nBzM o) dovA nB{ [hA nB{
.ȟoTA yoM nB{ k{oA M keE
: Bk]Bv
B] (ɷ 221) w kA BM AkM k ~TA k{ mA oLA AoBw B]
k\v ynj kw k\v 嬱vdA ke k\v B{BM ve k\v A
k\v ȯBeoA cB ZBdA k\v () KB ME M Ȧ k\v BenLA
.nBA B] () vdA jE k\v 婛nA
wBLA nBYA  kA B{   15 d kL mA T  j ME B] oLT
.kA ȗ A
: BUBB  BkAo
.AoBw k B E () ovA vdA () jBA Ȧ BA kz oLT 
vdA BA Zp u]o kvA oL  LA JAjow L ([) BqA KeB kz 
260 w R)   () jA\A BA SM e kvA oL (ɷ 260w R) ovA
jAj {B ME oL (ɷ 252 w R) () jBA Ȧ BA M kd kvA ko (ɲ
G Lv ȴT mA nkA kd BA oL (ɷ 261 w R) o] M A kL nl 
(ɷ 590 w R) o]B\A kd gzA oL (ɷ 300 w R) () BA BA
奼]kA eB ȗ () BA RBM ko (ɷ 1200 w R)  M o gzA  oL
AoMG ko () vdA BA SM C ko \A  ȗ () vdA RBM ko
1200 w R) (Ǳi Bw) ıhA ȦLkA keE oL (n) hA oT{A ϧB M
1308 w R) pAozA k oLɛ (ɷ 1304 w R) ȯAoA jd oLɛ (ɷ
(ɷ 1321 w R) ȯB\qA vd oL (ɷ 1320 w R) nA AoMG ko (ɷ
: oYA BB
{BA o~ (ɷ 247 w qTA k{) AnAM o~ nɗBA 幽A mêA
w\A) ~TA o~ (ɷ 264 w wBLA kTA k{)            zA
kɫ o\A o~A toA o~ɛ opA o~A nBThA o~ɛ (ɯBɛBhA
LA BLvA oM }\A o~ (AoBw k B{  10 kM ) TA
.AoBw nw A~A U 幫BA nAj 幼L~A
: BwnAk
.vA A wnkA 幽o\A A wnkA
: BUBLT BAqi
Ȧ Aqi 幽kA AqhA BBi M cTA Aqi RBqA ϦAkL M kd Aqi
AoBw LT kA kd BA LT 幫BA ovA LT \A d M
pAozA BA wnk ȗ BA ovA LTA RBh 幄M MA LT 幫BA
(ow tk)
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 AmhUA () v A L j BTA oA ȗ A m AoA TeA 
~dA B ABE k 娰oA BT BYE Bov B\UAoTwA Aqo ~dA AoBw 雱
B] T kM 幼oA x\A ]AoU  ol B] mA ow ~e wBM oA
. 363 w
qTA 孼TvA o~TA  婴 B AoBw k wBL Bi vi ] 
oT wBLA h Ao S 奟TA ~TA G BBM kTA kTA
.(ɷ 279) w G (ɷ 220)    w  kTU BB 58  JoU
iA MBM   AoBw k (~T ovA kBA) zA  (ɷ 223) w
.owA
oE AoBw G TB o~TA kM  dA U  TA TA (ɷ 247) w 
AoBw G 蚮A Ad pBA Aɫk E peBA G BTBM B] tBA
.AwE Bv pB o\A n~ SMoi
.nAj ȗ j () jBA Ȧ BA ȗU (ɷ 254) w  
.([) oTA \dA BA B k (ɷ 255) w 
hU AoBw RjB Te BLU  B훱 BmhUA 幼TA k v TA M 
.BE 
 ȗU Bv vA ȗ () ovA vdA BA nAow S\w (ɷ 260) w -
.MA nA]  A j vA
UB  o{E Tw L 峧 AoTv jAkM  mhT kA kTA oU (ɷ 279) w 
.(ɷ 279) w
ϧl lE AoBw k Ro\ 婴 B jAkM wBLA BhA mhUA E kM 
.BMAohM
.kA ȗ \vA  owBvLA Joe S훰 (ɷ 445) w
G BMBU B AoBw \M AoE B{BM Sek ȧAA nkE ( 1869 / ɷ 1286) w 
.M Ȧ  B B B E B jAkM
B xB AoBw G \A  pAozA ve kd ApoA o]B (ɷ 1292) w 
.ɷ 1312 w B ȗU  ^BB 21
.BL AoBw k (jAoA  B]) kBA ]B ( 1879 / ɷ 1296) w 
AoG ȗ BLTA M Anp nBTeA BoLA RBozA SBe (ɷ 1318) w ȗ 
AT nkA BdA m AoBw ȗ B mA pAozA ve kd ApoA k~T
.RApBTA BG G BzA oA B BLTA M odTM ozA
.A BA JodA BMG AoBw k qA TeA ( 1917 / ɷ 1335) w 
ovA vdA jBA Ȧ BA kz G AovA M k (ɷ 1335) w 
.kzA L  KmBM  MB 25  A vA B
RBMBA RoX 幮kA ɗ AoA BM Vke ( 1924 / ɷ 1343) w 
: B ȧBA KE Jo RBA SUnA
kd kvA j\M B BE nB{ AoBw G ozA nY RkTA ( 1920) w 
.nk~A
Bk qA nBTwA k AoBw ȧBE oBY RnBY ( 1941 /  ɷ 1359) w 
w 酛 AoBw nB d TeA ko qA FM AmC jAkM o~T oLiE
/ uB / 23 ȗ ȯA ȧB k{n e k ȗ ϧl 幮kA J] ȗ kkdA
. 1941
MBU SB A kM kA b Bd MBU B qo kA SdA  1976 w 
.jAkM A
: A RB~hzA
kvA BA B BE () ovA vdA jBA Ȧ BBA Bɗ ɗU xB
M kd M AoMA kA E  (ɷ 1312 w ȗU)  pAozA ve kd
M keE oBvA AoA tBA MA tBLA MA M AoMA oBvA w M n~
M kd xoA oM MA Bw M ovA M keE oBvA Bve M vdA
E kd keE BB  oBvA kp M vdA M kdɫ oɫBvA unjA
.(2) KhA U JE ǰAoA
$
*7
: njB~A
.RoM  1987 w / 2 / 12Z  ikA / wkA RBLTA w  1
w / 1 /146 | 2Z / AoBvA AoMA gzA u / AoBw k gnBU  2
.jAkM  1971
.jAkM  1976 w / 1 / kA o oB .j / AoBw ȗ wBLA nBA  3
 1982 w / 7 / 109| / ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk AoA  4
.jAkM

$   130 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
jAkM AoA BA  ȗ U nAkA m SB
$
*3
: uwFTA
Ȗ A nAj wA B A BA { vwƫ A (o{jnA M nMBw) vwƫ SB
B  ThA A KT BA e nvA M ^AnAj nMBw BTMA ɷ 381 w
B jjoT XeBLA  B ^ƫ SB 幮w 70 oT SM  oXA BA
XeBLA  oBA  tnk
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 T\U SB p ke  AoA  ɷ 313 w BYAoM k\v nkTA k A kM
 AFzA LA k ȗ B LvA odA RoU A kM  MBd~A TzU 
qM ȷ TA A nj  BA KTA nj BM  B M Bi o RBvwƫ
.ϧm dB o pBA  k]BvA SdLA A kM  tnAk
 w B BA  jAkL UnBp BYA nMBw  nAj oA A MA nAp ɷ 399 w
khU (AjvA U) BwA EoA SB A (AoA Bwn) MBT ȗ ol k o{A Lw
A KTA ZohU SB We pBhA Ȧ M kd n~ MA p ȗ nAkA m ȗ
.fBvA
.jAkM A ț\vA Lo \ k nAkA SoTeA ɷ 450 w
jB Lm JBLw nAkA m SoeA jAkM  owBvLA Zoi kM  ɷ 451 w
.owBvLA kƫ  AB zA  z
Mo  MA nBzM KTA nAj ȯBL~A  M kd vdA MA A ɷ 452 w
B B oXA K  SoTeA  nMBw nAj A KLvM JBT A d B   jAkM
.k\ (10400) d nAkA m Aqi U SB We
nAkA m ȗ dA tnk ɷ 479 w TA B M Ȧ B
$
*7
: njB~A
/ A vA / A jkA / nBYA gnBT AoA \A Bnk~U / hnBTA \A
jAkM   1970 w
$   131 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
jAkM AoA BA ȗ U nAkA m SB
$
*3
: uwFTA
oLTU TA BXA A nAj ȷ nAkA m (ɷ 406 w TA) ɃoA ozA FzA
MAoA oA ȗ ϧlnMBw  nAj kM ȴLA kA ȗ BA z ^B ^Ak
LA ɃoA ozA wA kɗ 婷Bw JA wAnk ^BɃ SB o\A
wnk ȷ 峼 UB 鼪] SB A ]BTdB   nAkA m  pA
c~U k]BvA SdLA A kM ȫBA [A unkT LvA odA B oTU Tv
T
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 BvM kA A U BwnB UoA ozA iA ȃoA ozA B
nj  oXA AvwE mA BdA  TA A nBM ^BBTA oXA BB BB ȧBTBM
TA nMBw Ajo B{ n~ MA opA ȴLA kA k BXA BA k A
.TdM U TB U 
^BTp KBA oTB ^AoBe pBhA   B Sp A ZBTeA LA keA A Vke
cUB Aqh mhT BM BdA ȗ oA ϧmM ȃoA ozA w B) nB\ RBe 
ozA A om B (A ZBTdB B miF bBT  ɟ A ɗk LA jkM
 SB LA  B ϧl  AoXBM nzA UoA iB ^B   ȃoA
.ȃoA ozA nAkA KeB
nB dA nAj kM jAkM ɗ KT nAj ȯBY ȷ oL KT Aqi nAkA m ɗ
.k{oA

$
*7
: njB~A
w A vA A jkA / nBYA gnBT AoA \A Bnk~U / hnBTA \A
.jAkM - 1970

$   132 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
E) ohBM ^Bk \vA vA nAj k jAkM k  țozA KB\A ȗ U
.(ApA

$
*3
: uwFTA
BvA ]p ZAo SM \A UBi BoU kvA oFM wnkA m SM
jAkM ȗ ɗoA tnAkA AA  ȷ (ɷ 485 - ɷ 465) B{ Ϧ ț\vA
TA BoU kvA A Lv Sw o\A uBhA oA oiAA Te oB S TA
.B]p B kM nA BqM RmiA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
wnkA m 蚮M (ɷ 512 - 487) wBLA BM oTvA hA oA ɷ 494 w
.oX AA BBM  A B kM AwA MA  BeB 

$
*7
: njB~A
1966 w / 1 / 44 | / n vA kL jB / wBLA o~A ȗ jAkM tnAk
.

$   133 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.(^BBe kMp SvA) okA JBM oLM ioA o gzA oL nA\M U

$
*3
: uwBTA
]p oBA hA A ȷ (ɷ 599 w BTA) UBi jop kvA BUFzA
jop kvA A Lv Sw Bz wnk ɷ 589 w BeBTTA B ȂTvA
.(BzA BA JBdA) JBdA wnk vU SB

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
o\A kA ȧA kA wBLA kA Ʉ wnkA m ɗ unkTA oTwA
SdLB BA BA  wnk B  BA wnk Bi nj BM SdA
qA We  o~TvA BA wnkA kM SB jAkM ȗ A kBA o{A
kd A Bwnk A ȯBXA kA Te YB wnkA m ȯBL SM A
TA) țnBA jBw M Ȧ M vdA MA (ɷ 592 - 516) ȯBA oiBA MA
ȯ]oLA ȅwAA eoA kL wBA MA wnkA Jo j mA (ɷ 602 w
M vdA MA kA  BzA A ɷ 628 w TA (A MBM) oA
ɷ 629 w TA ȅwAA k
$
*7
: njB~A
w 1  / 123 | / n vA kL jB / wBLA o~A ɗ jAkM tnAk
1966.

$   134 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
nAp J] 幦]j o M AkA d A JBM M n~dA LA ȗ U
.BkA

$
*3
: uwFTA
MAozA tnAkA keG ȷ MAozA BLA kA o{ L  ɷ 621 w SvwFU
峼A Lv Sw opA MA kA u{ BBL ȧTA B MAozA BFzA TA YXA
wnkA A .Bvwƫ A Lv B] 幼ozA 幼BLA B RBvU kM So B
L oU A A (wBLA o~A) M A vA BLA Bv ȷ BUnB BhTM
.RBBA

$
*5
: BA
 U  3.80  *  2.32  o\e  jBMA RAo\e k  wnkA BM TU
AG k\vA eBvA m   wnk eBw oLT zA Mo wA d
wnkA m M L{ k] 幦]j o Ȧ B 隽 wnkA JBM 幛nA B{
BA RBBA RBɗoA ɛnA AA { We  o~TvA wnkA
oL BɄ  T B A Aq]A  wnkA AA oLT qkA ȅwA
nBiqM q  zA ȂM AA w 幼BA T]  d~A  bT Uo
L 奼] qoA ü  vA Ank\A M  poL Ank\A  oiqA vA
wnkA ȗ MB ȗ LA RM o  U  5 o  8 AA Am 
.B KT ^BpBi ȅwAA jnBA MBM oA A L B LT

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
^Bo ^AoL ^B]oM BLA A ABB 幽ovA Ao wnkA m BXA khTwA
.ovA RAno ϧl kA mBA JAMA M Akw pBh

$
*7
: njB~A
236. | / o ]B .j / MAozA tnAkA - 1
1966. w 1  / n vA kL jB / wBLA o~A ȗ jAkM tnAk - 2

$   135 
*2
:  雱A
AoA / jAkM
tEn  ^BLo 幦]j o ovA A  (BoA) jAkM  țozA KB\A ȗ U
w) M A o w BBA k] (AkzA)  ov\M vA ȧBzA ov\A
(AovA
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ 631 w BUA  1227 / ɷ 625 w BBM ȗ BM o~TvA hA EkM
Bvwƫ A Lv Sw (ȪA M kd) BUnB  ozA B   1234
RBwAnkA B S] wnk A SdLA (ɷ 640 - ɷ 623) BM o~TvA
LA BoA MjA A  MnA wA KAmA  A
$
*4
: nBA wTA
B~A oTA  XXe  j\ ZBT B BdA BhU wnkA ~U A
VAoTA nBY BA vwƪA BA nBYA ok SB   1941 / ɷ 1360 w Ȗ
pB\TA  B BdA SkTwA TA oTA      A eoA BA 
: ȷ  1960 w ȗ okA m BM SB TA BA A B
vA k kA BMB BLA zU TA B]nBi BLA iAj YkdTvA Aq]A ApA
B BoU  A Ank\A nBTwA U We BAnk] ȗ iAkA BkA
kA A Aq]A nAo  B U kB BA RBMBTA nBiqA 鼪]
nAj uwA z 幼\A BA JovU 鮪 A BTBe A BLA   nA Tv
Bɗ kzA A k\v BM  SdU RkTA TA BL BzA \A ɗ CoA
BzA jAA BA pB\A ȗ khTwA wnkA qh JBM dT z ^Aoiƫ
.}] o]C   A jA MBzA

$
*5
: BA
 105 M 2 4836 M  nkU zA  Tv nA  eBv TdU wnkA BM
ȗ n  48.80 Bo cL~ ozA ]  vTU BMo  44.20 o
d KTA Aqi k\vA BTnA BAA Bɗoɓ U A wnkA ~U
wnkA FTU  BBM ȗ o]A AkhTwBM pBT mA wBLA pAoA kTA k d~BM
wAnj B o 12  ϧB  o oiA oL o MB  ȗ MB 
vi o  wnkA A ikA T oiA o o 39  KT Aqi
ȧBzA 馂A w ȗ voA ikA 隽 BM dA RB\A  p iAk
nAk\A  poL  2 JBLA dT o  16 BUnA L lA BA iAkA oLA 
oLA wkA oiqA  nBA BM d TvA T]A  3.5 nAkM ZnBhA d
TnA 2 1710 TeBv zA Tv z B wnkA wT  \dA
M\A 馂A w ȗ 隽 幦]j o  BB miBU oM BwTU o]BM L
 BUnA TBj  FTU ]AM BA   k\v voA ikA ]AM
w  RAl RBB 9  AA YY wnkA ȗ k]  2.40 Bo  6 B
Ao S~~i B\eA B{A Th RAo\dA  \ BBM d Uo
o]A  h BM wnkA AlBdM k]  qj oLA RBBA BA 隽 T{
L  ɷ 668 w A BM j (BvA) M o ]j B{   kT
o]A 酛  ~ T nBiqM wnkA BM oiqU (kA ) AkA KeB
kTA k  kU TA oXM \A BLA RAl wkA B{A STwA k 
S~~i  BvA MnA A v wnkA SA ϧl ȗ oiqA A B\ ȗ
v BA 峚A wnk B oiA MA BM SdA MnA wA KAm
Bz nAj WkdA Co nAj LTA A BBM gLA qhA nAjA wAnkA
qU SB .q ^BB hA BmhT ke B SB (k~A KA wnk)
TA RA Ao  ȷ SA L ȗ j ~A L\ B Bw wnkA JBM
ȗ Kl  JnB oAkA ȗ  JAMA B ϦA n B AmC JoA B
A  nBA B o U A ȗ { ^Bv{ nBA ȗ oU Kl  TwB
.oA B LzU

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
幼MoA  RBBoA CoA WkdA A  wAnkM S wnk A ȷ
 ϧl oM BA A unkTA A WkdA An  q\U ZohT jB{ cU SB
BA TA BA  BTB SB lBTwA L  jBzA cU 幼A BA
.BM o~TvA hA
. q] kU A RjA B wnkA An  S훰  1237 / ɷ 635 w
.BUBT M ow A wnkA SoU  1246 / ɷ 644 w
ȗ BBM hhU BAnk] A BA JovT ]j o B  1248 / ɷ 646 w
.vA wAM BA 汧A cLB oiA o oA B ɷ 654 w
SL A kM ϧl oYA  wnkA SB jAkM A TeA  1258 / ɷ 656 w
.BUBT
B~e BmhUA wnkA BM  Bi kd B] STwA 1533 / ɷ 940 w
.
Bw kw MA ȯBXA ȧAA k ȗ BBi wnkA S]  1779 / ɷ 1193 w
.B{BM
m wAA ȗ yAnk U wnkA SdLA o\A oz WBXA oA AA ȗ
.(o Bqh) SdLA oA
 LɼTɟ j] uM ^Bqh wnkA BM RmhUA o\A oz MAoA oA ȗ
BeA  BoTM nBYA ok SB A A  1945 w Te  SM 汪A
.wA nBY ^BdT RmhUA BLA SdTTA We  1960 w

$
*7
: njB~A
17. | / ȯAkzA jBe wB] kd .j / gnBTA ȗ o~TvA - 1
.kLzA oB BwA / wA MoA nBA - 2
74 | / nke B .j / wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z - 3
$   136 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
B~A k\v MB AozA d w ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
nvA jAkA A kL MA kA B]  gzA L  ɷ 828 w A BvwFU ]o
Sw k 峼A Lv Sw (CoA  ȗ BoA q) JBT KeB ȦdA kwA
BnBBM B mA pAozA Bi w ȯBXA BBM A  Lv (vA wnkA) M BA
ɷ 1250 w Ro\ SMoi Bk
$
*4
: nBA wTA
tk) ȯBwAohA kvA  keA wBA MA kvA M wnkA Ro ɷ 1340 w
(ow
$
*5
: BA
o oz  FTU 2  100 BTeBv pB\TU We eBvA o wnkA BM
RB]BTeA kw ȗ BUAjnA o~U A  S Bj S] Bo M STA  k
TA oTA BA  oBM A A BM ȷ A L v AnAj SB wnkA
B REo
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
bBL~ ) wA gzA JBT gv  AoA  U ɷ 832 w BXA jB]  12 ȗ
wnkA m ȗ nvA Ȧ M kd M o] M JBA kL k  (k\TA
.ȮBA ve ApoA oBM
gzA BiA BwA k wnkA m n ȧTA   (ow tk) nB~A gzA B
.oB kd gzA MA BU UB kM BjB
\A ZnBi  o]BA  LA BLB 12 B wnAkA jk B
$
*7
: njB~A
341 | 6 Z / ȦhA o] / o{A \A w - 1
126 | 1 Z BoBe \A ȃB - 2
$   137 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
M A BvA eBvA  JoBM ozA ǱA d~BM ~TA oLA vA ȗ U
(BA eBw)
$
*3
: uwFTA
op ȯBA A Bi ve kd ZBdA kA ɈB A nk~A BvwA
w ϦA B DM \A ȗ oA owA k] nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT BvA
A JM ejq A Te gnBTA ϧl m ȷ  峼A Lv Sw ɷ 1226
.kA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
ǰl M Be oLT AkA A wnkA m KA] M C ɷ 1376 w
ȧBhhA A o~ gzA k  ohA
$
*5
: BA
d  幗o 30  TzU  2 900 d BTeBv LU lA wAA tnAkA  ȷ
RBA M B A k  B Bw BApBM k]  Bvwƪ oL  k\v BM
.BUB]BTeA RB kv

$
*7
: njB~A
417 | 6 Z /Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w - 1
128. | 1Z BoBe \A ȃB - 2

$   138 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
(tk) wA gzA A oL MB 幽kA wnk nA\M AozA d ȗ U
(n)A odM kvA
$
*3
: uwFTA
ϧm oU 峼A Lv Sw ɷ 1300 w ϦA A pAozA Bi Ȧ cT BBM
(Ȧ cT) A wA A Lv  (dTA wnkA) M
$
*4
: nBA wTA
oT ȧBhhA A o~ gzA k~T Ak B ȧBzA vA C ɷ 1376 w
vdA M kBvM
$
*5
: BA
keA  ȗ o 26 U 2 700 d BTeBv LU AlA eBvA wA wnk ȷ
eBvA m RkA k wnkA JBM o  iAkA BA [ eBw BLB] A k]U
MoA BM RBMA wnkA JBM ]A  kBz 幼kA RBLwBA M ȗ ȴ
oX BA wnk BvwFU A ozU gnAU YY 幼wnB RB B SkhTwA
 oXA B ZohU k \A ȗ ozA tnAkA  ȷ BM  BUAjnA o~U
A BA
$
*7
: njB~A
420 | 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w
$   139 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
mA) jqA B kd kvA wnk  mA nBzA oiƫ ȗ ydA d ȗ U
(jA kM o B
$
*3
: uwFTA
w ȗU \A B oBz ) ȯBMozA BBM oA kd gzA BTiA
ɷ 1320 B kA TBp BA (ɷ 1324
$
*4
: nBA wTA
LT uwFT oiA o RAoBdA B oL o oiA RAvA ȗ B SM
(tk) dA vd kvA ]oA Bn SdU
$
*5
: BA
LT B SB o 20 Bo pB\TU MB  Tz eBvA o wnkA
Bv TA \A ȗ nzA tnAkA  oLTU BLT SodU SoU BA o 
A A M
$
*7
: njB~A
424. | 6 Z / o{A \A w - 1
444 | tjBvA jkA / wA \ - 2
$   140 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
kA kA nw nB{ ydA  M Mo o Bp ȗ ydA d ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
 (o~ ȗ ȮkA ]oA) ȯBwAohA B A  oFM ɷ 1321 w SvwFU
ȯBwAohA kiA A Lv Sw nBhLA keA kL Bv oLA opA 
$
*5
: BA
BAp ȗ 幗o 48 U MB  BTBM BTU 2 730 d wnkA eBv LU
q wnkA Ank] o~A oA  jk B o RBeBw MnA wnkA
~ BLT U LT ozA ]  ȯBXA MBA ȗ  k]U 孼XA A ȯB{BBM
oYA RBhA M  JBT 2000 A Bjk
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A A A BBM RBBoA ϦA ȗ BA nBvhA wBA MA kvA B
tnk BTBM AmhUA KB 100 qB BM jk B TA wnkA m J o{A 
vA
$
*7
: njB~A
424 | / 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w
$   141 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
C nB{  BMBM cT WkdA () jB~A BA nB{  AoLA d ȗ U
.vA

$
*3
: uwFTA
nBhLA opA   ȯBwAohA B A ]oA  oFM ɷ 1326 w SvwFU
eBvA wT B wBM Sw keA kL nBhLA BvA op M Ȧ BTwA
.o~A oLA kiA Twnk M

$
*5
: BA
B k] 幗o 36 U MB  FTU 2 420 d wnkA eBv LU
nA JBT 1300 A BLT jk ~ oB LT ȯBXA MBA ȗ k]U JAjow
.ȯB{BA o\dBM { BAnk] BioBM L wnkA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
U SB kT\A BA  kkA B\ohT oL o{ wnkA m SLvTA
.KB 60 d

$
*7
: njB~A
427. | / 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w

$   142 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
nj ]  Am B훱 (BU k nB{) M nzA nBzA ȗ AoLA d ȗ U
(pBM C)
$
*3
: uwFTA
輗 ZBdA   ȯBwAohA B A ]oA  oFM ɷ 1328 w SvwFU
Apo Bi opA nAj pBi nBhLA A
$
*5
: BA
U keA MB   zA Mo ȷ Mo oT 210 d wnkA eBv LU
 oXA ^BLB 20 d BM  jk B o AA o  BA k] o 12
BA
$
*7
: njB~A
430 | / 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w
$   143 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
ozA ]  BnB\ (vA k) M oA nBzA tEn ȗ nBA d ȗ U
.{ oi gzA tkA ko

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȦhA ve ApoA ]oA AoT{B KA Ȧ kv BBi ϧl L wnkA SB
u ȗ ɷ 1316 w BBM UA .([ oA) vA kT BM kA TBp BA
BA oU SB ȦhA ApoA gzA Bvwƫ A Lv Sw BT So]A vA
.(KA) wnkM BA k

$
*4
: nBA wTA
ȗ AA ȦhA oLM BvA ozA oLA  țAoA ϦA B~ (BU oA) o
uwƫ KB] A oLA o̫ Bɗ ɗj TA wnkA  ozA M\A \A
.wnkA
wnkA  MoA ozA BzA RB\A (Bi o B] kA k\) jB{A
$
*5
: BA
ȯB{BBM L o 50 U 孼MB  BTBM FTU 2 600 wnkA eBv LU
țozA BzA ] ȗ BMBM 隽 MnA BUB]  nk JAjow B 幼wAkw wkM
SdA wnkA RB]BTeA T S Bj BY țozA KB\A  STA k
KTA A  ǱTdU oL LT BM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
SB A BBM oB SB T\A ȗ o B wnkA m SB
wA vA ȗ BYdM TU wA RAnBTh AM o{ vw B nk~U
.kA VdLA  Bo
幼wBvA kA nA ȗ AkT BA BT]A d wnkA SB ɷ 1327 w
jqA B kd kvA ȯBwAohA ɈB kd A kiA BUB~h{ A
ozA A ȗ ^BA S]oi k BA oBz  o \  kd gzA
Ȧ kd Ȗ\A ȗB~A keA ȦhA tBL nAo{ vd gzA  JjA
^BLB 85 AmC BM jk M ȯBdA
$
*7
: njB~A
422. | 6 Z / ȦhA o] / o{A \A w
135. / 1 Z MLd C gzA o] / BoBe \A ȃB
$   144 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
wB C BɃn kd gzA A nAkM kTL mA nBzA ȗ nBA d ȗ U
(tk) dA vd kvA  ]oA nAkM ȴT (A en)
$
*3
: uwFTA
 ȦhA ve ApoA gzA jA kM BT SB ɷ 1322 w SvwA
ȯBoA Bi  kd ApoA B lBLA B KBTA
$
*5
: BA
pTU o 18 U MB  BTU 2 230 d BTeBv LU o wnk ȷ
o AA A MBA o  o  幼MoA \A AkB BUB] 鼪] 
o o k]U wnkA ik k v o ǱA MBA ȗ oA BA k]
tnkA ȗ JA ]Be kv  KTA  nk  ǱTdU o LT BM SdA k
mA ȯBoA Bi Ȧ kd ApoA  BoU  lBL oL ϧB WdLA
TB jAoA M  B j
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
o ve gzA ȦBA qA ve gzA AkA wnkA m J d 
B v ^Bp  mA
$
*7
: njB~A
425 | / 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w
$   145 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
d~BM dA nkA nB{ nB\TA w M kTA nBzA ȗ AoLA d ȗ U
ozA ǱA
$
*3
: uwFTA
o~ gzA Ao{BM (tk) jo]oLA ve kvA BA oFM ɷ 1373 w SvwFU
Sw jo]oLA kvA BA \ ve kd kvA  AoT{BM ȧBhhA A
A Lv
$
*5
: BA
kA ȯAoA nBA A Twk ȗ ZqTA mA nBA AkMA B ȗ wnkA
BBM MA YY  BTU BTBM 2  700 Bnk nA  eBv  Rk{ k
ik k k]U YXA MAA  p o 62  TzU wA JAjow A
WdLA ~ B oL RAoBd B A MBA ȗ o eBw wnkA
kA RBhA KTBM Be oB LT ȯBXA MBA ȗ SzA k unkTA
60 BM jk B oiBA jB\vBM Bo S{o B JBT 8000 A Bjk ~
ȗ BA nBvhA keA kvA jo]oLA kvA  o{ KUAn BT ^BLB
kd kvA A odM w kvA oA\A ȚU kd gzA fnA k Ao
BBM BA gnBU ȯB{BA o\dBM SLT o{ RBMA ȗ ȦdA
$
*7
: njB~A
431 | / 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w
$   146 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
(\ - A) o  AA \A Rd keA (kvA e) d ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
jU BvwFU o ɷ 1382 w Te BLA oTwA ɷ 1376 w A BBM ]o
ȚU kd ZBdA vdA BnB lBLA B (oTM) oA ǱwA kd kv
ȯAoA BUA
$
*5
: BA
 ǱTdU MA YY  BTBM TU 2 5000 BTeBv nA  wnkA Rk{
MBA ȗ wnkA ik 隽 B ȃnA MBA X BMAjow ϧB o 208
BA BLB]   zM oA pTU oL eBw wnkA wTU 夰A
62 A MBA ȗ oA \ AoL BAA M\A ȧBzA KB\A ȗ oA
WBXA MBA Tz unkT RBB VY o 54  ȯBXA MBA Tz o
 eBvA wA LT wnkA   Rk{ wA AA YY o 92 
隽 B B ȦvA MBA mhUA ǱA MBA ȗ KTA S탰 孼MB 
unkTA ~A Aj kA 2225 TeBv LU k\v wnkA ik nBv 
Bvwƪ Bi oL BTdU U nAj o ϧB 幼kA RdA BA WdLA
oT kd kvA BnA ȧT
$
*7
: njB~A
435 | 6 Z / Ȧ]kA o] / o{A \A w
$   147 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / wA
]j o  kA  țozA KB\A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
Lv Sw MAozA BA MA kA o{  oFM  1234 / ɷ 632 w SvwFU
U mA țnkA BdwA M oM MA M o }e MA BUnB  ȧTA B A
UB kM MAozA nA
$
*5
: BA
A B훱 ɗ ȫwA BA ɗ A tnAkA nB MBz wnkA nB
kTv wnkA  SA k SB BL Ank] BBM i k JBM w kBz
Bɗ wT LA  A vBɗ oɓ  oXɟ }~i A BLA h 
vA Ao BAkhTwA  TA RBBA RAo\dA  \ M dU z
wnk ^Ak\v U  c~U M\A \A ȗ oL B k]U B wAnkA
keA  BBU bT BM T o RAo\e  BLA  ȯBXA vA ǱTd
A X oL B ϧm k]U TƪA eAoTw BB U A Td RB\A
MoU B BLo BBMn wnkA  ȧTA FzA k wA eoA RBBM L{
B k
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A B 22 ^Bwnk BM KUn oX BBA B  k MAozA kA o{ B
nzA Bwnk  ɷ 632  w ȗTA ȅwAA B\ M keA  B tnj 
ȮqA kA jB wA ȃB
$
*7
: njB~A
B.j wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z 幼wA MoA nBA
65 | nke
$   148 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / 汪A
BA B] A j]A BnBYC  qA wnkA  J oBM 񦪪A nAj MB U
汪A ȗ vd
$
*3
: uwFTA
60  ^B B] ɷ 589 w jv kA q M B{ wnA kA n MBUC BBM
vdA BA BM A oU 峼A Lv Sw B oL  M BzA  ^B
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B\A BM o q] A B L  A mhUA wnkA m  oLA vA
:B Swnj TA RB~hzA A 
ȗ MBhA A SB (ɷ 608- ɷ 535)  M u M kd jB kBe MA
.kB\A B\A
w TA) jBMCoTwA ȮvdA B{ o{ kd M ve kA n kvA A
 B BBA ȗ oA  oA A 籗 k wA gzA mU keA (ɷ 715
.UB~ KA
(B\zA MA) Ȧ汪A kwA MA oB M w A
$
*7
: njB~A
3 Z / 汪A gnBU w - 1
346 | / 1Z / ] kA kw / 汪A gnBU - 2
$   149 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
oA vdA oA  JoBM (AoqA) vA BqA ȗ U
$
*3
: uwBTA
XLA ɷ 1380 w ȗ ɷ 1300 w SzA TA kA kA tnAkA  oLTU
kvA Ao{BM A KTA  A p L mA ȫwA ozA MAn KT B
ȮqA B kd
$
*5
: BA
M oU B LT  TzU B 幗o 22 U 孼MB  wnkA BM FTU
(o\A LTA)
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
\ BA  ozA LwA kA RAozA B nk~U SB ɷ 1371 w
.(kA BvA M]A)
kwA kvA pAozA kd kvA ȮqA jB kd kvA wnkA m mUBwA 
o oX (ɷ 1394 w TA) ȯBA A
$
*7
: njB~A
281. | 1Z / ȦBA Uo o] kw / wA  gnBTA ȗ VdM  RBwAnj
203 | 幪텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU
$   150 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
Ȧ kvA \ BLBLA kB\A kvA ko  JoBM oLA nB\TA w ȗ U
ɷ 1231 w TA (BoA KeB) M  ozA BLBLA
$
*3
: uwFTA
BLBLA kB\A kvA A Lv Sw  ɷ 1270 w SvwFU
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kvA  BLɄBLA oBM kd kvA :  BA  kkA wnkA m  ZohU
Lw Ȧ kd gzA  oBdA tBL gzA BUmUBwA o{A   BLBLA Uo
$
*7
: njB~A
285.| 1Z ȦBA Uo kvA o] kvA / wA  gnBTA ȗ VdM  RBwAnj
 1983 w 2  203 | 幪 jB Bw / Mo VAoU
$   151 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
 ozA vdA oA d~ LA JBM  ZnBh vdA nB{ jAkTA  U
Lv wnkA Sw mA (ɷ841  ɷ757) ȦdA k keA gzA A nAq nA\M
ȮvdA hA i KA BTvLM oA BA ȗ j mA G
$
*3
: uwFTA
o\A wBTA oA G BvwFU ]o
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.o E wnkA BM kE ɷ1358 w
vd kvA ]oA pB]BM  vdA   oiE o Ro ɷ1384 w
(tk) dA
$
*5
: BA
~ AoL Ak\v BiAkM U  oL eBv MB  TA wnkA BM TdU
.LA v o 40 ϧm U  (A woA LT) M oU B LT 

$
*7
: njB~A
1Z ȦBA Uo kvA o] kvA / wA  gnBTA ȗ VdM  RBwAnj  1
285.|
 1983 w 2  241 |  205 | 幪텧A jB Bw / Mo VAoU  2
RoM
$   152 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
jAkM BA B{  120 kM  AoBw  MoA \A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
pAozA ve Apo BA BvwA WkdA AoBw k gnBU ȗ j wnk kA ȷ
A jU nAq ^BBi ϧl L SB AoBw ȗ oTwA Bk  1871 / ɷ 1291 w
 pAozA ApoA BAoT{Bɗ o\e 17  T (jAkLA L oAkL ZBdA)
Sw ozA ] ȗ oiA wnk BA BA Bw Bo A kM wnk B]
.() SLA C  jB~A o] BA  unkTM U B ϧmM
B nB\A nkA L cB kd ZBdA M ~ oLTA oT{A ɷ 1297 w
Ro\ SA TA pAozA ApoA k ȗ B wU A ȷ wnkA wTM B
.ɷ 1312 w UB kM
oTM ]o TwBn BE ȯBA vdA MA kvA  zoA B kvA B
.ɷ 1356 w ȯBA vdA MA kvA B kM ϧm Ro\ TA wnkA m
 B ]o jo]oLA ve kvA wBn p ȗ  1956 / ɷ 1376 w
vdA kL) kvA  AoBw ȗ   TM ȧBhhA A o~ gzA \A ȗ
kMA }\BM BAnk] Sv k wnkA m oU bBM B mA (TwBoA l
RBA  KT oA npA ȯB{BBM z oL JBM d ] kA BMBM
LA WjBeA CoA
$
*5
: BA
BTBM FTU ^BM]  39 o ^BMo  48 M 2 1872 d wnkA eBv LU
o 60 U keA MB RAl BB BzA \A Ak YXA BUB\M dU MB 
ǱA MBA Tz ThA RB\A  p o 32  ȦvA MBA Tz
oL eBw wnk BLA Xke nB M\A \A  ȗ oA BA 幗o 28 
Bke KjAow YY ϧm B kkdA  ZBw BM d wA ke Bw ȗ
wnk wnk țozA ȧBzA KB\A ȗ keA ZnkM AoiA oTz M |Bi w
kA MoTA jBL BA T S~~i keA MB RAl oiA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
廧A BA JodA eo] \B XTv wnkA m AoUA mhUA  1914 w
. 1928 / ɷ 1346 w Te  Bi wnkA SM AoUA KdvA B
pAozA ApoA }~i k kA A L  KB 200  oXA wnkA ȗ w
o{ KUAn 
$
*7
: njB~A
174 | 1 Z / AoBvA AoMA gzA u / AoBw k gnBU
$   153 
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
(BA JBM) M oA ǱA B\A JBM  ȧBzA KB\A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
M oA yLdA ȪvA d M kd M Ȧ wBA MA zj Be Bɛ
wnk A qqA kL M o hA nAj dTM (ɷ 453 w TA) ȄBvvA)
 峪wBM RoT{A k  ~A Ao Bi BBA B A k 幼~BM Bi
ozA RBwAnkA k A A BwA kLU U
$
*5
: BA
BMBM  kBz oLA nzA o\dA  LA hA Ank\M qT wnkA BM
BB  BBM gnBU A ozU ȗA hBM LT
$
*6
:  gnBTA oAl 
ɗ~TA BA keA (ɷ 788 w ɗTA) ȚzɫkA ɓAoA kA o{ oLT
B wnAkA  oA
$
*7
: njB~A
.ɷ x 1373 w AoU 126  / mB oE / nw UnBp TeBw BE gnBU
$   154 
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
n nB{ ȗ kdA w B ȗ 峮 ovA \A ȗ ǱA B\A i U
(BhA w) M ϧm o mA 孽kA
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ 567 w (BzA AoɫA keE) kzBM KA p jdɫ kA n ϦA BFzE
ȷ 奼BwA cB~A ϦA k BFzA BA  ȖdA Km B~~i  1172
Bw MA M B ^AnAj ^Bk SB (Ao M ϦA kL M Bz) ɧ nAj M
(kA n) ϦA A Lv Sw
$
*5
: BA
z ȅw B BwT  29 d B 馃   L zA Mo wnkA
nAk]  L mA ~A SM kT  16 Ƀo  20 Ʉ zA Tv
\A   poL \ JAod LA nAk] wT B  6 o  14  LA
BBM d 2 15BTeBv Tv B ~A SM LB]   B 幼]nBhA
MoA  țozA LB\A   wT 孼MB  RAo\e YXA LA]  ȅwA
\A ȗ e Am B Te ^BeT ikA Am AqB țozA AA ȗ wnk
~A SL nB\A BnA keA ȗ A \A m Ao wT cv AA BzA
w  U oL ϧB 峧 ^Ako  v wnkA uwƫ k{ mA coA
BzA   oT no  oBM p kA n kzA BBL ^AnAq oLTU BhA
unkT nAk khTvU SApB BA A wnkA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ϦA kL M Bz 幖hA wnk ϧl kM SdLA mA nAkA ȗ RB ɷ 125 w
BM j A A B Bz BX]  A kM wnkA m kA n BvA M
B  nAj A SB Wkd nAk SkhTwA k BUFz A ȗ wnkA m SB
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB 122 | Bnw TeBw UnBp BA gnBU - 1
.j wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z 幼wA MoA nBA - 2
103. | nke B
466 | 1 Z tnAkA gnBU ȗ tnAkA - 3
$   155 
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
 Mo  (koM JBM) kU  ȗ kA nvA kM k L{ e ȗ ^BBe U
.(oBA ϦA) Be A v k Be nA\M  oLA ǱA B\A

$
*3
: uwFTA
ɷ 676 w (A odLA kA α poME) nAkkLA toLM oBA ϦA BFzA
TA (ȚA nAj) M kU o{ BoXA  zj nj E  ^AnAj ϧl L SB 
A Ao{A nBL     (ɷ 378 w TA) ȚA ve M keA A KvU
kA tnB) oA Yn  nAkA m toLM ϦA oT{A k  婷j]E  zj ȗ
M ^Aoiƫ Sw 峼A Lv Sw   ^Bk wnk T (MBUA JoTvA BE
.o\A MBvA oA A jU LT  BATe (oBA A KTA nAj)

$
*5
: BA
K~A o\dA  ȮL oL t MB  A BLA m voA ikA JBM 
ZTU 嬱A jn  oiE  BM nB\eE :   ȷ  BL\A  RdA
hvA RBMBTA  o  MnE JBLA   RB~oA  L ~ ikA
vA ovA ɗ  啛AA wA A A ovA ɗ KT We oqA
JBLA BUnA L 婯B M AoMA)) tkA   Bao  wA ol B BUBM BwE
pBT]A k  嬱A BTjn BTo\e BTj ikA LB]  kBzU  3.5 d
tAE YY  5 o An ȗ U oiqA kA KzhA  ~A JBLA
Mo   wnkA d kTL We zA ȼAwA o\e j  d
  隽 B nB wTU 馂 oAj e wT ^BLoU 11  zA
AoL BA wT  30 BBUnA L k L BU B   oL JBM AoA
MoA BA m ȗ k] B kd ȧBA ME kvA ϦA MA  oBA ϦA
 o\A MBvA oA A hnBU ]o BvvBM oiq A ooA  JAod
BE  oiA A BM C  A k]Bv o BA  oA A JAodA LB] qU
. A A yh  BqA UC  ~A
oAk BAkeA S~~i d~BM dU oL o MnE v ȦvA MBA ȗ U B
 k]T (ǱA) ȯBXA MBA BA R\ oiA  RBh B o  tnB
.KT Bqh  nAj o 孽oTv BXA  XeBL BAkeA B BTB

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
oB MA ǱA ozA Bq k B wnkA m B SE TA ȚA nAj A om
Bq Y ɷ 462 w ȧB\A nkM bBvA oA T mA \A MA M AoMA M nke
M keE vdA ME kA ] ǱA ozA   BA L zkM B oiC
ɃBBM nB\TwB jAkLA KhA F\TA nAkA m A  ɷ468 w TA Ȧ
nAkA m q k  AlE  B\F nmA ȧB\A nkM oA yM  ^Bi nmA
B kA b iA jBA ϦA Bq ϧm ɷ569 B MA kA b ϧm
U  w (21) kM E ɷ619 B BA  k L  wnk M We ɷ589
kL mA kA b  oL  Mo  j ϧm  o{A ϦA k p ȗ
o B]p B kM MA kA b SiE UBi Mn BTw    nAkA  30
kA BE  nAkA m STA BX   (ɷ643) w B SU TA  MnE KeB
Ϧ A TU A nAkA mM C MA kA AoA B MA kA α A BA
 A tnj B tnkU wnk T TYn  SoT{A We BE kA tnB oA
.WkdA
B  (A\A oBA wnkA) M vU SdLA Te ϧl kM wnkA m RnU
RBLA  RBBoA  KA A  A  A  WkdA  CoA B tnk
.JjA  gnBTA  ϦA 
 oz WBXA oA B Te o\A MBvA oA AkM  A  oXA B tnj
 594) nlA ȖdA qA MA M Bw kA nk BA ȃB : Ʒ o{E 
B mA (ɷ695  614)   tBdA J M kd kA ȼd KeB~A (ɷ677
.^BnB ^Bwk B B KmA Am wBn A STA  ȖdA KmBM odLTA 
ɷ694 B TA ȅwAA AoMA M keE tBLA MA kA q   B tnj B
 640) fnƪA ȮA kdɫ A kL MA M wɫ kA Kɛ oLA nk~A 
 (ɷ 715  644) BzA ǱnA kA kd A kL MA kA Ȗ  (ɷ726
ȗwBA BX M keE tBLA MA kA \ TA  BzA KmA Bwn  
MA kA cT M kA ZBU ȃBA  (ɷ787  736) MB\A MBM oA ȚzkA
u kA o{ M JBA kL kA ZBU gzA ϧm (ɷ800  750) kzA
ǱTwkLA cv M ve M Boɟp gzA  (ɷ958  921) ɗBzA ǰBTA
.(ɷ1073  925) ȚzkA
eo A S Te ȖdA  BzA A tnkU wnk 킧BM wnkA SLA
hU wn Xke AkTMA wnk ɷ1294 B SdLA   oiA BBvA U SeAn
.BXA kA ȗ TA B
m ȗ  nw ȗ tnAkA RoX A kM wnkA m SA ɷ 1295 w oiAA ȗ
B \U B LT A BdTM ^AoA B{BM Sek ȯBXA ȧAA nkE : ^BA vA
B]  oAq\A oB gzA B ^헰 ^AoL ^B ^Aqo T Bo  A KTA
M  So h LT SvwA  \A eoM nB\A w gzB MBdA 
L  A XeBLA B ȚTv TA KTA RBE  ǱTdU (oBA LTA)
LT A wnkA dU A ozU nBmU e wnkA L JBM  kBz  婦A
.B

$
*7
: njB~A
.(1948) zj / Bj keE kd / oBA wnkA  1
.1967 zj / ~dA BwA / oBA wnkA  2
257.| / 1Z / ȪA / tnAkA gnBU ȗ tnAkA  3
.ɷ1405 w / 14 jkA keTA \  4

$   156 
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
wnkBM Bk oA VBdA B] ȧB{ oLA jB\A  oAoA d ȗ U
.oBA

$
*3
: uwFTA
vdA M) ^AnAj ϧl L SB ɷ 550 w p M kd kA n ϦA BvwA
LA B Bv B kA n ϦA ] xAjoj M op (BoXA MA M Ȧ
A o~ B BA keA (o~ MA M A kL kA o{) gzA BA kTwA
.wBM So B unkTA nA U 

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.BMBM A nB~A BMoi A kM BTL B ȧTA o ɷ 1280 w
BA iAkA   M B kB  B{BM ] Ke ȧA Bo ɷ 1299 w
M ozA BT] ȗ o Y BL~A T ^BAkTMA ^BLT dA UmhUA ^BwA ^BB
.Ao ^Bv RnB Ro\ Y BMoA LA M Bv nB TA RAo\dA

$
*5
: BA
   kT 2 18 TeBv LU zA Mo ^Bz ^BwA ^Bd wnkA U
ȗ RAo\e MnA wnkA  MoA \A  pTU o n ozA ]
JBM B nB ikA Mo ȗ wA B A  ik JBM k] țozA KB\A
.d~A  

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BnBYA TA zA vA M VAkeA oYA  JAohA wnkA JBA ɷ 560 w
.wnkA SL Rok p kA n ϦA iA
jk  k kƪA o BM mA Ke w B oX BA wnkA  S
. ë d ɷ 874 w B BA
.kA  nBA BA oA kLA SdT Bk wnkA m Sk  1954 w

$
*7
: njB~A
162. | / jAj keA jB nTkA / BzA jM ȗ o~A tnAkA - 1
226. | / Ke ȗ hnBTA wA nBYA - 2

$   157 
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
 kTL mA  Bk jA Jo  (JoA w) M oA vA w ȗ U
kA  A kT BLA w
$
*3
: uwBTA
MBUA jBhA ShM lB{ kA B] oA L   1193 / ɷ 589 w Rk{
B  BA p jd kA n ϦA oFM 峼A Lv wnkA Sw TA
.ȖdA KmA

$
*5
: BA
BwT  18 o  20   zA Tv o BM  nBL wnkA
nAk]  ~A SM kT ( 8  *   10) jBMA zA Tv z B
AA BzA ]  MB B j YY wAM ȅwA BA Am  LA
oL RBB BnA ȗ o o BA LB]  A LMk LM v
co Bw ȗ oL o\e wnkA B{ ȗ U ƪA qh wAnk S~~i
mB o\dA m 峪wBM wnkA RoT{A k (o gzA) wA ]n A Kv
 Aj  zA kM JAod M\A \A ȗ 隽 嘱vA   oL
u ȗ SAe B oX BA wnk B wA A ȗ KT MA BioA
vA
$
*7
: njB~A
.j / wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z 幼wA MoA nBA - 1
104. | / nke B
73. | 2Z / Ke gnBTM LA A - 2

$   158 
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
.tjoA B] nA\M BA JBM ZnBi U

$
*3
: uwFTA
oM MA kA w jBA ϦA MA (UBi ) Ke  wnkA m Rk{
/ ɷ 633 w JA M w kA b M pB oBA ϦA ]p kd
. 1235

$
*5
: BA
B BwT 2 2450 BTeBv LU lA  BzA jM ȗ BLA tnAkA oLA  ȷ
nAk]  zA Tv ~A SM kT  21   zA Mo z
B  ȗ zA BTMo BTo LB\A  BA d  7 o  25  LA
m jU wA JAMA YY B MoA țozA LB\A   ȗ SdT co
țozA LB\A   ȗ wA B A M\A KB\A  ~A SM A JAMA
M ~T ȅwA B ȧBzA KB\A ȗ  9 o  19  AA A MoA
AA mM d wnk ȖhA nBzA  bT oiA AA BzA ] 
ɛozA ȧBzA wnkA Ȯn ɗ S RBBɛ oɓ A B ɟ jƽ o
ȗ A nBYA  oLT BLA d ~A kM JAod wnk MoA ȧBzA
  kBzU oL nB\eA BY  Ko e wnkA d ȗ Ke
TA k AoL BTM d~A   幦Ʉ MBT wnkA ik  AA
k ȗ BLA TA kA nBYA  k mA BB] wnkA KB]  隽 nLBM
oX BA wnkA m   k Ke
$
*7
: njB~A
.j / wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z / wA MoA nBA
108 | nke B
$   159 
*2
: 雱A
nw / BA o
.nvA kA keA BA o ȗ RBjBA d ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
U 孼ɼMA α keA A kd n~A ϦA p ȗ ɷ 595 w SM
.BzA KmA  SA 廦~ AmA tBA BmhUA k  eoA BUnB

$
*5
: BA
k]U iAkA    wA eBw A  q  ozA ] ȗ wnkA ik 隽
LA A BMBM \T BUo BTo kBz BzA \A   AoL U o o
h nB\e BMBM o   oiq Bw oL o k]U M\A \A ȗ
 S LɼT  KT  B oM wnkA eBw w ȗ 奼] zM okTv
BLA gnBU BBM wA ]nBhA BMBM
$
*7
: njB~A
325 | / 1 Z / w kd / BA o gnBU
$   160 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
vdA BA k\v Jo țozA oLA o~A  JoBM AA opA B] ȗ U
eBvA ȦhA Bi   Mo   娱A ()
$
*3
: uwFTA
kB BM mA opA B] gnBU  AqU A kA B\A m z gnBU A
UE  970 / ɷ359 w ϧl  (Ȧ~A o]) A k qA MAoA ȪBA hA
^B ^Ak  幼BA k ^Bwn ^BB] ^Ak\v  972 / ɷ361 w BM
E opA B] bBTTA  ~  RAw VY d kM lA ȦBwA BLm oz
M Ȧ vdA ME)   o~ ȗ B ȃB A  A 975 / ɷ365 w ȗ
ȗ ȦBwA A jBL Bow Bo  bo{  tnj E (ȯAoA BA M kd
BkM SMBTU B\A ȗ B wAnj e E qM B oMBA BA  kze
T opA KvTA  峦BM qqA ȪBA hA k ȗ RnU  wAnkA RBdA
ɷ386) A oFM BdA ȪBA hA k ȗ A wAnk k dA A
(996 /
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
(ɷ 544  ɷ 525) U MA k BM o~TvA oz jBdA ȪɄBA hA B
JBLA nA\M () AoqA B kvA n~M So opA B] ȗ n~ BzBM
.nA iAkM B\ MoA
oLTU tnAk VY B\A ȗ SzA (ɷ923  648) odLA ϼBA j k ȗ
wnkA  (1309 / ɷ709 w) woLA wnkA : ȷ op ȯBɫ jAkTɫA
.(1440 / ɷ844 w) o\A wnkA  (1266 / ɷ665 w) BLA
n~ jAkTA ȷ B\A ȗ n~ AkhT eoA kL oA FzA ɷ1176 w
k~A BE  kAA L ^BBi ^BAn M  KzhBM BA w  kA B\A
oL F Fz  woLA wnkA jk] B më LB\M BE  (kB~A An) Ȫw
nBA UBBA  UnB oLTU  KmBM  o{ BUBME wnkA JBM  y 
.ȯBXA o~A ȗ RAnBA E  op
LT BLA wnkA L cLE kL kd gzA vM  1896 / ɷ1324 w
d BvwFU AkM ȗ KTA jk B  nA KT  BA S op B
.KT 7703
oL B Rk{ opA hz pAoA kL ~ nTkA ȧU oT ȗ 1945 w
 MjA  kA RAkA B BU (kL kd gzA B)  B A RAoɃBd
ThA oTA Re B BU B A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
e) nBL U BAlE lƪA  lE o~ ȗ k\v A opA B]  k\v B
 BA kA w Te o~ k]Bv 鼪] ϧl kM  mA  (A oi 
kd   A)) } mA BkA B\A ȗ ȚA B MA kA b k
ȅLw vdA  vdA  TLA B   UoA Ȧ   ~A LA
ȧB ȗ   BU SB B ((...^AoU Uo  u]oA  SLlA mA woA
~Tɫ   BL{ Tvɫ   ~Tɫ      K]n A  ɷ ) jɛA
 voA nAzA B\UBM BA ȃB nAj  KAA B odTU An oL RBTeA
UD ϧm BU SB  oMBA  BA  BA ndM  BzA  jBA BU
U  jLA qdA oB U We () vdA BA jBzTwA om ^ABeA An{B
opA n~ ȗ kU  woA KAA U  hA K\Td  nB\TA RdA
Y () SLA E e ȗ BYoA nB{A kzU  AoA  BA  AoA ndM uB\A
jwA qLhA  BLA  tkA w  u  qdA Bw k u\A  Ao AlA
Be kA B]n  AoA ϧm  ^BX hA od   oM ^Ak ~A
.qdA oB  X
MA BEkM TA  opA ȗ wAnkA RBdA  ok~TM oYFTv BA M B
o~Th   (nB~A) E (nB~TA) JBT  RAo BBM ȯAoA BA M vdA
kd M BA e MA  ) e MA oA kA 탰 ȦBwA 
.(ȪTA
B  w M J ZoA MA wE  u M J A 975 / ɷ369 w
A ȗ E ^BMBT tBA  峦BM qqA ȪɄBA hA op  K~ AmT  z
 dA  o~A B]n nBL  BA ndM (opABwoA) v ȦBwA
B] ȗ Rk e uB\ E m wAnkA UBe SB  BA  BMjA
U FM }hT ^B ^Boz BM qqA hA  u MA BkM o opA
zU  Be BUBAqTA kA TU JA E BA  B] nBTiBM kA
^Anj  kU  (qLhA nE   jk) Ao]  o{ ^BApnA  KUoU  BTBoM
B BLB 35 TM oE  ^An ϧm hA JB\TwA k  B\A  Mo  v
ɷ378 w ϧl  khA ȃB J MA wA v   nBTiBM opA
SB We) ^BoU   ^BozU UU ȗ BLA ATv A hA oE B : 998 /
ovU BA M BA  ^An~ BLA Jn  FM ȂU o~ ȗ kBTA
^BLUAn   u MA oA B BkhTv KzA ] SB odA BE (BA
.w  |BhA B 
v ^Akk] ^B k A oFM BdA ȪBA hA FzA 1005 / ɷ395 w
dA nAj JmT]A  幼A  A RBwAnk TBp ȗ opA uB (dA nAj)
d RAw VY o~ ȗ BE mA ovi oB BeoA BXE ȫwA ozA A
BA BnAp 幼BA kA ȗ K nE  (\e) K ȪBA BM o~TvA hA
qqA kL vkA A ϧm  幼BLA BwA BA uwƫ bBL~A M vdA
.S~A MA M
:  ȪBA dA oT BMG opA ȗ wAnkA U mA nBLA mUBwA poMA  
M Ȧ vdA ME (ɷ420 w TA) dLvA kd ϦA q nBThA oA
{B M keE tBLA ME (ɷ430 w ȗTA) ǱdA ȗdA kw M AoMA
BA o] M w M kd A kL ME  (ɷ445 w TA) o~A
TA) lBzMBM MBM oA o~A keA M oB vdA MA (ɷ454 w TA)
.(ɷ469 w
opA cLA MA k  BA kA w kM  1171 / ɷ567 w
 BTo TA A  kA qA KLvM ȪA nBv ȗ üM hM Ȃ B\
KAmA unkU ȗ }~hTA B  U kk RB cTM SB We MA kA
KmA nBYA B~TwA  TE u  k\U A oAj  opA jBMA kM vA
A kM BA jnA  Toe  B\A ȗ \A  S B ȦBwA
.BA BhA  BvLe TA BA 鼪] SL~TA
A toLM kA n BvA ȦdA okA kA q oA k{B 1266 / ɷ665 w
峗BA jBA  B\A A \A  jB (vAozA  odLA ϼBA j p)
ȪA Bz Aq cLA   ȮkA qo jAjoTwBM opA EkM  ϧl  BvA A
nkA B 幼MjA  A RBwAnkA  ^ vA kA RBwAnk ^BB ^B Ak 
qo A opA dTM ^AoE odLA A kA w MAn toLM oBA BvA
.BzA A  wn ~M   tnk
w A oM kw MA kA w oBA BvA p ȗ  1382 ɷ784 w
ki MA vA  fnƪA JoA jM  ^BjB o~ A B] vAozA ϼBA
ȗ ^Bwnj Ț miA  B\BM BT{ nk~U  ȯBM\A BLA oBM ~UA mA
ȯvA o\e MA BdA  BA nBL k  tnj  BA A  WkdA
 Bo  JjA  A   gnBTA BT]A  ȗ UBo ki MA vM B
TA oBA ȗ ki MA BA SeBUA k  ozA Tk ȗ Bo TA RBA
mA ƫ KmU  cU o 1406 / ɷ808 w UB Te w 23 SAj
 JoA BE ɗ oLhA  EkTLA Aj  oLA)) JBT B  o~ A k Lɛ BE
.ozA Tk  ((oLA BvA ǰl  oB   oMoLA  \A
w TA) wBA kd MoA A ki MA kM opA ȗ RBwAnkA nk~U 
zM opA  o~ Se opA A kAA BA KB] A (1439 / ɷ842
.A  A T{ ȗ ȫwA oA MA  BA nBL  o\M |Bi
TA mA  (ɷ1213  ɷ923) o~ ȯBXA dA BMA  1517 / ɷ923 w
 TBwn ȗ Ȃ A B\ opA BTwA 失LwA A oBA  hA qo 
dA A MoA MB  Be We ȪTA ȮkA dA ȗ MoA BM
Bz kTA  ȯBXA l hA  ^AkM ȧBA TwBM TT B  ȯBXA
.A  kA BqA KB] A LzA BqA z opA B
M eoTM o~ ȗ TBA BYA ȗ  A w BvA oE ^BA vA m ȗ 
M  ]n 1800 Bp eoA BA jk M We LwA A opA B
A jA B BA JA  BTɗA  WkdA CoA   KAmA  A B
BvA B Te RAw VY k BdA Am oTwA  B oi  opA Boe
A o~A 鼪] jBBM oE mA ȯBA Bw BvA \ ɷ926 w w
.jM
 B\A g{) K~ BzA ȪA hnBU ȗ o  opA k{ ȯBXA kA ȗ
隽 B A 1690 / ɷ1101 w  TA {ohA A kL M kd gzA B
 vB A j o~A BA z Ɉ mA KA Am dM nBTiA 
.BA  BzA B M ^An~d  We BXA BA
MnA vA KAmA  BA B BBM Ȃ ^AoE ȯBA Bw BvA nkE
ȗ o~TA  kɗA ov ɃB ]  opA B |B~TiA  B mA
.ozA BeA
iAj cv Ak Vke UozA kd opA g{ B kM  1709 / ɷ1120 w
gzA  ȮA țBLA kL gzA nB~A  opA g{ K~  vBTA M opA
e LA Aqi SL  eo\A  TA RAoz oYA  w ǰAoA keA
.k\vA VBYA
^AkE E  ^B k{A B   YB oiA T SLz 1779 / ɷ1193 w
eoA kL gzA K~TM STA opA g{ K~ ȧU  BeA  BzA M
Lm  wBw B Th ^B{A mhUA mA Ao~A Am oTwA  op ^Bh{ ȖdA
nk Te RBMAoA RnoU  ^BB hzA S A ϧl \T Vke  A 
\ BA M ɫ opA g{  A Ȃ 1961 v (103) ɛn Bɛ
.n\A un  nAoM U T  wA VdLA
joE E B\ op BT]A ȪA gnBTBM ~ S TA hwAoA kBTA 
B\BM Aj BA   ^An 嬰nB\A   B M  B 
B  k MB kM  p 婦A ~dU ȗ B TA RAvA A
g{  p (Ao\A kM)  A (qLhA nA   jk ȷ) Ao\A KUn
o   1929 w BA Am ȒA k ) TL   nBL M  B  opA
 A ȗ k RBLUo LA  jAk o~ B B (qLhA  ^kM kA kLA
B kAA AkLA  LmA LA RABTA Kve nA m pTU  o\ o{
A wBoA Thz ȗ T\U MnA KAmA f{  g{ An  B 
w k BzA  kLTwA  ^BE BA Am ȒA kɛ) Ao nAjA  BA
wAnkA d  JoBM nA  oL n  SE kAA  o~A L
.(1954 w ϧl  UBM opA U
E w  oA o~M M BdTA ko KBɄ  L B opA A om B 
.vA MnA KAmA  ȮkA Lm E ȪA ATv
z mA RoMBM MB Bj vo d o~ SoU 1798 / ɷ1213 w
dA Bj kU kM BLUA TA RBwBvA n opA B gBz A JoTBM
nXA SkA   dA Am ɃnBA T opA Bɟ We o~ ɗ voA
ȗ M  izM opA Bw  RAjBvA kd gzA BqM oBA ȗ kA
kBM opA ~M RoMBM oA We BM nXA m voA ]A k  nXA
vj  k\vA L ȗ i AMn   B ALw  AL  nAXA j] AT 
.UAnlBM
qA kBvM BXA ow o~  voA RAA JBdvA kM   1801 w
. Ȯj  wBw nj op B nA kB 
 nj Ao~TA  wBvA BdA  opA BqA Ȧ kd ~E 1806 w
鼪]  k B{BM Ȧ kd Ƀ  vhA RA~A  BU ^BB]  A
RBwAnkA M \U TA B ȗ ]jq wBw LUA  B\ koA BA
oe RAkM BwA khA o~ ȗ  WkdA ȪTA BA  A  kA kA
kk] A ozU o  kk\TA B ijB opA B] ȗ oTA kk\TA
 LA RBBdTE ovU  XkdA A M BijA  unkTA ü BA U U
gBzA  kL kd gzA oTA m ȗ bA A E Xke KBwA
kdɫ ȷnAA ozLA w ǰAA ve  wBLA kA kdɫ ^BA
.o ȓAoA ~
qA  U khA k MAoA nXA ȗ M  hBzM opA nB{ 1919 w
q nXA Si Bk nXA BYA dA w U mA ȗoA u\A A AA
 RnkA TA BdA A BLA k  opA hz  MBLA kd gzA
 ko\U ϧm  kL kd gzA wEn  B  o~ ZnBi ȖBM ^BBeA
.UApBTA  LUn 鼪]
jk M A nB ϦA RBwnB w k\A kL gzA ]A  1951 w
.L~  gzA q A WLB mA v \ omLTM
 wkA  K kk] RB BzBM ȃBA (103) n BA nk 1961 w
 ozA   MoA wAnkA RB oU  nAjA  RBA AnqA  RBB~A
v B] k Rk{   wA RBLA  SzA Bɟ kA A ɟ
LA jk jAjpA  oiA n\A RBBd ȗ opA B\ o cT  RBLBA
 wnAkA
$
*7
: njB~A
.oBA 1983 w 2Z  Z ǰBzA kd qqA kL .j / B]  ^BB] opA  1
.ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  2
ȯBv A n ]oU /  eoA kL FU / ȫwA nqM BBzAj gnBU  3
$   161 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
. kk\A oBA wnkA nA\M oA w ȗ o~A M U

$
*3
: uwFTA
kA oB BA BvA BBM zkM WkdA nAj kM SvwFU Wkd nAj ȯBY ȷ
oAp S ej M o JBhA BMA Bh{ ]   1225 / ɷ 622 w kd
Bvwƫ A Lv Sw   1403 / ɷ 806 w Te
$
*4
: nBA wTA
wnkA BM ǰAozA BdTv AkhT ve oA jBA  1725 / ɷ 1166 w
wnkA JBM   e ϧl A ozU  BwAnkA kM d zM
$
*5
: BA
B BwT zA Tv B{ A wnkA nBYC  LU B i  kTv
 LU mA  wAnkA v RBB MnA BBnA ȗ  ~A SM BkT z
 9.5 Bo  10.5 B wnkA oiƫ ȗ Tv B  q] wnkA m
BA LB]  pTU SB TA oA A kT o]BM L LMk LM v
ȅwA BA   An ȃnA MBA kT B  孼MB  TU ȅwA
nBA   nBip  RBMBT oA keA mA  Rk] k  B jM
 n odM }\A  { Co RB  MBT nBiqA m ]nBhA
oq UBL nA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
nAj hz (ɷ 810 w jA) ȫBzA BdA BA ǱA kL M A kL U
B   [ohTA  ~TA  ^BB w 20 d BM 酚A BA WkdA
jAj MA w  v cd o~TiA  oX B~U
$
*7
: njB~A
B .j / wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z wA MoA nBA
.nke
201. | 20 Z / LTA oB{ kd / gnATA 
262 | 2 Z / ȄvA kA ] Bd / oBA o~ gnBU ȗ oBdA ve

$   162 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
B~A w B\UBM BMBM oLA țozA o~A ]  B탱 B o~A M U
$
*3
: uwBTA
BA   1242 / ɷ 639 w BA M JA kA \ cB~A ϦA Bk{
KAm B MnA B KUn 孼Tw B A oTwA oA Am k k B o~
BA Km |BhA vA ɗ ɗj mA cB~A ϦA A Lv Sw MnA
(tnAkA) wA BA B  B
$
*5
: BA
voA Bik BT]A B LUB A RoYkA k iAkA wnkA Ao 
廧A B MBA M\A BA  q] cB~A ϦA L nB\ B BTmë
nAk]  ~ SM  T B B țozA vA A BLA nBYA  kTv
ȗ Tv \U ] k \ KnBd YY   15 o  10  LA
B Tv ȅw B  ~A SM  MoA țozA nAk]   w
qUoU j BY  BM   An MoA țozA LB]  M BA AmM d
 o]A  ϼw vM Bv  nB\A BA ~A SM kA 9 
ȷ kM k] zM S ~A nB\dA  wnkA ]A SM LMk L ü
wT BwEn B 20 A vU  75 d B L BvA YY A vU
LT  kTU nBTA MnA BUnA nBTA YY  TdT JoU cv JBM voA ]AA
MBT   nBɄA  Tv \ 15  k B zA [~A  A
Sz A  A ~A ȗ 峧 BkA BBM B ol gvA hM {
L më wnk voA ikA  U (A A A  峦A) nBL ȗA hBM
o{BL wnkA MAM  A MA YY  TU o]A  SM  32 BBUnA
B  Lzi o{ e Rk A X ȯBXA MBA  11 BUnA L
 U  LM ȴT  6.5 BUnA L mêA ZBU oiA MBA X lƪA
o B SB MB   MA țozA AoA i k] RB~oA  
L
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.kA ZBU BA ȃB M kA nk B unkTA oA ȧ
BzA ϦA kL nBB M kd kA A BA ȃB B tnj
$
*7
: njB~A
.j / wBLA o~A ȗ B~B~i wA tnAkA z / wA MoA nBA
113 / nke B
$   163 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.hA vM ^Bk B훱 o kA b Ak ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
mA  kd M ve oBA BvA L   1356 / ɷ 757 w SvwFU
wnk ^Ak\v T wnkA m ɃBA  M  M kd o~ k
AoA keA B BLA T  RAw VY B A oTwA MnA wA KAm
ve BvA Bvwƫ A Lv Sw  BA ozM vA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
SB wnkA b oL ^Aj] oBA ȗ nBYA e \ SmM  1915 w
.BBin BAnk] SdA BUnB BLM

$
*5
: BA
BToip AoA nBA BpAo We  wA ozA ȗ tnAkA ]A  oLTU
37 BUnA A BTMAM UoU 2 8900 BTeBv LU h wnkA BL \A A
jA hA  B~U qB A RBLɄ BY   wnkA BM 
M d z Mo d  TzU Ajo\A nBA BAnk] \A BmA
L U mA ve BvA co i k] mA LA AA BoLA 孽AA MnA
k KmA xA KzhA  ~A RB~oA   Tw  d
T MnA vA KAmA  Km   MnA AA  AA  B
wnkA JBM BAo~  81.60 B  BUnA BTmë ZnBhA  Bk\v JAod
țozA ABM d 幦] wk B{BM oiqA oA tBdBM Bz
cTA nw  RB oiqA ȗA hBM RBMBT  }\A  qoA wnk
oM coA L A Bjƽ BMBM T ȫBin oL ȫBioA JAodA nA\M k]
.ozA d~A  郰 wo coA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȗ BTYA B VY ST oB MnA wnk ȮL A  q k ve BvA B
 TA nBA Sw ɷ 672 w ȗ A JBLA T  XBXA ozA \A
[ LvA KT ȗ ALUn k AB mA BTA  300 T A Bw jF JBLA
w) ve BvA T B 33 M mêA w kM 幧kA vM Ajk tBA
.wnkA ȗ j ( 1362
.]BA RB\  vA  M Ak ^B~e ϼBA BmhUA
.keA JBzA  ve BvA MA ^BA wnkA ȗ j  1386 w
.p JBM ȗ B nB\ k\v A wnkA JBM Ao~ kƪA ϦA 

$
*7
: njB~A
70. | / cBw kA B  / o~ ȗ wA nBA - 1
| / d oA kL ]oU / MnA A L / MoA nBdA oL - 2
.BL - pBM / 1990 w 1  / 185

$   164 
*2
: 雱A
BL / BzA uMAo
oLA n~A  B]  ozA M\A \A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
]A  oLTU ɷ 726 w BoA oBA A kL M kA w oA BBM
BBM A Lv Sw n~A B\BM dA TvA tnAkA
$
*5
: BA
jU TA RBMALA nA  kU BTMAL uMAo k nBYA ]A  wnkA m oLTU
 RBMo kA  MA jwA BioBM 텫 k JBLA  ȟA k
Aj JBLA LB]  幼Co C B Sz e JBLA wT BvvA
q MBzT nBip BvU mA wnk ȧBzA nAk\A ȗ cTU ]
wnkA nA 嬱A BioA  RAnpA wA  v A nBiqBM JAodA
L U oiC ȧB{ BkeA BAn B An wk B{A  SM BvvA 
]
$
*7
: njB~A
418 | / Bw qqAkL .j / ȫwA gnBTA ȗ BzA uMAo
$   165 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
(Jnj j) wnk MB (o\p w) M oA oLA v țozA 馂A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwBTA
Lv Sw ɷ 809 w ȯBnA fn B{ nAoLA ]p jB{ o jAqoM BTvwA
A BwA A
$
*4
: nBA wTA
Bw BzA nɄAoLA p ȗ ϧl BoTM Bi Ȧ \ B ɷ 1091 w
.Ǳ~A
jBBM BA BA ok SB AoA ȗ wA nXA nB~TA kM ɷ 1404 w
 BBM jBA U  k SoU oA ǱoA odA wT i ȗ BnBA
B SB TA kA nBA uwA
$
*5
: BA
BB SoU k kA nBA pAoA  BBM eBvA o wnkA BM
 T B Ao{A A 廧A BUnB  Bd SM B RAo k oT
BA BA ok L
$
*7
: njB~A
îBhA Ȧ kvA / kz  pe ȯ BA hnBU MBw pA {nAq - 1
.( Aj)
208 | / 11 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 2
$   166 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
v ozA \A ȗ () BoA w M Ȧ BA ko oA odA i U
(n{ ow) M ^Bk oA oLA
$
*3
: uwBTA
uwFU  AqU k BvwFU A kT  ȦA BBM  kƫ BY k]U 
ȯBnA fn B{ oA e p ȗ B UnB\A (nj j jAqoM) Twnk
() BoA BA tEn ] ȗ B (tEoA A) ȮU owBM Sw
$
*4
: nBA wTA
Bw BzA k ȗ Ao BwAoh BA opA kd ApoA Bo ɷ 1091 w
Ǳ~A
$
*5
: BA
BUB] ȗ o RAo\e  ǱTdU ^Ao ^Bd U 孼MB  wnkA FTU
țozA 馂A ȗ oiA d~ M\A 馂A ȗ BkeA BAA B k] MnA
oA odA nBM ~T 峮
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ü  ozA vM  k kA tnAkA  Bo kT oTU RjB
odBM T BA LU A \e ]Ao kM (vL BA) gzA ǱoA kzA
uB\ B ^d SdLA TnBM BMn noU Am UBUM  ^Aq] kU oA ǱoA
.MBhA LTA A
AkM m kz k ȗ oA BA A keA BUnAjA  Ao{A TU SB
.kA  kvA B ȷ o\A oz WBXA oA
B SA Rd Tw BnB\U BLBɄ 60 B v mA JA jk B
BUB]BTeA kv BUAjnA o~U
$
*7
: njB~A
207. | 1 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 1
îBhA Ȧ kvA / kz  pe ȯ BA hnBU MBw pA {nAq - 2
( Aj)
$   167 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
jAqoM wnk MB (o\p nApBM) M vA oLA v MoA 馂A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
w (njBM ]Ai w kA VB) oA BBM kz tnAk kA  wnkA m kU
ik j] wA AmM Sw ȯBnA fn B{ e AoA keA  ɷ 843
BiAj A Bjƽ
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.Ǳ~A Bw BzA BvA BBM jk] ɷ 1088 w
 BBM kA wnkA m Sk AoA ȗ wA nXA nB~TA kM ɷ 1405 w
ȫwA BpAoɄ  BdA BBM ȗ n ozA ǱɃoA odA nBA ü L
kA
$
*5
: BA
LM BM LUoU AA MnE l Mo d Bw ȗ MB  wnkA BM FTU
ȯBM oL M\A LA SdU 隽 BTL SM wnkA  M\A MoA AqA ȗ
ekU wA omU nBL oLA  S h  KT k wnkA uwƫ
nBip wnkA U LeB o  oL B{B Rk TA MoA LA SdU 隽
B SA BLB 120 d BM jk L B kM i  B{B  ~]
keA Apo ZBdA B{ T B wnkA RB]BTeA T BUAjnA o~U BA
kz B keA B
$
*7
: njB~A
207. | / 11 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 1
îBhA Ȧ kvA / kz  pe ȯ BA hnBU MBw pA {nAq - 2
91 | / ( Aj)
$   168 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
ȦBA odA oL nA\M 婽kA oA ǱɃoA koA d~ ȧBzA 馂A ɗ U
(tk)
$
*3
: uwFTA
kA v B mA BwAoi nB\U keA L   1649 / ɷ 1059 w SvwFU
vA AA jA keA A SdU BT A A ozU kA A Y 
ɷ 1057 w (kow Ȧ kd)
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.kA o Bi oB kd BwAoi ȧA M wBwA zM Ro ɷ 1285 w

$
*5
: BA
B{BA nBiqBM oiAqA oiBA MA  kU 孼Uo MB   wnkA BM
 TzU ^BwA ^BMo ^Bd U We wAA BTeBvM pBTU B 幼CoA hA
ȗ ȯBXA MB Uo U o{ A MBA ȗ To  KB\M 幗o 85
LT wnkA U wnkA ik BA jƽ A BX ApB\ wnkA ȗo
.^BLB 250 d wnkA v RAk\A  BC U Bi
B nB\ Bj 9 A BBM (jBMC uw) nq  q] wnkA  A
.B keA Apo ZBdA L  nAkU SB wnkA

$
*7
: njB~A
îBhA Ȧ kvA / kz  pe ȯ BA hnBU MBw pA {nAq - 1
.( Aj)
207 | / 11 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 2
$   169 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
BzA ]  () ~A B kvA ko d nA\M U
$
*3
: uwFTA
wnk oA jBM ȗ SB We o\A tjBvA oA ~T A BvwFU ]o
BA A KA (BTwA) kU SB () ~A B kvA od  o
ȗ Bkk\TM o{ We ɷ 929 B Te Am BBM  SM ț\vA k jU
輖A vd  gzA A k ȗ ^AoX RoT{A Ǳ~A BwA BzA e p
 BBM jBA ȗ A  B mA (ɷ 1091 - ɷ 1007) (A en) ȯB{BA
gnBTA ϧl  So wBM BwA pU ɷ 1059 w ϧl BAkA kM kk]
.d~A wnkM Bv  k ȧBA  v B 幼A wnkBM

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.wnkA nAk] BzBM Ǳ~A BwA BzA p ȗ M B{ SB 
q\A ȗ A wnk MBz wnk BLM  Be (Bi Ȧ jB{) B B 
.wBM So BM S~UA ȧBzA
XBY wnk Ǳ~A tBL BzA nAoLA oFM kA jBTA Bi ȚU ApoA M 
.d~A w ȗ B e  A wnk 
kvA odM wnkA Mo mA M\A AA KwB BzA M ɷ 939 w 
.() ~A B
 Bv BA BA BBM kk\U wTM nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT B ɷ 1213 w  
wnk ozA ]  BA BA  ^BB ^Akw  A kM B nB\A oA ȃAnA
.k\v MoA AA i ^Ak\v k{ (BzA nAj) wnk ȷ oiA
ȷ wnk  BXA nBBM BA nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT B ɷ 1223 w ȗ 
.A j]A n~A üA u  AqU
BM BUBM oBdA oA kL gzA  ȗ A pdA p B ɷ 1340 w 
 A wnkA S\j BLM ȯB{BA 輗 vd gzA EkM mA ȯBXA MBA
.BzA nAj wnk

$
*5
: BA
MB  ƫ ^Bo  50  ^  70  60 BjBMA zA Tv wnkA eBv
1223 B wnkA kk\U k SM k SB B o 48 o 110  ǱTdU
Ajow o  kT ȫwA pAoA  L  5   *   3 d oA eBv ɷ
wnk LA v RkA BvvBM 텪A ȯB{BA  ]AM Ȅoh { 
B kvA odM wnkA Mo AA Uo B M\A \A Ȗ oL JAMA MnA
ȗ JBM B  12.50 BUnA nBTA 4 o  11.20  L () ~A
nBTA 6 Ƀo  9  BzA nAj JBM v M\A JBL MB BzA \A
ȧBzA AA ǰBv Lz AA ozA MoA \A   ȗ  12.50 BUnA
ȗ ] MnA RAl BvA BM UoU wnkA ZnBi JAMA AA m  Zoh
ϧB A B o nB BwTU ϧm MoA AA U ȷ MoA \A
oM o B ǱA MBA BA MoA AA i 隽  6 o  9  ^Ak\v
wnkA wT 廦vA oA ~U B~U ȗ MBzU TA oA EkLU U  3.75
MnA BnA ȗ U Ake MnA ϧB  13   zA Mo B e
MBA ȗ wnkBM BhA oLA LTA U o o ke  v d~
.ɷ 1351 w oBdA oAkL gzA uwFU  ȷ ȯBXA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 ]B k wA AkA oBA  ȗ { BUFz m wnkA m SB
BUmUBwA BM BTA BzTTM AB wnkA m RAo k TqUo nLA BzA
.LT oe oiA LA kozU
SB BzA vM jBU LiB RAoB wnkA m  S]oi  1963 w
kvA BA k wnkA  AkL  A ]AoA  BM kozU BBM UBw
KhA B BM  () jB~A BA B ol ȗ BMFU Bv\ (tk) ȯBBLA
ɄozA) uLA B]n \ɷ oLA  TLi Țɽ (nB~ɯA Uoɫ gzA)
A A  B] kzTwA bo\M  Ajk AMBF oBdA  (BzBzA
BM \A oTA ȪA wnkA k~T eoA (nBMjn u kvA) 
ȧBA  LA M  AeAn M m To\M AT  w jB RBBT
uM AoeA eB~A Aq BUBT AL wnkA Ae nA A bvA
.Ln nq\ A wnkA A e kA B]n
.RAw VY k wnkA SA  1975 w
wnkA m oL   A Ak (tk) ȮhA BA A ɷ 1383 w
A RBÖA oBw JA mUBwA BA   K 幼AkA wnkA BwF LwBM
ɃBTA SA dA ϧl ȗ nLA BzA kɃ cvA bBA h kA Ak
11 ȗ BnB~TA Te wA nXA nB RkE TA (jAjoi 15) M nzA oLA
. 1979 B BL{
[ohU ȗ BUnAk] STLYA TA kA A RBB\A poMA  A wnkA oLTU
BeoA d BA Bɟ oA CoA ov wA BA BA ɫ eBA
A AoA A BA ȫwA BA AkM Th  wA A oA J
oA kL gzA ȯB{BA 輖A gzA : ȷ B S]ohU Swnj TA RB~hzA
(tk) ȮhA eAoA BA BLBLA ve kd kvA jo]oLA kvA oBdA
gzA oɫ gzA kzA Ȗ\A zoA kvA ȯBBLA BɃn kdɫ kvA
pdA mUBwA oXA ȯB\voA gzA ȯk kzA TzM kzA nTkA ȮzA
A  oL (tk) eAoA BA B k oiA kA  Bo  ȗ A
.AoA ȗ A pdA  qo BBM

$
*7
: njB~A
670. | 1 Z 婛 nBYC \ - 1
332. | / ȯB\qA ǱwA AoMA kvA / wkA BA ȗ ] - 2
158 | / ɷ 1404 vA / 11 jkA / keTA \ - 3
$   170 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
.dA mM kA qo Mo mA nBzA jAkTA  nlC d ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
B (oA eo) JBT ȗ Bol jn   wnkA m BL jkd gnBU k] 
ȗ B Bz A ϧm om  ɷ693 w TA tBɄ M oA kL kvA
k  ((B)) wnk vU SB  A p ȗ  k  BA vU k
BL{ 15 ȗ   WkdA BBM gnBU A wnkA ik  S h  KT
.ȦwU A kL ZBdA k  ɷ 1413 w /

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
ȗ SMoi A kM wnkA oTM Bw B{ ϦA p ȗ ϼM AkMA B ɷ1094 w
.Ǳ~A kA
iAj B qh BLM  nB\U keE ȯMB~A ve kw ZBdA B ɷ1260 w
.wnkA
oBdA oA kL gzA p ȗ  k ȗ A pdA bBTTA kM  ɷ1320 w
.wAnk BMAMA SdT  BwU  wnkA oU U
SdA BA  v  o k\v BLM 輗 kd Apo ZBdA B ɷ1358 w
.nlC nB{ wU BYA B RAo\e Sw  wnkA k\v k A kM wnkBM

$
*5
: BA
d  o 75 U MB  BTBM TU  22500 d wnkA eBv LU
 ǱTd AG kA wnkA ik ȗ k]  20  *  50 jBME wA wnkA
gnBU B KT o]C h ikA U  (ϼM AkMA) oU nBYC  MAod x
BTeBv wA LT wnkA ȗ k]  wnBA ozA  TM  (ɷ1094) w
w ȗ LA v ȦiAj v ϧB  JBT  h 1500 d U 277
hA ȷ BTBn U wnkA ki keA     BnAp A o h wnkA
.^AoU oXU TA  k ȗ keA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
wnkA m 郱 ȗ o k () BoA BA A 105| oA eo JBT ȗ B]
 FA wBLA hA Bj Be jAkM Y o~LA A BwAoi k  ]U Bk
oLA m AqU   AmA BA Ak 郱A Am ȗ oM odM oE () BA A o
.A A j]
oT BYA wnkA  BwA oA BE (Ud Bi BC) TwA ɷ 1255 w
L  wnkA iA kM  BLU ^Ao B]  nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT BvA e
.BvA  Ao F\ SdLA  Ro\ BwA oA

$
*7
: njB~A
639| 1Z  nBYC \
$   171 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
M nA nB{ ȗ AA BTwnBM Ak M kTA nBzA   k w ȗ U
.JoA ]  T\dA ov]

$
*3
: uwFTA
1366 w ( ]Ao keA) qoLTA o \e kd kvA A A eoA BBM
 vA KB qT \e kd kvA BTMA We o B Te BBM oTwA ɷ
Twnk B TiA nB\A ȃAnA A  AoB jAp B{ oA BM mA o~A
.wBM RoT{A TA

$
*5
: BA
pAo  o oz m tnAkA BM ȗ LTA kTA A  ZnBi wnkA BM
wnkA BM 幽TA nBA Fv  n o~ BhU A lA 幼BA tnAkA
婛 tnAk oLA  kU KB 500 ɧ vTU o 250  ǱTdU 孼MB  BTU
 ȗ  20 o  40 M TeBv qT  RBqT BY  wnkA FTU
o  ȗ  4 o bT o oiC qT  M wA RBB MnA ^BA qT
m M mA vdA wBM RBh TU ȯB{BBM AoA SM RBBA
voA 隽 JAMA k B  40  *   60 TeBv wA d wnk RAo\dA
A BzA \A  cT oiA BTwnBLA Ak nB{  wnkA J] ȗ B
RBqTA M (nBM nAM) nB{  WBXA JBLA cT oA BqA  ZnBhA
MBA A B  jƽ jkT w RBLT B  14 BTdT eBw k]U BzA
BUnA  25   *  25 TeBv d~ țozA KB\A ȗ 隽 k\v wnk ǱA
ȯB{BBM q z kkdA nAw  ȮL xBM oiq ] w l  6
oiq k\vA JAod 幼k KMBA  nBL RBAwA ȯBY wAM d
wnkA LT U 孼Tkke TAwA  d Bw B BA U ȯB{BBM
Ank] Soip ^] ^BBin ^Ako U TA \e A E oL  mA KB\BM
.RB~~\BM

$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB 735 | / 輗 FU /  nBYC \

$   172 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / Ao
A kM  MoA k E (BTwnBM) M oU  ȗ Ao BA w ȗ U
u\ BM nA\M TzM kzA nTkA ɗ kzTwA mA BA   500 
ȫwA nzA u\ LT A SdLA TA kA ȫwA nzA
$
*3
: uwFTA
- 1241) y\ BA kBA E (nBvLw) M oA Bi ve ApoA o{
 A Ȯ ɷ 1296 w ϧl LTA k\vA wnkA m BLM (ɷ 1298
RAjBTA B }~i  奼\A ȫwA nBA K]M nBA Bpo B~U
B  (nB]BA kA B]n keA ȮqA AkA oA Bi ApoA) kA VnA  B
wnkBM TA  oA kzA B 峼A Lv wnkA Sw  vM B oz
wBM jBzTwA kM Sw  B unkTA  RAoBdA BBM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
kd A A A ) nBL B KT LBM |BhA ȯB{BA kk\U U ɷ 1347 w
oL ȗ hM noT n~M  kM wk zM LA U RmiA (A wn
kM  UkBz 
$
*5
: BA
60 MnA RB\A  dU  27 o  28 M wA d  wnkA FTU
d~A RB] wTU Ȧw Ǳ : MB  p L ~~h ȷ 幗o
oe A AA m keA nkd 幼wA oiqA wkA A ȗ B AA MnA
BL AoA wkA  AT 幦] h L k\vA U 幦LA B\UBM k\vA
y We kLA ȫwA A CoA RBA BqU B oB MnA LBM dU
JoA ]  wnkA ik k KT o T o n~M oB A o\dA
 uwƪA wA wnkA BA BLA gnBU BAqA keG ȗ  nBzA  A
k\v MBA AA  LBM dA MnA oBA  o~A BoiC BUnB B
eBv LU RBTeA B (BTvL{) B  B ^AnAj kU oL B 
JBM jke A JAodA AlBd  ^BLoU w U TA LA U TA k\vA oe
 16.5 L LA BUnA  18.400   *    19.30  tBM d~BM ~TA AA
 隽 孼v A v o qj i nkd ozA ] A AA AA BA
E (Tw nB] ] Bi pB) M wnBA BM o oiC k\v A v
KB\A ȗ ^Bo\e ^Aj 44  Tz We ^Aj MnA MnA l ~A
BM ϧm wAnk ~~hA BLA  o{BL  A BMBM qk ȧBzA
qkA  oT ȯBXA JBLA MA YY  ǱTdU We BA nAjA BM LTA
wAnkA BM B TA eBvA   BkeA MBLM ȴT oiC qj B nkd A
 nmA  qBkA w T wnk TA nAjA B U BXA nAjA
XU nBip Th wk B{BM tAA {  v BLA] ȯAwA {
kBz wnk țozA ikBM ozA \A ȗ AA eBvA ȴTU ȫwA A
 jB{nA   Bi B TdU 隽 mA ȧBzA AA  oLA BvA K~
oM n d 79  Tz JBT ȗ j] wnkA  E  LTA
.BA  \ AA
: (wnkA B)
ZohT We 幽BXA L B eo : eAo VX LA L d B B wnk
TA BXA jBz jB jB{ c kA wAnkA eoA Ȃ A kM B KBA
JA B L (uBvA) eo ȷ : BXA eoA BM RBB\A ij  d
uBvA jB{ cU wAnkA  ~ RAw MnA kM 幽BXA jBzA  qBdA
~~hU B wAnj ȴ wAnkA  XBXA eoA BA 幼wA nBA A ȗ
A uBvA  ]nj BkM c RAw VY Ȃ uBvA  qBdA B L
tnkA A ol om\A  KBA BnBTh TA oA keA ȗ (oTv]BA) M v B
WkdA vA A A A A ɗ tnj ȷ wnkA ɗ tnkU TA
 Bo MoTA iA LA dA A MoA JjA CoA  ovTA
AkA MoA A X n~M qA A Bɗ tnkU ϧm oiA A
孼AoA o wAnj kB wnkA S~~i k 孼wA L [ohU wnkA
nAp  ϧm  k ȗ A pdA M ]  wnkA M   ϧB
ȧBA TA A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
wnk ȧBwoA Bnj jU  幧kA Ao{A SdU toA α BA wnkA SB
ȪA kA Am ȗ Ɉ A ȷ)  ȧTA  mA  BzA B We 
.(ȧBA
kM B Sw TA (A A ) wnkA m A STA ɷ 1365 B
BTA kM ȯAkA BA k~ ^AoL ^B ^Aqo wnkA SdLB RBA M
ȉdU  SB B kA A wAnkM wnkA S~~hU B\A A A m
oTwA JA Bnj AjBM B cvU UBA vA SB We 幦B TwBM
BA U wA oe wnkA SdLB wA nXA nB~TA Te 郱A ϧl
KTA  U ɷ 1402 B ȗ A njBA ȧTA U (tk) ȮhA eAoA
.wnkA m A eAoA B ȫA
nA T A ȯB{Bɟ ȫBA gzA  (tkɛ) eAoA BA KɄ ɷ 1402 w
.wnkA
BU ow wnkA  wA nXA L AoA ȗ BdA RBA ow  oBM
 BdA ȫwA oA U ]A   Ao ȗ AB A BA A A
ve kd ApoA A C ȯBBA jdɫ kvA A C BA Ʒ ] ɫ
A Ȗvɗ ȚU kd gzA ke ɫA  ȯAnkpBɫ jAp A A pAozA
}h{ A ) oT{{ o] kd gzA ȯAkA A kL ApoA wnkA
 oz B mA tnkA ve kvA eoA (wnkA ɗ B] 
{B A A BXA oX  wnkA  e k BA  o RBBdTA
o BA
$
*7
: njB~A
.ɷ 1329 w njB~A wnB / JBdw wBA MA / nBvLw ȧB wnk gnBU - 1
.ȫwA RBLU BpBw / nBvLw wnk JBT - 2
 1985 / ɷ 1405 w XBXA vA 15 jkA keTA \ - 3
$   173 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / Ao
ǰo Bp ȗ ovi oB o~ MB U
$
*3
: uwFTA
L  o\A oz WBXA oA ~T ȗ nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT ϦA k ȗ SM
wBM Sw BA A Ld keA (ǰo BhA)
$
*4
: BA
oU RB k oU k B   k] M\A 馂A ȗ wnkA ik 隽
zA Tv wA d  wnkA TzU 幪kA hnBTA T oU A RjE
khTv gB{ B AA Am i 隽 幗oiqA ] AA ȧBzA  ȗ k]
oL B wnk MoA țozA A   w ȗ XeBLA tnk B
d  M\A vA ȗ tnkA BA RBBT] khTvU AA d Se
dU wnk ikA AA SdU ȮM Uo JAod  Tz k\v k] wnkA
B k] B wnAkA LA v d ȷ oX RAo\e MnA RB\A  BM
k KT  ǱTdU LT  TzU B oL B e Ake
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB 415 | / oLT BA / Ao hnBU nBYC - 1
wnB 407 | / Ȫ\ oB / oB k Ao - 2
$   174 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / pAo{
nB{ M (jnA vM) ^Ano ( k\v) M Mo mA nBzA jAkTA  U
.Ao   895 d kLU TA pAo{ k ȗ (kp Bi Ȧ )

$
*3
: uwBTA
 oLA tBL Ǳ~A nAoLA k ȗ ɷ 1024 w A wnkA m BM ]o
BBM A Lv Sw   B{  ve nBA kM  (Bi jn A) tnB ȧA L
. 1604 B (Bi Ȧ BA) MA BBM UA  (Bi jn A)

$
*4
: nBA wTA
k ȗ Ro] TA ϦU BA kk RAo oTA BA B So]A Sn k
KLvM SkU TA AA RB~oA kk\U U We B{ kA oB nAoLA
.noTA pqA
tnB nBYC nAjA L  j ~ oU BA So]A BkM B  ɷ 1337 w
nBYA Swo ȗ hnBTA A Am SLY k wnkA  nBA BvA S{
75. oBM ɷ x 1310 / j / 15 gnBTM wnBA A

$
*5
: BA
 o 125 U MB  BTU TA kA hnBTA nBYA  wnkA BM BA
t wnkA ik tAA LMkA AA ozTU RAo\dA oA RB]A 
q wnkA iAj A 汽 qj  oiqA AoA RB~oA TU ȧB
eBw  A Bo keA ȗ  L  nBL qkA Am w kA ȯB{BBM
ȉdU ȷ (FTA nk) pAozA Ank  gzA RAoBd ^d SB k\vA
.vA AoTeA ]BM

$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / Ǳ~ ȚU kd kw / tnB A

$   175 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / Bo
d kLU TA Bo k ȗ Bi Ȧ [ d ȗ jdA wnkA KB] A U
Ao BA   1064
$
*3
: uwFTA
BjBUo TA A tnAkA keA SB ɷ 1060 w Ǳ~A kA A BBM ]o
(Bi Ȧ [ Aow nB) wBM A oTzU kA A L
$
*4
: nBA wTA
Twnk BM U kA BTɮp pAo  BBM jBA BTM BA nBYA nAjA SB
kM 幽jdA wnkA vU oiA Bi AoMA wnk vU BAkeG BLB] A
nBYA  oLTU A ȷ B nB\A tnAkA  BTL BTp S wnkA nBA
BLTA K\ k nB   M qTU B A nBA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
mA tBA  kkA T We nB]B Bi kd RA \ Bk wnkA m SB
oiA RBT  VBYA KT  wnkBM T B  ovM B]n B B AFLTiA
U k wnkA ij  ]BA 鮫 mA ǱA A kL kvA Bwnk T k
Bin  {B  BLA jA KM tBA B BLohU kM Ro\ B tnkA BA
A Bd SdLA u
$
*7
: njB~A
wnB / 164 | / kT jd / Bo gnBU
$   176 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BA
(kM ] nApBM) M oA ȷBzA w KB\M U
$
*3
: uwFTA
oTwA wnkA m BM ȗ ɷ 1116 w Ǳ~A ve BvA nAoLA o{
unkTA EkTMA  ɷ 1126 w ȗ A BToip BqU T  Tw k B A
wnk) M vU SB  (tk) v\A oBM kd A ndM ɷ 1118 w B
BvA wnkBM BTvU A BBM (B{ njB) wnk ϧm (BM nB]
$
*5
: BA
150 B oA jk L MB  wnkA BM FTU 幪A nBA nBYA  oLTU
khTvU nAk] Aqi iAkA  oA U KMk B AA o  kT o
BMBM  RAo\dA M dU wA d wnkA w ȗ 幼wAnkA KTA qh
oL L wnkA ik i U 幚wBTA AA l ȯB{BBM q ] B
mA oiBA o]BM q iAkA  KA B~A XU ] xM ZnBhA  Bz
LMk AE MnA iAkA  LA dU An wk B{A  A ȯB{BBM p
BUnA BT{n BUnB K~TU wnkA ik AA LB]  ȯB{BBM BAe Bz
SdU JAodA KB\M d~A nA   35 wnkA cw   25 B 
幖Th gnAU dU KBT AA LA SdU ozTU BioA  oL K~ LA
AnA nqBM dA ~\A hA {A nBiqM ikA AA qT
\A wvBM dA nBiqA iAkA RB~oA RBhA M ~U 幚kA
\A gvA hM ((BMBM Ȧ A k BA))  KT oiq tB w
B Ȃ wnkA Ake ȗ p\A nB\{A nBzTA wnkA oL o mA oA j]
MB wnkA ke KB] ȗ 奼\A nBA BBM A BBM oiA Bi
 (ɷ 1090) w gnBU  KT oL o\e B tF K~ oLA M\A AA
ȗ U oiC B  BA  A  k B wnkA BM gnBU Lv gnBU 
TA (Ǳ~A B{ ve BvA o\e) M oU Bi o\e wnk ȧBzA 馂A
A om 奼] ko j] A BBM KmA BM dA oiqA B{M pBTU
幼A kA RBzBBM o~ B nBz RBA M B Ȃ B BvA
ϧB SA ɼT TvU o\e b  nBL (q) k]U ȧBzA AA ȗ
o]BM MBM ȮM Ȗh JAjow  nBL wnkBM Bi LT j]  kU nBYC
k B BA ]B  ^Bi ~A BBiA  KT k U SB }\A
BA k  TwA
$
*7
: njB~A
wnB / 685 | / o o A  oTj / BA hnBU nBYA \
$   177 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / Ǳi
nA k J] Ao   807 d kLU TA Ǳi k ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
(pB) M Sw ɷ  1200 w BBLM pB kd gzA o kd ZBdA B
B tnk B mA pB kd gzA A Lv
$
*4
: nBA wTA
(A SM jA) M oA kMBA p AoMA ZBdA eoA jk] ɷ  1296 w
  SB A kM o 30 B MB   BTBM SdLA wnkA nB
.o]A  B BA B M BvwFU k keA MB
.țjB oA Ȧ kw ZBdA eoA Ao{BM wBvA d ZBdA eoA Bo
BA  oFLM wnkA BM jk] AoA ȗ wA nXA nB~TA kM ɷ 1408 w
MA vi  ^B BLA cLF kA B kBvM (n) ȮhA eAoA
$
*5
: BA
pA BwA BM q\ o 40  TzU MA vi  FTU wnkA BM
kM RBkA wnk BLB 50 - 40  M ^Bw  jk bAoT mA LA kh
Te B SAp ȷ kA A ȗ TwAnj B   k A XL ]ohU
B oTv unkTA A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kzA  (ow tk) ıhA wBA MA kvA ]oA T]  BA nBL B tnj
ApoA ɫA nqA A kL A vA ıhA ȦLj AoMA Apoɫ ZBdA
LA [ bo{ KeB ıhA Ȫ{BA A KLe Apo ZBdA nqA ve kd
BA RBë
$
*7
: njB~A
wnB / 71 | / Ƚi Anke Ȧ / i  Bw
$   178 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / q
kA w  KoA oA jAkTA  Ǳ nB{ Mo S{n nB{ J] U
Ao BA   144 kLU TA
$
*3
: uwFTA
o p ȗ zA Ao   Bi nBw jBeA   ) Bi jo  eoA B
wBM RoT{A TA wnkA m BLM (ɷ 1177) kp Bi
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.BAkA KLvM BBM Bi jo  jBeA   (ȯBXA Bi) jBE ɷ 1250 w
We Ǳ nB{ {  SAqU wBwA RAoTM B TA B oiA oTA ȗ
miA BBz jBBM q kM SB ϧl kM oiA BAo Bd  v pA
BjBUo kA A J
$
*5
: BA
~T BzA ] BkeA BMBM ȦvA MBA ȗ 隽 MB  wnkA BM FTU
汽 Ǳ nB{  ozA ] ȗ oiA o wAM wnk nB\A k\vBM
Lw wnkA AoA  o  ȗ k] wnkA d A jƽ BA qh A
ǱTd RAo MnA o VY ϧB J\A ] ȗ RAo vi o
ȧBzA BLA o ȗ BA  隽 wAnk keA B o 28  ȯBXA MBA
oM wnkA ȗ k] 幼vdA oBzA B TdU TA oLA eBvA khvU k\v
B Rol ȯB{BA  MA gvA hM h wnkA o{ A ȗ 幚
KT h ȧBzA 馂A ȗ k]U B BBM fnU wnBA ozA  RBMA Lw
T\A ȗ ɷ 1069 w gnBTM wnk nB\A k\vA ȯBM Bi nBw wA B
wnkA RB]BTeA kv BUAjnA U Bj SM BzA ozA
$
*7
: njB~A
wnB / 616 | 1 Z / q BAo]  gnBU / nj 
$   179 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / B{B
TA B{B k ȗ ϦA B Ak BzA AqA ȗ oLA vA B ȗ U
Ao BA   258 d kLU
$
*3
: uwFTA
w BBM  AoA U nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT BvA  oFM ɷ 1221 w SM
BBM A Lv Sw ɷ 1229
$
*5
: BA
eBvA wA ȴ JAm\A ȮA BBM pAo ȗ njBA tnAkA  wnkA m oLTU
B oA jk L Uo keA nB ^ik ^BAA U ] ]nBhA B{
JAjow BLA SdU tnk wA B  TzU AA o  kT o 52
xA kM o]A  wnkA L cvA A A hB{ RBA  UoU wA
] wA B e d~A w ȗ TvA TnE  MAod k\vA BTdU 隽
AA LA B] ȗ kq B 幦] Ake wnk MnA BAqA ȗ k]U zA
nBip  Co RBC  SLT oA A ȯB{BA  RBɄhA j]
.kA RBLwBA od BA ȗ B텧A jAk B wnkA ɗ 幖Th wA
L ZnBhA WdLA cvA tnj B tnkU nL A C Ao{A SdU wnkA
B]nBi B{B ȧBA 
$
*7
: njB~A
103 | / ȯAnA ȯBw A KLe / S B / B{B Bw
$   180 
*2
: 雱A
JoA / tB
nBA w B ȗ  o k\vA  wnkA ~ oA B] ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
kd SM B TM mA oA B] BzA gnBU  A B\A m uwFU AqU
A j A B\A m nj FU AkM   859 Aoqe / ɷ 245 w oA
ϧB) M oA ȯAoA kp MA M A kL Bj Bk o\A WBXA oA oiAA
A AmA (keA M k] MA) A (BwA M tnAj)  BA nBL .(o~A
w A MAo oTwA mA LUAo A A ȮkA oA qoA Am
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
: eAo VXM wnkA m A BdA Ro
K We (o\A tjBvA oA  A ~A ȗ) keA j k ȗ : A
.o{A KmA n oTA m 
JodA A mA ɷ 595 w keA Bi WBY n~A J k ȗ : BXA
A jA B A KTA  kkA AoeBM B LA vA kB oz oA  k
.ovTA WkdA  xBTA
RBeA k Ao]BM oA mA ǱA A kL M kd kw BvA k ȗ : XBXA
.BM o TA nkTA joA Bd \T TA [AoLA ȗ
BA  Ao{ ü uwFTM ^AoA w ǿ BvA nkA ɷ 1332 w
幅wT 幼AkTMA eAo VY  wAnkA RAnkA vU ϧl   U B\A
w \BoM LU U A WLB  AmA tBA L  nB ]A mA 幼B
.ɷ 1350
 TU BY B] oA B] \M ^AnAo yAo e RnkA  1963 w
.kA A  幼MoA A oz RB VY
BA M B]  kA ȴɗ WkdA o~A ɗ B] kA B\A m oLTU
B] ( 1229 w SvwBU) BoLA jnvA B] ( 1119 w SvwFU)
.( 1257 w SvwBU)  voA MnvA
dM UmUBwA nBTh BM B BB 15 - 5 oTvU B wAnkA k SB
kkA U SB MBTA CoA  B tnkB~TiA Kve lBTwA  婴UjAnA
B\A U 幼wAnj RBe {  B wnk mA JA v RAo\dA 
M gnBU RBh w B L  Rk B vA RBhBM  LT
k{n MA h  hv ki
JBT ƫ) \wA o MA :  JoA B  B\A m  ZohU
w TA) TLvA k{n MA VkdA (ɷ 478 w TA kA  ȗ BoLA
917 w TA oA A B keA) ȃBA M A kL MA A (ɷ 692
MA (ɷ 994 w TA LA A B ) opA wBA MA KLA (ɷ
wBdA Aj bnB{) nAp oBzA 嘰po MA vA  Mo MA dA 嬰ki
 o  (ɷ 1183 w TA) țAoA  MA BdA (ɷ 1120 w TA
.BA

$
*7
: njB~A
134. | 2 Z / jw M keA / ukA JoA gnBT BA wA - 1
| / ȯBv A n ]oU /  eoA kL / ȫwA nqM BBzAj gnBU - 2
wnB / 73
$   181 
*2
: 雱A
JoA / tB
nBA w B ȗ  o  B~ ɽoA B] MB U
$
*3
: uwFTA
M wB A kL kd MA gzA Ao{BM ɷ 723 w ȮoA kw MA BvA BBM
(A wnkBM) BA vU SB (nBA w)  BMo ϧmM Sw .nAo
$
*5
: BA
ȮA BpAo 幦\A nBA BTwkM pBTU BA A AmA BTeBv o  n 
wnkA A ikT kA  BA  ^B Bvwƫ o]A BBM U A kL AoA
 KUAoA }~i ^Blƫ ^BBA B  LA wnkA v BA }~i
wnkA  ^B B] oiA BA oT{A
$
*7
: njB~A
134. | 2 Z / jw M keA / ukA JoA gnBT BA wA - 1
ȯBv A n .j ]oU /  eoA kL / ȫwA nqM BBzAj gnBU - 2
$   182 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
AodA k\vA ZnBi oA JBM k ȦL\qA BMn MB U
$
*3
: uwFTA
 B  ɷ579 w ȦL\qA Ȧ M BX kA oh oA k KB Bk{
(vvA nAj) M ^BA So k  A Lv Sw  dA B
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
wnkA m nB Rjk] ɷ620 w
$
*7
: njB~A
318| o ]B / MAozA tnAkA
$   183 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
BqA JB wnk Ȧ\qA wnk M AodA k\vA  MoA KB\A ȗ U
.zLdA
$
*3
: uwFTA
Lv Sw ɷ 621 w wnkA m uwFTM pB kA JB{ oA ϦA B
孽kA oh oA k A Lv ohBM ϧm Sw BzA B  B 峼A
A KeB n~A ϦA A Lv n~A Sw
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.wnkA uwƫ MA ZzA kA oh oA Bo ɷ 641 w
nAp vA m ȗ We ^AoM B oe A KeB n~A ϦA Bo ɷ 645 w
wnkA m Aw  T]p TiA  ϦA Am
$
*6
:gnBTA oAl 
Al lA BA M UnB\ BA) :   A [e Bk wnkA m M MA om
u\M uB]   BA ȗ  (|) A wn SEn 幽oA wnkBM B Bw
tBA ɗozA LA  kBzU mA BLzA KB\M nmA wnkA ɗ unkTA
.(BL
\ A  o\A A pn M Ȧ vdA MA B tnj
$
*7
: njB~A
351 | / o ]B / MAozA tnAkA
$   184 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
AodA k\vA nA\M U
$
*3
: uwFTA
]AhA o]BU   oT{A A kM BLTB o{A ϦA  oFM ɷ 882 w SM
BA ozA A od nB\A nkA (qA MBM) ozA o M kd kA u{
B MnA KAmA B  BA oL \ o 72   wnk BB
Sw ɷ 884 w ȧB\A ow oA oB kz M B mA BBM  AoA
BLTB ϦA Bvwƫ A Lv wnkA
$
*5
: BA
A BioBM ȮL 啽ozA A odA  oz \ {  BBM B
nB vA ]  wnkA JBM k k BLA U SB Km BLA w
 KT Aqi BLTB ϦA A B ȮA AkMA ȗ B MA YY  TU
wnkA m Bo ] A L
$
*7
: njB~A
361 | / o ]B / MAozA tnAkA
$   185 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
LzA A STA Y () Ȧ JBM BA {BzA A STA Y JBLA nBe ȗ U SB
$
*3
: uwFTA
AkL gzA JBT keA p Ȧ kd ZBdA vdA L  ɷ 1240 w SvwFU
.Am B A BM SAp ȷ BMkA oB kvA B o{A nBvA je

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Y z\A kvA Y zAoA KA gzA B |Bh{A  kkA B Ao{A U
A{ mA LA  kkA B ZohU kɛ 娱A Bok mA pq BdwG gzA
.Th e KB

$
*7
: njB~A
2 Z  1 Z/ BLvA keA /  gnBU
$   186 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
vnkhBM JBLA nBdM U
$
*3
: uwFTA
( A kA  Ao]B mA kB\A keA) ȯBXA A en kd gzA BBM
ɷ 1290 w ϧl UkBvM kA RBoX keG (BvA S) kvA RnjBM
CoA MoA kA A T B] oLTA A Lv  (T~A) M gzA BBw
A A BM AqU ȷ
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ȫ\A TA jAjoɫ C ɫ BA BA ɫ oXA wnkA m ɫ ZohU
o ǰAqA ekA ǱkA BkA KA oA
$
*7
: njB~A
AoA BT]A A wBvA ȗ RBwAnj 2 Z 1 Z / BLvA keA /  gnBU
$   187 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
k\v oiA jvA wTA ȗ SpA TA  Bk RAA nBe w U SB
ozA ǱLA
$
*3
: uwFTA
Sw (B{BM Twn) BXA kA Ȗ nBL keA L  ȯBXA kA AA ȗ SM
o\A oz jBdA oA ~T ȗ ϧl 峼A Lv
$
*5
: BA
M wnkA BM  Eo RAA nBe Sk A Te ^BB wnkA m BM 
B Bw ȗ keA MB  ^B wnkA L B k B탱 oU k RkTA
LMk j o  BA  cT An BBA kk o M dU Tv
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
RAA nBe Sw RABM |Bi u\ A SdU wnkA ȗ unkTA U
oodA nBTwBM BAnk] BUkA q wnkA j  v\ AB lA 婴A Lv
oA k BA Bi BoTM   o\dA L{ iAj A oiA
$
*7
: njB~A
91 | 3 Z / nkM wBLA kL / nA k BzA gnBTA
$   188 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
eoA JBM vA JBM M ozA ǱLA od nB\A A ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
ɷ 1237 w Bi kdA kL BvA MA Bi jd pBA BvA oFM SvwFU
M ^Bk vU SB 峼A Lv Sw KTA ȉBd nAj tnk ^AnAj B 
(BLTB wnk)
$
*5
: BA
nBL ^Bk SB k 啽ozA ǱLA odA wTM ozA k wnkA m SpA k
}~i o\e 40  ǱTdU BA kA tnAk o{A  oLTU wA BM 
 BmA U o Ake MoA BLB] Bw ȗ 孼wnkA v B v
 TzU 噼 Bp w B ~  o{BL ǱLA k\vA  ozA ]
RBLT oLA  S TA ȯBXA jd BvA BFzA BUozM RpBTA oL LT
ϧl kM BTB TA TLT Se nB FzA Te kA
$
*7
: njB~A
97 | 3 Z / nkM wBLA kL / nA k BzA gnBTA
$   189 
*2
: 雱A
uU / uU
kA ]Bo   3.5 kM  TqA B] ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
e oT SB  698 / ɷ79 w TqA B] uwFU AkM  BvwFU U k
BA SɃ k B\A m  B\A m gnBU ȗ RAoTA 骧E  ~dA
AoA B]
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kM  ɷ 1370 w Te ϧm oTwA k [  B\A m ȗ TA B
nAo  B TA [AoM U bA kM wo nAkA U  1950w ȗ ϧl
ȗ [AoLA m nB  oBM 幼A opA B] ȗ M A ȪTA BA
A B\A ȗ A RBB햧A B M RoYA LA  dA LBA  oA A
[AoLA m SwU v L  nAkU ~~hU [B uwFU Bi  kB
.BoA LA B oiA RB\ zT
A A A A tnkU oiA RB  TqA B] [j U  1961 w
.RBA
鼗oA kL AoMA BdwA MA  BLhA BA  \ B\A m  ZohU
o~A ϧl B o{A  ǰAoA bAk M Ȧ M o Ȧ MA A MoA
$
*7
: njB~A
469 | ȯBv A n .j ]oU /  eoAkL / ȫwA nqM ȷBzAj gnBU
$   190 
*2
: 雱A
uU
(nA nAj) M oA o~A MB U
$
*3
: uwFTA
AoT{A ^Bk ϧl L SB ɷ 683 w ~dA BdwA MA BvA  oFM SM
unkTA nA A |BhA B  wnkA A BBE ȃAnA  e B  BvA
JoA B ȗ ozA JBT ƫ) ɄBoA keA tBLA MA lBTwA A B
oiA RBqTvA BBM kA (ozA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BLM oA ϧm RB\A Th ȗ KTA  kkA S v LT Bvwƫ M
BA lBTwA BBM BA  U BFM jBT tnkA o wnkA MB B oM
oiA RAA Bw j wnj
$
*7
: njB~A
A n  .j ]oU / 157 | /  eoA kL / ȫwA nqM ȷBzAj gnBU
ȯBv
$   191 
*2
: 雱A
uU / uU
ov Y) kBqA z ȗ ^Bk U SB  BL~A z nA\M A wnkA U
TqA  B] JoM (k
$
*3
: uwFTA
(BM jB~A kd) ozA k  nAkqi ~ kA oi opA vM SvwFU
.ȖdA BA LmA   kBA  WkdA  oA CoA  MoA A T
Sw  1875 / ɷ1291 w BMAME wnkA SdT  幽o~A A A BBM
BM jB~A kd BBM A Lv
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
^BLB 50  kA BMA   KB 100 ^BLB 150 BvwFU e BTL jk B
 BA  ƫ  Bv  T ] LA  WXA Am  vTA oA BMA 
B  Bi uM uL  oT{A B 鼪\ ^BB\ TA  wnkA k
.ThA B{ MBT  wnkA  vM oz kA oi opA
 MoA  SU TA wnkBM TA [BoM  oz ȗ o B \ FU U
TA o~A A A BBM MoA hA U  幼BA  voA  oTA RBA
:  BBA  kA oi opA wBoM SB \A m  孼vo mUBwA A Rk
gzA  BA ȃBA oA oBA gzA  ȖdA TA ]hA M keE gzA
un oM kd gzA  xBM nTM qqA kd gzA  jnBM ȃB gzA M o
 An ~ gzA  kLA u\A un MoA kd kvA  BA ]
.np MoA kd AA A BUnAjE RkwE  ȯBTUnA keA gzA
vi wnkA mU  ozA odA BE oɈB o kd gzA E
.uU MB ȗ ^BTp A
kA oi opA BTwA k BA A wnkA SoU 1877 / ɷ1294 w
BBE  ldTwA mA BwA M ~ opA kM B o{A  nAkqi ~
.MoA kd Bok q 
q v) JoTvA BU nBA   nAj VAkeA U 1882 / ɷ1300 w
B\BoM B S탰  wBwA BB Ro wnk kk] nAjA FTM SB ({ B
]U ME  oTA  BA TA U ȒA B voA JwA KwBT Akk]
 jkM ϧl Lɛ SXM kɛ SB wnkA A oɟm  unBM A TA RBXLA
oM ME  Z\e u  o ozLA kvA o{E unBM ȗ wnAk |Bh{A
.o M MoA  ǰB\A kd  np
wnk  A wnkA B oiA vTA kA ȗ B o VAkeBM wnkA SB
(nB kw v) wBM Sw Y (BA wnkBM) ϧl kM Sw TA (nB{ Bw)
.1893 / ɷ1311 w ȗ n\A un A Lv
ɫ Tw Lɛ BU A kM (tBj) JoTv wnkA nAjA SC ɷ1310 w
.vTA
kk] BM A B A kBqA z  wnkA S 1897 / ɷ1315 w
.BL~A z nA] Bv wnkA TvwE
.o\ voA BjoA  ȯBA kA B] BUnAp TA RB~hzA 
d mT  BM jk M k  wnkA nAjA  kd lBTwA U 1944 w
MoA A  A unkT TqA B]  LhTA wnkA jk M  ^BLB 630
.^AlBTwA oz keE
xBM Ȧ oA kd o ozLA : wnkA m  S]ohU TA RB~hzA poMA 
keE gzA  ȯBTA kd KUBA gzA jvA ]BLA gzA KjA LBe
kvA U k  (TqA B ) ]hA M keE gzA  (TqA B ) o
wnkA m KL A keE M nk kvA B  wnkA BE oBA M jBA
$
*7
: njB~A
RoM  ȫwA JoA nAj / 309| ]hA M kd / uU gnBU  RBd
$   192 
*2
: 雱A
kA / nLnBw
nLnBw RBB keG kMj o ȗ U
$
*3
: uwBTA
k   1867 / ɷ 1283 w kMj o ȗ o k\v ȗ wnkA m SdTTA
.kA BUA keA kMB kd ZBdA

$
*5
: BA
LT B k]U B 幗o 228  ǱTdU LA B nAj  wnkA TzU
.kA RBLT A  oLTU 幮XA MoA KTBM oiqU oB
: wnkA B
: B LA kA A ȗ Th RAjB{ wnkA m cU
.wAnj RAw Lw BA kM L cU BA RAjBzA - 1
.CoA ovU  BA kM ]ohT mA L cU A jB{ - 2
幼MoA A A A vM dT mA L cU }~hTA jB{ - 3
kA B] opA B] B B RBB] L  BM oT wnkA RAjB{
.MoA BM BXA jnA BM BAkeA T\ nAkA wnkA m Bz  nA

$
*7
: njB~A
11 - 1 | / ǰkA dA kL / kA ȗ TA vA qAo
$   193 
*2
: 雱A
kA / yjAoMAoUA
zA jE 񦪫 ȗ  k ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
keE) B kvA BvwE B k ȗ zA TA qAoA E  B\A m oLTU
A Lv Sw  1890 / ɷ1308 w  (kA BE
$
*5
:(wnkA B) BA
k  B\A v  ȧB v  wnkA v  AkTMA : v  B\A TU
ȗ wAnkA oTvU A  kA tnkA B tnkU RAw vU wnkA ȗ wAnkA
k B\A cU  oz  ȮYA ȫBA A Bɗ tnk w 11 k B\A
pBT jB{  幦A jB{  (BA jBzA E) MBA jB{ : B RAjB{
h LT  MBhA T ^AnAj B\A U (kA A ȗ ~~hT) BA
LA B nAj A BBM
$
*7
: njB~A
61| ǰkA dA kL / kA ȗ TA vA qAo
$   194 
*2
: 雱A
kA / tnBM
.kA tnBM k țo{ RBj oM d ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
. 1928 w ȮvdA jB\w kd kvA BvwA

$
*5
: (wnkA B) BA
 oXA B eoA m RAw 4 oTvU TA AkTMA eoBM B wAnkA EkLU
wnkA X B\ voA qo MBU o tnAk 7  pT mA LA
pBT\ A KBA  K\ AkTMA eoA BA kM  幼BA jAkA o\A
: BTA VXA eAoA
wA A jBL KBA Bɗ tnk RAw VY oTvU : FTA eoA
.ThA
BhA B\B w  RAw  MnA k oTvU  (B ]nj) : BXA eoA
.(BA \) jB{ MAoA vA  ]ohU kM KBA 
jB{ KBA c B\B w  ^BA RAw VX oTvU : B\A eoA
.B\A BdU jB{ A ȷ (BA oh)
BA B텧A kTM B\A TU kA RBA Th  KB 500 B\A ȗ
M dA  Bd B\A TU  AlBTwA 18 B\A ȗ o{ KUAn  KB
jU 孼ƪA  B ~dU TA RBBA RAkBvA  kTU BUBo~ A
Bk eoA qoA oLTU TA) tnBM k ȗ ^AoL ^BMoU ^BɗBY ^Anj B\A
(wkA
oTz jnA wnBA MoA BM KTA  pBT \ U LT B\
.wA nBA ȗ WdLU B] eoA jAkA KBA 
 (ɷ 1403 - 1329) vdA o kvA eoA BA B\A m An  B
TBoM B{ We \A B nBL  jBT]A pB]A c mA kT\A keA
vdA { kvA \ kM  B o{A  w 40  kqU k TB
$
*7
: njB~A
327 | / uBhA jkA wA \
$   195 
*2
: 雱A
BoU
ȟoTA  k ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
A Lv Sw  1251 / ɷ 649 w B o kA ] opA BvwE
$
*5
: BA
vA qU U  幼 ȗ kA  B] x ]nBhA wnkA m x ȟBdU
k  d i { Lz B o\dA SdA  nvA pAoA  BTMAM  ǱA
\ o  nBL A wnkA  MoA ȮA pAoBM nBA BpAo oYFU
kA RBB~A  nBh dU
$
*7
: njB~A
ȯBv A n /  eoA kL / ȫwA nqM BBzAj gnBU
$   196 
*2
: 雱A
BoU
oTA  k ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ 656 w ϧl  B KeB kA oh opA  oFM A kL M ϼ Bk{
(wnk nB \A) M ^BA vU  j  T 1258
$
*5
: BA
SM  o]BM BAnk] KA SM k 奼\A nBA BpAoM wnkA m pBTU
qdA  ozM L{A MBT x {  o\dA  oiqA  SdA AoA BTMAM
RdA YBT B dT \ A wnkA U  o]BM BUnB Sp 
\vA
$
*7
: njB~A
ȯBv A n .j /  eoA kL / ȫwA nqM BBzAj gnBU
$   197 
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
~A k\vA JAMA keA BLwA JBM ȗ U
$
*3
: uwBTA
BT ] ɷ 588 w MA kA b BFzA tkA tnAk kɛA  ȷ
jU v ϧl L SB TA kA nBYA  BA om A Lv Sw Bz
o
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A wnkA mɷ ɯBXA k\A kL BvA kɷA  1856 / ɷ 1273 w
 Bvo kBv  BvA  FB WBXA MB voA nAoLA BA voA
.鼮 nvM SeA v A ϧl kM Se TA ( 1856 w) oA Joe ȗ
 B] voA  B{BM B] BjoTwA BXA BA JodA kM  1914 w
.(oA) wnkBM So MA pABM Bq] j 
B unkTA BA AU mA BA jk  ɷ 900 w A ȫwA cTA m
M kd eoA kL gzA (jAk{ MA) M oA ȃBA  婧B 600 d
B tnk B ȟA kA oiAA ȗ (ɷ 620 w TA) oBv M vdA
.(o~A ϧl ) kA oB oA M AoMA

$
*7
: njB~A
150 | / zj A nAj / JAo{ ve kd kd / ~A k\vA tkA SM
200 -
$   198 
*2
: 雱A
BTvBA / Ao
Ao k ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
BBM BG U  1417 / ɷ 820 w wnkA m BzBM B{ o 񦪧A REkM
BA Lv Sw BBzA AkM  ^BB 21 kM
$
*5
: BA
kU TA A A AmA A ȪA ȗBXA qoA nBA oYA Am  L 
lD B 幼B nAwFM Bd wnkA SB o~A ϧl ȗ ȫwA A Ao 
k B]p B{ o 񦪧A  kT ȮM BLA An Bdo U ] L 幚B{
d BiAkM ( 40 -  36) MB lDA BUnA L BvA k  ȷ Sj
ZnBhA  BvvBM iAkA  Sv k BM coA L AqU  ]nj 140
k] 奼\A ȗA hBM CoA RBA A xBM Sz 嬱A ȯB{BBM
w Bk{ TA) nTA α oiC AoTBM Apo BvA wnk BA LA m ȗ
孼XA jwA ooBM ȮM k BvA Am co BBnA keA ȗ k] (ɷ 898
] Ȯ pAoM
$
*7
: njB~A
49 | o kLA kd / BTvBA jM ȗ BA
$   199 
*2
: 雱A
BBLA / BAoU
.BAoU BLA BA ȗ U

$
*3
: uwFTA
o\A wBTA oA ȗ cUBA kd nAoLA ȯBXA BvA k A BvwFU ]o
.BLA kA ȗ oiE o B  BBLA ȗ wBwA ȫwA qoA ȷ 

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
LTA  unkTBM B ɷƪA JA ɫ kkA kA wnkA mɷ ɫ ZohT
(M ȫBw kA u{) dA BA  A gzA BB o{E   ȫwA
.jA oz wBTA oA oiAE ȗ nkE mA ((wA tB)) w KeB
jLA ȗ kA RBBzA 鼪] Roe  wnkA m SA 1960 / ɷ1380 w
.jLA  zA dA ow kM

$
*7
: njB~A
72.| / u kd kvA nTkA / BBLA ȗ vA  wA

$   200 
*2
: 雱A
AoTA / k
k BoLA BA ȗ U
$
*3
: uwFTA
 kkA ]Bd LU B\A m uwFTM wA RBkh BA vwƪA SB
ȗ BwA RBBA  oTU mA BA BdA 鼪] ȗ wA  zTA
ȯA B kvA lBTwA BX B\A m odTA \A RmiA B\A Am
LA ȪjBA JwA  \vT wA RBwAnkA oU  A BUB 
B  1988 / ɷ 1408 w K]n o{ ȗ nAjA BBA B\A Ro{BM ^BB
ȯBTwozA Ȧ kd kvA nTkA BA un ǰkM ȟp nTkA Bk
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B\A RB A ȷ 幼wA ozA  noA tnkA \vTM B\A SB
L TA B\B So k 孽kA A  jB{nA A  A BBM
.kFU MB\A SB (A en) ıhA wBA MA ]oA kvA  ϧl
RBwAnkA kA A M \U wAnj RAw MnA k wAnkA B\B S탰
.Th wA KAm  BA nBA B  BM 幼jBA B\A
 nmT mA mUBwA BA RAoBd \vT KUB uwFTM B\A SB
.Bo RoM  k B kk k  k A ovA
.B\A m o A uwFT BvkA RoTiA k
BUoLTA k B nB\A A  Ȫwn zM dA oAkA k \v B\A
k 幼MoA BM unkTA pB]A  vU odA RBB\A  BoLA nBA nAp
B\AoM ȗ () SLA A wnk  LTU BA ǱvA Bj ȗ wnkA Rol
.oiA KAmA AnC oTdU BA B TA
 BTBM Rk TA nBdA k B kk  RAk k kM B\A SB
.k B] ȗ wA ozA RBwAnj qo
B\A m uwƫ u BvwA TA BA ]TA B\ AjAkTA B\A m oLTU
. 1986 w vA   BTBM

$
*7
: njB~A
161. | / BXA vA / MAoA jkA / wA B\A \
A jkA / wA \
$   201 
*1
: oTA
G Kv mA ȮvdA o~BM ~T B  o~A B\M k B mA B\A 
BM kTA p ȗ h Ao B 嬱FA ]p AnAM kA w M vdA
.w E  oXE W wBLA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.]nzA Jo n\A nB{ ȗ BoA KB\M 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
E ɗ o Bɟ  (ɷ 295  289) (BM ȖTA ) wBLA hA FzA
G Kv mA  M ~T B mA ȮvdA o~A G Lv (o~A B]) M vwFU
B] Y hA B] wA  A Y 嬱FA ]p AnM kA w M vdA
kA Tmë oYE G A  L 幼wBLA k ȪwoA B\A B We BhA
.(qA w nB) M oA

$
*4
:  nBA wTA
.B\A më SM ɷ 479 w 
.B n~M k\vA BM kk\TM o~TvA wBLA hA B ɷ 623 w 
M BBME ϦA BE AkA KeB Ȯ\A M B kA  oE ɷ 670 w 
vA  Bn o{ ȗ ϧl kM Sw TA Tmë  B\A nB kk\TM 
.~A  tBA Ao kM nmA
lG T n~M Tmë BM kE (kM Aki Ϧ B) ȧAA p ȗ  ɷ 678 w 
.B\A eBv Ro~TiA B RAw BY BBM oTwA
KohU kM (A j]  B) B\A kw ME B{BM Bw o ɷ 1193 w 
.Ȧ汪A kE A kL   Bwnk B  wnk  ]  A
.oiA o k\vA BM jk]  1966 w 
gzA j] M B RBvdU k\vA  So]A  1973 / ɷ 1393 w 
.B\A Ki BG ȖdA ]
A q\A k BA B{A ok Bd kM mêA B~M BA ok SB 
Ao{BM wBLA pAoA  oA B ȗ ^Ao ^BB] ^Ak\v Be SM  B
. kd tkA

$
*5
: BA
JBLA k ȗ B\A eBv ȧBzA oBM LA d voA k\vA JBM 隽
oA MBA  tAE U ikM o A iAkA (BhA B]) ~ B KT
U  kke ϼMBL{  B\A ZBw  (nBTE 5)  d UoU kE  U n\A
MoTU TA hnBTA k\vA nB Rk{ k\v MoA BzA \A ȗ L BA
AoiC Bw  wA Be G jƽ kkdA  w ϧB  h kB 
ȷ nBA nBip A  (^AoT 35) d BBUnA L 廦A BɃe G Bjƽ
m  wA vA p k  RBLA jkT KnBd zM SM TA RB~oA
.ȧA k jU  MBT  AqdM KnBdA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
lG (ɷ 289  279) BM kTA wBLA hA v Ao~ɛ Bkɛ B\A B 
^B\w B]   KjAow  M  ~e Anw  M  h Ao ]
Ak\v BB k{ KjAovA kM BM ȖTA Ȧ MA B UB kM kA Ak
.B E  oXE B\A Am xB k  B\A   BU BB]
jBBM oE mA  kM jAkM w k B\A oTeA  1258 / ɷ 656 w 
.jAkM UnjB L BM
B\A më v (u woMovA) jAkM ȗ ȯBoLA BdA Be  1917 w
 AmC tBA ZB\TeA A G BMo  mA BvA  Bw zi jnBLBM
.BUkB TM jAkM kM SB ϧl mU j Be wA o{ kd wCn
MBU SB nE 텛 ȗ E mA) qA w pE   1957 / ɷ 1377 w 
.WkdA n\A nB{ { BYE (k\v

$
*7
: njB~A
.w o{ / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU  1
. 1979 w MAoA jkA / BXA k\A / jnA \  2

$   202 
*1
: oTA
幼wBLA kA k  oiA nkA ȗ SE T k]BvA pAo ZlA B\A 
.L jAkM k]Bv cE  CoA Wkd wnk B
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.A jAkM Bd Jo ]j o B{  (foA) jAkM  MoA KB\A ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ626 w aBM o~TvA hA p ȗ wBLA kA k ȗ B\A Am k{
hA SM E  o  峼 ȮM mA 郱A A  Lv oBM Ȫw .1228
.nA\A  BBe keA ȷ A oBA
ϧl o zA A KmA jB R¿A xoA hA A  vwFU kM
.nBj E 18  o
$
*4
: nBA wTA
- 1149) M oT jAkM ȧA B{BM keA SM UBi zB L  k\vA jk] -
.(ɷ1186 -1177) w jAkL B{BM o B]p  ȗ oTA o] (ɷ1161
ȧA B{BM kw nAkT AkA A C B\A0BM TiA 1814 /ɷ1230 w -
. B B veA UnB SB (ɷ1232 - 1228) w jAkM
$
*5
: BA
jAkM k]Bv cE  ( 17.5   *  31) BwB zA Tv eBv B\A Td
ik  țozA oiƪAnAk] ik wT ^Bdd ^BB\UA  LA  \TU TA
nAk\A ȗ ϼMBL{ vi ȦLA nAk\A ȗ  幼MoA BzA AqA n ȗ oiC
dU BTBj k\vA wTU țozA oiƪA nAk] ȗ BYA  keA BL{ MoA
 B\A më oLTU ÄA o oAj JBLM A  ȴTU KMkTA  ^Aj
BkM Be A LvBM BA kM pBTU lA KwBTA wBTA We  lDA ]E
L Mo kB  U ȷ   w 郱 ȗ țozA oiƪA nAk\  ȷ
kM B  RB üM A  ovdU Y 3 /5 d nA  kBA BUnA
w o  k\vA cw  mêA A j~A 񪽰 8/70 BUnA ȯAwE
RBMo üM o B o]A }\A o]BM Rk{ k BBM ȗ nk ȯqe
KUn k MA npA ȯB{BBM BT k Sp k B npA M ^B\]q ^Ao]C U
.] wk oip B{FM
.B{BM o ȯBXA ȧAA BBA oA wnkA vU wnk B\BM ~T B
.(BdA k\v) M o k\v LB\M njB KT Aqi k\v SB B
$
*7
: njB~A
394. | / w o{ / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU - 1
.MAoA jkA / jnA \ - 2
$   203 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
w ȗ BoA KB\M jnovA o gzA coA KeB A KvU d ȗ 隽
.(jnA) M oA oLA
$
*3
: uwFTA
B keE) jnovA o }e MA kA JB{ gzA co BM kM B\A  zE
coA KeB wBM B\A koA Ȫw ɷ915 w (ɷ632 - ɷ 539) (BzA
.jnovA gzA B w ȷ ɷ632 w SM ohA coA L A om
$
*4
: nBA wTA
 LA n coA k\vA nB k{n M kd kA VB jk] ɷ735 w -
.(BM) oA pAoA
 BB miFU B B nAkevA B{BM ve opA jAkM ȧA FzA ɷ1083 w -
.k\vA A ]j
.k\vA B{BM Bn Ȧ oa ɷ1249 w -
  B\A JBM k ^BAE nB B{BM BwA ȧAA BA ɷ1274 w
.wnkA ϧm d~A
.Tmë SM k\vA  v nB RkE ɷ1320 w
$
*5
: BA
 ^B BA ikA k\vA BLB\M coA o  T wnk  k BLA
AE M dU B o]A RB~oA  nBip KMkA k BM qU keA ik
nBA  BkeA ik B  4.90  *   4.7  BjBME Mo coA o 幗oiq
EkLU Y 6 / 5  Te nBiqA  Bi Ank] RAl oA voA JBLA  oiA
}\A   nBip ^BA B Xke RBMBT ohA LA  KT 幗oiqA
.L woM UBL oB BA RB~o BM ȗ
$
*7
: njB~A
.1977 w /  1  n kd / kA jAkM k ȗAo\A \A - 1
.XkdA B / AoA ȗ ohA JBLA - 2
$   204 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / BA
oA odBM M\A  ~T (vA B) BA BA ko i 隽
.od ȧBzA nvA  a ȧBzA 

$
*3
: uwFTA
Ȫw ϼM jBi Aj oA mTM B .ɷ914 w Ǳ~A BwA BzA k{
.wA AmM vwƪ Lv

$
*5
: BA
B oL L w w ȗ U 21275 d TeBv LU zA Tv B\A
cT Mo BkeA BMBM B\ nBA T B jBTv BUo BTL ȯB{BBM
JBM MB ȯBXA oA odA nw ȗ mA ɽnBLA JBM MB mA d~A 
ȮL iAj  B\A nB B\ u nBA eBv 汪A MoA d~A nw
lA d~A nA A tBBM ÄA B\A nA o]A  ~ h oL o]BM
ȴTU BwA m o]BM LA dU TA BwA SM k RB]nj kM BA q
k\v țozA MoA KB\A ȗ Ǳ~A k jU  RB~o  LMk tAFM
uL\BM v BM B RBeBvA   Ank\BM ~T o]C tAFM d nAk]
.MA

$
*7
: njB~A
4. | /() BA oe gnBU - 1
389.  241 | / 9 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 2

$   205 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / BA
.jAkM - BA o  jAkM  MoA KB\A ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
ɷ38 w AoA E BT  ]n Bk () Ȧ ƪA oA BA p ȗ ȮM
() ^B BA BM JBLdA wA KAn BM B BM  BYAoM 郱 ȗ q We
^Ak\v BYAoM 郱 ȗ ȮL A ^BMBLe vA  BA oF (|) A wn  FM
A kzM kA A v B BYAoM wA ] BL
$
*4
: nBA wTA
w) wBLA BM nkTA k A kM k\vA BM jBBM (ȯBBA \M) oA oE
wA nk ȗ KT xA ZBvBM w  BM eA TwTM B  (ɷ 328
.BM ȃAoA wBLA hA
hA oF noM B\A KF jAkM  B Sw BM ȚTA hA p ȗ
w Te  ȚM BYAoM k\v A n~A B]  k{oA nB k{ mA oLA M
.jAkM SMoi Bk ɷ 451
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
hA A ɗn ~ ɯk~ zA A Lv ɛ ɗ T\ k\vA Bɟ
TB  ZohA MBd~A Kv k\vA ȗ T\ AoA A BM nkTA wBLA
k\vA k ^ ^BvLe AvLe AL  k]  miE ~A S vLM oF
.ɷ 328 w A ^BMAoi W U TA oLBM 氰 wn B nBM aw Te
Ȫ{BA ϦA kL M A M keA BBM \A   ~A SA ɷ 239 w
.nzA jAkM k]Bv  nB ϧl kM  ~A SAU
.z ^Aqo  B ^BB  () BLA X  ^Bwk ^B탱 B BYAoM A o
JBLeB JozU A  : BYAoM ȗ B mA KAoA Fw () ƪA oA BA A o
B JBLdA B ? ^AoM B B odU  B 幦]j  ƪA oA B : Bɗ ?
 S]oh od B B oeA () BA  B ^BdB BB Bk] ^AoM Boe
.Jm BB   SB () BA B B ATv  oh
$
*7
: njB~A
ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd / BhnBU SLA A RAnAq
31. | 9 Z  ȦhA o]  wkA RBLTA w
$   206 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.A A KAmA nBv  \A k B{ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
Ao BA v k BM wA L (()ƪA oE |Ai k) XA ȗ B
kM LA m So (ȮdA BA) M Ȫv ^Bqe B dB () Ȧ BA yM
oiA k\vA BwA  幯BdA k\vM o _k\v B ȮM k (BdA)M ϧl
.(BA BA)  (A)

$
*5
: BA
 coɃ  nBL  () vdA BA tEn k k] k\vA Am w ȗ
kL eoA BM oLU kke më BLB\M ȯB{BBM Sv̟ L  SB KzhA
A e BYA k\vA Am ɗ Ƀ () vdA BA tEn A om Apo ȮA
.BzA A A

$
*6
:gnBTA oAl 
  Tn k ~ oA o ȗ BA BBM o () jB~A BA A o -
.BB 탰 () vdA k] tEn 郱 Am : B ? ~A m B
BM nAq Bi nBp  oAqA k~ mA nBLA k]BvA  k\vA Am oLT -
.A k\v B TA nBYA ȗ ol  jn k ()vdA BA
.o\A BXA oA oiAA A BdA  W BA BA A o -

$
*7
: njB~A
100. | / 1 Z / MLd oBM gzA o] / BoBe \A ȃB - 1
.yBA 220 | / 2 Z / kA poe kd gzA / nBA kAo - 2
.doA kw kd dU / A ȗ wkA RBLTA - 3

$   207 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
JBM KB]  d~A ik k 啽ozA ǱA odA Ao BzA \A ȗ 隽
wA
$
*3
: uwFTA
wAA ȗ ɷ 369 w aTA B{ M Ao zA AoA keA cBLA oA BM
A nm B ko ȗ () Ȧ BBM nB\TwA Bk nm  ^AB o\A MAoA oA
 B AlA () vdA BA ko oiA () Ȧ BA ko BkeA An ȮL
.BM A Lv Ȫw ȴLA kA k
$
*4
: nBA wTA
B{ M Ao An  ^Bv k \A A Ǳ~A A tBL BzA  \ k
.(odA xe) kA d~A ]  ] TeBv w d~A ȗ ijA
w LA ozA ]  d~ nB\A nkA SpA Ǳ~A Ȗ BzA p ȗ
.A j]A nBA ȷ YXA UB]  d~A
dA oA ȗ nB~ B\A Am An eBv  ^BXY dA Sk ɷ 1368 w
JBM qj ȗ BMBM d~A oA Am M A oA 텚A  LUB odBM
.d~A
$
*5
: BA
oe AoM ^~T ^BAn B M ^Tv ^Ak\v B A L    k\vA Am A
AoA  LUB  A k\vA 啽ozA d~BM  ~ Y 啽ozA ǱA koA
BA k\vA Am ȗ j .ozA d~A Ǳ~A A tBL BzA w A kM
 j ϧm ȪA oBM kd gzA BA j jqA BLBLA B kd kvA
.(B{ M Ao) BM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.eBL~A tnkA (ow tk) dA vd kvA BA WdM k\vA Am ȗ k B
$
*7
: njB~A
.  1987 w 2 ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTA w - 1
. 1992 w 1  2 Z nBA kAo - 2
.ȦBA Uo o] kw / wA gnBTA ȗ VdM RBwAnj - 3
$   208 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.\A k  ( 10) ȧAe kLU TA A k  MoA \A ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
]n oE We RAoA o  ( 1.5) kM  (ɷ 16) w |B ME M kw TiA
ozA  BzA RBB\UA ȗ  Am 훱  F LA K L vM  A
ȗ nBA nAj ϧl kM TiA B ȧBA BA ȗ k\vA M Y 郱 MoA 
ϧl kM  M d BM vwFU e k\v   k\vBM ~TA BA
.jBqA BLA RB  SAU

$
*4
:  nBA wTA
kM A LA  nvM k\vA d A |B ME M kw o ȯBXA hA oE 
k\vA w  ~A BM Tv w  ki M d Bz d B A
.`~ (A 40) ɧ Ȗ nB WdM
.L{ M oA  jAp  661 / ɷ 41  w 
 mhUA  ~ (A 90) ɧ vT nB WdM ME M jBp  jAp ɷ 51 w 
B K] odA KAoi  ZohTvA o]BM Ank\A M  v Bd n~
n~A |BoA iAj kkdA  BL wAM RBAwA SLY  幽o\dA kA
.kA kBM L{E k\vA oe cLA AwA w ȗ
oE Sw Be k\vA Ank] BLM ȖXA w M ZB\dA B ɷ 75 w 
.ȖXA kL ME M nBThA nAj Ȧ mA nAk\A w ȮL A  o M w
BB SA  k\vA ik U SB TA kA mêA SpA  1965 w 
.kk] më

$
*5
: BA
A  VkdA B\A lG 婽kA B\A   ȗ Th AoA TBe ȗ k\vA
M k }\A o]BM L B Ank] MnE  T   kA B\A 
ȗ BX  oiƪA nAk] ȗ 7  M\A nAk\A ȗ B 5幽oAj ~ B]oM (28)
隽  keA ZoM n  ȗ  MoA KB\A nAk] ȗ vi  țozA KB\A nAk]
Am FT k\v țozA ȧBzA oiƪA nAk] o ȗ voA k\vA ik
BA  o]C oip e wA k KMk k wT zA Tv nBA  ikA
d  o\A tjBvA oA G jU oiqA m  wA ȗ wAkw \ RAke
M o B k\vA nE wT 幪kɛ KnBd \ ɗ z k\vA
FT  o JAod iAj ȗ JAjow A jƽ m  nBL   nTA E (vA)
 kkA ϧB  k\vA nE BUnBM UoU LMk j RAl RBAA  vA B
nAk\A ȗ 孽oAqA TvU o  AA  Tz k\vA d ȗ RBAA
B A ȗ KT (ȦA JAodA  u) ȯB{BBM q JAod k] k\v ȦLA
Be 幓o x RAl MAM JAodA    (() ƪA oE B Am) ~
(nBA nAj) U LA ] ȗ  BLA Xke më ikA  幯 B{B nBip
.BvwFU e |B ME M kw B w BA SM B 郰 TA
B) o M ȯB   M v ko țozA BzA ]  k\vBM ~T 
B RAl L doA     k\vA Bɗ G jƽ ik BM (vA
ȦLA BdA K\M ozA AqA ȗ) ȖXA kL ME M nBThA oL ϧm LMk
.(k\v
B  (|) LA B () AoMA LA B B RBB k k\vA eBw ȗ 
ɟj SzA SM B .() kMBA p BA B () ohA B () oL]
.() jB~A kd M o] BA B BA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Bk\v ȗ ȚA  wA jLA B A () Ȧ BA ] ɷ 36 w 
M eoA kL oiA  A {E Mo k\vA Am JAod ȗ  峧 Li o{E
' ɷ 40 w ϧl jAoA \
A k\v ȗ L~  oA   jwA o\dA AoA  ɷ 317 w 
G ȪA  M kd  AoA Te   k ȚM  () AoMA B k
.kA 탱

$
*7
: njB~A
.w o{ n~A Th ȗ nBA  gnBU  1
.kA o oB : j / wA MoA kA hU  2
.țAoLA keA kvA / A gnBU  3
.doA kw kd / A ȗ wkA RBLTA  4

$   209 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
.  2 kM  A k\v  MoA  BzA \A ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
Am BM  o M B ɷ 17 w A ȗ vA nAoTwA kM k\vA Am uwE
(ZnqhA M K) wA o A Lv (A Aq mA nB~A  ) k\vA
k\vM Ȫw LA KzhBM ȮM k (o ȮM) k\vM oA A k\vA o Am
mA w  od BA A 峧 nB\A ȃAnA k\vA nA BvLA v vA
o oiA k\vA BwA  Aki A k\vA A A jBL keA  A Td
.oLA  TzA oLA k\vA oA k\v ȷ nzA
$
*5
: BA
  25 d Ank] UoU  165   *  140 Bnk zA Tv k\vA eBv
k\v nAo  BvT jBMA  oAj ~ ZAoMA MnA kU A  Ƀ
馂A ~T ȗ oiC ik  k] k țozA nAk\A w ȗ ik 隽 幗A
~A SM 隽 k\vA d  M\A \A ȗ ^Aoiƫ ɓE  ȧBzA
 o]BM j k\vA w  5.5  *  120 Bnk eBv z mA (odA)
ȗ MAod  隽 o]A  Tv kA BMBU RBBj  B o JBL {
\dA B  ^BB k\vA  MBTA oiqA nBYC  Bi  LA nAk] w
.([) oTA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȮM k\v A :  B lG 幗A ȗ wk k]Bv MnE M  () Ȧ BA ol
BXU Bɗ G L  A WM B Aoi oh~ ɗ A A  nBL k\vɫ oɈ
((....]
ohA   () hA AoMG SM M jBTA  RB] k\vA Am wk A 
. Zohw ([) \dA BA A  o B ()
kBz q G BLAl B (|B ME M kw kM A ȧA) L{ M oA A o 
B G ALT A ko oɈ ȮM k\v ɗ T\ nB~A  B oɄ ɗ
. w  BvLe TA e
kA oTwA k  BBE BAo{E  A  Bi oL  k\vBM dU SB 
. ^Bo B
$
*7
: njB~A
245. | w o{ / n~A Th ȗ nBA  gnBU  1
.doA kw kd dU / A ȗ wkA RBLTA  2
.doA kw kd dU / Bk]Bv A   3
$   210 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.ozA ǱA d~A  ozA BzA \A ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
kA k]BvA   (BoA KeB) oA M Ȧ G Kv k\vA Am BM A
  wA AmM TvU ȗ ]A  峼 kTv hnBU oYA    TA
A .d Y (odA) k\vM o ozA A odA  VkeA k  A
.AohA B] wBM o oi  SB
$
*5
: BA
nA nB BYA Sj  h B BA nA SB kA k]BvA  
ozA ]  ȯBXA AA ȗ JBM  d~A nA  ^BBUnA oXA A ȷ d~A
nj  nBL ȷ RBd  Tz k\vA B BA nBzA ]  oiC JBM
B\A  BA ϧm ZnBhA WdLA tnj unkT ^Ao mhUA k SAe oMB
.(tk) ıhA wBA MA kvA BA ko k\vA 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
nBzA  UFzA TA oA wT k\vA  ^BXY dA Sk ɷ 1368 w
.kk] nB Uo kA k\vA nB Sk nkdA d~BM dA BA
A Ȫ ZnBhA WdLA ȗ wnj  Ț (tk) ıhA wBA MA kvA BA B
.A
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1986 w 2  103 | 1 Z  MLd C oBM gzA  BoBe \A ȃB
$   211 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
.vA k\v  JoBM A k  țozA KB\BM 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
oA ȗ ǱA kA BE ȗ (() ƪA oE BA KeB) Be M ~ FzE
. Ȧ~ mA MAod  mA k\v B o\A o{BA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
kA oh Bw oqA kL ZBdA eoA jk] ( 1968 / ɷ 1387) w 
.A   B (ɷ 1388 w aTA) Ȗ\A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.AkBM [\dA Ä () Ȧ BA   k B
AlB A) Tv mA nYFA BkA MB\TwA B ȷ TA k]BvA  k\vA Am
 o~A KeB BA A o lG (.....wAA eoA pAA A  MBvA A
kL M kd M Ȧ A BE o  BkA AmM Bj   k ([) \dA BqA
BA (wAoA jAj ME MA)  BE En  (tAn ȮM) M o k B oTvTA eoA
.YY E    k\vA UF B We  k  Ȧ~   ([) \dA
$
*7
: njB~A
69. | / Ȗ\A țAoLA keA kvA / A gnBU 
.yBA / 409 | / 1 Z / nBA kAo 
$   212 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
MBM cT ozA nkdA d~A L k pAqLA w oiC ȗ ydA w ȗ 隽
.(|) woA nB{ 
$
*3
: uwFTA
\ ve gzA ]oA p ȗ o\A oz WBXA oA AA A vwFU ]o
Bh ^B탱 B B ^Ak\v mhT A L wBwA ȗ o\e A kM 郰 mA oLA
. Lv k\vA Ȫw \A k ȗ v (kd) wA k ]n
$
*5
: BA
BMBM  z eBw  RBAwA oX BLA h eBvA wA k\vA
 BzA \A ȗ 2 30 d  vA eBvA eBv LU 嘱vA A BdT
B LT BA k\vA ȗ (tk) dA vd kvA ]oA oL U k\vA
tnkA jBLA BT  U ȷ k\v SA ȯBL M SdA B B
.BUBe 
$
*7
: njB~A
117. | 1 Z MLd C oBM gzA o] BoBe \A ȃB
$   213 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
nB{ E ɗ ozA ǱA d~A ɫ BzA \A ɗ AozA dɫ ɗ 隽
.A odM k kd kvA oL ApBM U wA
$
*3
: uwFTA
kM (ow tk) wA vdA M kd o] ME BA gz ^AnAj k\vA Am B
.~dTA  ^Aqo SB A kM ^Ak\v m nAj \U A E ɷ 460 w UB
$
*4
: nBA wTA
KoTM ɷ1198 w ȗ BAkeG BUnB A UnB kM k\vA Am  REo
kvA A B vM ɷ1305 w BXA (n)A odM k kd kvA w
馛 U We JAohA A SC k\vA BnA SU Bk ϧl 娱A odM ve
.A j]A nBA  kk\U wBwA  k\vA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k]Bv o{E  A  ϧmɟ q  B ^kT ^Ak k\vA Am Bɟ -
 oXA   k unkTA wAnk A E  od B\A  BU \A
.o (ow tk) oA\A KeB gzA  BA
$
*7
: njB~A
104. | / 1 Z / BoBe \A ȃB - 1
109. | / 7 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 2
$   214 
*1
: oTA
ȚM k]Bv  vA M B wE  k AoBw ȗ ȯBXA voA B\A 
.koA BBLM omU A Tmë SM 嬱~dA nAwE LzU TA hA Ank\M AkBi
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
B{ 900 kM  d~A iAj ovA odA  MoA BzA \A ȗ 隽
.AoBw k
$
*3
: uwFTA
BM mA k\vA  ^kM kA  wA 郱 ȗ ɷ234 w wBLA TA FzA
w BM  o  kzU eA  BM UA k  孼~BM B mA ~TA
Lv (kA B]) M o \A   BU mA keA B\A cL~ ɷ237
.([) oTA kA BA A
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
BM kE  MBA  {BA n We oU U ɷ1377  ɷ1376 Tw i
.TL oU U B kk] 
$
*5
: BA
 L   2 E 45 d TeBv LU We ȫwA BA ȗ k]BvA oLA  k
 240 B Tv eBvM dU TA ]nBhA Ank] o A k\vA Am
 .}\A  o]BM  BLA  2 Bw 10.5 Ank] BUnA L  156 Bo
 M BvA  ^B]oM 40 Bjk L oAj ~ ZAoMFM ZnBhA  Ank\A Sj
16 B\ o]A  Bw  FTU kB  B keA   15 oiC  ZoM
L WkdA pAoA  L h nB BA  BzA ] ȗ B voA 隽 ^BMBM
Bd L 奼\A oiA ȯB{BBM L zA okTv B\A L 15 BBUnA
kB  U zA ohA Tmë U k\v ȧBzA JBLA nd   45
oU (RAnqA) ]nkA MBLA ZAoMA nAo  SM 52 d BBUnA L  Mo
k M\A k\vA nAk] ȗ k]  .kM Bv  kBzU TA (A mêM)
RBdT {  ZnBhA  kLU  LzT wBi tABM iAkA  oƫ ϼMBL{
oL LB\M  TvA k\vA JAod 隽 ^BA nAk\A Am w ȗ  幚 Tv
oA  BB kTvU nB k]U SB k\vA w ȗ  WkdA pAoA  ȮL
.kA A BA B~ TA FzA mA
$
*7
: njB~A
.w o{ / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU
194.| 1Z AoBw k gnBU
301.| 12Z wkA RBLTA w
$   215 
*1
: oTA
j ME wBLA TA BBM TA TA kA  ShU TA ȯBLA E  
213 w ȗU) Ȧ\A unjE M v M wBA  k\vA wA  Kv mA Am
BE ȗ {] jB jA]E JoA RAjBw nBL  (ɷ 226 w)  (ɷ
.wBLA ~TA
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
TA kA  15 kM  (weBA)  B 雱 ȗ kA B{ 隽
.oYA
$
*3
: uwFTA
 .ɷ 245 w TA Tk BLM o{ Bk k\vA Am wBLA TA uwE
KLvA o  mA j MFM nzA wA A BBM (TA B]) M ^BA Ȫw
.ϧmM TvU ȗ
$
*5
: BA
B] hU  BM ȗ Lz   138   *  223 jBMA zA Tv B\A
]nBhA  iAkA Ank] Sv  LBM kz  oLA vA lA oLA AoBw
ZAoME oz k\v M\A 馂A ȗ k]  幽oAj ~ ZAoMFM kv  }\BM
ȗ  .BUnA  ^BBM k\vA nw Aq   JAodA BM BwT okTv ~
më U  .JAMA YY ϧm  jBMA oBT okTv ~ ZAoME ȧBzA 馂A
JAME Tw MoA  țozA nAk\A ȗ k]  wA JBLA nd jAkTA  B\A
.JAME YY M\A nAk\A ȗ 
MnFM Bd   216286 TeBv LU zA Tv d 隽 B\A w ȗ 
nB  nB 17 U Bj 16  Tz mA (odA) ~A SM BkeE BvE
 B B KzhA nv]  ^BB k\vA w B  tAE vi  TU
oLA AoBw B] LzU UnB  o]BM kz B\A JAod  孼BM B Ao~dA
.19 BBUnA L  o~ n ȷ 
$
*7
: njB~A
180.| AoBw ȗ wBLA nBA
223.| 12Z wkA RBLTA w
$   216 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / 汪A
dA ɗ kA 汪A k  ɛozA BzA \A ɗ nA ɫ ɗ 隽
.nA  qz  (pAA) M oA
$
*3
: uwFTA
BM mA A  汪A oa~ mA țnBLA \o M Yo L  k\vA Am k{
vA cT Bk ȯBXA hA k ȗ ɷ 20 w ȪvA ko M LT ȧAA 
k\v vA A Bk\v B A kM B\A kA k\v  汪A k
kA ȗ  ǱA B\A M ǱA kA ȗ B\A Am Ȫw ~BM (Znqi)
.TA B\BM o MBUA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
BM jBA 汪A  ^BA B Bk k\vA Am kd M Ao w ɷ126 w
.kA ȗ vA oX T zM
A BɃA Ao M k We wBLA kA hA ɗ jAp ɷ167 w -
. nB\A kA BA AA ϧm M dA AwA
p kA jB M A pB kA w ϦA p ȗ MBUA o~A ȗ -
.Tmë Rjk] k\vA BM kE (ɷ544 - ɷ541)
$
*5
: BA
BnA keE ɗ B훱 B k B q] UnB kB A A B\A  L 
o]BM S }\A nB\dBM L ȷ (ȧBzA oA A kT) k\v BA
RB~o  kTv e LL M ȴT B mA B ǱA vA w k
JAod B\A ȗ B (pAA nB) M m k\vA nB oU  B  Ko
B .oBT nBip x o\z  RBMBT  d B AkMA A ȗ C
M\A JBLA (pAqLA w A jƽ mA) ȧBzA JBLA ȷ JAMA MnA k\v
.(]AovA w A jƽ mA)
 oA ] A jƽ mA) țozA JBLA (k\vA nB SdU mA) MoA JBLA
.(AlA JBM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.AmC wBvA RBMAoA JodA \T ɼA p ȗ k\vA nB SAkU -
kM  汪A  A vU kM k\vA ȗ BY JAohA Jj ɷ660 w -
.BoTA BLA ϮnU
k  750 / ɷ133 w 汪A E T VjAe ȗ M\A JBLA ol jn -
JBLA ol jn B .]AovA w k k\vA JBM  u] We  M kd
.ɷ147 w 汪A B TA jnB\A M VnBdA ȧU k k\v MoA
.汪A ȗ nA B] A B\A Am JAod  1049 / ɷ543 w -
$
*7
: njB~A
3. Z / nBdA 汪A w - 1
60. | / BvA keA j]BA kL /ǱA k{AoA kA ȗ 汪A - 2
159. | / 2 Z / jp / 汪A gnBU - 3
$   217 
*1
: oTA
LA oLɛ k\vA Am  (yoɛ oL) nE  SzE TA k]BvA keE 
.k\vA Am MA kE  Uoe oLTU mA u]o]
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / 汪A
.汪A k ȗ AA (~A ozA L }~hA) nBzA  ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ B 汪A k ȗ yo oL nA  zA mA u]o] L ^Akz B
.o\A MBvA oA wAA ȗ o ^Ao vwFU AkM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
郰 u]o] LA ko L M B\A o 汪A  ϮnU TwA Bk -
.oLA  ^Bk
ooA  ] MAod  BA We ȮThA AoMA BM jk]  w ɷ767 w -
^BA nBYC   T RBMBT ] nBip  ooA  ^AoL ^Bk  mhUA
.JAMA ]A   KzhA  odA JBM BAo~
.odA B{ BzA ~ B\A A A 1735 / ɷ1148 w -
mêA kU kM oTA oBA pAo  k\vA nB SM 1853 / ɷ1270 w -
.kA
L LA  BM BvA oXA k~U k k\vA BM kA 1910 / ɷ1328 w -
kk] BwA  TA
$
*5
: BA
: ȷ BvE YY  B\A BT
oiqA BioA  oL  u]o] LA oL  BvA kE E kT : A vA
 o 酚M L o ~ {  Uo oL L U 幦] RBMBT 
q BoB BM  BT oL tAA {  nBiqM LA iAj p ooA
U mA kA JAodA vA Am ȗ oiA BM L~A o]A  nBiqM
L nB k\v ] oL LB\M RB~oA Lz BM oiq BM YY o{B
.kA RB] oBw  kBzU BUnA wT o\dA 
wk nBiqM BB\U q ooA  BwA  ~A țo{ 隽 : ȯBXA vA
.d ~ vA Am B nA B] BwA LzU ]
BE  Bz ~ X B zA Tv  odA B{ 隽 :WBXA vA
BLA vM nE
$
*7
: njB~A
427. | / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU - 1
270. | / 3 Z / 汪A w - 2
$   218 
*1
: oTA
A BhA L  LT AoL B 幼MoA oq\A ZnBi B B] k\v E 
LU  幼wA KAmA RBe 鼪] BTnA ȗ ozTU B] wnk TMA AoA
.odLA \ ȗ w ]] F Uo nAk] E  G A 
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / o~LA
.o~LA k Jo J]  21 d kLU TA oMqA B MAM k 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
 635 / ɷ14 w Aq M LT BM MoA oq\A ZnBi B k\v A 
 w ȮM  (qLA nlA M \d)  TiA mA aG  vM TiA A
nA  Mo eBv z aLA  ^BL k\vA B 岾BM T A L nE 
ȗ nBA nAj (M ~ U )  Mo  SE k K~A  ZBw M d
AkA \vA U SB (BkA) B  ({B ȮM) Len vU SB Len
$
*4
: nBA wTA
AoA STA A kM o~LA ȧ Bk k\vA Am o{A w MA k ɷ16 w
.KvA  ^Bw  ] TeBv w A aLBM BM jBE Ank]
ME M B p ȗ o~LA ȧ Bk k\vA 鼪] MA M jBp k ɷ 45 w
M ZBvBM aw RdA o]A }\BM BM TeBv ȗ jAp  BM jk] Bw
 nBA nAj e 峮MA ȖXA ϼT M ZB\dA BM   k n~ iAj
oA nBA nAkM ~T ^BMBM M\A k\vA Be ȗ cT k\vA i A BkA
.k\vA ȗ BA ~dA \M
nj k kA oT{A lA k\vA wU U wBLA kA k ȗ ɷ160 w
. BijA k\v nB\ SB
L ȗ BijE nBA nAj kM oA k{oA nB hA k ɗ ɷ 175 w
BAoE BeA  ~A ƽ kA w ȗ k]BvA wE  cLF k\vA
ȷ o~LA vdA BA B ^BLo T B nB oiA ȗ ^BMBM 18 k\v B
.TA nBA kU BTA BA d
o~LA ȧ Bk ȫoA aA kL M UBM oA MA jBE 1226 / ɷ624 w -
pAA L]  BwE nB\e K] lG 峛AoTeA \T  kU A kM k\vA nB
 ^BLo oiC ^BBMn  B\BM ^~T ^BBMn FzE pAo{  ZBvA oM~A Kzi K]
.^BLT BAkeA ȗ ] Uo\e ^Aqj M B 幼~A  B] B wE
 SijE ]vA AoE ov \T AoA ȗ LA kA p ȗ [qA 훰 kM
.dw  LvA A~A B\A
^BAn wBLA pAA uE gzA M ynj gzA M 1327 / ɷ1140 w -
Ȫd  nBYkA JAohA A k\vA B SC A kM tBA ɗ Ȧ~ ɫB\
 nBL  A Te ^BB AoA Am Aq  om oYE  L nBYkA  k\vA
Am nBYC  LU B ɟ  (()Ȧ BA nB) M o o]A  ȮL ɟn
.k\vA
.MAod  zU  BA A B\A Am  KTBM nBYA ok SB 1966 w -
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.\A 훰 kM ozA TLi () Ȧ BA Ki k\vA Am ȗ
BE BnA keA A e ȗ k\vA më  A BA oYA A LA  v T -
TA nA SdU Rō k B ȮM TA BwA UkA BBM hA nB\eA
 nh~A nB\eA  A AU B  ATwA mA oMqA ȧBA nj A BM
.UM Bz MBA
Aj tBA JBn hU ~ k̛ AlA BA B B\A w ȗ k\vA oL B -
k\vA w  oLA M ɷ45 w MA MA jBp oE Te ^ ^Bp BdA m 
.nk A
^BMBM 18  ~A JAj MAo Mo A 14 ]nBhA k\vA Ank] ȗ B -
. MAo tnBe 500  郰 k\v E  .L wBM v  JBM 
.() Ȧ BA i  ov tBA k (n) tBL M aA kL  Ki -
Bk\v ȗ tBA o~LA ij (ɷ75 w) ȖXA w M ZB\dA p ɗ -
\ M tBA AT ^Bw kE mA k] oE 峦T ABe B LhM qTwB
.qA  A 70  oXA o~LA k\v JAMA  T B
o~LA () Ȧ BA A Lv ~T A keA M kd M Ȧ A jA ]n ij -
]n A 20  T]B B\A k\vA A Bj B BA E Y BoeE
.AoeG  kM oE BkA  odM k\vA nB~ wŰn S텛 dMmM oF
o~LA A BE TA We o~LA nBYkA k k\vA ȗ JAohA EkM ɷ697 w
.ȧBzA eB] w oYE  L  kk\A
KAmA RBe 鼪] wAA TnA ȗ RozTA B] wnkM L{A k\vA B -
.Bo o{A ~TA qTA B BAA TiA  wA
RBB~TiA Th ȗ B  ZohU BA ovA ozM k\vA B 
vdA e X BB wBM BnA RBL]  e  So 幚e B  B
M u ȧkA jwA ME ϧB M uE B M A kL ME o~LA
Ȧ ME joLA tBLA ME  kAoA  ZadA n~ MA  eB\A  ǱdA KLe
.o o~LA ȗ BA g{ A~BM oA o~LA kLA
$
*7
: njB~A
282. | / 1 Z / o~LA gnBU w - 1
.w o{ / n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU - 2
$   219 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.(ozA vdA oA d JAMA keA) nkvA JBM  JoBM 隽

$
*5
: BA
e oAkA nBzA jB\A oz BA oYE  kA k k\vA  SBU k
tEn A o 幮kA ȗ oYA kA k]BvA keE B A kM .vdA odA
.k\vA kU  k U B ko  zA B j ()vdA BA
$
*7
: njB~A
293. | / joBzA kA n / Mo ȗ A odA gnBU
$   220 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
. k o{  15 d kLU TA Ao] o ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
w mA kwA JBi oA BM  BM  B] k\v Ao] o ȗ B
Am JBi oA mhUA  A z] oBe mA B M kq p Ao] o
 A A  nB T BMA B] ϧl kM 幮kA ZnBi M kLT ^BB k\vA
 ^Ao B mA k\vA wTM AB  oA Av ɷ 66 w MATA nY JBA
B ȗ En k (X M vdA) k  k B]n keA A   孼~BM B
B TA We ȧBdA Ao] 雱 A e    A ^B]n FM Bn
 Ao] o nAq keA A JBmBM AoE mA () ohA  ([) \dA BBM
 w A  BA v nA ~d ui  miF (v M vdA) k
cLA B   qq B]  LA m o{ A A :  B  幽oA ȗ ^Ak\v L
 oXA nBA d ɷ 393 w (X M vdA) Bn Kve  Ao] k\v
.M Bi  BMnA    ~  nBq k~ tBA A  孼vA

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.k\vA ȪA oLA Ȧ ApoA jk] ɷ 1167 w 
.kA TBp BE oBdA oA kL gzA o ɷ 1350 w 
B  oiA o k]Bv  Ao k  SA k\vA wU U ɷ 1402 w 
.wA
() ~A B kvA  ko  kT nB{ BzA ozM ozA U ɷ 1417 
oz  A   200 nBzA Am o L  Tv hM Ao] k\v A
.(odA A odA) 
KTv MA YY    BM ȷ  BzA n ȗ oL nBz Y 
 oAqA k\vA  kAT We \A  BMnA ȧB ȗ B텧A pT ^AoAp 800
 jA TU TA nBqA wAo Aj ȧBA m ȗ od mA ~A ]
 (ozA ]o A \) BkB  ozLA m n \T RA~A  RBTMA
 BXA  kA KTA LM U wA LT  oz nAj uwFU oiA nBzA 
eBw uwFU ϧm  ([) BqA KeB oTA BBM LUoA ϦU Bw BpU
 oTU ^AoL ^BAk oT k\vBM dA ȃAnA Ao{ U k k\vBM dU oL
^BTA  eAoTw jB  RAnBvA   qLA dM ^AkTMA UBdA RBkhA 
.wA RBLTA  αLA  nB\TA RdBM

$
*5
: BA
 2 A 25 d k\vA eBv zU 2 A 40 BTeBv nA  B k\vA
Bw d wA  B k\v BzA \A ȗ k]   .d~A eBv X țBLA
JAMA YY B  1.5 BUnA A o\dBM npƫ ȷ  xA o\dA  kA YY
BA ȗ A  RBMALA oE  RBwA Sz k  幼BMn nB~ RAl h
ȴTU  () Ȧ BBM EkLU oz ȮYA ĿA BwA nBiqA w ȗ KT ȯB{BBM
 We tAA Zjq B  BBɄ BA LB] ȗ  ([) \dA BBM
ȗ jnBM nq Ake d~A LB]  k]  BA m A BTdU  noA
 AkdA  vU ^k]  K~ oL e  c B Aqi d~A w
Ap BTk ȗ  4 o 13 M wA B d~ țozA KB\A ȗ U
ȗ KT  B{BA nBiqA B ozTU  nzA o]BM BAnk] SM 17 BTeBv
 BMn nB~ RAl JAMA vi BA m ȗ  幧\A  wA oip  w
ȧBzA 馂A ȗ U  WXA hM SLT RBh STLY JAMA m Ae 
 nBLU nw B Si oAj h BkeA ȗ k]U AG RAl o k\v
M\A AqA ȗ  }\BM ȮL o]A  Ank] AA d~A ij JBM MB k]
SM 17 BBUnA n~ A jƽ w ϧB  o o]C nB k\v ozA
 wA B  o k k]U k\v ikA JBM LB]   ikA AA 
k M\A 馂A ȗ k]  LmA oiqA ABM q  Bz B k\vA BvA
KT nBiqA w ȗ  ~\A RB~oBM z uh JAod dT   RBdT
w ȗ  (TA SLA ȗ Ba BF B )  }U MBT WXA hM 
 We oe w Bin o\e 텛 B k oM A jU dT k]U JAodA
.oLT JAoTA B tBA

$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB 661 | 輗 FU 婛 nBYC \ - 1
.wnB jnBT{A kd kd 娰j B (t) ~ Roe - 2
. 1994 w ȯBXA B 2 jkA SLA A \ - 3

$   221 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
M]   kA w ȗ (B A w) ~A B kvA ko nA\M 隽
M) kkdA ov\A  Ȗ\A zoA nB{ M Mo mA (p) dTA nB{ 
.(\A
$
*3
: uwFTA
A kM Jo k  ɷ 1367 w jo]oLA A C eoA vM k\vA Am k{
BA j ol jB K BTeA w vwFU AkL ^BAmA k\vA nA ȗ 
BLA We  qTA  hA k]BvA   A k\vBM Ȫw  () BoA
 oX ZnBhA WdLA tnj  tnkU  A A \U oL B] oLT We
.BA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
WdM eA  BM kk\TM () ~A B kvA oe ü SB ɷ 1414 w
.\U  nAq eAoTwA B X koA oe  ^B ^Aq] nB
$
*5
: BA
YY k\v 2 A 11 d TeBv LU lG 婛 k ȗ oLA k]BvA  oLT
Sp oL AA k{ JBLA Am   wAA k\vA d  cT BkeE JAMA
BMBLA BA kM op  UBL nBiqM JBLA BAo~ Sz  oA ȯB{BBM Ank]
Uo B voA JBLA  ȮM k  (dTA) p nB{  BdT AoiA
M oA ȯB{BBM BioA BUnApA Sp BUnA  BvUBM qTU n~ k\v
k 5 BUnA ~ ȯB{BBM ^Anpƫ ^BMAod n~ M\A 馂A   KmA
Ank] Sp AG n~A MB  幦\A RB~oA  B{BA nBiqBM AjpA
Rd oL JAodA KB\M 隽  Co RBC  BA ȗ SLT B{BA RBLBM
oL L k\v .2.20 BUnA  1 oM RBLT 10  ǱTd ȗk~A BioA 
BBUnA  24 Bo L cvA SwBM SM AoA ȗ k]BvA JBL oLA  kU
ȯAwA B o L  T B{B nBip U Mo kB  oTvU ϧm
 LA Sz  幧\A  BwA mAA A M SLT mB 16  TzU 7
BThB{ BUnB UoU oLA k\vA AA LB]   oA ȯB{BBM ZnBhA
 SM kB  B  kTvU ȯB{BBM BUBz B  60 keA  BUnA
oB  ^BBUnA oXA B  cvA SwA  BBM B k  幽nnB oq {
A A ~ Ȗh ȯqe w nB  iAj ȗ  () ~A B kvA ko
Tz A MnE Al ~ aU d RBw k]U n~A LB] ȗ .B 
ȗ B\A  vTU Bk LA  voA n~A  cTU JAMA k 
馂A ȗ k]  BvA YY  T wA d k\vA ȗ  幖ThA RBjoA
k] d~A w ȗ  奼] nB pAoM pBTU oiE o L d~A  ȧBzA
MoA KB\A ȗ  Xke F  MoA \A  Rk{ Ƀ B e
oA ȯB{BBM Ank] Sz k  o\dBM npƫ A uh AG k] k\v
kvA k\vA uwƫ k\U RBMA BY  h   kLA nBiqBM p 
ȗ Rk{ k  k\vA B  M\A q\A ȗ oL 隽 mA (ow tak) jo]oLA
M\A \A ȗ 隽 ]nBi M ϧB  wA LT k\vA  MoA \A
.k\v
$
*7
: njB~A
711.| / wnB / 輗 FU /  nBYC \
$   222 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BA k
.Ao BA   414 d kLU TA BA k w ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
]o mA S{jAnqA kL oL BM BA  zA k ɷ156 w A BM j
BA ȧBA BTA ȫwA cTA kM wA L w 600  oXA A BhnBU
MBA  AjBTwA A kL oLA k\vA BM kLA Am k A Ak wA
.ɼBwBvA k A ]o A  oiA RBodA Sj mA nA SdU mA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
: eAo kM k\vA nB Ro k
.o\A uBhA oA ȗ ]vA k ȗ A nkA nB - 1
.o\A tjBvA oA ȗ ]vA k ȗ ȯBXA nkA nB - 2
.o\A tjBvA oA ȗ o C  vA k BhA nB - 3
.o\A wBTA oA nB - 4
.o\A oz jBdA oA nB - 5
.M C BE RAoTA  oXA  S~e ɷ442 - 324 w -
ϦA ZBU L BLM pAo{ po ovi ϦA ZBU BA MA B ɷ481 w -
.(MAoTA LA) M nzA
SA M v] ^AnAoA dA k\vA  oU mA odA oYA   ɷ 515 w -
nBiqA A SA  \A LaBM ^BL B mA kA { akLU MnA AA
.BdA
M ϧm o ǰBw kd opA oFM }~\A k\vA JAod ȮM ɷ 710 w
.k\vA A țozA 馂A wTU TA o wnk 
B{ M ow BM M kd p ȗ MoA AA Mo AA AoA M ɷ851 w -
.(BTzA SM) M vA nTA fn
RBeA k k\v So]E Ǳ~A A KwB BzA k ȗ ɷ935 w -
B oe k\vA A ikA qj k zA BMo Bo\e Be ϧB We
B TM Ȧ\w    KAA ȗ ϧ ^B k\U KB\A o ^B jB) ~B
eA omU Y ((KB ME M Ȧ Ke KBA oBdA  o Ȧ B Ȧ B Ȧ
no k tBA BM T eA m 婴 ~A oz MnA ~A BwA
.oL BM
.k\v țozA ȧBzA AA Ǳ~A Bw BvA M ɷ1093 w
 M BE  BA ow p ȗ (BE o{E) BvA oA ɷ1139 w
oBMA BwA d k\v țozA 馂A ȗ oiA ^BMBM cT d~BM ~TA (o)
wA k{AoA BhA BwA KT Y o hM wA KT KmBM MTA ~A
.(Aop ) oLA ȯBA ȮA
wA }h{ L  (aA qq BiBw) SzA o\A oz MAoA oA ~T ȗ -
.k\v oLA JBLA MB aA qq
$
*5
: BA
 We n~A oL wA oiqA xA nBA  ^B{nA k\vA Am oLT
.ThA k\vA BvA ȗ A  B A  oXA nBYC B
 k\vA  țozA q\A ȗ \A LA  ȮLA ȦA k\vA nB U
 o]A LA M\A AA ]A 幼\vA RB~~\A nBiqA xBM d
LA LB] ȗ BUnB SM o  幼LzhA RB~oA  AA w Kn k
ovA \A ȗ ikA qj 隽 tA BdA BwA  B kBz AA
AA  vA BvA RnpE k T kFM d RBw  k\vA 
k\v MoA 馂A ȗ KmA BM oA uA ȯB{BBM Bz Bin RAnApBM
 npE k k\vA ȗ MAm\A Aq]A A  oLT M\A A MBz AA kBz
J] ȗ YkdTv nB hM uA ȯB{BBM z BioBM iAkA ZnBhA
 Ǳd ^BAn ^BMAod AA Am  k\v oLA ~A ik 隽 AA Am
AA Am qT B~A nBpA nBip  ozTU We RB~~\A  KB\
jBMA  K~ mA ɄBvA BzA BioA j]M (cv ~  mA) ϧm
dT 18  mA ~A ȂU o cMB~ qM   廦~A B ȗ BvT
MAoTA LBM nzA (ϦA ZBU) L k\vA B{ ~A ȗ k]U 匱A Am 
(o wnk ) A jƽ ik k] k\v țozA 馂A ȗ (ȟBi kL)
q JAod ȮM ~A m ȗ AwE 18 wAM w Uo cv ~ A B
ȗ (ynj) AA B oiA AA k ϧm k\vBM k]U }oA ȯB{BBM
(jBTwA ) AA 幼ozA \A ȗ TA KBA E (joB{) AE 幼BzA \A
U TA M\A \A ȗ (KeB ) AA E (ϦA B) AA 幼MoA \A ȗ
T e k] B keA  ȗ 35 B  BUnA L BUnB LB] 
kLA oiqA ȗA hBM B KT k o]A  BTL B RB~o 
 KT ϦA B L JAod  A \A ȗ ()Ȧ BA (|) LA wA
ME nAoLA MU c wo WXA hM w 66 o w 70 M o\e b
cU LA  BM KT oiE wAo ^BA ϧB BinjBM KwB BzA oA
鮪 wo ϧm  tBA RM A nAoLA  MoA AoA ij 鮫
A oL KB\M MAoTA LA Joɓ 隽 BA k ɗ tBA AA njB~ɫ
n  S탰 k wBM vA JBLA (ozA nAA nBdM JBT KeB) v\A
MB U 奼\A ȯB{BBM RnpE BAoA nBiqBM Sz UoL ȗ h
 ^Ajk U LA keE tBLA ME uoA lBTwA Lɛ  L LTɫ k\vA
ȗ 隽 (S{kA JBM) M o JBM oYA JAMA  njBA KTA  RAk\A
nBYC   kM oip RBw ^Bo]C ^B  k\v MoA M\A AqA
.]vA
.B oL JAMA BY k\v
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
JodA BMG jAkM ȗ BdA BA RAoB L  ze ~ RB k\vA oU
.AoA AoA
$
*7
: njB~A
68. | / oo aA  .j / BA hnFU nBYC \ - 1
17. jkA / keTA \ - 2
$   223 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BA
.BA k  M kE ȗ ((UB)) nB{ ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
BM mA (B{i) k\v BA  ȮM BE k ȗ ȮM oL k\v kE oLT
ve BvA nAoLA k A j ȧBdA  BM ȯBXA hA  (tBi MA)
u ȗ j]A ()B{ LA ko A Lv Ȫw (TA tBL MA) k  Ǳ~A
.k\vA B TA LA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
 B  BkhTv Bh Bo\e Be k\vA ȗ ȮM ɷ 1049 w -
.q] Ȧ Apo ZBdA SM (o B{) ]BdA AkA
 KT k\vA nB M k\vA wnA KE nAoLA o ɷ 1112 w -
 19 / 18 A LmA L~BM WXA hM  ȧBzA ikA  SL~ h
.Ț Ȧ BhA hM MTA nw
$
*5
: BA
k\v .B{B nBip j]M qT M\A \A ȗ 隽 AA  k\vA ǱTd
M o ȫBin JAod iAj ȗ hA iAj ȗ ozTU oL ȫBin JAod
A Mn BdLw)) oA WXA hM E ȗ KT̟ w48 o 1/10
ik  SM (aA ȧ Ȧ aA wn kd aA A A ) nBL ((kdM
M kp M BwA jAp B oL  k\vA 雱 Tz ] o]C L k\vA
1/70 d BUnA L nzA o]BM ȮM  ()B{ LA ko BA () vdA
ȗ ^BBU Aoe wF  nBL Bo\e Be k\vA ȗ k] .keA oT o
n nBip B]TU CoA RBBM Bz U k BA ATe Ba] oh~A
jnAA WjBeA vA  ~A ĿA BwA  Sz Aqe B 幽o\{
.
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / 521 | / oo aA  nTkA / BA hnBU nBYC \
$   224 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BE
o~M o mA Ǳ~A tBL BzA o~ MB (n) ȮhA BA eBw o{ 隽
.(MB ȧB)
$
*3
: uwFTA
BA A Lv Ȫw  Ǳ~A A tBL BzA  oFM ɷ 1012 B k\vA ȮM
A k mA  BL ȗ B L] ȗ BA B  (v oA kL A )
 孽q ȗ TBA d MpA TeA kM tBL BzA BkTwA Y ~A p AoA
k\vA Am ȗ A oTwA k  wBM oT{A mA Am k\v  Twnk gzA BA
.^BB 17
$
*5
: BA
 ZnBhA  Bz L k\v BA k ȗ hnBTA nBYA ]E  k\vA k
oAj B  CoA RBA BqU hB{ kk LMk AE  qUoU ȯB{BBM iAkA
 UBLA nBiqBM LA qTU  .TA  nB k nBiqM oiq mA BhTU
oA ȯB{BBM S BY \M ȴTU ZnBhA  ȷ  ^Ak] kA 헿A  vA
U KMk B  JAodA FT  .zA wBT RAo BU li BT ȴTU 
RB~o iAj  KMkA BA d  oAj ~ɓ  nBpA  j nBip
ȗ koA k]BvA  k\vA Am oLT  .j op nBiqM T A ȴTU nBd
.Toip  { B]
$
*7
: njB~A
401.| oo A  .j / BA hnBU nBYC \
$   225 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A /kz
. M\A \A ȗ ()BoA w M Ȧ BA ko oA odA nA\M 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
fn B{ BvA ]p (ɷ860 - ɷ780) jB{ o oA L  ɷ 821 w ȮM
.BA Lv k\vA Ȫw ȯBnA nU oA MA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.AA wA oLT mA B\A n~ AA ȮM ɷ830 w
d zM BBM kE (~A Aq])  oBM B\A L Sk ɷ1373 w -
.j ] zM B{BA B\A nBip S ϧm T
UBki wU U MA k k\vBM SdA AoA ȗ wA nXA nB~T A kM -
wU k\vA BA űzM ȮU nAjA ke 18 U BA oAj uwFTM ϧl
MoA A ɽoA CoA T  cTɗ LTA TA vwƪA oɽU
.()BoA BA nAp BTw qAo VAkdTwA
$
*5
: BA
BB\M qTU h SApB TA țozA pAoA  }\A o]BM L B\A BM
) 29410 d k\vA eBv LU BBM   oT no  oBM BBeG
(98/65 M\A 87 ȧBzA 107/10 ɛozA 109/30 MoA Ƀ
o\dBM nE SM 51/65 o 53/30  zA Mo d k\v
oL AE MnE ^BA  \A oiqA ȯB{BBM p BioBM Ank] Sv
\ (ȯ A) ȯBBL kB) ikA  ^AAkTMA KUoTA  ȷ nE Lw
.ve  gzA AA nAqLw o An MAow jBMC
^BMBM28  AE Tw k]U n~A AG ȗo ȗ o 12  ϧm Tz
BUnA BT] BUnB BLB\M A Bnp ȯB{BBM Bz oL L k\v 失ik
LU lA k\vA AA wA oLT mA n~A AA ȗo ȗ BU 41 B 
RAo Tw iAj ȗ 40 BBUnA L TA k\vA L  Rk{ 227 TeBv
ȗ BioA  ~ ] JAod kBz TB ȗ jwA BioBM {o nE
Tv  p\A Kzi  ~ LT (14)  kM Ȯ pAoM qT oL oL TAp
ȗ (BqA KeB oL) v w 300    o A kT  nBv  ȗ
k]Bv o BA  nBLA A WXA hM B KT o\e e AA MAM {Be
.nBLA (u) nw SU ABM dU oiC o\e e  ..C  aA
k\v) M LA m vU B dM Bd Uo ~ k]U d~A w ȗ
nAk ȂA JBLA ]  A \A ȗ S탰 e ȗ KT (poM) (p\A CoA
\A B{BA nBiqA Ank] k\vA w ȅU jB{o vdA wA jBvA
.fn B{ MA (oA BhA) ovBM hM ] hM SLT TA RBeA
v ^BB nB  dE ozA ǱoA od nB\A 훱 dM k\vA
.A L XeBL JAMA oz TLT nAq eAoTwA jBL qo
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kU B uhA RA~A \A   BU ^B ^BoB] ^Aqo oLT A k\vA
pB\ ^Aqo nLA ȷBzBzA BA k ȗ B BkM 幼wAnkA RBdA TnA ȗ
.o\A BBvA
ȗ AkzTeA mA tBA ] (ǱLA Bi Bn) B j] ]B ɷ1354 w -
RB{B{oA kA AmM k\vA AoE AmC BA wBw  ^AnBTwA B\A
YjBdA m RjBE oiC 1/500 TA  BoMA  BE B kzTwA Aj A ȗ
ɷ1330 w kA  zeA toA \ ol Bl
$
*7
: njB~A
715. | / 2 Z / jnB aA qq Ǳn tk BTwA gnBU - 1
260. | / 11 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 2
.jB{ o B] gnBU tAo - 3
$   226 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BTwjnE
.Ao   416 kLU BA Bd MBTA BTwjnE k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.]vA k ȗo\A MAoA oA oiAA A jU TA kA k]BvA  oLT
$
*4
: nBA wTA
o\A uBhA oA A jU A eoA : jkT eAo i U k\vA BM
ɷ555  ɷ553 v jU BXA eoA TL oLA k\vA ~ ȮM We
AoA oiqA A A BBM oiA BvA Ao~A BAoA  AA ȮM We
.(ȯBA jd) nBA k 
.(ϦA ]) AA vA țozA AA (]) oA M -
.(ve BA ) vA MoA AA ve BA M
$
*5
: BA
MnE l ~  k\vA Tz MnA AA RAmM oA k]BvA keE 
 kk nE oLA AoA KB\M k]U An o]C L B SL~U KA]
BM i  x nBip  Tz :M\A AA ȷ AA k d~A
BBM wA gnBU B KT Bw MBT w B LT  Ǳ~A kA A jU XY
Bz ȯBvA woA  KT ik MoA KB\A ȗ o\e b k] ϧm
.ɷ1024 w fnƪA zA  KAoA hTM oLA tBL
MoA AqA ȗ k] 峼BM A oz Lzi b  k] : MoA țozA AA
wnk vU k wnk BLB\M nBiqA  Bi BUnA  o]C nB k\v
.(kA n ve ZBdA)
ȗ WXA hM oe AA m iAkM (B~A ) M v :ȧBzA AA
nAk] RBh MnE ϧB .(nBA l A w  ȦA T ) nBL }\A
 ~A  RA oiA ȗ woA C B KT }~\A WXA hM
.()SLA E
k CoA RBA |~ ~~\A A hA k\vA JAod L  ozTU
77) ܧ XY i Sz ]nBhA JAodA {Ae keA  MnA LA iAk
.(AowA nw  78) A oiA {BdA  ([dA nw 
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / 210 | /oo aA  / BA hnBU nBYC \
$   227 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / B k
.BA k   145  Ao   300 d kLU TA B k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
o B ɷ 350 w BA BkA k ȗ ȮM mA kA k]BvA  oLT
(A) k\vM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
nkE A  oLT mA k\vA oL ve kA B] o]BTA A ɷ 711 w
.ȯBoA xBA kd M B{ jd lBTwA    AoA k]Bv ȗ oMBA
$
*5
: BA
nBA  ȗ ț\vA pAoA oYA B o TA zk oX țozA BM BvM kU
LMk AE MoA M\A ozA LA]  U zA Mo k\vA d
AA  TU d~A cw  ^ UoU ȧBzA 馂A ȗ BLA BvA toA
M\A AqA ȗ k\vA nB U MAm] o]C xM ̽p ZnBhA  Bo o
 wA ~ k] d~A SdU o]BM SM 28 BBUnA L d~ ozA
馂A w ȗ k\vA JAod 隽 .\A BioA 酚M BB\U Sp RBAwA
E  oLA JAodA d kU u oL  oTv }~\ Uo  M\A
 ^Bi ~~\ ^B~ op nBip U TA k\vA ȗ oiqA BvA
oiE  i RBwA  KT MTA nw  18 A B Co |~
^BAn ^Bwk ^B]l k̽ oL MTA nw  C oiE dA nw  40 ܧ
A LTA  Sz lA Bi nBip  xM  ^Apo AA BM ^BL~
     B nA RAvA Ϧ a   CoA A JAm\A WXA hM
wA TB w A wA  KT 5 BUnA LT 17 oLA   ok {
.ɷ874 w gnBU B oe k\v LzhA JBLA Ao~ ȗ LT ϧB .B
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / 48 | /jo jo aA  / BA hnBU nBYC \
$   228 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / pAo{
kA pAo{ w B ȗ AA (()BA BA M kd o kw) ko o{ 隽
.Ao BA   895 d kLU TA pAo{ k ȗ (]Be nApBM) M oA
$
*3
: uwFTA
W M o L  894 / ɷ281 w ȮM pAo{ k ȗ RAnBA kE  oLT
.nB~A
$
*4
: nBA wTA
M oA d~A SM BLM (\G BdwG ME) BzA BvA oA ɷ752 w -
M nzA BioBM njB h  KT k d~A w ȗ (Bi Aki)
Am JohU k BdwG MA BvA Ki  RAnBL ȧB\A d oA BhA
.vM v A  L  oYA
BG) tnB ȧA k  k\vA nBA kk\TM oLA tBL BzA oA ɷ1031 w -
.k\v voA ikA B  U h ϧm ozU B (Bi Ȧ
kM  So]A mA k\v țozA AA oLA tBL BzA p ȗ ϧm ȮM -
.AkA oYA  RAoU k ϧl
S{ pAo{ ȧBA L  k\v kk\U oU BA k So]A ɷ 1354 w
.k\v hnBTA oYA A JBve   XkdA BLA KBwA 鼪]
BA nBLTA oM ^AmiC UnB kk\TM tnB nBYC un eoA B ɷ 1356 w -
. LT  cTTA k\v oYA
.nBG jBBM kBM BXA  nBYA ok SB oiA oTA ȗ -
$
*5
: BA
Aki) d~A SM   A oYA q\A kBz k\vA d A ikA k
RozTA mA ~A 隽 k\vA J] ȗ AoA B{BA ToiqM pBT mA (Bi
oXA RBhA oiA k\vA B]nA ȗ ozTU 幽o\dA RBwA RBLTA 
oiq An ZlB k]U k\v MoA țozA ikA k Ǳ~A k jU TA
k\vA nA\M .\A oA ȯB{BA  h ȷ (jqA LvBM) oA
nB q l (BBL k\v) M v k oiC k\v k] ȧBzA ik k
.] 
$
*7
: njB~A
65. | / Ǳ~ ȚU kd kw / tnBM A
$   229 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / oT{{
.Ao BA   780 ȧAe kLU TA oT{{ k ȗ (kw Ba) d ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
o] M kd oz WBXA wBLA hA k ȗ ȮM AoG k]Bv kE  oLT
.ɷ254 w TA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
 wA  oe mA uA LzhA oL (VnBdA MA n~) k{ ɷ445 w -
.kzU gnBU
.TA nB UA k\vA keE aBM njBA wBLA hA o ɷ683 -
wA oe mA k\vA nB ȯBM\A ve g{ M uE BvA M ɷ822 w -
.nBA e wA ȗ SLY o\e  BBM gnBU 
k\vA aBM nkTBM oA aA kL M wBA MA wBLA hA o ɷ933 w
BM qTA wBLA hA k ȗ  k\vA JBM ȮM aBM k{oTvA hA k ȗ
.M BM k\vA oTM oE
~A oU BLM BhA kA cT ZBdA wBoM vdA  B] B ɷ1084 w
.k\v AA
.o{ SM e ȗ SLY nBA  U mA q\A oTM Ao E ]AhA B -
 UnB Ank] SkU Bk k\vA oTM (JB~ Bn) ȯAoA ALA B -
.k\v țozA nAk\A  h  wA KT BhA T
$
*5
: BA
e odM F B e w ȗ wA d An ~  k\vA Tz
YX ~A vT nBdA ~A o{E ȗ B ~A BU We RB SM dA
SL~ kA  A K] mA ZBvA Kzi k\vA BM ȗ TwA k `~ C
dU ϧm o mA BdA BwA dU oX RBh k\vA B]nA ȗ
țozA nAk\A Ap ȗ U BBUnBM k\vA nB qTU BM KT    A
Lzi oL  mA k\vA An 隽 M\A \A ȗ 40 BBUnA L lA k\v
RBAwE 8 BzA ] ȗ RBAwA  ^B 12 ϧm k\vA  .u
k\v M\A nAk\A  5 B keA  BUnA J\A ] ȗ oiA
 SLT ϧm }~\A ȗA hBM (wB) nw B KT Ʉh
BhA BwA MBd~A nBL M BwA k{AoA BhA BwA Lzi RBh
k\vA L SM 幚 A   nBL KzhA  k\vA w .wBLA
.AmA 񦖧A BM oA M ϧl BT kM
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / oT{{ ȯBi A kL o RAoBi / dTA l BA dU - 1
118. | /AoA ȯBTwBM BA hnBU BBM - 2
$   230 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / jq k
.Ao BA   677 kLU TA jq k ȗ k d ȗ vA Jo 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.o\A BXA oA A vwFU j
$
*5
: BA
x voA MBM B  k]U We 幦\A A nBA nBYDM B\A Am qT
S zA vh RB텛  T ^Ak] oL Lzi k]U BA  幼]
B L  Mo k 酛 BY SijE nBvA ]  JBLA T  L~BM ^Aoiƫ
woA wA \A  ȗA hBM B oe k ǱA vA ȗ 酛 MnE o
幦] B{B nBip TL ȗ k] BToiq BT{n BUnB B\ (|) A
A A  nBYA  k\vA JAod oLT  ȯB{BBM ]nBi AA iAj p k
^Bo\e ^Be 13 k\vA ȗ k]U MAm\A RB~oA B{BA xBM p We
UnBBM k\vA pBT 幮 w A oz B keA   Th A ȗ ^BB{B
.AoG ȗ vA nBYA A  dM oLT MA }\BM Ank] Sv We k\A
$
*7
: njB~A
58. | / wnB / nBzE ZoA / jq BM nBjB
$   231 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / qoLU
k ȗ LBA wnk J\A ]  kdU  (B\C) wA \e k\v nA\M 隽
.Ao BA  597 kLU TA qoLU
$
*3
: uwFTA
 woM ȮM A  oB M aA kL BM k w A o~A A vwFU ]o
ϧl (Akj o M Ȧ M nB wBA MA kA KMn) M oA MpA MBUA op
.ɷ607 w
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.k\v ozA AA M t\ o BLM BC jA] ZBdA B -
k oU A kM k\vA nB kk\TM ȦLkA Bi Ȧ ve MA Bi keA B -
.ɷ1140 w Vke Aqp KLvM
$
*5
: BA
ik k\v }\A o]BM ȮL  AoA ȗ hnBTA oYA k]BvA  oLT
 cT M] oiA ~BM ~T qj wAM d~A  cT ȧB{ A
T BLA n MBL MA uBM  k\vA Ank] k\v nB\A BqA
Co RBC MAod k\vA Ank]  KT k BioA  酛 k  MAod
hM B KT BzA ] ȗ BAkeG BTo\e BT텛 k\vA ȗ 幖o{ WjBeA
k] oA keG ȗɷ1367w gnBU dU Ǳ~A ve BvA wo WXA
^Aow 12 ȗ \A WXA hM  KT w112    * 172tBM ȫBin b
ȗ ([) \dA BA En We .Ǳ~A A KwB BvA kB{ mA dA
oBM ɷ972 w A bA Am gnBU ]o tBA  KAoA hTM oE B
.^BXke ȮM F kL A A k\v MBTTA nBA oTA 
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / 261 | / 1 Z / ϯnB ȦA kL / B\MnlC ȯBTwBM nBYC
$   232 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BBL k
.Ao BA  (250) Bv kLU TA BBL k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
Tw M ɛ\vA kA A BBM ]o TA A hnBTA k]BvA  oLT
.AoMA M kd MA AoMA o~ MA L  (ɷ511 - ɷ498)
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.o]A k\vA L SM ț\vA B{ Ϧ M kd BvA p ȗ
VkdTwA B LA LB]  BAn k\v E nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT p ȗ -
.k\v MoA țozA BLA
$
*5
: BA
ǱTdU o]A TL wA ^BAn ^Bd   oXA nBA M k\vA qT
ik A wAkw kB  LA m K~TU jkT o]C  KBT 
p Uo ȧ B  mA k\v MoA țozA eB\A M 隽 ~A
oL k\vA JBM ȯB{BA  CoA RBBM h JBLA  幽o]C nBiqM
wA KT̟ LA SdU k\vA JAod AoE ȗ 幽kke nBiqM q Ao~ l
RAnBL kA B nBL BwA ~A Ank]  SLT ϧm 幄h  BM
o]A ȗA hBM j
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / 50 | / ȦB oLA / BBL gnBU pE C {U
$   233 
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
kM   oLA B\ BzA \A ȗ LA ik k BA JBM iAj 隽
.AkA   (100)
$
*3
: uwFTA
v B Ke k ȗ vA BM k\v E   k\vA Am ȮM ɷ 16 w
.oA k\vM BE o  oBA B\M ϧm o 幼LzA B\M
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.B\A Am o qA p ȗ  ɷ 545 w 
dA oU nBYC A ϧm o (ϼBA o~) ȗ  ɷ 972  ɷ 804 w 
.
$
*5
: BA
kA A\A  k A G BLTA SU  vM B eBvA o k\vA
.A
$
*7
: njB~A
94. | BAwE  Ke BeA  1
274 | / wnB / nw ȗ eBvA  nBqA BE gnBU  2
$   234 
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
zj k ȗ B~A w MB 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
q] kM Y MBMnA jBL ^d o~A BA mhUA nB ^AkL BM LA B
ȗ dvA nBzTA p ȗ (BU JBM) A (Be ukA) wBM Sw v A 
ȗ k\v A LA  q] dU ɷ17 w zj vA cT Bk BzA jM
k A kM k\vA Ao M ϦA kL M BzA  Bw MA M B  p
 BLA oTwA  Bj q] AA MB nB~ kBA LA  țozA ~A
.RAw 7 k ϦA kL M kA p ȗ kM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
SM) LM oA LA wBLA Ȧ M cB M A zj oA M ɷ 172 w
.\A BvvBM Sp k\vA d  MoA q\A ȗ (BA
.(BMoA oh) M oU TA d~A w ȗ nAA L SM ɷ369 w
.RBBvA JBM MB oA L SM ɷ 396 w
k\vA o JBL Ro wnE KA ț\vA nAoLA BA ȗ ɷ 475 w
.ț\vA B{ Ϧ op ϦA B k ȗ ovA L Rjk] B
.toA nB Rjk] ɷ 565  w
.(jBLA JBM) E wA JBM nB kk\TM MA kA b oE ɷ575 w
.(ȗBA) kzM A oA o kz jk] ɷ 596 w
.UnB SM B\A JAMA Ro ɷ607 w -
.A hA ij 鮪 k\vA JAMA BE ww SL~ ɷ610 w -
.(ovA) L Sn ɷ613 w -
tEn kzɫ () kMBA p BɫA kzɫ oɷBA ϦA jk] ɷ 668 w -
.k\vA JoM ()vdA
.ZoA JBM ȮM MBhA nAj Be jk] ɷ 736 w -
ȗ c~U BA k So]A ɷ1338 B Te  ɷ1311 M kTA oTA ȗ -
.k\vA
k\vA  kk RBeA Ro] 1940 B 1919 w M kTA oTA ȗ -
BioBM oA koLA MBM ik TeBw LU BA ϦU A BA oAj Ao{BM
SwA  odA cw ȗ BA nB\  MoA nBA bA ȯB{BA KoU
.oeE LM d~A nA  țozA vA LU |BoA nB\  ^kM cvA
ϗ BE k\v BE k SU 1948 B 1941 B M kTA oTA ȗ -
vA A tAA U Ank\A kU ozA nBA  k~TA ǱA vA
.oA JBM eBM SdU ooA  v z LzhA AoA z d~A eBM ȗ
țozA kzA nAk] k U 1959 B B A 1950 B M kTA oTA ȗ -
AoA ȗ BA YXA tAA ϗ odA Ao]  k~TA (ȯeovBM oA)
.BA  Bo kA (qA) kz JAod kA ȧBzA
$
*5
: BA
kA khTwA lG AoA ȮA BpAo BhTM qTU TA nBA nBYA keE B\A k
vA C A jU RBMBT B KT Bin 텛 E 12 BM ȗ ϦA kL M
ȗ k]U  (2 A 150) d LU A k\vA eBv SB RBA ThM
oLA oLTU TA .ovA L RBBvA L nAA L BA SM L ȷ JBL VY d
BBUnA L BioA  L ȷ ~A  U k\vA ȗ MA hA JBLA
~TU BXA  JAodBM ~TU BAkeG oiE JBL VY LA m SdU 30  oXA
LA  ov { ^B] JBLA m U  BioA LA SdU XBXA d~A \M
.wEn LzU oLA BioA
k\v SB Ao Be ȗ eTA eB] U A nBvA ]  BTLA 
(AA JBM) M So TA k\vA J] U (jBqA JBM) ȷ JAME MnE BM k
 cT A   JBLA Am KB\M U (AohA o~) M oA B nAj SB
(o] JBM) oiA JAMA  幓B~A w MB ~A iAj A LA ]
oL Bw  U JAMA oLA  k\vA o{ 隽 (RBBvA JBM) M o
RBBvA L vM SL nk TwM AwA 12 B BA wAM U SB
ȗ BvA m SL~ SA  keA Bw no A oz AwA  TA B
jBTv   BUq]A BM A j] ȷ p jd kA n ϦA p
\A ȗ (ujAoA JBM) 孽jBLA JBM w JBM oiA JAMA  B
RBwAnkA k 幼BvvA wnk MoM U (nBA JBM)  k\vA  BzA
h Bin lD VY k\v (qqA kL M o) ^AnAj ^BMBw SB mA ozA
 oh E o\e B (BLA nBA) M vU ozA nBA ȷ Mo ü 
MBT B nB] B  12 B Ro\T B~M () w LA BMo TA nh~A
(toA nB) M oU B{ nB ϧB jA L 224 w A BhnBU j
\A ȗ kvA dA oLA Kv A o{A jBBM qU ^Bk SB TA
ȗ unkT ȧAqA BA BTdU u\ B TA (AqA) E (BM E) më U MoA
A j]  AqA AoM o oL An k] MoA nBA KB\M d~A Ap
.kdA w BTA k MoA \A ȗ
\A ȗ oiC AwA oz ozA \A ȗ AwA oz k\vA ~ 
MnA  ovA L tBwA U We ~A w ȗ h RBAwA MnA MoA
{  SM RBAwA m oiE o AwA MnA U nmA AwA
LB BA k]Bv ȗ vA E  kU TA vA e jBwG ] ȧ
M yk B An nB pAo RAl M dA Aq]A d~A B\A ~
k\v voA JAMA  keA  cT B JAMA YY ~A Am  Toip
KAmA  keAM }Th JAod  KnBd MnA k\v SB  幓B~A w MB
 y ȮM ] oL k\v ȦA JAodA KB\M k] 幫BA BM MnA
.ȯBXA kA nBYA   ] o L  SL~ k uA BioA
M\A nAk\A ȗ 隽 vA  j LA B oiA k\vA B Ƀ 
ϧm j Bw MA M B A om () d LA tEn B nBv  k\v
\A ȗ ozA nBA  JoBM oL yL  ^Bi k\v M\A nAk\A ɗ
T A k]U ɗ  A  B ()ohA Bkv Kv k\vA  ozA
KB\M 隽 BA Am A ozU k\v voA JAodA  JoBM SL~ Aoi
dAn  (vA JBM) M ^Bk JBLA Ȫw () vdA BA tEn B jBLA JBM
BAp ȗ k] JBLA Am  ozA wEn n lA BA Am  bU SB vA
() Ȧ BA kz iAj ȗ k] 孽k{AoA Bh KvU kBz MnE k\vA
B M kq BE  TLi A () kMBA p BA A  (\vA) v B
JBM   BX A Kv ^Bd~ B A B n~ ϧB 峼 vLe Bk
ovA L SdU kA M kBi cn  BA q cn 텛 S k\v jBqA
o B k] țozA ȧBzA AoA Ap ȗ uM xo  BA q Aj
.AoA  jk jBUo B LdBM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
MnE  SB ϦA kL M kA k ȗ { k\vA mhT A L B k ȗ -
JBM  A  BhA JBM oA JBM nBA JBM 幼vA JBM ȷ JAMA
Mo Ak{ tn A ϧm  Mo owE țBM ()Kp kvA Sij nBA
A jƽ mA JBLA Am   Sj oA JBM i  k\vA A SijA k
.k\vA A ik E ȮM AoA B BhA JBM  BzA ȗ d kE
JAoi A jA mA (ȧB\A nkM) o~ oA j] KLvM k\vA oTeA ɷ461 w -
.oLA LA JAodA d~A
 ^Bv SoeF k\vA A nBA Rov oA e ȗ oe Vke ɷ 562 w -
.o] JBM
oM MA kz A nBA Rov k\v nB\A vA ȗ oe Vke ɷ740 w -
.ozA nBA A 
.k\vA ȗ oL oBvi VkeA B oe K{ ɷ803 w -
oL MAod oTeA k\vA  țozA q\A oTeA ɷ1320  ɷ1317 w -
.oTM ȯBXA k\A kL BvA B
zj ȗ pp k SYke ɷ1173 w A ɷ131 w  kTA oTA i -
.k\v nAoA SLLw
B\ M BA SM  So oX ^AA E ϦA kL M kA A o -
.k\vA Am BM ]A  nBj 0022.800.0
B oM AwA BBM țozA ikA JBM JoM k\v țozA ~A ȗ k]U -
AqU  ȷ k Bi wk B B A  jA v B nB~A A
.oYE B L  Sjn oLA   A BB ȗ j]
$
*7
: njB~A
.ǰBA Ȧ / zj ȗ ǱA B\A - 1
470. | / ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA - 2
.wnB / 79 | / AkB oE / Bnw UnBp TeBw BA gnBU - 3
$   235 
*1
: oTA
A odA keTA qn 孼vA L A  Bo{A k]BvA poME  
BwnG  kA BwnG RA~A oBzA AjA oA qn k×A G U mA
.dA kA kA
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
odLA cw  ( 277) d Uo () AoMA jA M ȗ  k w ȗ 隽
JBM JoA   vA nB{ ozA   oA vA nB{ BzA ɫ kd
.oA
$
*3
: uwFTA
G v  Beq kM ozA LA BLM () BwG MA  () AoMG LA B
kM odA jke 郰  E () AoMG B BU  BdLw A oFM pB\dA jM
M ~) Bp k  yo SU Bk   BwA MA kM   () AoL]
 Bwk BAoTeA E Boe L nB\A nA  AmhUA LA { (J
j] M |Bi qo  cLE  TBe UB  AmiE  BTA  Aoe
A JBM  oLTA  RB] lA B]  AodA k\vBM j~A  LA
SLA : ȷ BwE kM Am wA KB] G AodA k\vA oT{A A jAnG  q\A
.Bo ...LA A odA odA nA SLA AodA SLA 噼TA SLA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
oT 2000   ^BMo ^AoT 1490 AodA k\vA eBv SB  629 / ɷ 8 w 
nkA SB A hA (|) woA o~ ȗ k\v jBp E U   Mo
.BA jke jke SB nAk]  u  KB]   M dU
 BUnA  nAk\M k\vA BeA ȯBXA hA p ȗ  638 / ɷ 17 w 
w YjBe kM B G  () AoMG B 郰 jBA  cMB~A  郰 BMAME  ]
.^BMo ^AoT 860 wTA m ȗ jBqA nkU  z E
ijA k\vBM dU TA nkA k WBXA hA p ȗ   646 / ɷ 26 w 
ȗ jBqA nAk  (^BMo ^AoT 3490) k\vA eBv SB nE  ]  BnA
.^BMo ^AoT 2040 wTA m
 {  ozA eBA  k\vA ȗ oMqA M A kL jAp  684 / ɷ 65 w 
^AoT 4050) jBqA nkU  \A YjBe kM LA jk] 幼BzA  M\A \A
.(^BMo
 Ank] n    jq   k\vA Ao M ϦA kL o ɷ 75 w 
.KmA  (BX 50) AwA  tAn ȗ ]  ZBvBM w
蚯 ozA \A  k\vA ȗ ϦA kL M kA jAp  709 / ɷ 91 w 
o~  BioA kFM UE  E  d T nB k\vA o  kAnB
 KmA cB kA tn  ] oiqA ZBvA  KzhBM w BzA
UjBp nAk M  R RBo{  ] BioBM k\vA iAj Ank\A ~ uLE
(Mo oT2300)
 BzA \A ȗ wBLA n~A o] ME hA  jAp  754 / ɷ 137 w 
d  AoAj ] BAn M  MoA oA ȗ nB    k\vA  MoA
(Mo oT 7400) d k ȗ jBqA nkU xA AE  KmBM p k\vA
/ ɷ 160 w A Teo  k\vA ȗ wBLA kA kd hA jAp 
^AoT 2360 dM nkU ɷ 164 w BXA  ^BMo ^AoT 7950 dM nkU   776
23 MAME  ^Aj 484 UkE Mo nBTE 28003 k\vA eBv SM ^BMo
.^BMBM
nAj  țBLA vA Ti lA k\vA ȗ wBLA kTA  jAp  894 / ɷ 284 w 
nkU (jBqA JBM) M o Akk] BMBM BA  k\vA  BzA \A ȗ kA
.(^BMo ^AoT 1250) BM B TA jBqA
JBM) M oU TA jBqA wBLA BM nkTA hA jAp  918 / ɷ 306 w 
nkU M] B{ o{ nE YY  ] k\vA  MoA KB\A ȗ (AoMA
.^BMo ^AoT 850 BM B TA jBqA
.vA JBM iAj nB (o M Ȧ) A KeB o]A ɷ 641 w 
.k\vA oU  bBM Bi w BvA oE ɷ 979 w 
kM RB] jBqA m  qqA kL M jw ϦA  jAp  1956 / ɷ 1375 w 
RLA B~TA G jA Te eBvA ȗ jBp E kM w 1069 k\vA  A
MBA ȗ ] MB  ^B v M vA KB\M TA RLA k k\vBM
wTA SU  M\A eBA ȗ ȯBLA k 帰oA B~A M ~ ^Aq]Be A
SM ȦvA nkA ȗ L BM ȯBXA A MBM kk\A AoA vU BLM
.(2 153000) jBqA eBv
k\vA  MoA eBA ȗ  qqA kL M k ϦA jAp 1988 / ɷ 1409 w
^ik   odTA BMoA vA BE  oiC MB ȃnA MB BBM
BTmë SA  ȦvA nk ik^Bo ^ik 14  (k ϦA JBM )  ^Bvn
256850) AodA k\vA eBv ȧB]A M  (2 76000) jBqA eBv SM 
keA j ~   oXE KTv kA wTA  RAo 9 nAkM ϧl  (2
$
*5
: BA
 A odA oAj BU  ozA LBM dU TA A oAkA AodA k\vA oLT
馂A   ^AoT 164 d MBA ȧBzA   BLoU zA Mo k\vA
ȗ  nBTE 109 MoA 馂A  nBTE 108 țozA   ^AoT 166 M\A
M ~ nE MnA UB]  k\vBM d LA J] G  ̫ k\vA w
 Fz BLA d L kE MnE   E  kA   oiC An 
jA B BA kA ] LU  nA ϦU w T nB\T JBL ϧl
wTU wA d k\v  .B jB j  M  Aj 545 d
qp oM  SE L M] ȗ  oLA nA\M 隽 mA BA BM d TA LA
ȗ oiA  BzA ȗ BTYA  nB  Ap  ȗ RAnB Lw BMBM 25 k\v 
L{ ȮM JBLM o   vA JBM  ozA ]  k\vA JAME E  ozA
MBA KA kL M tBLA JBMqB\A JBM AA Aj ZB\dA  ik
ApBM JBM 隽 M\A \A ȗ  {B ȮM JBLM o  () Ȧ JBM v
JBM \ ozA wnk JBM 幽kB\A JBM jB]A JBM B~A JBM  LA JBM
BzA ]   jAkA JBM oA JBM nqdA JBM JoA ]   B A
.oiE JAME k k]U
: ozA LA
: 雱A
oAj BXA k\vA oAj A oAj VY BM d AodA k\vA w ȗ U
.SAA oAj XBXA odA
: uwFTA
() AoMG oz BTM  ȮL A BU A oE BwA MA   () AoMG k B
B  (A 鼪vA SA ϯA B LU BMn) :  nB\dA B BwA  ȮL
Am  j mA  [dBM tBA ȗ lƽ E A oE SLA BM  () AoMG o
幪kA oA njB 幼LA 噼TA SLA B oX BwE L  () AoL] BA
.(A SM) oA AoA BBw  nAkA tjB
: nBA wTA
AoMG UE A kM B B k B () hA AoMG BM kM kk RAo LA SM
B ~A  ^BAnl 22 Bo  (nlE 7 ) o\dA  (^BAnl 30) B BBM ()
 BA k B B 郱  Aqi T AoM SLA iAj AoMG oe  SLBM AoMG
.U  cTU BMAME BMBM  邽   ^Bw SL \ 
Ao{BM (SMB)   jE oLE B (w 137) o  () BwA R kM 
jE  KTA kM B Ao{BM o] Bp joA kM BM BTA  LA 
Bp k  yo SU 婷kM   (w 300) B oz A  BwA
kA nAj   440 w L Be BLA w mA LA { (J M ~)
LA  Bv  E (LU) A MBLU B Boe L nB\A nA  mhUA
nl   LA SM 孪A ȗ ~ JBY ȷ  (B汧A  BM) B v
.KA kL Bp p ȦB\A o~A ȗ Bk\
oe LA JBA (w 35 o B We) XL L  (|) A wn Be ȗ 
oA M kA kU BoE ȗ yo RnBe RjjoU B  BUnB\e E  BBM k
BUnA  BBM T {B ȮM   BBM ȗ (|) LA nB{ B o\e E TB
 o\dA wU U () AoMG BM ȗ  SB B nlE 9 jBqM ( 7) ^BAnl 18
A] Bw  AB{  A AB{  Aik keA Ao~ ȗ LA JBM An
.oA B o~T ^BMAq B
k ȗ \BM Bn kM LA BM oMqA M A kL jBE  684 / ɷ 65 w 
   () AoMG kA  BBM U We B oX Aq]A kU  B M kq
B  e A Te B\U ȗ  ^Aj] oMqA MA mM  B o\dA ijE  BMBM B
.B BmhUA TA Tv ȗ zLdA oME BBM B TA BvvA
UoBd BYE Bk A kM LA BM ȖXA w M ZB\dA jBA / ɷ 73 w 
JBLA kw Ao M ϦA kL  oFM AkeA BMBM B ] B (oMqA M A kL)
Am  nlE Lw j SLA  o\dA ȗ ] 孼oA jBE  oMqA MA dT mA
.A j]A uBhA  BLA
A kL M kBi   A  A WM ϦA kL M kA p ȗ ɷ 91 w 
  KmA cB LA JBM  B Jo Kl nBj A (26) M ovA
Kl  E kA oLT  BBnE   LA ] ȗ ɄBwA   JAqA
AqM LA e k ȦB\A o~A ɗ KA kL L B wA ɗ SLA
.LA JAME ȗ BMo Boe jBBM B k qp oM ȗ B oX k B ɼLl
BBv LA  SB TA vA Sq wBLA kA k ȗ  ɷ 160 w 
.kk] v
.qp KLvM U oYA L ȧBzA oA wBLA o~TvA o ɷ 629 w 
.LA w ȯBA Bw BvA kM ɷ 960 w -
vA KLvM LA Ank] S ȯBXA jAo BvA k ȗ  ɷ 1039 w 
B AkLTwA  B ^BBY BM  ABF AkA  BAnk] S{A   BUk{ TA
nvM TTM jwA o\dA A\B B oMqA MA BM M TA nB\eA   
.k~U A kM A 
  LA G KmA  BMAq k\A kL ȯBXA BvA wnE ɷ 1273 w 
.A B j]

: BA
^AoT15 BBUnA L BLoU zA Mo BLA Uo oL o\e X h BM LA
 mA țozA BɃ  oT 10.10 TBL mA  JAqA  mA BɃ 
B BUoBA BT]AA nA  oT 2 BUnA  BMBM ^AoT 12 TBL mA  JBLA
 MA BnApG K~A BAqe  vA B oU M\A ozA ]AA :
 ϧm  ]nj 20 dM BzA G  țozA BnAk] ȗ A JBLA nBTw
Ao~ Ȧ  A cB~M d~ BMBM LT ]nj 20 ozA G ȧBzA BAnk]
.KmBM JBLA
 (jBoA) npA A   oLA \dA RAl nB\dA  BTT RBLM LA SM
keAA o k\A KzhA  kE YY LA iAkM  ooA  kB  U ȷ
  k~ JBM țozA ȧBzA oA Ap ȗ L iAkA  ȗ  oT Mn B
BnE ynqA oodA  nBTw  kv MTA JBM  B LA E G Znk
ϧm kM xM x  BioM iAkA  npƫ BAnk]  BioBM {o
MnA RB\A  oAkM  ooA bABM Bdw xo BAkA  S mA Bw
XY BUnA  nk\A  kv U Te ]nBhA vA BM MoU RBe
jwA oodA  LA v Co RBDM  KmA qoTA  Aqe nk vA
 (A wn kd A G G  ] ] A) B JT o~ ȗ ~ [v 
.BM TA  fnU LA Ank\M ~TU Bin bAA ϧB

: LA B
.jwA o\dA  1
 (jwA oA) M oA ZnBhA  L țozA M\A oA ȗ 隽 : 雱A
.AA EkL  LA JBM  kM o Bv  1.50 nA  Uo
: uwFTA
 B Bü{ ȮL () BwG Km keA o\e ȚM ȴT A LA BM {E B
o ȮMA : B o  o\dM B\ tB B ]A Ao\e ȧ MA ... () AoMG
B BM jwA o\dA Kn k BME k] M BUF Ao\e  uT A B ...Am
탰 k (ȮM B ϼA Ȯ  ) M ȯBUC : B ? o\dA AmM BUE  SME B 
 kTL mA A SM jke E  JBLA  KoA țozA oA ȗ () AoMG
AoMG  BoTd B B kkdU U v jwA A  A nBTiA  BA
.Am B G vA k Bwk k  ()
: jwA o\dA 
 Aoe    nAoeA G  jwE  T o zA ȂM  o\e 
d~M jkz LA] B~ U TA   ovTA 酚A Bd oYE ȷ Ao [nBU
o BM   dd~A 텚A ȗ  o\dA jAw  BBM b  
lG 峦LU  BBejpA M  M BvT BM tBA B AlG w 27 Bo oz
峦L (|) A wn B We X nB  A Y j A BM  m LT
.pB\dA jM  M\A q\A o\dA n ]A
: () AoMG B - 2
.BLoU BMBM MB ozA LA țo{ 隽 : 雱A
() AoMG B We BLA UnA BLA ȗ k () AoMG o{ Bk : uwFTA
kM  o\dA Am mhUB   o\e  B nB\dA n   AoL Bh{
.BB
: BA  
BM Ud nB\e  j kE MnE  B KzhA  B L SdU BA 隽
BBM  oiq LA  幼ozA T]  BA G ik  kke  ϼMBL{ MnE
BA iAj ȗ B   WdM JL~ |BoM nA ȗ TLX ȷ KmBM
.() AoMG   mA o\dA A B o\dM Td
: BwA o\e - 3
.LA dA MB n~d oAj ~ B 
.ȫBzA țAoA o BlBd o\dA Bo LA Mo B{ 隽 : 雱A
o\dA Bo BioBM    1.50 w  1.30 o\dA BUnA L : 汧A
o]B E BwA mhUA ^q A ^Bzo o\dA Am B  8 BM BvA BeT
.雱A Am ȗ Bj A BwA A o jAA ȗ () AoMA BM q Bk
: qp oM - 4
MoA BzA AqA A WdM jwA oA MB  () AoMA B J] U : 雱A
.  12 kM  jwA o\d lBd oLA  BA BLA 
: uwFTA
M oU RmiA BA B텧A o A kM B  WdLT Bq 郱 o]B RnjB B
nA }d M AlB BwA A RjB RAo Lw vA SUE AlA Te oA B~A
A i ^Be B o]B RnAjA qp oM Ro  nA  BA L We kM
.BBM A SL A kM oLA oe () AoMA A  BTMo ݪU A L BA BU
: 汧A
BioBM {o ȷ  5.25   iAkA  ^BMo oLA  BA BLA B
BioBM LA cvBM Sw  ȧBdA SA ȗ SA k ^Bk 140 M B nk
.ȦA 雱A  k qp  BioA  KT
: ȯBA oA - 5
B M M A ] ]A  ϧmM Ȫw L MoA M\A oA 
.BLA  jk nL AoMA
: țAoA ȫBzA BoA - 6
ȫBzA oA AoA ] MB  ϧmM Ȫw L țozA ȧBzA oA ȗ 隽
.BzA ] MB  L MoA ȧBzA oA ȗ 隽
: LA JBM - 7
keA JBM A A L  Zoh oiA ik JBM BMBM B\A ȗ L B
KmA cB~M  uA KzhA  JBLA jwA o\dA  ^BLo ozA \A ȗ
  2 BUnA   3.10 BUnA L MoA A AkLM oiq }BhA
.nBTw  kvU odT w wAM A k~ nA
: JAqA - 8
LA cw  q mA oA B o~T 郰 L ȧBzA nAk\A A ȗ 隽
KmA  ^BMAq k\A kL BvA wnA ɷ 1273 w ȗ KzhA  ~ 
.(eoA JAq) v 娱A BB Aq
: nB\TvA - 9
M ^BA o ȯBA oA Jo L MoA 馂A ɗ JBL MBA nAk\A 
.(lTA)
: qTA - 10
BA Am qT ZBdA  ϧmM Ȫw jwA o\dA LA JBM M 郱A 
. k (|)  LA B Bk
: AnlBzA - 11
]  BUnA BioA nB\eBM v  BwA  LA Ank\ A BLA 
AnlBzA A RB] MnA  LBM d w 39 o wT w 50 BzA
.LA tBwA nAk] o  yo T~B
 1.31 BUnA okTv oAj ~ {  MA oo nAk]  : dA - 12
ȧBzA nAk\A MB LA B{ 隽  1.44 wA   1.52 A  o
.ȧBzA o `lBd o keA BioBM  BM  M B~UA j  MoA
: oA B~A - 13
odA iAj  ȗ MBT 훱  Aj] nA  BUo o Aqz B
 k\vA țo{ 隽 vA BB{ oA U 帰oA J] B~A U 啽ozA
 帰oA  BBUnA oXA B~A ^BMBM 18 MAMA jk  20 o  400  Jo
B (L]AA oBzA keB) A{A Lw oA B~A M vA i ZB\dA v
.BA  yTU SXdM Bk o]B S

: \A - 14
BLA jA B \ B () AoMA A B oe ȷ AnlBzA  JoBM U
RA~A (|) LBM  () AoL] A B  1.50 BɃo w 30 B
.BA Am ȗ uhA
: tBLA Bw - 15
BLB] ȗ L BA ȗ mA RAl qp J] LA țo{ oL o\e ȷ
kL M tBLA B k ....qp  BBM ݪU oL oM Bw ȗ Be ȧBzA
.B [\dA Țv KA

: gnBTA oAl  6*
k  ȗ BYA jBL ijA  A Aqi L p (AqhA d M o) B
 L  K] A kM BYA jBL  JoA oL]A keTA j o B T
vi d LA { SU YA tnBU TL S LA M ȗ L~ BzA
.o
LA jBw e yo p (J M ~) BMA B kL nAkA kL BMA pBU
(B텧A oU) jBoA (BA oU) BvA B kL ȮL  A  yo SvB
B kL M {B B nAkA kL ȮL (dA nAj) kA nAj AA  ZB\d
A BM k Y {B iA kM BvA KA U 啼~A BTzA Ten w  A
k  qp oM  WdLBM B keA yo p cLA mA KA kL iA
BA Ȧd LBM dA BdA A B BA  miE Boe Bk] VnBdA
.KMqA oTBM
A odA ȮA MoA ϦA (kwA Jo MA LU) Bv o\A L 220 w
.L v
dA  () AoMA j A jA A kU eA oe Ro wA n L
odA mM ƽ eA q L (|) kd woA B BYA  LA }hU
.BdA  B
e BAq kM yo SBdU A LA XLA L LA BM ȗ (|) woA nB{
A  (w C   A  ) B LA k kM B A jwA o\dA k 
.BM Kz jB ^BT yo SL\U M nA SLA A iAj
^ TA k  ^AkB oL y] tEn  zLdA oMA Zoi KA kL k ȗ
hnBTA VkdA Am oA CoA ki Am k ȗ iA k LA k ko  ^AoL
A B ȗ 幷oMA qA AodA TM  BU BdLw A Aj A nw Sq
A ȗ Uj SB KB MA M   M nAj ȗ (|) woA k ( 570)
LA ȗ A BA A VAkeA   o{A oMA q kM vhA uBhA
.() KB MA M Ȧ ƪA oA keA BA k  ozA
A AodA k\vA  woM A owA vM LA o\A L A Mn 17 ȗ
A kM LA B\UBM TL (|) woA e ɷ 2 w BL{ ȗ ~A k\vA
.tkA SM B\UA U A 
.BA YBTA e BYA  LA (|)  A wn o  SdT ɷ 8 w
B  o] BwBM Ȫv vA Bo] EoA ȷ z A w 雰 ɷ 17 w
.() AoMA
k  B AoA BT{A ϧl  [T \A nB\eBM LA Sn ɷ 64 w
.LA ȗ oMqA M A kL oBe Bk (o M ~dA) jBM B M kq y]
 oMqA M A kL B TeA Bk LA  ȖXA w M ZB\dA oBe ɷ 73 w
.BBM ZB\dA jBA ^Bo oMqA MA w B ZB\dA k kM
ȗ tBA T AodA k\vA ȅoA oBɄ MA K AoA p ȗ ɷ 319 w
ȪBA kA  KM B A kA 孽odLA A jwA o\dA  AodA ozA
.ɷ 339 w
.TM xBe oB oA B tMkM jwA o\dA ov }h{ Be ɷ 990 w
.kk{ o  \T AodA k\vA o ɷ 1039 w
RAA Ȧ M vdA  o{ M JodA oYA  LA SoTeA ɷ 1334 w
.BXA
kL M k ϦA k ȗ jvA wTA oz mTM o{M  1984 / 1405 w
LBM ~T ȃnA MBA  oiC ^BMB nA SdU ^Bh BM zU TA qqA
.ȃnA MBA cw  JBL BAn  B BMB
 (Mo oT 100.000) M TeBv nkU TA k\v nB\A RAnBA TwA U lG
4 w Uo mA ȃnA MBA BLM ozA U B BA ȯBLA  RDzA k
L{  ǱTd MBA Am  k SwA  ^Aj 2554  kTv  nBTE
JBLA ȗ dTA q]A  BBM dTA BMoA i L{ k\v RBkhA
L dv  ȅU dv 27  ozTU We ȯBXA MBA ȗ SzE TA (odTA
.((TA  nBA oT uA Be Kve BA  BdT  odT
 vA BM U k ~ wTA Aq]A  SdT ( 1991 / ɷ 1412) w
Bjk L BLoU  BLA odTA JBLA pB\BM EkM  A odTA LA SLn
ȅT  18   *   18 Bd Mo eBv  B keA  KoU h L 27
L  nA   16.65 Bv LA UoU  ɃnA MBA ȗ zA  BA
 B ^B 40 q h l   TU   4 BBUnA   14.70 Bo
]nBhA A  oA KmA nBM A  oiqA KzhA  L iAkA
 A BT ƽ tAn LA  SAnB\A  kA  TA ϼAovA  L
}BhA lA  R\ MnE  LA odTU  KmBM A qoLA  
鮪 夰 YB kM B l w  odTU  Ek~A k kM v
 L  cT  We oULA wAM ϽodTA T  LA odU BYA [\A
LA oe oTvU  keA S ȗ ^B] BA  BdT  B ke  BA
We kBM LA ϽodU BA ~TBM n k   keA j RBodBM BA
BUnA RAnB Sw BM BA kk\A wTA S{  j 30 BA  BdT oTv
B\U BvA  A ooBM UkA  k\vA Ank] U ϧm  104 B 
 k\v MoA \A   7 kLU  ȗ A B oiqA tBdBM kA
joLA AA ~ We k\vA A koLT d țozA (oB B]) L] cw 
SdU  ϧB  k\vA A h 143 wAM o KMBA L{ i 
SwBM ȮM  4 BUnA   6.2o   7  RBkhA  v nA
B{A  BioBM B k\vBM dU RBeBw BM wTA m ȗ n B cvA
 A iAk B  (2 235.000) BTeBv LU Th ABM  wA wk
BƼU  RBMAM  nAwE RBeBvA m  nAqA nBL eAoTwA  RAnBv A
.nBA kk{ cMB~
 ]A Bik A A B~d  FM |B odA cT BMBM A LA KB\ 
 Aw UoX   Be A ^AnB ^ ^AkMA B  hU  ȷ 婴M U
AlB  odA A A o BdA k\U AoA ȗ B  B q  oA
.B  RB\A keG A B Zo LA 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k  ȗ BYA jBL ijA  A Aqi L p (AqhA d M o) B
 L  K] A kM BYA jBL  JoA oL]A keTA j o B T
vi d LA { SU YA tnBU TL S LA M ȗ L~ BzA
.o
LA jBw e yo p (J M ~) BMA B kL nAkA kL BMA pBU
(B텧A oU) jBoA (BA oU) BvA B kL ȮL  A  yo SvB
B kL M {B B nAkA kL ȮL (dA nAj) kA nAj AA  ZB\d
A BM k Y {B iA kM BvA KA U 啼~A BTzA Ten w  A
k  qp oM  WdLBM B keA yo p cLA mA KA kL iA
BA Ȧd LBM dA BdA A B BA  miE Boe Bk] VnBdA
.KMqA oTBM
A odA ȮA MoA ϦA (kwA Jo MA LU) Bv o\A L 220 w
.L v
dA  () AoMA j A jA A kU eA oe Ro wA n L
odA mM ƽ eA q L (|) kd woA B BYA  LA }hU
.BdA  B
e BAq kM yo SBdU A LA XLA L LA BM ȗ (|) woA nB{
A  (w C   A  ) B LA k kM B A jwA o\dA k 
.BM Kz jB ^BT yo SL\U M nA SLA A iAj
^ TA k  ^AkB oL y] tEn  zLdA oMA Zoi KA kL k ȗ
hnBTA VkdA Am oA CoA ki Am k ȗ iA k LA k ko  ^AoL
A B ȗ 幷oMA qA AodA TM  BU BdLw A Aj A nw Sq
A ȗ Uj SB KB MA M   M nAj ȗ (|) woA k ( 570)
LA ȗ A BA A VAkeA   o{A oMA q kM vhA uBhA
.() KB MA M Ȧ ƪA oA keA BA k  ozA
A AodA k\vA  woM A owA vM LA o\A L A Mn 17 ȗ
A kM LA B\UBM TL (|) woA e ɷ 2 w BL{ ȗ ~A k\vA
.tkA SM B\UA U A 
.BA YBTA e BYA  LA (|)  A wn o  SdT ɷ 8 w
B  o] BwBM Ȫv vA Bo] EoA ȷ z A w 雰 ɷ 17 w
.() AoMA
k  B AoA BT{A ϧl  [T \A nB\eBM LA Sn ɷ 64 w
.LA ȗ oMqA M A kL oBe Bk (o M ~dA) jBM B M kq y]
 oMqA M A kL B TeA Bk LA  ȖXA w M ZB\dA oBe ɷ 73 w
.BBM ZB\dA jBA ^Bo oMqA MA w B ZB\dA k kM
ȗ tBA T AodA k\vA ȅoA oBɄ MA K AoA p ȗ ɷ 319 w
ȪBA kA  KM B A kA 孽odLA A jwA o\dA  AodA ozA
.ɷ 339 w
.TM xBe oB oA B tMkM jwA o\dA ov }h{ Be ɷ 990 w
.kk{ o  \T AodA k\vA o ɷ 1039 w
RAA Ȧ M vdA  o{ M JodA oYA  LA SoTeA ɷ 1334 w
.BXA
kL M k ϦA k ȗ jvA wTA oz mTM o{M  1984 / 1405 w
LBM ~T ȃnA MBA  oiC ^BMB nA SdU ^Bh BM zU TA qqA
.ȃnA MBA cw  JBL BAn  B BMB
 (Mo oT 100.000) M TeBv nkU TA k\v nB\A RAnBA TwA U lG
4 w Uo mA ȃnA MBA BLM ozA U B BA ȯBLA  RDzA k
L{  ǱTd MBA Am  k SwA  ^Aj 2554  kTv  nBTE
JBLA ȗ dTA q]A  BBM dTA BMoA i L{ k\v RBkhA
L dv  ȅU dv 27  ozTU We ȯBXA MBA ȗ SzE TA (odTA
.((TA  nBA oT uA Be Kve BA  BdT  odT
 vA BM U k ~ wTA Aq]A  SdT ( 1991 / ɷ 1412) w
Bjk L BLoU  BLA odTA JBLA pB\BM EkM  A odTA LA SLn
ȅT  18   *   18 Bd Mo eBv  B keA  KoU h L 27
L  nA   16.65 Bv LA UoU  ɃnA MBA ȗ zA  BA
 B ^B 40 q h l   TU   4 BBUnA   14.70 Bo
]nBhA A  oA KmA nBM A  oiqA KzhA  L iAkA
 A BT ƽ tAn LA  SAnB\A  kA  TA ϼAovA  L
}BhA lA  R\ MnE  LA odTU  KmBM A qoLA  
鮪 夰 YB kM B l w  odTU  Ek~A k kM v
 L  cT  We oULA wAM ϽodTA T  LA odU BYA [\A
LA oe oTvU  keA S ȗ ^B] BA  BdT  B ke  BA
We kBM LA ϽodU BA ~TBM n k   keA j RBodBM BA
BUnA RAnB Sw BM BA kk\A wTA S{  j 30 BA  BdT oTv
B\U BvA  A ooBM UkA  k\vA Ank] U ϧm  104 B 
 k\v MoA \A   7 kLU  ȗ A B oiqA tBdBM kA
joLA AA ~ We k\vA A koLT d țozA (oB B]) L] cw 
SdU  ϧB  k\vA A h 143 wAM o KMBA L{ i 
SwBM ȮM  4 BUnA   6.2o   7  RBkhA  v nA
B{A  BioBM B k\vBM dU RBeBw BM wTA m ȗ n B cvA
 A iAk B  (2 235.000) BTeBv LU Th ABM  wA wk
BƼU  RBMAM  nAwE RBeBvA m  nAqA nBL eAoTwA  RAnBv A
.nBA kk{ cMB~
 ]A Bik A A B~d  FM |B odA cT BMBM A LA KB\ 
 Aw UoX   Be A ^AnB ^ ^AkMA B  hU  ȷ 婴M U
AlB  odA A A o BdA k\U AoA ȗ B  B q  oA
.B  RB\A keG A B Zo LA 
$
*7
: njB~A
.ȦMohA Ȯve Ȧ nTkA / LA gnBU - 1
1. Z odA Co - 2
.[dA k odA nBA TA - 3
.q] wAnj BozA BodA - 4
391. | ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA - 5
nkM wBLA kL .j / 3 Z / nA k BzA gnBTA - 6
$   236 
*1
: oTA
 RBo G en L uhA RA~A BM (|) LA  mA k\vA 
.(AjA \e) ȗ nzA Li keA (|) A wn A  幼wkA  k\v
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
 JoBM   LA  RBo  jBA nBv  M\A \A ȗ M 隽
. L] cw 郱 ȗ o~A o\A
$
*3
: uwFTA
 Zoi B vhA RA~A (|) LA   lG wA nk A BM gnBU ]o
RBM oA   Ti JAod ȗ AjA \e ȗ \dA l  BXA ȗ 
UnA  L\A   nkdA B   啼hBM Ȫw \dA l  wBTA  M
A Lv (zA k\v)  ( k\v) M ϧm o ^Bi v BA v 
.B TMB SB o\{
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.k\vA Am  wBLA TA M keA kTA o ɷ256 w -
A ϧm ȯBA jA\BM oA Ȧ M kd opA jk] ɷ 559 w -
.aA k oBA wBLA hA
kɼzTM B k\vA (A KeB) wn M Ȧ M o ϦA jk] ɷ 674 w -
.Tmë
MBM oA o M keA ȚzkA o]BTA   k\vA oa ɷ 720 w
.ȯB]oA
.k\vA jAkLA Ȧ gzA o ɷ 820 w
LA SA d zM ȮL k\vA BLM BLTB o{A ϦA oA ɷ874 w
_nAj k\v ȧBzA JBLA KB\M ] më BLB] A ȮM (|)LA ~ 
.ozA \A ȗ oiE _JBM [dA AoE Bv
odA g{ k] ȧA nBBM BA B nq kd BvA o ɷ1072 w
.M Bw
.Bi kd BvA  oFM BC Bw o ɷ1092 w
.RB{oBM xo kBM ȮM B\A wU U jvA kA ȗ
$
*5
: BA
MBM  BLA d 21300 TeBv LU lA eBvA wA zA Tv k\vA
SA JBL BU oMB A iAkA nBv  14 BBUnA ~ më SM oLA
^Ak 21 An  ȗ 37 Bo L nE MnA k]U MoA T] ȗ j 
w ȗ  ǱTv k\vA cw BA  iAkA  oB JBLM v nA 
d ȗ 幪hɃ L B oLA JAodA kBz MoA nAk\ A AoA
(|)LA i 郱 ȷ ^BMAod U j BY  kTvU oL L SA k\vA
k\vA nBA B d SA oL [nB MnA k\vBM .AjA \e ȗ
~ ZnBhA iAkA  RBBj B Ank] MoA BzA T] Ak B z
.Mo țo{ ȧB{ JAMA YY  RBo{ k\vA Ank]  5 A BBUnA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
~ ȗ BE hA k\v ȗ B Bo B U jƽ E M  vd
hA k\v A ]T LA ] ɫ RAo\A ZBdA 酚 A kM (|) woA
.dA k   Ȧ~
.n B   o B kdTA TA cLvTA KdTv
$
*7
: njB~A
1925. w / 1  / 322 | / 1 Z / odA Co - 1
.k] / 1993 w / 4 / 271 | / oYA hnBTA  B - 2
.q] wnAj / BozA BodA - 3
232. | / ȦA jBA kL .j / wBA Ak - 4
$   237 
*1
: oTA
kL M tBLA  odM nB~A  Lw (|) LA  BM mA k\vA 
.ɷ 8 w cTA  M KA

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
. A KAmA nBv  B  300 kM  LA o]  JoBM 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
ndM nB~A L  M A  齱M Bk (|) woA Be A BM gnBU ]o
A o lA (\A k\vM) ^BA o ϧl A Lv Ȫw KA kL M tBLA 
 (todA k\v) M ϧm o k\vA Am ɗ (|) aA wn ABM \A
q\  k  k\vA Am A TA AlA Te M  B todA KeB
.(\A k\vM)  A nz k\vA .woe k AT Te

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.(ɷ244 w o A ) }U nBL k\vA ȗ o\e  KT̟ -
.wBLA o~TvA p ȗ k\vA oa ɷ629 w -
.\A o\dBM ]nBhA Ank] Sv̟ kM nB ϧm oa ɷ1395 w -

$
*5
: BA
VXM v B  An  ȯBXA pAoA  }\A o\dBM ȮL k\vA
 幼M\A \A ȗ oiA BzA \A ȗ BkeA BMBM   j MnE  KL
.((k\vA Am BLM wBLA n~A o] MA oE)) BkeA  KT Ao\e

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ϧl B{  (LA JpE) jB k\vA Am B ȗ (|) LA 齱M B A ǰn
nB~A SvF 岰o~ A  Akd ABM ZnqhA tA A yo oz B BA
BU A B (|) A wn j oeA jwA UB : AB Bw AM
.kA G ϧl kM LA o]B Y BzA ϧl o{ (|) L oLM

$
*7
: njB~A
.1925 w / 1  / 326 | / 1 Z / B{BM Sn AoMA  odA Co - 1
. 1993 w / 4  / 268 | / oYA hnBTA  B - 2
$   238 
*1
: oTA
AoMG o{ B yLM () BwG BU A k  廮 ȗ o k\v 
.dMmM () hA
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
300 d  LA o] B{ RBo B\UBM KAmA nBv  M k\vA Am 隽
.oLY L] cw  B 

$
*3
: uwFTA
Lv (yLA k\v) M Ȫw  tBL M A kL M Ȧ SM MBL TM k\vA A B
.dMl ȗ () hA AoMG ME o{ B () BwE M A k mA yLA G
$
*5
: BA
 (|) woA od k] ϧm AkA B cMl TA oh~A k\vA nA\M k]U
MA (o]B) T]p  B w () AoMG A  TA nBA oh~A nA\M U
] ȗ oY BA iAkA    (2.5) Bo ( 4) B L  () BwG
.(yLA L) vU L B Rk{ k BUnBp  nAqA eAqT oh~A m  L\A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A oLXM TA oh~A m o ȗ Vke cMmA A  odA 郱 ȗ TiA k
woA A oLY L\ MBA L\A cw ȗ wA  A Uo\A M  BA
.Aod kM  vA mhUB () AoMG od u   郱A Am ȗ od (|)
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1925 w / 1  / 326 | 1 Z odA Co  1
275. | oYA  hnBTA  B  2
$   239 
*1
: oTA
 Bk o~A oA  (|) woA  B  TA nBLA k]BvA keE 
.() AoMG eoA i  L  k B RBoM
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / 
.o jA  JoBM RBo L] AkM ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
A  RBoM 郱 ȗ   B (|) woA o~ A k\vA Am BM ]o
o BA Am ȗ (|) aA wn L   k B ()eoA i AoMA
.() AoMA k\v o k\v RBo k\v B RBvU kM k\vA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
2. 2539 d TeBv SB k\vA o wBLA o~A ȗ ɷ 150 w -
kA ȗ 2 4000 TeBv SdLFɗ k\vA w o\A tjBvA oA ɗ -
2.17/000 TeBv S jvA
$
*5
: BA
RBoU RBeA gnBTA oL  Ro] k ZB\dA  Ȧ~ Ao k\vA B
 oX vT B Aq\U q\  MB  ƫ k\vA BM  v kk
.~A  E 300
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
u\ nBɓ  B o jA ȗ q B ɗo  ɗ (|) woA A o -
A nBA Am oYE  LB\M
$
*7
: njB~A
141. | / wnB / AkB oA / nA kA  ȗ ȫwA nBYC gnBU
$   240 
*1
: oTA
 k\  nA kA G o]B Bk (|) A wn BM mA ȯBXA k\vA 
孼odA WBY  wA oz   BeA  T TeAn ƪA
. A kU  ~A () AoqA TMA k (|) A wn k
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
597 odLA cw Tv  Uo kv\A  KA 雱 nA kA ɗ 隽
.j 28  ]nj 24 o i j 36  ]nj 39  i 
Anj nBe J\A ɫ ȪdvA nB{ k\A JBLA Akɫ BzA ɫ kd
jƪA vA JBM Ak JoA  RAA nBe ozA  qB\A Jnj nB{
vA nB{ A nB{ vdA nB{ A
$
*3
: uwFTA
BL k\v  A - o\A  A vA ȗ (|) aA wn BM k\v ȯBY 
\T ^BB) ^AkMo kA A BL  (|) woA k k k\vA nA SB -
eAA q B nAnp M kwE o\e ȗ BB (w w) BwA T  (oTA
峦q   (A~A) TB BqM miF A ko  MBd~A B 幮kA ȗ TA
Ƀ k SoM B (nF BB BLw Ai) :  B (|) woA 
aA B{ A qA B) : (|) Bɛ vA  B]n ɗ Ȧ~ më  k\v
̷ B L L A ME oBj ozM B kMoA BTMA  BM Bj Y (BU
 LA vM d w C  aA  Bɟ ~ ^Ak\v  BLM
BM  o B ^AkeA ^Ao{  ^BB  o{E 7 k\vA BM oTwA k MBd~A
UM A nB~A JA ME SM  dU jw zB T]q TM M k\vA
.ϧl kM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
TeBv SB 49 Ƀo 50  \ k\vA nA (|) woA i -
m] k ] ko\BM w wBwE oe tkA SM A LA ] 22450
JBM E UB JBM  B B k\vA oiƫ ȗ JBM JAMA YY  ] hA
^BB k\vA oiƫ ȗ ] (|) woA  ik mA  oL] JBM eoA
v  孼BvA BMoA A ǰF Bɟ mA BA  (a~A) M o ^
孼~A  vA M ^BTh v oA q AlA B  k\vA  (|) woA
yo yo ...) : B n w  A kq A (|) woA  AL B
.ϧl kM ~dBM xo  oE AkM ȗ ^B{o k\vA   (w
lA k\vA ȗ oU Vke LA A tkA SM  LA Se Bk ɷ 3 w -
JBM cT Uoiƫ ȗ mA JBLA A k\vA B{ A J\A  a~A SdU
.B{ ȗ kk]
k\vA nAw M A w om ^Bü{ k\vA ȗ A hA jq  ɷ 11 w -
.Roh B hA m\M
MoA BzA M\A YXA UB]  k\vA ȯBXA hA  w ɷ17 w -
M o] nAj oM MA nAj KA kL M tBLA   nj wTA m ȗ ijA
xo 7 (|) woA k ȗ B A kM 11 k\vA w BUnA ] KB ME
B A kM SqA jBM k\vA BA BL~dBM ^B{o B A kM o~dBM k\vA
mhUA - BM ohLɽ E - BM o\ k\v Bi ~e ] 奼hA vM B
k\vA eBv SM - ozA  kz mA BA ȷ - k\vA KB\M BdLA
2.1100 d jBqA m Kve
{A nB\dBM BM lA k\vA  wU ȗ A WBXA hA o{BM ɷ 29 w -
kE BiAkM {A nB\dA  k ] ko\A hA Kv hA a~̚A
o SM ~e   nj ijA RBB  ] ZBvBM w |BoA kkdA
m ȗ KB ME M o] nAj  q] dA M Ao nAj  q] J\A ȗ
SdLA ^BwnBe B ] ~ ^d BmhUA LA  o n~ M jBqA
2.5492 d jBqA m Kve k\vA eBv
BTA B kk JBLw k\vA ȗ oU Vkd  () Ȧ BA k ȗ ɷ36 w
JodA oX kk] A A vA Zoi 幗A A kA  hA qo
.ozA k\vBM TB ]U  vA So TA TA
kM - kA  A - qqA kL M o ϦA kL M kA oA ɷ88 w
JoA ozA ]  nkA  k\vA e B (|) woA RB]p RAo\e
K oA o~M BLA ȗ kA BTwA k m k\vA wU ȗ BijA BzA
TA n~A aw k\vA Ank] Ϫw ȗ jAp k .BLA  BA 
Ank] M RB]nj vU A S Te oLA RB]nj jk ȗ jAp LA Ank\M
JAMA kM A uh ^Anw Be M UdA TpBLA nB\dBM ozA o\dA
w  KzhA  BL{ BM B k\vA w A nvA Ank] UoU 
ȗ ] lA RAnBA JAodA k\vA ȗ VkeA zBM iAkA  ozA o\dA
SM   MnA RAnBA keA SB 幯më MnA k\vA BnA  n 
BkM oF lƪA  E Ti ȗ ϦA kL M Bw [e B dA M Ao
.(27500) wTA m ȗ k\vA eBv SM RAnB VY k\vBM 
BLA  poM B  ozA) k\v RBo{ ϦA kL M kq VkeE ɷ 104 w -
.ϼMBLzA LzU RBdT RBozA M B (MnA LA]  k\vA d Ank] 
BA M kp M vdA kA ȧA B n~A o] MA i ȗ ɷ151 w -
dE Te B LA]  w oLA  B mA BioA 蚮M ()vdA
.nAvBM
BzA kA jBp k lA k\vA wTM wBLA kA hA EkM ɷ 161 w -
A kM BATv i A n~A kM oE B oX RkU ijA BjBE
ȗ ijA ^BMBM 24  ] BvvBM k\vA y k\vA ]  Uo SB
nAj  峮ve M Leo{ nAj ( M eoA kL) 񼦫 nAj B nj k TwU
jBqA m Kve k\vA eBv SM 幫qd M nvA nAj jv M aA kL
(29309)
-  kA ȧA - K M oTdLA MA o]A k{oA nB k ȗ ɷ193 w -
.ozA ǱLA oLA ]  k\vA w ȗ ^BeG
.k\vA n cE wBLA FA k ȗ ɷ 202 w -
BUnBM k\v Bin np S wBLA TA hA k ȗ ɷ246 w -
Ank\A n BvvBM Ank\A M Sv MA BioBM nA SM 1/75
.v M BdwG BA m  o{A
np ȯBA kA B] p M op jk] ȖTA hA k ȗ ɷ548 w -
.]nBhA ozA oLA Ank]  SB TA BioA
e |BoA  ^Anw kzBM nzA p M jd kA n  ɷ557 w -
nB~A  ]n A ȗ }hTU BCn Bn  ^ABM ϧl B ozA ǱLA oLA
 m A  KɄ (|) aA wn B ɗ En A ozA X\A ow Be
.Ao~A
Ank\A v B\A ME M ve UE TvA hA k ȗ ɷ566 w -
.BioBM ozA ǱLA oL ]nBhA
BzA mê țozA BdA jk] aA k oBA hA k ȗ ɷ576 w -
.d~A w ȗ L S ozA
Te k\vA ȗ ^BB  mA ǱA oLA jk] v hA k ȗ ɷ593 w -
.ɷ654 w oTeA
w cA oe kM k\vA nBM aBM ~TvA hA B ɷ655 w -
.ozA o\dA
() B kvA SM ozA o\dA e n~ toLM oBA BA ɷ 668 w -
.JAMA YY B 3/5 BBUnA KzhA  SB
oLA  o  LA SE  M kd oBA ϦA k ȗ ɷ 678 w -
ɷ686 w B ~A B FɃT F S ϧm k ȗ 啽ozA ǱLA
.ϦA kL M Bw k ȗ Sk TA MAoA mêA BM BA oX RBeBM
B 郰 ozA LA  M kd M ve oBA BvA jk] ɷ755 w -
.|BoA bAE
odBM TA  M kd M ve M BL{ BvA k ȗ ɷ765 w -
.^BA ozA LA jk] ǱLA
BvA oE (ɷ886 w) k\v ȯBXA odA   BA YY kM ɷ886 w -
M lA kk\TA nBA   Ao{ (ȧB\A ow) oA wnA oTM BLTB
^kM ozA o\dA  L M BioBM oiqA JAMA M vA JBM BA TL
m UnB SU  o]A  ^Aj B ] Bj  kTvU kA BnqA LA 
BkA  k\vA w ȗ B B Ad o~  BkA wnA B (ɷ888 w)
TwU Kve k\vA eBv SM 幼o{A wnkA M jnpA BM AkMA
2.9429 d m
TA k\vA nB Ro] ȯBA Bw ȯBXA BvA k ȗ ɷ947 w -
SA (nB\vA) ozA BzA nBA k BvA JBM 幪eoA JBM S{
.(BvA) mêA BB
odA ȗ RBeA k So]E WBXA Bi jAo BvA k ȗ ɷ988 w -
.~A kLA ȫBioA oLA 郰 BE ozA
 (ɷ1203 - ɷ1187) ȯBXA kdA kL BvA k ȗ ɷ1191 w -
eoA JBM jk] B ozA oLA ]A A vA JBM  k\vA n Bin
oA  A ~A RBAwA  Bin LA Bd Bin  B 好oL] JBM
.ozA
(kA Bd)B{BM AoMA Ao{BM ȯBXA jd BvA k ȗ ɷ 1228 w
kk] L ozA ǱLA oL  BLTB BvA k ȗ S TA LA Sk
bB\BM Bin RBnA S ϧm oiA BM Sj |BoA bAFM S
.ȯB{BBM oLA Ae Sv ȧBzA
oLTU TA (ɷ1277 - 1225) A k\A kL BvA nB REkM ɷ1265 w
nBA m JBLwA keE B .ȯBXA o~A ȗ k\v So]A TA RAnBA oLA 
\A ȗ k\A kL BvA jAq nAqA M  k\vA JBL keG w 
- KLUBT - KUB BE țozA nAk\A n~A M eBvA w k\v ozA
ozA oA kE  jwA o\dBM k\vA M 幽k\A KUBA wBM oU
RB 郰 ^BMBL BA dU ^Aj  KmA BM qA oiqA BioA LM
k\vA eBv SM (|) aA wn k ȗ  B B ozA k\vA jkdU
.(210342) wTA m Kve
ȗ RBeG So]E jw C qqA kL ϦA k ȗ 1929 / ɷ1348 w -
BeBM ϧl nBM TA kA M SdA ϧm d~BM dA nA nE
.kkdA  ABM k~TA kA
nA RBɃnA RBoTA m S{ k k\vA n 1935 / ɷ1354 w
.iAkA lDA
/ ɷ1372 w ȗ odBM dA ȯBLA k ȗ A EkM 1951 / ɷ1370 w
MnE 郰 eoA JBM M MoA \A ȗ odA EkM tBwA o\e 郰 1952
.k\v MoA nAk\A BAp keA ȗ A BioA  nB\eA
nBA m ȗ  |Bi KT jvA wTA oz zE 1955 / ɷ1373 w
Sk BzA MoA ozA VXA UB]  k\vA  ȧBzA ~A S{ TA
B  BUnA BUkk] BTmë BB E k\A mêA ϧm BvA mêA
m Kve k\vA eBv SM kk\A nBA  KwBT nB pAo RAl 70
.(2 16366) wTA
$
*5
: BA
ȗ oA tBdA  ~A qMAnkA J\A ]  k\vA kd : k\vA jke
]  啚vA k\vA Ȧ mA A d~A AkM BzA  ozA oA B
MoA nAk\A L vBhA AwA MoA \A  幖ozA  o\dA nAk] ozA
.k\v
_nw kdA m o ke  ǱTd d ozA ǱLA odA iAj k]
 ~A RBoXA BTA ]FM odA p k oeA BM k kkdA 
.nLA
 k  k\vA cw B oeA o\dA BioBM k\vA nA S{o k
ǱLA oLA  j]A ϦU JBLA m E |BoA bAFM SvL_ TA JBLBM
keA BUnA  JBLA țBM vA JBM L Y ȯBXA JAodA L BU Y 啽ozA
ϧm 奼\A WXA hM Co RBC SLT  kM x Sz JBLA iAj ȗ
.(oLA) joM  RBME SLT
: KnBdA
ȯBXA JAodA ȯBXA ǱLA JAodA BkeE KnBd YY ozA k\v Bɟ
RBAk{ JAod  B KmA BM  B] ȯBvA JAodA WBXA
.M B zA B 郱U
: JAMA
eoA JBM (B]E JAMA wA) vA JBM ȷ MnA MAMFM odA TeA k
țo{ B횽 B ) oL] JBM BvA JBM (k\vA Mo B횽 BMBLA Am)
oA tBdBM kM ^B{ { p\A Kzi  nB~ JAMA m (k\vA
M oA JBLA  k\vA B{ ȗ ^BvBi ^BMBM UnB ȗ k\A kL BvA jAp
ȷ jvA wTA ȗ SYkeA JAMA k ϧB .(wTA JBM E) (k\A JBLA)
.jw JBM JBhA M o JBM B M BX JBM qqA kL JBM
 oiA hA  BYA nBM kLA BioA  ~  : ozA oLA
BTj k\vA ȗ B oeA fhA  {o A KmA  E KmA BM
BXA ǱLA JAodA  Lo ȷ ozA oA ȗ BAkeG ~A B BUmhUE
.vA k\vA oiC ȗ
: ȷ RAnB ui k\v B : oBA
ɗoA \A ȷ k\vA  țozA M\A oA ɗ U voA nBA - 1
.(BM) ^Bk
.RBo{ VY B (BvBM oU) BzA ozA nBA - 2
.(k\BM oU) BzA MoA nBA - 3
.eoA JBM ] U BTo{ B oBA o~E ȷ eoA JBM nB - 4
Ak B nB   郰 k vA JBM nBM oU 幼M\A MoA nBA - 5
BM u]  o\ B ȮM k voA nB A BA .KmBM   voA nBA
ȗ k\vA B RAɓA oɓ o\dA ik  .A o\A  Ƀ nBA
ȗ BA o~e 400  Bjk o~  K\ B mA o~dBM xo ~A ~
.XA oLA jB\vBM xo B BTzA
J\A  ozA oLA JoA  zB nAj ozA  Bjkd : ozA ɃoA
zB SM B  nBA hA BzA  (|) LA JAod M mA k\vA nAk]
RBoXA  \ ǱLA JAodA BE  oA ɃoA ȗ ^BMo oLA A ^Bo{
.zA B k TA nLA
: ȷ ozA oA ȗ j]A nzA BwA : BwA
woA BA  TA ȷ (oA A LA hA ) hA AwA - 1
.ozA LA A tkA SM   LA dU kM (|)
.(o]BA  AwA A zB AwBM oU) oA AwA - 2
.(MBL ME AwFM) oU MTA AwA - 3
BTA d ȷ (ozA oA  A BLzBM ~TU) oovA AwA - 4
.(|) LA
ihA MB ȷ (()Ȧ BA ƪA oA AwBM oU) todA AwA - 5
ϧmM Sw ()Ȧ BA Bk Ȧ~ B B Zoh (|) aA wn B TA
.(|)LA tod Bk u\ B () ^B BA 
]  todA AwA i U  (jA u\ B B B ) jA AwA - 6
.A jBA JoA j MB BG u\  (|) woA B  BzA
kvA SM JBM BM ()oL] B AwFM ^BA oU : oLA Mo AwA - 7
oLBM dA nAk\A iAj U () Ȧ BA  ik B mA () AoqA B
.ozA
Bk BzA ]  () AoqA B kvA SM An U : k\TA AwA - 8
(|) aA wn ~ SB BA   ^ ()AoqA k\TU SB o JAod
.KmA BM q BioBM B ozA oA kA 奼A ȗ
BM L~A kkdA LzA M SBeA B   U ȷ : ozA o\dA
 nBL ȷ (ɷ1228) w B{BM AoMA BBM JoA BzA ozA  oiA
 TA o\dA ]A  kL̦A ~A  L  郰 w B KzhA  o
BY ϼMBL{ B]nBi  Ϧw B TA oA tBdA  LzM B nAqA Bk
aA wn kd Bkw 孼LA dA ϦA aA A A ) B JT tBdA ɫ
 ~ A o JBM B   RBe ϼMBLzA m (A kA jB~A
.KmBM A A
k S탰 RMBT ^B k\TA JAod BiAj k] :() B kvA o\e
v X RMBTA v KmA wvM  ^k 40 M 幂A  RBAk{
   Kl   B n  BnA MnA ^BA RMBT ozA o\dA
BE K~BM z BM oz { RMBTA v  郱 oA\A 
ynqA oiA uɄA  BB () ɄB kvA o\e ozA o\dA oBTw
.RMBTA BM q RAo\ ^BA B .kLA woA AFM MT KmBM A
oLT (ozA o\dA Aki odA ȧv  ) RAA o o\dA ik 
 oL 酛  nBL  幖ozA o\dA  RTeA B uA  ankA KA
j  Lo B XA ȚA tBA  酚M o BAoA TA tBA nB\eA
ozA o\dA  JoBM j k (|)LA oL ozA ]AA B\UBM 
.ȯBXA A BThA
.(RAA jE) ~A E o : BA ME k k\vBM dU
eB~A  njB RB\ U TA) d~A LT 啽ozA ǱLA odA LT
.ozA ǱLA odA ȗ U (ozA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
KLvM ϧl 峼 B 鼪]  Ao SUE ozA k\vA ȗ oe K{ ɷ654 w
oLA oTeA B   B k\v MoA M\A qhA ȗ BA jB 
o\dA vɟ KTA ...ɽjB~A ϼMBLzA AqhA JAMA ɽozA ǱLA
SMo B KLvM k\v ȯBXA odA ~e ɷ886 w Bn o{ ȗ ozA
Sow ozA o\dA L SLY B B oL q] kBɗ ozA M\A nBA
oA TwA Bk ϧl ozA LA o\dA B BM ozA ǱLA odA RBTd
B ^Bv BM k B j]A uBA 鼪]  k 郰 kA  MBA jw
Bɛow TA vA RBA Ƀ  幼nkA A ɛBLA e  o{ A
.(nkA KA)
j]A vA RBA RAo\A K (|) woA L kU MBA Be -
B mU  K~A  ] BoA BA j] BLA BT  ozA LA 
.ko
$
*7
: njB~A
/ k] / 1  / A kvA kd nTkA / gnBTA oL ozA ǱLA k\vA - 1
.1988 w
w / k] / 3  / nBhA wB keA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 2
.1993
.1987 w / 2  / 3 Z / ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTA w - 3
.nkM wBLA kL .j / 3 Z / nA k BzA gnBTA - 4
$   241 
*1
: oTA
廦~A k\v d ȗ ~A AqTA L (|) woA B  TA k]BvA  
.WBXA hA p ȗ kA  () Ȧ BA  ϧl kM  

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
iBA nB{ ȗ ~A k\v B{ (cTA k]Bv keA  mA) k\vA Am 隽
.nBA Bp ik k iBA  wT mA

$
*3
: uwFTA
 B Kv KLvA Am () Ȧ B kA ~ A ɗ k\vA Bɟ
.vA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.k\v BM A B k qqA kL M o  p ȗ (93 - 87) w
Y nA kA ȧ Bk n~A  kA p oA BM jk] ɷ 881 w -
. BU k AB [dA wAo BYA  q ZB\dA B kU
KT k BM kE A k\A kL BvA k ȗ 1851 / ɷ1286 w -
.k\v ]nBhA nAk\A  S e  BM  BTA ozA gnBU

$
*5
: BA
BoLE ɓAo RAke Lw A v keA An  T zA Tv k\vA
zA Tv z d  BzA ]  AoA cT .JAod ]AA
B JAodA E ȗ LMk j  TU h o JBL RBAoA ȅU
BU ϼMBL{  ozTU ^B k\vA L U k\v M\A nAk\A ȗ 隽 ȧ
ϦTM L{ RB~o  ǱTd ]nBi nw k\vBM d zA  E
.gA k\vM L{ ^B k\vA { TwoA wnkA ȗ j]A RB~oA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
AkA M e nAj BM SB kA ȗ (|) woA   o E A om
mA nBA Bp tEn ȗ joA C nAj tBA nAj A ȷ BMn nAkA m ȯpAA
.B k\vA Am 雱 oz

$
*7
: njB~A
RoM /   / ~  cB /nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
. 1981 /
.1984 w / 2  / Be Ȧ / nA  kA gnBU  ~ - 2

$   242 
*1
: oTA
k\v E B nA kA k e (|) woA BM wA ȗ k\v E 
 TA  uwE k\v) nBLA RBA Sq F{ ȗ (|) A wn  
. ToM TM kzU TA (... E

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
.B  3 kM  k M\A \A ȗ BL o ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ oA   ^Ao]B BL ȗ Y i (|) aA wn BM k\v A 
 (ɷ1 w A Mn 12 \A - ɷ1 w A Mn 8 YA) M B oTA
A B tkA SM A oB B]  E w C  aA  BA
kM ( M o) ȮL (|) woA vwE Y (kA M X) ^AkMo k\vA
TA  uwE k\v  oA A A c]o .TL ȗ o\e A 郰 oA
Ȫw k\vA Am ȗ Sq k  (107 : MTA ) .... U A eA  E 
nA 텛  nBL B mA k\vA  ȮM mA BL 郱 A Lv BL k\vM
.o\dA  nvM SeE Mo

$
*4
:nBA   wTA
nAk cU  njB~A A A k\vA jk] BX WBXA hA p ȗ ɷ 29 w -
.wTA m
lA k\vA jk] kA ȧ Bk qqA kL M o k ȗ (ɷ 93 - 87) w -
Bj w ȗ 郰 o\dBM ȮM k më nA  ]  ȦA k\vA BM k
We BvvA  }\BM Ank] Sp ZBvBM w n~A |BoBM A kkdA
.ozA ǱLA k\vA BM ȗ ABw mA oA BM BTwA
.vA ve ozA k  ȮvdA Ȧ ME o ɷ435 w -
Be ) p ȮM Anp keA ȯBA kA B] opA jk] ɷ 555 w -
.(汪A
.AnkkLA toLM ȟA BvA jk] ɷ 671 w -
. M kd oBA ȟA BvA jk] ɷ773 w
.w o We BLwoM o{A ȟA BvA jk] ɷ 840 w
ɷ 877  w Sw Bk k\vA më BLTB o{A ϦA jk] ɷ 881 w
.qA M qA u{ o]BTA Ao{BM
A BLTB BvA wnA mA) ȫBioA oLA ȯBXA jAo BvA  ɷ 998 w
.BL k\v A (ǱLA k\vA
 lA A j]A k\vA nB ȯBXA Bi jd BvA  jk] ɷ 1245 w
(40  *  40) k\vA eBv SdLA LzhA vA  ^kM JBLA  w
峯Ank] T ZnBhA  RBBj  o\dBM ^BL ^Aj 29  ǱdU 6 BUnA
LA ~  nB~A JA MA A Kv oM  ȫBin oL më JAod 
JBM  o\e  nBA m gnBU KT̟ k TB oL A B 郱 M (|)
.k\vA
qqA kL M ~ jvA ϦA k ȗ k\v bA oiA o] ɷ 1388 w
.Bv |Bi ik  BzA \BM An  kp We
$
*5
: BA
LA bB] BoLA nE RB\A 鼪]  M d Tv d  nBL LA
B nA d~A   nA 21325 TeBv LU zA Mo k\vA
LMk j  d h o JBL  nBL nA w MA BioBM
ȗ k] MA BioBM B wA q\A v k B\U B u kA  qUoU
A  wA q\A v k MA jwA BioBM v JAod LA Be
 幼UBL wk B{FM ~] nBiqM JAodA B Sp B o KnBd
LA j S̰ JAodA i ~A \A ȫBioA oLA k] JAodA 
{n më k\vA ȗ BioBM vA o\dA  kE MnFM d ȷ LzhA
~M LM S]U oip j  dA kA j]M B ǱA q\A pBT
7 B keA  BUnA MnA k\vA BnA  RAnB MnE SA B zA
 kkA k]U B BTo{ wE B{A TA RB~oA B oXU ϧm
.oTA MoA TBM LnBd k\vA  Th Aq]A ȗ hnBTA CoA |~A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BkM 孼T A   ȚM BL  q (|)aA wn  () Ȧ BA B -
.(|)woA  AjA AjA o  ȗ oiFU
C  aA   B ^Ak\v ȮL A (|) LA BLɛ ̥E Fw B A o -
B k횗 ]o WLU  Bod BLo oM MA B BA Ko M  :w
M  :MBd (|) aA wn B k횗 ]o WLU  Bod BLo o
aA wn B M SLY JBoA po ȗ ]n 郰 B () Ȧ BA B BA Ko
.nF BB BnAk  AMA BBp fnE (|)
)) :  B oiC nBU ^B{B nBU ^BLAn BL nq B (|)aA wn A ǰn -
.((o k B  
ȗ (|) LA JBdA  A o]BA ƽ B me MA  ^BBw A ̰o̽ -
.o  oM MA    BL k\v
$
*7
: njB~A
.~  cB /nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
.Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 2
. 119 : | /nBhA wB keA /^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3
1987 w / 2  / 148 | / 3 Z / ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTA w - 4
.RoM /
$   243 
*1
: oTA
LA G ~ɛA k\vA ɫ LA dTM ȴA ozTA ɗ q mA k\vA 
. (|) LA  BYE ozA
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
4 Bv  nA k MoA ȧBzA oA ȗ oMA oe JB  隽
.o~A  jA Be k .B

$
*3
: uwFTA
TLA k\vM Ȫw (|) LA p ȗ k\vA Am (K M  M jAw) M BA
Ȧ~ B Bk tkA SM  ^kM ozA LA LTv A oE (|) aA wn 
oLiB RC BUE jAw ȮM k\v ȗ ~A A Y k\vA Am ȗ oA 
ɷ 3 w BL{ 15 ȗ ϧl B LA ] AnAkTwB Tn A k LA dTM
ȮM)k\vM ^Bk k\vA o .vA hA m] LA o\dBM UnB SB
.(w

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.k\vA jk] kA ȧ Bk qqA kL M o k ȗ (93 - ɷ87) w -
k\vA ȯBL (ȧB\A B{ B\zA) ǱLA odA Aki g{ jk] ɷ893 w -
.w
nBL B mA ȯBA Bw ȯBXA BvA k ȗ k\vA cE ɷ950 w -
j JAod  LA Be ǱTd nvM Bd më  u LM  cw 
.KMk kM
.nAwA SdA n  BM jk] k\vA aw̰ jvA kA ȗ ɷ 1370 w

$
*5
: BA
 BT 23920 TeBv LU zA WX dvA BwohA  Ȧ k\vA L
A ȗ k]U nvM Bd  k\v BzA \A ȗ d~A 隽 MBɄ
BTeBv ~ B k\vA wT 幼ozA AqA ȗ mêA U w RB~o
Ank] ȗ ozTU 400 BTeBv Bv ~~h o{  BA TzU 2 1190
\A nBiqA xBM q KMk k l JAod  .Tv ϼMBL{ k\vA
.BvA uBM Ank] SM k

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B mA LA A \UA Bk (|) woA LTwA mA JAqA k\vA ȗ k] -
.(AodA k\vA o{ ϴ]  BBoU L Ϯ) B BU
.BM kE Y Ank] A w  L  k\vA kU ɷ1318 w -

$
*7
: njB~A
/ RoM / ~  cB / nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
.1981
.1984 w / 2  / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 2
w / 3  / nBhA wB keA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3
.1993

$   244 
*1
:oTA
 ohA odU C Sq  ȧB Sw (|) woA   mA k\vA 
.() Ȧ BA G uzA Rjn
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
M oA A ȗ BL k\v țo{ ozA odA  JoBM ȧAA o țo{ 隽
.(RBLozA)
$
*3
: uwFTA
w A Mn ȗ oA ȮM (|) woA oBe B 幧BwoA o~ A BM gnBU ]o
ohA odU C  Sq We k\vA Am  Ko B ȗ Ti K~ ɷ4
B gA oU  ~ oi BM Mo  MBd~A M  nB~A JA ME B
M ϧm o (gA) wBM k\vA oT{B LvM oA A qM JA MA w
^BL ^Ak] ^Ao k\vA B . ()Ȧ B Rjn uzA  (uzA k\v)
më M k]U  TpBM Ajw nB\dM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
o  k\vA k ȯBXA k\A kL BvA k ȗ 1849 / ɷ1266 w
2.25 SB A kM TeBv Sw  BM kE
.A   B T d kk] nB oU U jvA kA ȗ -
$
*5
: BA
14 A o ~ d (4   *    19 ) jBME keA An  k\vA T
j  kTvU h o L Ao   RBAo vi A v AoA
ȧ k  mA ikA JBM 隽 .keA LTM d~A cw  E AoA cw
vM oiqM oiq oAj A ȧ B JAod k\v d~ ȧBzA nAk\A ȗ
k\v oL qM w40 BUnBM AwA S탰 JAodA  A KB\A ȗ
.ȧBzA JBL MBz d~ MoA nAk\A ȗ 隽 k\v oiA JBM ϧB
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BA (|) woA B Bk k\vA Am ȗ () Ȧ B Rjn uzA A ǰn
BA o\e ȗ wEn (|)woA 郰 k\vA nA  郱 ȗ vB] () Ȧ
od̽ E () BA o o~A  Rod 峫B ȗ  Te i Y () Ȧ
B (|) aA wn LTA oA S Kl B  lƽ E Ao (|) woA tEn
k k LA LTwA (|) woA B  : B ? SE Ȧ B : () Ȧ B
BA SA Y ~A S A S]o BT A uzA jn A : B We Bj
(..KAA
$
*7
: njB~A
.~  cB /nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
.1925 w / 1 / 418 | / 1 Z / odA Co - 2

$   245 
*1
: oTA
郱  dA mM oLA (oavA) o\{ SdU  (|) LA  mA k\vA 
.nA kA E RB  峼 qA Kd (|) A wn B

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
 MoA o L] cw k A jAM (A Ȧ nBME) dA l o ȗ 隽
. M BM 汪A oA ȗ nA kA  9 Bv

$
*3
: uwFTA
qA Kd ( w C  aA ) B mA 郱A ȗ (|) woA p ȗ ȮM
o\zA m STA B Ȧ~ B   A ]oi k (ow) o\{ SdU 
k\vM ^BA o̰ ϧm Lv o\zA k\vM Ȫw k\vA AwA B탱 ȗ ȮM
k\v E (Ȧ oM) wBM o Bɟ (kA E RB ȷ dA) dA l
.AoeA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
ȮM jk] kA ȧ Bk qqA kL M o k ȗ (ɷ93 - ɷ 87) w -
n ȗ nB nw M d d LA ]  nA k  B We k\vA
.BqA o  kU Y ȧBzA MoA
ȗ TBA oT i) (o{BM) oA nAjBTwA d kA p B ɷ 861 w -
JoA ozA ȗ RB]nj VY  ] kA wBwA  Ank] kk\TM (kA
d wTA m ȗ k\vA eBv SM LA Be ȗ ^BMAod   BzA
.JAME YY  M B 26  *  26
jA keE wAM MAoA kd ȯBXA BvA k ȗ k\vA jk] ɷ1090 w -
.më   lA vA

$
*5
: BA
k BLA] ȗ S oL L w wT dvA BwohA  Wke k\vA BM
ȗ iAk YY k\v .vM kE BdU LMk j  d vA mA
Be ~T ȗ BUnA  më k]U MoA ȧBzA oA ȗ ȧBzA BdA
.w wAM A k~ oL A ]  nB\ JAod k] LA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
(|) A ϧm ǰn .Bk\v ȗ  dA mM RBM (|) woA A o -
nBLBM aE dA l Ƀ k B TB RTwA AlA Y Tn B o B
 ϦA ϧ  A kdA A ϼL ϧ ɽo{  ϼL ϼL A ϼL ..BTA
...ϧ Ͻo{
B w () ^B BA  ϧl (Ȧ nBME) M ϧm (dA l) o Sw -
.BX WBXA hA k ȗ vA M ST{A TA RBMoA BE
$
*7
: njB~A
/ RoM ~  cB / nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
.1981
.1984 w / 2  / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 2
w / 3  / nBhA wB keA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3
.1993
$   246 
*1
: oTA
A wn nBYC  B AoYE A Te LA k  B d mA \A k\vA 
.nA kA ȗ w C  A  B ]  E  (|)
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
\A ȗ kA   2/5 d kM  BAn jA v  BL o ȗ 隽
. 500kM  BL k\v BzA
$
*3
: uwFTA
]oi k ]  E (|) aA wn   mA BA ȗ k\vA Am ȮM
Am .o\ A vA ȗ A Mn 12 \A  ɗ ϧl kA  BL A
k\v (BAn jA - jAA k\v) M o B \A k\vM Ȫw KLvA
LA oh~BM ȮM k kA ɗ (|) woA k\v BL MBz BM (KLA)
.oTA Kv hA m]
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.kA qqA kL M o ȧ Bk k\vA BM jk] ɷ88 w
kA ȧA) Ȫ{BA k~A kL k  k\vA ȮM wBLA o~ A ȗ ɷ155 w
nB\dA M dU o k\v B k ^BMoi B A kM (n~A o] ME p ȗ
.Tv Lzi vM An  T 8 o 10 
o]BTA ]AhA o ^BMoi k\vA cLA ϼBA k ȗ oz wBTA oA ȗ -
.ɷ889 w aTA AB M kA u{
MBA Rol mA ȯBA Bw ȯBXA BvA  oFM k\vA jk] ɷ939 w -
.k\vA ȗ j]A hnFTA |~A M ȗ
J\A ]  k\v nB\A BTvLA AozM ȦTMozA ve B oiA oTA ȗ -
.n dE
$
*5
: BA
AA  T  5/5 BUnA  4/5 Ƀo 8  L zA Tv k\vA
VY  LMk B wAM AA v̽ 2 BUnA ZBw M d Tv d
ȮL k\vA tEoA KMk BM LB\A  SM L B wA dTA RBdT
mA JAodA 隽 M\A nAk\A ȗ nLBM Ank] Sv MBA SpBLA o\dM
.B {  ȮM
$
*7
: njB~A
.~  cB / nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
.Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 2
116. | / nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3
$   247 
*1
:oTA
JB\TwB khA q ȗ JAqeA  k (|) A wn  B mA k\vA 
B ȗ Sq 19 BA (cTA B] k AdTTvU A) A A  岾Bj A
.k\vA Am
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
  2/5 Bv  w L\ MoA BzA \BM ^BLv Uo L  隽
.nA kA
$
*3
: uwFTA
ɷ5 w ϧl JAqeA  khA  (|) aA wn Bj k\vA Am 郱 ȗ
k\v) M o ϧm (JAqeA k\v) M ^BA o Am ^BdT  o~A B
A k\vBM ϧm o cTA nw (|) wn  BU aA qE We (cTA
Tw ^BBe B j]A) LvA cTA k]Bv keE  (Uo   KLvM)
oM MA k\v ()B k\v () Ȧ k\v wnBA Bw k\v ȷ k]Bv
- k횧A l 8) qA oT ȗ k\vA B (cTA k\v A BɃBM o k\v
w KzhA kA  keA An zM ϧl kM ȮM ~ zM (k횧A l 23
ǱLA k\vA B  ko\A 
$
*4
: nBA wTA
T k\vA cLA kA ȧ Bk k\vA qqA kL M o jk] ɷ88 w -
B  .RBAwA VY  d j MnE o  d  cT An 
.KzhA  w
nB AkA kM B\A MA M kA w ȪBA opA jk] 1179 / ɷ575 w
.qqA kL M o
 B k\vA BM kE A k\A kL BvA p ȗ 1853 / ɷ1270 w
.A j]
.SwA  Znj  ȮM jvA kA ȗ k\vA n cE -
$
*5
: BA
o\dM ȮL 4/5 BUnA 3/5 Ƀo 8/5 Ʉ L AA  nBL k\vA
AA nAk] jƽ  ^BLMk ^BB d o JAod LA nAk] wT SpBLA
zA ȧ BT L  nBL k\vA w 冦L o o d A ȧBzA
k~M BT탰 nBA BTXke BUmB k]U nAk\A  wA q\A ȗ kA LB] ȗ
B vM BLA MA uBM ZnBhA iAkA  Ank\A Sz k 幽TA
.qA nBiqA  ȧBi
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BYXA  YA  ^BYY JAqeA  k\vA Am ȗ Bj (|) LA A ǰn -
] ȗ ozLA o̗ U~A M BMnA  Uj BU aA JB\TwB BMnA 
BY Y i Bh k\vA ij (|) LA A ^BA ǰn JAqeA aA q oA
G o  Ajn w Te BU aA Bk MG BM BM Te k n BA Y
MB k\vA d ȗ nBzA wA AwA ȗ  (|) LA Bj Ƀ
JAodA
$
*7
: njB~A
.~  cB / nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
1984. w / 2  / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 2
.nBhA wB keA kvA /^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3
$   248 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ozA ǱLA k\vA  2 kM  w L] o{ AjA Y Uo  隽
.~A k\v B{
$
*3
: uwFTA
(|) aA wn AA vA LTwA Bk BwoA o~ RAw A vwFU ]o
.kA A   ^Ao]B B] Be
q ȗ vA y] (|) aA wn j Bk TA AjA Y A Lv Ȫw
vA M TTwA UA BvA jT AjA Y Sw BA  幽An  αLU
kA keE ij B E ǰn lA JBoA Y ȦB\A BwA B oLi  ]n k
.j k  B  AlB BBM Zoh A L RB BM o  B B A
$
*5
: BA
Bw  nA{ WX wU BYA pA  幫A k]BvA  k\vA Am B
BA nA kA BE ǱU ɷ1406 w ϧl () qe AkzA kw A
. ^kM e k\v
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
AjA Y hM B o k j] M  BzA AjA Y SM k -
AjA ]  w L]  馛 k 幧\ SdLF B SpA TA M\A
.BM ^~T B A kM B kTMA A kBz hT Te BzA
  BAo ozA ]  w L] nh  { oYE MBT ϧm kBzU
m SpA k ȯBXA hA k j ȗA hBM MT ȷ BzA XA k
.^BA  țozA oA pA MBTA
$
*7
: njB~A
.ȅzA A kd ȧB 孼A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA  - 1
. 1993 w 4  217 | nBhA wB keA nA kA gnBU B - 2
19. | 廖~A ve q] wAnj BozA BodA - 3
225. - 221 | 夰A k\A Ȗ\ oBM kd kw wB{ k - 4
$   249 
*1
oTA
A  Ʉ Bj Tn B  L BU A JB\TwA mA k\vA 
.k\vA Am ȗ S훰 Ao\ nB~ k (|) LA M BLA
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
nB{  o A  () Ȧ BA k\v A kBA nBv  鼚LA B{ 隽
.((nl ME)) nB{ A KAmA   ((TvA))
$
*3
: uwFTA
k\v Ȫw tA M  M ϧB M B ȮL  (|) woA k ȗ ȮM
BU aA JB]F ^BYY Mn K ϧB Bj   Bk (|) woA  MB]A
.k\vA Am uwA gnBTA ϧl  XBXA  B Uj
$
*4
:nBA wTA
.k qqA kL M o  A RdA o\dBM BM ]o ɷ 87 w
G ϦU TBe  ȚM ȯBXA kA ȗ ȮM k\vA Aq]A M Sk 1925 w
.më  SBA TwU UnBM jvA BA ok SB We ozA oA
$
*5
: BA
 T dvA BwohA  Ȧ BzA  nBL  ^BXke B ȧBdA LA
k X o{ B o~ ȷ MoA ȧBzA n ȗ Tmë Rk{ k d An
]A ȗ poL zA WX k B Tv ϼMBL{ k\vA Ank] ȗ S
.F k\v BzA \BM SdA B JAod M\A k\vA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B lG ^ Mn Bj   ij B ϧB M B k\vM (|) aA wn o
A) vBM TE Ϧ  A TFw keA Ȯ TYA ȯBB ^BYY Mn SFw (|)
M wFM \  A TFw BBF oBM TE ϦU  A TFw BBF (Jk\A
.(B
$
*7
: njB~A
.~  cB / nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 1
.nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 2
.1925 w / 417 | / 1 Z / odA Co - 3

$   250 
*2
: 雱A
odLA / BA
.uhA w MB BA Jo J]  2 kM  隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
(ɷ101 w TA) qqA kL M o hA p ȗ ǱA o~A A vwFU ]o
 mA uhA vM vA ]A mA vA  B uhA B\M Ȫw
.(kzA) M ^BA B\A o  A Te ^BB Aq
$
*5
: BA
nw BM d 21500 d BTeBv nA  M dA wnkA  kzA 
o k ~  LA Tz 3/5 d BUnA L oLA nB\eBM ȮL
nh k  B jA T zA AwA kE  ~A  M dU
BTmë k\vA ]A ȗ poLU M  BM S탰 oAj {  STd oL
AkTA UkE B\A JBL BA AqU  30 d B  BUnA L BTk~T
.A Te A BM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kA SXL k hnBTA oYA TE okU k B\A B mA B ^Ao -
.UdA {  UBMBT  ȗ
nBL ɗ ȚT A ɗ tankU SBɟ TA kA A\A keE B\A Am oLT -
.A RAoBA MjA RAkA  kU We mUBwA A  BA
$
*7
: njB~A
296. | / MoA [hA nj odLA
$   251 
*1
: oTA
nl kMBA ZBU k]BvA nj k 幫Bh BE BBE ukA k]Bv E  
.Ao  nBip n BM We  ko dU A
$
*2
: 雱A
BBLwA / Lo k
 M dU  .oLA jAA o  JoBM Lo k  MoA M\A \A ȗ 隽
. pE MnA LA] 
$
*3
: uwFTA
We 婴񦪧 oBe Lo E M mhUA Bk (ɷ 92) w G k\vA uwFU ]o
ozA ȚM Ak\v o{ ȗ AL 廪A Tv Lo nB~ vA oB{
B M eoA kL oT{A {]  JoBM kA SejpA Be  o oiA
kL oE  cTA S vB  k UB BM k A MB o kBA vA o{
SM kk] {  tBwA  B\A BM jBBM (ɷ 170) w iAkA eoA
E (odA B]) M v Bk k\vA B  (^BMo ^AoT 4875) AmA TeBv
AnkUB BLwA e A kM (AnkUBA k\v) M v A BE hA B]
.dv
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.B AT RAoT  vdA  AoA  kkA  jAp k\vA o
.eoA kL M Bz oA jk] ɷ 139 w 
kL k] BBM mA TL BM jk] lG dA M eoA kL oA o ɷ 176 w 
.B M eoA
.eoA kL M kd oA jk] ɷ 207 w 
BE kA UnB kM (BM o~TvA) oBA eoA kL oA oE ɷ 340 w 
ȷ RAn~ VY BM  k\v kM oL M oE B ~A kM kk] nB BkM
jAkTA  ^Bn BE B vBLA n~  BA n~ 幛k~A nAj n~
.o~TvA oA BwA Lo ȧB BqT  B\A
.(BM kƪA) dA M Bz oA o M TA ɷ 355 w 
$
*5
: BA
AoA oLT ɛnA ɫ kkA   cvA d~M pBT zA Tvɫ k\vA
k]U We ~A kLA MAodM k\vA pBT  BwE JAodA A jƪA wA
uA ZBvA Kzi  ~ u oL  k] kE  B tAE Lw 
ǱTdU TA kLA oBA  (oBA eoA kL nBM BvA) B\A nB oLTU 
XBXA  KmA  BTɮYA R VY BE ȗ  (RB]nj 107) B  w 
m BLwA e k  o Ll Bn B k] KmA  ww B A 
BUnA  ( 8) wBdA nBA JBM  L 幼AnkUBA tAo]ݧ ZoM G nBA
M\A AqA ȗ .kM Mo xM xA BioA  BLA ]A  ( 20)
ȷ  ( 93) BBUnA  ( 12) B  zA Mo oiA nB k]U k\v
cB  ^B~ ^BMBM (19)   .tAo]A  jk MB  ȗ MA vi  
k 4700) d jB jk ooA  ^Aj (365)  TL U  ǱA tBdA
.^Aj (1093) B ȚM BioA  ^Aj 1293  B\ B 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Lo  tBA Zoi dA M Bw M  kA M BT \T  ɷ 400 w 
cB  oL  eB~  jB  {Ao AL  B\A Aij B Ak]  B AL 
.MAME
ȗ ALT  n~  k]Bv  B B Lo wBv bBT]A  1236 / ɷ 633 w 
A vA AXL B kdA  K~TBM UBd Rjw Bv \w gnBTA d
.uBM Moi B bA  BM k
j  o B  B\A Am ȗ j] SB BX d~  AnE MnE A k
.A wA k  BX Bp TA MnA eB~A  BA A BX
$
*7
: njB~A
.ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA
$   252 
*1
: oTA
G e k mA ukA ȗ (keA o~ ȗ) JoA  vA nBYE poME 
d AkAohBM oA UnB UB~o B\A qM TdU AqU B oL AnkUB
.BUoLA o\zM A
$
*2
: 雱A
BBLwA / L{A
.ukA Jo J]  542 d knk  kLU TA L{A k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
M w J ME keA BvA k  1172 / ɷ567 w A BM ]o
kA k\v A En A kM BTzA k Moe i kBM TBA BYA ƪA kL
M keE gzA BLA  oBA B 孼~BM B k uMkA B] M oA
.nB\eA }\A o]BM BM mA wBM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
 jAj MA) M oA L{A  A J MA BvA oE 1184 / 579 w
Uq  Uj kM RB BvA  BLA T   L{A nB BLM (wAk] M
.Lo B] nB BBUnA pB\U TA w ME MA kM  BA BUoLA 
$
*5
: BA
B 21500 TeBv LU lA Lo B] k\v  BzG n ȗ B\A Am Lz
j kTvU 27/70 BTeBv LU lA BwA wA XU nB 17  k\vA
]nBhA Ank\A kU JBL VY BwA  U 幽o]C Bj  k\vA
JBM) wBM o mA ~A A jƽ BkeE JAMA YY  oL Bj k\v
nB\T o]A  (t ZBU A ȗ j BLA) AM d~A  U (AoA
zA kA  jA m Kv mA oA pnBM oiE j BM dU ov񮫰
.Lm RBeBU MnA BA ȗ SLn TA UnB k\vA q B A .L~A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A k\vA e mA (kBo) BTz Ϧ kM L{A k Sw  1246 w
.dvA oBzBM B ^BdB  B\UA e (BnBBTBw) M Sw v
v\A nAoA kM k\vA kM ^AnAo L{A ȗ vA u\A mhUA 1402 w
L  ȄA pAoA  AnkUB BM kA ȗ Vke Aqp oYA  M Sd TA
hB{ UnB SM ozA BzA ]  d  U j k A k\vA 
.uAA  kU ZoM A SdU MnA BUBeBU Rk B oU E B Eo 
.B S훰 B oYA  nBA  A q\A w 1494 w
kk\A BLA E ȗ K~ Ǳ ZoM BLM (Sn BUo) tkA B 1558 w
 A 4 BUnA L bBoA  nk BXTA Am dv qo mA qoLA BXU
nBA   cLA  (AkAo]) A ϧl kM ne mA bBoA RAnj A (kAo])
.A wA mêA BUnA  69/65 a 93 /25 A ~ BUnA cLA
(BUoLA M) M o L TvM ^BTd  mA k\vA d k 1618 w
.dvA w\A  ^kM ȮM
$
*7
: njB~A
37. | / Bw qqA kL kw / ukA ȗ n~A k]BvA - 1
.1969 w / 2  / kLA kL Ȗ .j / BBLwA ȗ wA - 2
134. | / 2 Z / jw M keA / ukA JoA gnFT BA wA - 3
$   253 
*1
: oTA
nBA gnBU ɗ Aqn A G ɛBLA k]BvA oLE ]E  k\vA Am oLT
.wA

$
*2
: 雱A
uU / ww k
.odLA  Lo oq] ȗ ww k ozA BzA \A ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
M AoMG M aA kL tBLA MA L   850 / ɷ236 w LBA j p ȗ ȮM
.LA keE

$
*5
: BA
~ qM Tv B  Tz 57   *  49 jBMA zA Tv k\vA
 k\v MoA AoA  JAME YY wAM cT RB]nj k wAM A q
j M dU Tv k\vA d (to ke) {  j JAMA m
13  T M\A k\vA An () oe {  RBBj  qUoU okTv
L Y 幮X Ln BU Mo  {  ZnBhA  oU LM wA ȴTU nB
MBTA  o{ M d ] wk nBiqM oiq iAkA  Bw o ~
  ȪBA kA A jU MBTM oiq JAod k\v k~BM 텫 
oL ZoM k\v ȧBzA oA ȗ .odT oL B oɓ A jƽ JBM JAodA
.țozA ȧBzA AoA cw   T]nkM BA k~  U zA okTv
.k\v më qM ZoLA Am okTv L XA v\A 
$
*7
: njB~A
151. | / cBw kA B .j / wA nk ȗ nBA
$   254 
*2
: 雱A
uU / AoA
.kA w  JoBM AoA k ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
JoA  ^BA B M L  Bk AoA k uwFU An k\vA BzG A
.kA A Lv k\vA Ȫw 670 /ɷ50 w Bw ME M B k ȗ MoA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
E kM B M kq k ȗ Aq M LT k  k\vA BM kE ɷ 62 w -
.o]BdA ME p ȗ E Joi
k\vA (JoA  ϦA kL M Bz B) BA M Bve k ɷ84 w -
A e BLA d ^Ak\v  ^kM BA ~BM B Be BM  ^BB20 kM
.nBvBM A oA 郱A ȗ SB v  TnBw
M k\vA wTM ϦA kL M Bz hA  oFM A M ozM B ɷ105 w
(kA ]BA) M o k\vA d ȗ ^B\o FzE B B{ ȗ oL ke
.kdA ȗ j] oM  lD k{
UBe M kq p ȗ ɷ155 w k E kM k\vA BM kE 773 /ɷ157 w
.oA Be
k̷ A kM k\vA BM aA jBp WBXA LA BdA jBE ɷ836 / ɷ221 w
.nmA vA u ȗ kA ȗ SLz A Joe KLvM
ȗ RBeA LM qA hA oE BA k ȗ 985 / ɷ245 w -
.k\vA
k\v ^] ^AoL  JAodA oip BFM LA AoMG MA B / ɷ248 w
.JAodA e ȯB{BA RBM 郰 TL k{
L BzA B B\ A RAjBqA M ȯBXA LA AoMA BɃA ɷ261 w
k BvA n~ BE JAME oz k ȗ k\v cLA (LA JBM L) M oU
.LA An
RBMBTA ϧm ozU k\v RBeA kM }e MA aBM o~TvA B ɷ639 w
dU v n~ M B (BB]n aA) JBM vA k\vA JBM  TLXA hnBTA
.A A j] AqU wA
.AoA ik k LA bBM jAo M kd B ɷ1244 w
$
*5
: BA
kBv ]nBhA Ank] kvU 幧BTwA T o Tv eBv k\vA z
失ik ^BMBM 11 k\v JBL ui ZnBhA  w U zA \dA Th
JAMA YY ϧm kBzU (BB]n aA) wBM JBLA Am o L ozA JBLA 
.oiE L (BvA JBM) M vA JBLA   KB\A u ȗ oiA
B~U nB 17  k\vA An T 屴M BzA \A ȗ TA JAMA kT
iAj \U {  JAod k\v (t ZBU T ȗ j BLA) RBBM
BɄ ɗ ȅqLA pAoA  BB\U Aj T toA ke Lz nAk\A
 k\vA L u Lzi k\vA oL oiA BM  nBip JAodA
L BU zA Mo RBLɄ VY   nBA  5/80 Bo L zA
o
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k uwFU ȗ o{ Bk k\vA Am pA KA M AoMA k ȗ ɷ184 w
BA A p ȗ k\vA oU o]BdA ME i B M L q B 幼wBLA
.JAohA
.Kl BX A 86 d k\vA BM BU SM -
$
*7
: njB~A
122. | / cBw kA B .j / wA nk ȗ nBA
$   255 
*1
: oTA
峪B M ȗ AoA B] k  婽k kL BE  ȮM uU A] oLE 
.oE ȗ kA B\A M B k
$
*2
: 雱A
uU
.oE B{ kA ]Bo k   3/5 kM  隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
kA oz ~ k\v BL ]BdA STA 698 /ɷ79 w uU JoA cT B
BA M Bve A gzA M B k\v A ȮL uU ȧBA M ȫwA
kLT B  k Tp o\{ M SB 훱  (TqA B]) M Ȫw ȯBvA
B BM k B\A B  JoBM TqA o\{ oX A  ȯAo~ KAn B
.wA AmM TvU ȗ ^BLLw
$
*4
: nBA wTA
nBA wTM JBdLdA M aA kL oA oA ȧA B 732 / ɷ114 w -
.h tBwE  탰 eE B\A
L aBM TvA hA k ȗ LA keE AoMA ME M 864 / ɷ250 w -
.B\A
α ȯBY op M w bTA ME M n~A cTA ME B 991 / ɷ381 w -
.B\A M L oTM ]B~A
oɄ  BBM B\A jp Bop ME M o~TvA kd BA ȗ ɷ647 w -
B\A Am Bn BTBM uU w }e M kA zA AoA B oBBM
.ȯBXA aA jBp LA BdA k ȗ M A  BTA B
Bw tkA L  kA mêA B B\A më SM 1894 / ɷ1312 w
.oA
.B\ oU oiC ~e 1939 / ɷ1357 w -
$
*5
: BA
k\v nAo  ȮM mA MoA ȫwA BA ȗ WBXA k\vA TqA B] oLT
ozA M\A \A ȗ d 隽 zA Tv eBv k\vA z .AoA
d w YXA RB\A  d~A  oz 幦LA An ]  z 
 BB] kBz  më SM k\v MoA oA ȗ 幫nB  kE 
B~U RBnB k k]U LA An ȗ 43 BBUnA L k\vA ZnBi iAj
SLT 幦LA Be  kBTU BM 14 Bjk (t ZBU T ȗ j BLA) RBBM
LA An ȗ k]U ȗA hBM Co RBMBT d~ MBA ]nBhA \A 
nBA B ȗ TA MoA A zU BXA JAodA BE MoA U A BTL
k]U JAodA   .hnBU RBMBT BwA ȗ kBz zA  LA wA
 ~ ^BMBM 13 k\v odTA LzhA k\vA oL B d o o
uTM e mA FA kM Bom cv ]B B\A d ȗ k] k~A Kzi
A BvwFU j KTA  ^BC U oiB LT k\vBM SdA oMBA oA ȗ
.1393 / ɷ696 w
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B\A oe AeBLTwB uU BLwA TeA BnB{ nAoLA k ȗ ɷ970 w -
.RAk\A KTA vM Aq UBTd AMoi TLT Aoj
. ~ ȚM k\vA ȗ unkTA dA S ɷ1381 w -
ȗ SB ~dA aBM o~TvA hA k ȗ jA oz WBXA oA ɗ -
 k Am Tp ~600 BB Awo A m BqA d B B  B\A
.k\vA e SM TA oA BvUA k
$
*7
: njB~A
146. | / cBw kA B .j / wA nk ȗ nBA - 1
561. | / ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA - 2
83. | ]hA M kd / uU gnBU  RBd - 3
$   256 
*1
: oTA
JoA nBE  nM z B Aqo Aq B B B B ]A tB p 
B] kE ȫwA A gnBU ȗ Be JBT  幼wA nBdA E  B
.BkA ȗ
$
*2
: 雱A
JoA / tB
.nBA w B ȗ tB k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
nA 텛 RoT{A A kM 859 / ɷ245 w oA aA kL M kd SM B TM
k A Lv Ȫw BMA VAo   S~e B  (ohA o) k ]n 
.oA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
B] B A kM LhA  SA k\vA w wnAjA p ȗ ɷ 307 w
Ki A B KzhA  oL   孼~BM (BozA) M oA kA
M kBe oA k ȗ wnBA Ȧ M aA kL kd MA cB gzA  M Ki
.ȯAkA Ake
oBA ukA Ϧ  oFM dA k\vA ȯBqA MA M keA w ɷ345  w
.ȯAoA eoA kL aA k
U ȮoA J w MA k  k\vA BM kE keA k ȗ ɷ530 w
BMBM B ^BMBM 17  A ik nB B Ȧ~ A 22 ɧ KTv nB WdM TwU
.BdA jBME k\v A BvA ik
ȗ BLvA B wT mA dA Lz B e  k{ oz tjBvA oA ȗ -
Bo ȗ AodA o~
$
*5
: BA
k w k 30   o ~  oXA vwFU AkM ȗ B\A  
^BAn ^B]l oLT zA Tv  25950 Bnk eBv z nB Te RAo
BM Sp TA LA i Ʉ  JBL oz  Tz vkA MoA 
 郰 BzA RAnB AoA nB BX  MoA UnB SM k RB~oBM
A  gnBU ]o Am B A oA oMBA ]E  k̽  odA An Lzi oL
M dU 1203 / ɷ599 w A jU h BoY  jA oz ȯBXA oA
m TB]  oLT WkdA o~A ȗ BY B] kA oLTU TA oA B]
ɓ LT wA B\A U w A MAoɛ ȮkA oA Bz ^Aqɟoɫ
.vA RBhBM
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Bp kq kA  B cMB~ 509 M A n~A ȗ B B\A Am B -
.Ao 700 
UmUBwA nBTh JA B ^BB 15 - 5 oTvU B\A ȗ wAnkA SB -
.k\vA nAw M u\ mA lBTwA e RBe ȗ v\ We UjAnA dM
cLA mA (o j RoMo]) BA  JoA B  B\A Am  ZohU -
A oz mA  JBvdA  ȗ (MoA o~A) U  ȯBXA oTvw kM B
.BMnA
BLA   o~ ȗ BLA A  B mA LoA  M w  tnj
Bv 嬰ki MA  oBzA  ^Ajk wnk M k\vA  MA kA b
.po MA Mo MA vA KhA M kA
$
*7
: njB~A
197. | / 2 Z / ~ oB{ / ȯBXA o~A Te wA ȗ kA - 1
3. Z 2 Z / jw Ake / ukA JoA gnBT BA wA - 2
.RoM /  1965 w / 1  / 22 | / jBp  / Mo k - 3
$   257 
*2
: 雱A
JoA / BLA nAkA
.ȧkA oA MB vA dA cw  婽kA kLA cLvA 雱 ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.wBM Ȫw  JoA Ϧ ȯBXA vdA  oFM ( 1993 / ɷ 1414) w uwE
$
*5
: BA
BɃB ɗ wA nBA c  RBw U nB ɫB] k\vA Am k
: Ȧ BM B ~TU  BoBe
kB  kTvU  200 BBUnA L TA hBzA TmêM k\vA qT : mêA
E ~A B G Ȃ ik ü  kBA Rk{ k  ^BMo ^AoT 625 BTeBv
nqA {FM Tz BeBL~ dU BM LM mêA  ȴTU LB] Znj oL FA
oiqM q  MA BioBM v ȷ 婟 30 kM  BUkBz   
 UdA nBiqA RBdTA ozTU  MA  oiA BA B KBT ~]
 BT G U kB~M jq ȷ  mêA RB]  ]  ȗ RA
.BA ȗ më E  pB\T  BwB k BBUnA
(~ A 80) JBTwA  njB wB{ Bin eBvM k\vA d kT : d~A
T F UnB u AoA Bɗ G oL ZohA ~ An G 汽 
.B Moz BM\TwA B
G ik Bv ~  ~ voA BA ȗ 隽 B]o ~ k\v : ~A
700 d BvA ~ KTv  (~ A 80) KTv mA ]nBhA d~A 
ȦiAkA d~A BUnA BLT RAjAkTA YY G v .Tv ~A B 幼~
dU  13  UoU kA   幦\A RBoXA BkTU T kk KLM q
oip RBU U ~A B uL\A  Ud tAE RB~o BU BB\U
25) ɧ vU ȷ  ] jB jAM o  Lm  wk  UBL i
uzA n BLTw ^BC oz  MBA odTA vA 隽 d~A ȗ  (~ A
oL vTA nA G BBM Mo oT 2600 ^BC odTA vA eBv LU 
nB Ak] Ank~ U RAA  ooA mAA ]B]qA JAMA B bTA vA
B .] op xM RdA uL\A  ȯB{BBM v k\vA Ank] k\vA
{U TA oiqA vA ȗ Ane B{A oXE gvA i ȗA hA A k\
o~M }hz ~A B oAqA ik Bk ...kA  KnBdA KLA  vA
.^BTd  ^Bz Lzi oip RBU  RBB\M oTL Tv L J ^BB
eoA A vM) }U MBTM gvA hM Aojq  Akz ȅ BC cT LA w 
m  (eoA  G G  mA A ) (BM jB vdA BwA   eoA
BUnBM qTU F k\v 奼TvA LzhA nBA  \TU vdA BwA
 B LT  Co wnk  ǱTd lG oA  AoL k B\A  oiBA
.BnBe BBY Bj B\ z oiA AoA  dT
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1996 w /446 jkA / MoA \
$   258 
*1
: oTA
BA BA BA  oX i Zoi MjE Ȯj qo oLE o~ pn keE
AFM n UBE JB\e  kv  JBM    mA oA  BA
.n A
$
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.BLA wnkA  JoBM oBA o~A BA ȗ opA Ak ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
w BLA TA 970 / ɷ359 w Ȧ~A o] BM oBA ȗ ȮM B] E 
.aA k qA ȪBA hA BE (ɷ358 w) o~ cT kM ϧl 972 / ɷ361
TvU ]oU (oBA B]) M BM k o oB ^BB] ^Ak\v  ȮM k
ȗ n~ j] ϧl c]o () AoqA B kvA A BA JBvT opBM
opA  A  B BA Ke ȯBU A BBM ()AoqA wBM k\vA
oYFT vTA m (oA B]) M ^BA ^Bk o B lG op jAoA oA ȮU
.ϦA \A M BTA KAA A kA kLA oM
$
*4
: nBA wTA
kk\TM B lA qA M aBM qqA k\vA bBM Ȯ 1009 / ɷ 400 w -
RBMBTBM ToiqM B  k 17 Bjk L jBM ̲BE oX ^BBA  
.~\A A
 JAod B\  A aA BeBM oɫA hA oɫE 1125 / ɷ519 w -
.\A xBM oiq JAod  KzhA
MA]  k\vBM d ^BAn aA k BdA hA BE 1129 / ɷ524 w -
C B CoA |~A  A RBMBTA nBiqBM BLA] Sz L M MnA
.(u) nw  RBC woA
() AoqA ɄB n~ aA k BdA hA FzE ɷ1130 / ɷ525 w ȗ
.B\ MoA JBLA nA\M
 A B\BM vAo\A ϼBA j AoE α TA 1266 / ɷ665 w
.B\A nBM TA oYE oL M nAkkLA toLM oBA BvA oE k eA
wnkA) ȷ kLA kA kM BA E k\vBM SdE 1309 / ɷ709 w
.(qA JBLM) oA JBLA  B\A A iAkA   (woLA
kA ) oA FzE  M kd oBA ϦA p ȗ 1339 / ɷ740 w
.B\A A iAkA nBv  BLA wnkA (keAA kL BLE
ɄE kk] nB BB ȮM o~A B\A nB Sk̷ 1397 / ɷ 800 w
.B
TiA TA B\A më kM MzA kA ZBU oBA ȧA B 1414 / ɷ817 w
.k\v ȧBzA JBLA k o\dA  më BB M 凱vA  So{A BpAU
.d~A iAj [o M BLwoM o{A ϦA oE 1424 / ɷ827 w
SB mA kA MBM k k k\vA nBM BLTB ϦA TA 1468 / ɷ837 w
.] nB   BA A   B  jk] nBA U
k k\vA  So]A ȯBXA B{BM kd ȧAA p ȗ 1595 / ɷ1004 w
.oX BA   oU BE
An  k\vBM RBeA k B{BM ve opA o]E 1605 / ɷ1014 w
.dA
ȗ Uj] BTApB Tq ȯBXA B{BM keE opA kA ? 1063 / ɷ1063 w
.wA KAm nE k M SdA k\vA
T]p SE k\vBM RBeA k B{BM Ȧ kd o]A 1805 /  ɷ1220 w
.o~ ] A 20 LU oX ^BBE B Kp oA
.k\vBM B{BM U kd TA 1888 / ɷ1306 w
k\vA bA nBBM ȯBXA B{BM Ȫe tBL khA TA 1892 / ɷ1310 w
.BLA wnkA ȗ U TA opA LT BLM B
nBM A jAɗ ϦA L  A nBɗ ϦA TA 1939 / ɷ1358 w
.k\vA
L ~~h wA VdLA k o~A dA RFzA 1954 / ɷ1374 w
YY   L  ^Bw L 41  ƫ ȷ KB E 15 ɧ vTU opA
.kA nA SA MA
$
*5
:  BA
vi  Tz BM d~BM dU AE YY  ^B BzA S B\A B
MoA KB\A B\ voA JBLA wT 幛nE YY   oiA BM  nE
B{BM o ~] ϼMBL{ Ank\A FM SdT nB U SB k\v
SApB oiqA ȗA hBM Co |~ Be KT̟ xBM Sp k wk
pB\ k\v țozA AA oz 幪kA k\vA B jkdU ^AoYE ϼMBLzA m BBM
AA BUnA Tv  w UnA B j SUnA mA JAodA A o{BL \T
RB]A Sp B ȗA hBM MT Co RBDM JAodA j RBBe Sp k
Se ȟA kA A ]oU oL L JAodA  幛nA UBLA nBiqBM j
Ak  cT qA JBM v BkeE BMBM B\ 幪kA BA LA d
Uo më B\ (BT nBe) ] 隽 (kB~A JBM) M o oiC JBM opA
 B AkB~A T 廧A nkA  BkTL B̦w B wEoM BE ȴT
.oiA En k BkeA  A  j .BXA nkA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k Bk nB ^AnAj B A kM h ^AnAj k\vA cLE 973 / ɷ362 w -
.Am Bk\v ȗ q oBA aA k qA
BA B B TA Te  opA B] jao] MA kA b~ A BA ȗ -
100 k  S B\BM LhA MF zA MnBd T ] lG 孼BA
.nAkkLA toLM oBA BvA BjBE Te w
 B\A ȗ tnj E ȃBA BA M Ȧ gzA E 975 / ɷ365 w -
.(nB~TiA) M o zA A ȗ M ^Ao~Th E
aBM qqA hA  u w M J ZoA ME opA K 988 / ɷ378 -
.B\A KB\M v ^AnAj  kE KUAoA  no BA  B] pn ~ A
 jk vM KLvU kk{ Aqp oBA k JoɃ 1303 / ɷ720 w -
.AqqA k B nB nw oA T opA B] BM  BA]
 RB  FM Ȃ ^Bwo (oM oBA) ϦA nkE 1382 /ɷ784 w
y B\ nB\A miF F o{ VnA  u ^BYnA oU B\A nB\
.B\ oLA ȧBzA JBLA k o\e  ϧl
 FM Ȃ ^BB o~A dA Sw A jAƗ ϦA BA ȗ 1935 w
aA kL ME  op g{ A A om 񦪧A LA u\ ȗ ^A opA g{
.{ohA aA kL M kd
oBdA SA Te ȚM A VBdMA RBwAnk B\A Am }~i ɷ1378 w
.ȫwA BA RBB]   B]
$
*7
: njB~A
47. | / JBA kM ve / oYA k]BvA gnBU - 1
.RoM / 1988 w / 1  / 471 | / ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA - 2
$   259 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.oBA o~A BA ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
Te BA M  A oTwA 1830 / ɷ1246 w B{BM Ȧ kd ȧAA BM
.BiAkM j oL   kE We wBM Ȫw 1848 / ɷ1265 w UB
$
*4
: nBA wTA
SBU k\vA BM B{BM tBL UE B{BM Ȧ kd B kM 1848 / ɷ1265 w
BiAkM 郰 wBd n~ M oE BioA BA M KmTA xA BA
kn AoA  k\vA BG xoM oE B Lm eB~  RBAk{
.k\v AA
kE kk] ^BMAME   k\vBM B{BM BwA TA 1863 / ɷ1280 w
.qqA kL BvA B Ȧ~ oLA nA\M n~
jBE d~A Bin bBM oF k\vBM B{BM U TA 1879 / ɷ1296 w
.Lm eB~ A kE JBLA |Bn
 Be B oLA LA ApBM oF k\vBM A jAƗ ϦA TA 1935 w
.Be ~E  BBM jBE JBLA B~A
oE lG k\vA bG BE SU A nB ϦA k ȗ 1939 / 1358 w
o~) k\vA M AA eBvA \U BioA ]AA v jBA ȫBin oL M
.(o\A
qoG j] ϧl A oz k\vBM ȯBXA k\A kL BvA TA ɷ1262 w -
M wnBA hBM cTA nw  RBC  JT k\v ozA \A ȗ ȫBin
.k\A kL BvA wA A ȗ KT (Zw) nzA BhA
$
*5
: BA
d~A  Mo ~ kA  țo{ 孼v A v zA Tv k\vA
 zA Mo țozA vA .MBT BMBM vA   e wT mA
MnE  d 52 BBUnA 21 Bo Uo L wTU 141 iAkA  
k JAodA poM ȅ uBi ~ Y JBL B~E MnE BM d oL j
 B lƪA j MoA nAk\A ȗ k]U BioBM iAkA  Ank\A Sv
 BA T tBdA  ZBw B 幯 w BM j B BioA  kE
ϼMBL{ wA  k\vA oAkM 孼UnBA Ȫw wAM k\vBM dA ǱA oA
oL nB\ BioA  JAodA joLA k~  RBME iAkA  BMBTE  KT̟
LA Sp k LmA xBM Ȧe oYE oL k Lzi oL  Ko ȫBin
 BwT ^Anp ^Aj XU Lm  pnBM nBiqM JBLA B~A oLA
TeBv B k\vA d .(aA nBLU aA B{ B aA vM) LA A  KT
Bin  kE  d j RAl nE MnE M d oL [o TdU 54 / 53
ȗo  |BoA  bAFM ZnBhA  Bz iAkA  { o ^BMBL dU
]nj 256 B M 84 B  BUnA BT{n BUnB d~ MoA ]AA
ȯBY) ^Anz U ^Aj dU Bin kE BY  B L d~A wM
B A X oiA Bin L LA m BLM pnBM nBip M _an  (A
MoA AoA wT K k B {  pnBM nBip B Sz ȫBin 
Bj Bw iAkM A ZB]qA xBM adA aohA tBdA  ZoM d~BM
Te  S ɷ1262 w B{BM Ȧ kd A (K u) Bvo Ϧ  SkE
kE BM BAn țozA vA BE ɷ1362 w nB ϦA BeBM Ȯ
oip B{FM o wBd ϼMBL{ d~A k\vA oAkM o ^BMBL dU Bin
M\A oA ȗ 孽kA JB{ kd gz k~ ZnBhA  BMBTA  JT
wBd n~ Be Bin LoU  S탰 B{BM Ȧ kd oL k\vA  MoA
e ȦLA BnAk]  SLY o~A oTA MoA nBiqA M S] Lm
k UBki LA Rjk B{BM Ȧ kd bk SU oTA BM MT Bin
.UB gnBU e
$
*7
: njB~A
382. | / JBA kL ve / oYA k]BvA gnBU
$   260 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
A oU 幃oBM oU BvA q\A M A oq] ȗ oBA k J] 隽
.BhA oMBM
$
*3
: uwFTA
aTA) ohBM oA aA  M kd y\A oB  k\vA Am M  E
B]) M o vA aA kL kA u{ KeB~A jk] Y (1332 /ɷ732 w
BM jBBM BLTB o{A ϦA B k A A  oBzA S Joi Y (vA
k\v) wBM ϧm k\vA o 峼A Lv k\vA Ȫw 1481 /ɷ886 w
. JoBM w mA ȄvA kA ] A Lv (ȄvA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
AkdA e FzɯA BLTBɛ o{A BvA ɗ jAp 1486 / ɷ891  w -
.RAnBA
.ȯA M ve nkLA tkA ^Ao B A kM  jAp w -
$
*5
: BA
z d cw BwT AE MnE B wnk ~U ȗ Lz k\vA Am A
((]oA BzA  aBM lE)) BkeE  JT JAMA MnE d~BM d
JAMA U ((oA ZAovA kd Bkw  aA )) oiA JBLA  JT
AA oLT 幛n ~] nBiqM k\vA ϼMBL{ Sz ~o { j
aA vM  ~B \U ȗ KT o\dA  MAod ȮM k\vA AA oLA țozA
\A ȗ k] BBoU ^L Ϯ BvA ȗ ϴ] KU o k : eoA eoA
Ao~A nB\dBM ȮL  MBE BLTB BvA wA LB]  KT JBM ozA
A BUnj RAnj VY   o\dBM L ȷ nBv  nBA U
.RB~oBM Soip WBXA xBM oiq BXA y kM oiq
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
oYA B 鼪] ok jnBM nB\A KLvM k\vA oTeA 1801 /ɷ1216 w -
.m TMBA KLvM ^Boip BLTB k]Bv A A 
oA kLU eA ȗ Bw k  \A   jƽ A nB ϦA B -
.A jƪA
K~U We o{   14   ȗ BA AoA BT] ^BB k\vA B -
ȧBA) M ȧBA m So k 奼A o ȗ KAA T\U nAA BU BhA
.(nkLA
$
*7
: njB~A
273. | / JBA kL ve / oYA k]BvA gnBU
$   261 
*1
: oTA
TdA A\A kA  dM k o~ ȗ B\A \ zA B] WBY 
 AoBw ȗ MoU mA  M keE FzE ȦA B񼷰 nBA BBTM
. më B  ~e k\v B oLA AoBw k\v BMBz Ak\v
$
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
. M keA Ak vA AkA ȗ Kp kvA e ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
AkM  Tw kM UE  ( 876 / ɷ 263) w  M keE o~ Be BM
B  FM  (oz L]) M oU SB oh Mn Bz nBTiA k vwFU
oU TA kA B] k\v   A{ o~ E A BM KLw  奼A o B
 oBA k ɗ WBXA k\vA oLT mA k\vA Am Lɗ (BA k) M Bk
.(ɷ 292  254) Tw M oT o~ e mA BM wBM Ȫw
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
kA B\A F  kM kk] F BM U BM qqA k ȗ  ɷ 385 w 
.SoTeA TA
M G BE  B\A më BM (]) BvA jBE 1296 / ɷ 696 w 
.RAjBqA
$
*5
: BA
zA Mo   (^BMo ^AoT 26281) TeBv LU lG wAA oBA k]Bv keE oLT
o ȅw B E d  T mA 啽ozA ǱLA k\v ~U ȗ MBz
pAoA YBU oiqA nBA B   幛nE MnA UB]  M d v
.AoBw k ȗ kBvA ȮA
 k\vA w kT  (^AoT 92) E  馃   wA d k\v
BM U j BU 幫Bj oz Sw   ȗ k] kA   vi
L  ^Ak oz YY MnA LA]  KB]  ȗ d~A    nE vi
B BYA BE KnBd Tw B\ 幫Bj 160 vA B  TA RBBkA jk
nBip  SM k JAod 嬱 MA o~ ȗ Aj] B mA oLA JAodA
U keA më SM BTYA B SkU lD VY  B\ B oiFT 
Mo BUkB RBL VY  TU ( 29) BBUnA L MoA ȧBzA nvA ZnBi
 Bi ȷ BE G BwE  ȯqe zM Znj ZnBhA  B  o\dBM L
 BLwBT BpU p BMBM 21 k\v AoBw mêM L{  xA  nBiqA
.k\vA RB]A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.{ TL  L   k\vA oTeA ɷ 376 w 
  JAohA  nBkA k\vBM e ȪBA BM o~TvA k ȗ ɷ 470 w 
.ȧB\A nkM qqA k  eA U
.(KmA ME) M kd BE ~A qeA  B~ k\vA mhUA 
.q\ nAj G k\vA (M R) e 
$
*7
: njB~A
9. | o~ ȗ wA nBA  1
.RoM /  1988 w / 1 / 268 | ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  2
$   262 
*1
: oTA
 Lw  Lɛ  廦A RABvA G (|) A wn ovɫ TLA E 
gnBTA \w mA B~A vj 峦A k UAj TBwn  woA BLA
.A RM wߧ TAo ke
$
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
.ozA wkA odA n  M\A \A ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
oh~A L BM BM ȗ jBTwA .ɷ72 w Ao M ϦA kL ǱA hA k{
Lv o~ ZAoi BL kn (BTw]) nAoLA k ȗ k v BA 
(w M kq) 孼vA B keE (kA Be M B]n) BLA  o{A.w
(|) A LA owA  AowA VjBe  uLT ~A k\vA wA tkA 
ȗ  E  k\v kME B lA (kMA) BB  ~A 峼A AodA k\vA 
.tkA SM (oh~A L k\v) M ϧm v nBqBM a̽ nA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.q\A ME BM B ϦA kL M kA UA ɷ 86 w
 MBvA  TA n~M k\vA BM wBLA kA hA jBE 780 / ɷ173 w
.o\dA  kA M AqqA KLvM AkA  w mA kA vA  BdA
 k\vA Ank]  k~U B BM oBA kLA hA jBA 1033 /ɷ426 w
B{ ȗ LvA JAMA BdA LA ϧm SM 1033 w Vke mA AqqA oYA
.k\vA
.k\vBM MA αA TA 1198 / ɷ 595 w
TeB  k\vA w oTM dB~A  kA w oE 1287 /ɷ686 w
.M\A
nvA o k\vA nk ȗ BioA 郰 LA kk\TM oBA ϦA oE ɷ728 w
.JAodA   mA BLzA cT jAj JAod k M\A
 M kd oB ϦA BMA ve ϦA BL{ BvA oE 1376/ɷ778 w
.k\v LzhA JAMA kk\TM
.k\vA BM  AkU B n wBLA FA k ȗ 814 /ɷ198 w
.k\vA oB  |BoA  kk\TM BLTB o{A ϦA oA ɷ 884 w
kL ȯBA Bw BXA ɄvA B ɷ1291 ɷ1233  ɷ969 w
.k\vA ȗ RAoU RAkk\U kM ȯBXA kdA kL qqA kL A k\A
ȫwA u\A un B ɷ1346 w Te BTU TA RAvA  ɷ1340 w
B ȟoTA nBA tkA TM v T ȮvdA E kd ZBdA A
.k\vA ȗ RAkk\U RBoU kM M kA
vA kk\TM o~A dA SBɛ A nBɗ ϦA k ɗ ɷ1363 w
k\v wA LzhA
$
*5
: BA
RDz ȯBL  B B ~A k\vA  oh~A k\v wkA odA nw 
 nvA AmM d B 2260650 d odA Am eBv LU nAwA Te
 MoA M\A oA MoA ȧBzA A   kTU nA iAkA \A
ϧB oh~A L ~A k\vA M eBvA ȗ k\vBM ~T Te M\A 馂A
Mo nBw 49  BioA  ^Aj 53  k\vA  徱 khTvU B nB
BTdU U tAE MnE dU BwE VY ZnBhA  BLA kTU X { zA
BwA B ^BMBM 50  KzhBM ^Bv ^Bk k\vA B o\dA  kk w
MTA JBM  (|) kd LA JBM  e JBM Bw JBM jAj JBM B BM Bi
 MoA M\A \A ȗ A lD MnA k\v B gA ...eoA JBM 
M SB MAoA BE MoA BzA AqA ȗ XBXA wvA JBM  ȯBXA B\A
JBM më vvA JBM më MnBA JBM më ȴ BBwE BA e JBM LA JBM
.BLwA JBM më AA
:  oh~A L
oh~A wkA odA nv M\A ȧBzA A  BvT kM  U
ȷ Bn L\ L qM  B ȗ SB zA T o oh 텛  nBL
nBw ^BBvA F BhA L ]AA BTeB ȗ ^AkME ]oM keA BF  A Bnp
() AoMA LA A  AkE (7) nBYC B SM k B k MBA nBYA RkL B
A LA SB 峫AkA nBYC ȷ m B z ^Ʉ BwA B B B
 bAA B  |BoA  cB BU KzhA  ~ k\vA U TA
TL   ȷ ɷ413 w A BhnBU ]o A BA LA AoLA tBdA
vA ȅU ] ~] nBip x BU Y KzhA bAA iAkA ȅU
BBUnA 13.50 BɃo 17.70 A  AoLA tBdA bAA B ]nBhA
tBwA SB oh~A m FM kT  B  ZnkM BA q nB BTdU  1.5
K~U  SB TA odA ȷ BTdU TA pBA A  (odA MAoA cMm) ȚdA
ȗ [oA BM Be TA BA Jo nBYC oh~A ȗ oTA B BBdA Bj BM
SB k nB~A wBv A kU BL B oLT B Aq]A miA L~A JodA
ϧl kM BBM  Bd BioBM Sv k KmBM BTp jB B B 텚A 
.kM B vA m MA kA b ApE Y
e kE Tw  d vvA L vU o L k]U oh~A L o{ A
ȫBin j BAp  Ap  ȗ ^B oz ke 馂 zM An kA m
B u\M) BLA Am Ȫw nmA kA ϦU  j M |Bi JAod 
Zo ^AnBmU SM TA (ZAoA L) M oU oiE L oh~A L Jo A (jAj
A (w L) vU oiC L oh~A L J] A  BvA A (|) kd LA
ȗ BLA d ȷ (Bw L) odA ȧB{ nAkAkA JBM  MoA J\A
Sæ̫ ohA uL\BM SkLTwA ohA BioA  mA k\v.BY oh BiAj
A RBMBTA \A nBiqA RBBkA jA U A ZB]qBM BUBdT
MBT B ZnBhA  LA Ln e B{BA nBiqA kBz  B BvvA
B L KmA ȗA hBM MBT iAkA ȗ  AowA nv oA hBM
.BLA Am gnBU A ozU nBL U B Co RBC MBTA m A 240
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
v  RAi kM  o B] A ȯBXA hA k ȗ 636 / ɷ 17 w
S Be A UnBp BYA jB vA nAp Bk   mA BA ȗ BA
vA mhT ç o MF  We Ȧ~ E (to) ϽoLA  nB{F ~A
.vA dM LB \e ϧl
Ao M ϦA kL k ȗ oh~A LA  ~A k\vA  ȮM mA BA A -
ç [dA  tBA 鮫  ϦA kL k B () jAj  ɄA  SB
. ȗ oMqA M aA kL  A
n~A o] MA oF k\vA  țozA q\A Aqp Jo 771 / ɷ154 w -
q\A bA  SA ^Aj Bw k\vA JAMA  KmA cB 馚M wBLA
 ɷ426  ɷ158 w KE k pqBM k\vA MBA VjAe RnoU  .noTA
.텛 () hA AoMA k\v  oL 텛 jAj JAod  雱 ɷ425 w
A ~A k\vA Ae ozA tkA L~A TeA 1099 / ɷ492 w -
񼴧A Bwo  Bv BvA M A]  (uw BU) Bw v
 AmhUA  Tdw ^Bqh J\A ]  A BɗBɃE TA jBqA ATwA
.(A kvA ) wBM ^BdMm oh~A  AM MAk ^LwA TdU TA KjAovA
oE L~A TeA  tkA MA kA b noe  1178 / ɷ583 w
.BvvBM TL Bv oLA A  MAod jk]  Joi B bBM
XA kBM \A  MBBM tkA k jA Jo 1945 / ɷ1364 w -
JBM më AMBA B BM nAoBM TL AMBA k\v wA JBLA Aok nA 
.o{BL MBG BLwA
Aoqe Joe JBE tkA k jA TeA kM 1967 / ɷ1387 w -
.oL nAoBM LA AMBA ~A k\vA Aoj kA Aoj 1967
oL kB k qM d 郱M jA MBTA keA B 1969 / ɷ 1389 w
B qUoU TA JBziBM AoA S~UA oYA oLA SoeA TA nBA {A k\vA
.BToeF LA
 odA BBM BA  wkA odBM BTwA ukT jA RBd RnoU -
LA  uwE A k k U kM TdU  ~A k\vA e KTA
wk mA (AoLA) nAk]  TwA ^AnAo ABe k  TdU B ()Bw
RBBiBdA ij A BBM ]Ao (|) woA AowBM YA BLUn vA
RBdɫ nAoU ɛA oɫA SLXT ɗ ~A k~M k\vA A jA L~TA
.~A wkA odA  dvA RAAkTA
$
*7
: njB~A
.ɷ1410 w / 1  / 285 | /Z hA tkA gnBTM \A uA - 1
.ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA - 2
120. | 5 Z / wkA RBLTA w - 3
12. x 4 / Mo BC \ - 4
.ȪA k\ jA .j / tkA k gnBU - 5
$   263 
*2
: 雱A
v / oA k
.oA k  MoA \A ȗ vA w ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
KUB BM  o{A oA k BM hU BYA ϦA kL M Bw hA BM
.MA k\vA wBM ^BA k\vA o (oLA MA) Bw
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.ǱA kA ȗ qqA kL M o BM jk] o (ɷ93 - 87) w
.nB wk Ao{BM k\vA MA kA b jk] ɷ586 w
.TA BMBA A kM BBM jk] B\A nB toLM oBA BvA o ɷ666 w
A kM k\vA nB BM  M oBA kd ȟA BvA jBA ɷ718 w
.A B YB AqU  ȷ BkA KB\  kU k  SdLA SMoi
$
*5
: BA
ZoM) E (oA ZoM) M kU TA ozA Tmë Ank] A A k\vA  L 
nBA BpAo MBd~A  ^Ak{ 40 BTdU j BM kBvA jBT (^Ak{ MnA
oLT 幦L{A ȗ (kAo\A) mêM L{ ȷ BMnA A L~A  mA pAoBM Bom
SM oL Ȧ mA kLA B\M pBT oL oA KnBdA oLA  k\vA JAod
A  oL nB wTU nBMC nB\{A  wA d k\v .vdBM tkA
 B () cB L KvU B oM iAj ȗ BA MBd~A  kkA nL B
.k jA TeA L MoA BA vA Bk Td
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k Bin kE nB~ A   BM B ϦA kL M Bw hA A o -
.BUkA  B\A Am M BnBBM jk 婴 v BL BTwA oA SdU
Bk\v ȗ BA oA q ^BpB BzA jM A o~  MB k B 1798 w -
k k\v JAohA oU (ɷ928 - ɷ860) w - ovA UjB ^Ao ] A
oL e SzA oA k JAoi
$
*7
: njB~A
.j] jAj keA jB .j / BUFz m oA k
$   264 
*2
: 雱A
A / B
B BA ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
9 w αLU q  Uj kM B A (|)aA wn kE Bk L] M lB BM
 SE kA Ak o~ BA  k{ k kA ȗ B\A k\vA  ɷ
.ɷ266 v jU A UnB 孪A ȗ ]  A
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.B\A oU wTM (MoA M Ȧ) B ȗ A bBvA tBLA MA oA ɷ135 w
 A k\vA nBM o M kd M AoMA M o] oA B ɷ266 w
TA (nE) 񦪧A A Fi KvU TA A k\vA nB ]oU A B ^AA
.^BA k\vA Sw
.BT  mA MA nB o M o] oA MA E ɷ 333 w
$
*5
: BA
BM Th B{BM j wk xM Ank] Sz K~A o\dBM ȮL k\vA
A BvvBM Ank] Sz țozA KB\A ȗ KA kB AnA { 
hBM nd MBT w o B\A  ȗ KzhA  bAA  KT B
 BUnA L BUnB B\ 幪ĿA M BwA CoA RBA M B o ȗA
xA  Bi ȷ uBM vA B\A L U d~A w ȗ  25 B
BUnA L oL JBM Ank] keA ȗ oLA oh~A 酛  ȮL nw k\vBM d
.nvA nAk\M T~T TBj  TU L JBLA  SM 4
$
*7
: njB~A
30. | / oA kL kA B~ / wA  ȗ A
$   265 
*2
: 雱A
A / kMp k
.BzA A B keA kMp k w ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
kU AoTeA ukU o A tBA oU A ȗ kA k]BvA  B\A Am
L nAk]  ȗA hBM wA SLXA (w M vdA) E  BLA kAzA
mA o{A w M  A c]oA   夰A k\vA ȯBM  k\vA
.jB\A ȗ nj 峼A Lv k\vA Ȫw
$
*4
: nBA wTA
oTM AB jBp C A   ϧB k\vA BM jk] o\A tjBvA oA ȗ -
.B oM nA\M nB\dBM Bd ~  nBL B A kM TwU
$
*5
: BA
~ \U iAj k oL  ǱTd mA LA nAk]  nBL A k\vA nBYC
vA RB]nj M  LU B  j   }~ k  KzhA 
 BwBM ȮM k 幦] xM ^Bq k\vA B 幪kA LzhA RAzdA M
.BA Am ȗ odM nB BBM ȷ (kMq odLA kA)   A S ZBvA
$
*7
: njB~A
152. | / B\zA keAA kL eoA kL .j / BeoA  ȗ A
$   266 
*1
: oTA
 qLA nBYC  oYE SB TA A nBYA keE LwA k B poME 
.vA RBê B] cLE Y vA
$
*2
: 雱A
BoU / LwA
.LwA k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
v Lw ȫwA cTA L (wkA dA) ȮU (B BC) L B
LwA k AoUA cT kM 326 w BTw] ȯBoA nAoLA BBM 幼Ao~
ϧl cTA kM ]  A   B] A BdTM cUBA kd BvA oE
BC) wA  A JAod  Lzi nB k\v M 1453 / ɷ875 w
.(B
$
*4
: nBA wTA
KzhA  SB A kM o\dA  k\vA nB SM ȯBXA kqBM BvA k ȗ
.oL L  SM
 B~M ȯBXA k\A kL BvA oE (1861 - 1839) Tw M oTA i -
.(UBw) ovvA nBA k  oYA Am oU
.M\A o ȗ k\v ȦiAkA BA ȗ LT A jd BvA M -
$
*5
: BA
XA nB\eBM qA BvvBM 텫 Ank] BioBM |o k\vA d
BioA kE ȅqLA A nBY jU TA XA jBA BM oip ȗ STwA
ȗ k] 婧BA  Th B (uUnE)   A SL] BLA ȗ TvA
nB Rk{ k\vA  M\A AqA ȗ A o RAnB ȦiAkA k\vA B
j]A qoLA vA oLT oL L k\v 幽o\dA nBA  ^kM koA 
j Y LM B vA Am Ank\ An  dU LTA  M\A \A ȗ
]nBi ȮM oYE dT  nBL A k\vA jA oz MAoA oA A 
.dTBM dE oL k\v
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
e BTw] nAoLA A B oYA Am BM KLw dU nwA RBBe B -
kM e ȧBdA k\vA 郱 ȗ  ^Ap\ ^]n A dA ȗ Eo  RAl
BA Bk   ohA RBA Kve v kzTM oE BLA oi B 
M dA B u En k k] mA nBA wk kTwA   nAoLA
.vA m
LwA L~A ij Bk Roj B BBM kE RAo k vA m SoTeA
.BUBTd AL AoeA
A k\vA dTM nUBUE B ~ oE ȟnUBUA kA ȗ 1935 w -
ϧm Ap dT
$
*7
: njB~A
.nA kBi KoU / nkAoM S / nzA oTA A\A
$   267 
*1
: oTA
An dU k  B  JBdvA cBU TA MnA lDA l LwA B poME 
.nBA oYA TeBA  oL E RAl
$
*2
: 雱A
BoU / LwA
.LwA B] i LmA oA [i  kqBM  ȗ U  隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
1557 / ɷ957 w ȯBA Bw ȯBXA BvA  oFM Bw nBA k{
A Lv Ȫw
$
*5
: BA
nB AkM RBw JBL Be ozTU ^Ak] oL L SdU k\vA ~ 隽
A  k SM BA B RBo{ oz  TzU RAnB MnE k\v oX
m LwA cT kM vA Bp U Bw MAn  ȯBA Bw BvA
酚M SM k Ǳ~A KwB BzA  Ak oA\M h jBM Rk{ RAnBA
ȴTU oiq AeA YY MnA RAnBA   o~ A  SL] TA ooA
BM d ] xM oiq ȷ A JBLA  k\vA L oLTU LMk toM
kk nA ~BM dU .tAA k  d ȷ 幽TA nB oiq mA
 k\vBM dU B ke  ] q\A Am kLTwA k ^BT{ ~  \U
tMA Kzi  ~ JAMA YY ȦiAkA od .MAM 11 B\ LA] 
ț\vA k jU ] Ȯ  nB oYA RAl wA MALA oLTU  k~BM 텪A
BTAn BTdU MAod B\A oL .(aA wn _kd aA A A ) nBL Bnk~TU
dU 幦] ~] nBiqM  k\vA Ank] tMA Kzi  BT~
BvA coɃ Bɗ k] kLA ooA kA  kz BvA n~ k\vBM
B\A ik  hA \A ȗ nB BvA { co MoM ȯBA Bw
hɃ LT k\vBM SdA kɛ ɫB\A ~ɫ B{BM Bw nBA coɃ 隽
.(63   *    69)BjBMA

$
*7
: njB~A
.nA kBi KoU / nzA oTA A\A - 1
.K]n jv ]oU / uAo Tvo /ȫwA o gnBU - 2
$   268 
*1
: oTA
nBiqA xBM oiqU TA nBYA An  wkA nBA  ȗ kBi C 
.\A
$
*2
: 雱A
oU / njE
.oTA njE k ȗ nAjwA  ȗ 隽
$
*3
:uwFTA
1803 w ϧl WBXA w BvA  oFM o oiAE ȗ B{BM Bw nBA k{
.ȯBXA w BvA A Lv Ȫw
$
*5
: BA
42 Bo L oL k\vA L keA o{ B keA  UnB l k\vA
nBM B\A jqU mA  ǱTd E BY   ȯAwA {  kTvU
.TL kU nA  B ZAoME BAp e k]U
ooA KzhA  SdA  An ZlB ] ^BA iAj ȗ k\vA 
w BvA n~  B\A ǱTd njB dU qoLA TMAM nB oLTU
.B LT kM B SdLA AkTMA wnk j wnk  Tz ϧm WBXA
$
*7
: njB~A
.nAkAoM S / nzA oTA A\A
$   269 
*2
: 雱A
oU / LwA
.LwA k ȗ AA A keE BvA Ak ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
Lw i BM BE STA ( 1617  1603) A keE BvA oFM k{
ǱTd  npA B\BM o ϧm wBM Ȫw ( 1661  1609) RAw
Bw nBA mU BC kd nBA RAq\   Ȯ qi 텛 (21043) 
.( 1588) w TA B{BM
$
*5
: BA
*  64) AoT 4608 eBv  wA pAoA  kz RAnB Sw l k\vA
kE MnE  qUo oLA TL Mo oB kL A G Tv { ( 72
MnE BBAp ȗ k] RB] MnE  JBL B~FM Bd ȷ oB MnE  kTvU
 oL B\A JAod 幦]  xM RBq B] JBLA o JBL
ovA AqA ȗ j]A BvA n~ (ϼAp) BvvBM Bq ooA 
iAkA nAk] koBM q ܧA FM o MBM BvvBM q |Bi JAod
o pnBM woM q BM i RAl B woA RBeA BE koBM B
WXA kd B UkE npA poA oeA oiBM A jnA wvA
qoLA  JAMA m 鼪] iAj JAME VY ]nBi JAME BY B\ o]BM
 qUo L YXM v oBM Bd  Aq]E G v ȦiAkA B\A M
jqU ooA  An dU  ȦiAkA d ȗ U A B Aqi Bj 26
. mAA m ZB]p AnB BBM  vi {  mB 260 B\A
$
*7
: njB~A
.nAkAoM S / nzA oTA A\A
$   270 
*2
: 雱A
BqB / nLA
.nAoiA B  ]E ȗ (nLA) BA J]  25 kM  隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
nAj (nBw)  Be qqA kL kA b BvA A BM ȗ A j
 300 M ~ RAw 4 k i zE k 1988 w ϧl BveA
.nj

$
*5
: BA
Bo L ȯB{BBM d L U 236000 TeBv LU lA eBvA wA k\vA
BUnA oB MnE LA AoE ȗ kBzU BA JBL E  kU 107 BBUnA 52
eBv w LU UBT RBBUnBM BE YY nB  142/30 B keA 
LB\M io JAod k\v 2 2415 BvA ~ eBv 26782 B]oA ~
.17 BUnA oL

$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB .nAp Bn  / wA p ow

$   271 
*2
: 雱A
BqB / nLA
.nL A k Mo  30 Bv   B{  ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.qqA kL kA b qBA nAoLA  oFM 1988 w k\vA Am cTTE
$
*5
: BA
RAoT k kM  BM Bh  kBz 񪽰 eBvA wA k\vA
 BA BLA to k B hBzA oB oLA BzA TL oU We
k\vA RAo nE Sz k k\vA Am BL ] l  nk  kB
U A  nk ȯBXA cv A w  ~A T 奼] u o\dM
ZnBhA iAkA  Sqe k .107 BBUnA 52 Bo A Bnp hB{ L 
ozTU 幽\A o BA k\A ZB]qBM LA S nBiqA CoA RBBM
wAM nB  nBU 142/30 B  BUnA ~ MnE oB MnA LA RB] 
eBv LU B  E A ~ BMo k~ B  ȗ 郰 k mA 104
~ oL k\v RBo{ AoBM dU `~̫ A 10 ɧ vT 26782 ~A
JBM BveA JBM αA JBM ȷ JAMA YY k\v 31/5 Tw 11 BUnA
B]  kq B RAnB MnE  wA B e 隽 voA JBLA BE n
LT M SdA M Bi nAjA k\v .ThA B ȗ RBoXA nBzTA k\vA
.^B~h{ 40 ɧ vTU RAk\A A  dU
$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB / ȯB{B kd / JBTA JC p own Bpn
$   272 
*2
: 雱A
kA / xjAoM nBUA 
.yjAoM nBUA  MBTA wkA BjE k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
B) jA A  (oMBM kd kA o) ȧA  nAoLA KB (țBM o) FzA
A  oMBM A Lv oMBLA k\vM Ȫw  1528 / ɷ 935 w ϧl (BeA
.kA e ȧ nAoLA
$
*5
: BA
RBA oL MAod wAA MBL {M qA ȫwA MBM k\vA qT
.z ol khU TA wnBA nB{A Ank]  CoA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
oMBM nAoLA A (BAn) nwA A tEn v  A k\vA A tkA q
k tkBM B BM oMBM A k\vA BM B ȗ ^BB ^Bwk ^AkL k
.B j TA wkA oBwA  Aoi nwA A Am (A)
REkM A A oTv o MnA k k\vA Am ȗ ~ BjA kM ȗ vA 
A Be (B{ Ȧ k]A) nAoLA k i  1855 w A o BzA
 k mA BA  ǱTd k\vA B  ^Aq] A tkA jA Bk jA
~ BLM tk bBvA kM A vTM (B{ Ȧ k]A) oA B k (BAn)
BM  BM (BAn) kL tkA EkM We k\vA B  ovA KB\A ȗ o
.~A   v  k\vA
vA M oT MlBA UBBj WM  qA U kA nY kM  1857 w
v  ^BB B mA wkA kLA k oMBM FM MmA oz i  tkA
.^Ak\v  FzA (BAn) tEn
~A  ^Bw  A (tjAnBM An) k tkA A keA Be  1885 w
A AF\ ϧl  vA oTA   (B{ Ȧ k]A) oA BBzBM cw TA
.1886 w vA cB~ ^Be RnkA TA dA dA
nAoA SYke tkA vA M BA RBMAoA oYA   1934 w
Vke Tw kM BAo\ A nA RjB BeBM BoLA dA SB k\vBM
ϧm zA jA  A vA q k\vA z e vA vA M i
.z ȗ Ȯw k\vA A Ame BA ok e
 (tAj An MA) wkA BA ]U Bk oiA o zA RoYA  1949 w
ATM iAj (BAn) YBU A탰 ^ k\vA Ank] AvT ko UmU  50
oɈ (BAn) A FM kLA tk ozL BA Am A bBL~A ȗ A nF 
ȮY kL A k\vA dU `mm k\vA  AMoT A vA 鮫 k\vA ȗ
dA S탰 BdA A vA F\ Bk Ȫwn wk B { ok
. A S TM e nAkA j  k\vA JBM  ^
Anp vn (kB AokA) nBLM kLA wkA dA RjBTwA  1983 w
 k\vA ȗ kLTBM tk cw h Bj w A pA ϧl kM AmC kA
An) (BAn tEn v kL) M k\vA v AmiA   kATBM  A EkM
dT B B dT  YBTA 郱M oL MAod tkA uj (ȫM BB]
. 1986 w tk kB ]An e  k
o   ALɄ kL tBwA o\e Ƀ tkA L~TA no  1989 w
kLA BM \ A oLU  (BAn) wA   x JM WLU A jLA ȗ wk
M eo\A TA  kkA Bi 雰 RAov RAoBU SB ϧl oYA 
tBwA o\e 郱M cvU  BA dA SA 婷Ao BeA SoeA vA
o\e 郰 p\ FM ϧl kM ^Be RnkA TA BA dA nAo nk L
Ao]BM cw Am BnAo  dA ]AoU  B pBT nA 텛  tBwA
A JAoTA  vA S k\vA  jnB 100 Bv kM  BLA wAo
.BjA k
dA ȃAnA  wA RBeBv  TwBM dA SB  1991 w
nA odM tkA Bɛ ϧl kM kLA BM o tk BTA k\vBM
Ao]A A jE oiA o dA ikU  kLA BL ^AjAkTwA k\v A
RBBA Sz  BA wkA A k\vA oe Bp M RBB
.ȴj ȗ BA dA A A dU tkA n 
 B] SB kA dA o~U v \T  1994 w A B 6 ȗ
BA A dU k\vA kM K~T A 400 M Bjk nk tkA L~TA
k ^Akk] ^AkL A AA dA  kk] k\v BLM ϧl kM dA RkU k
 j] wAodM wkA jBLA  o\U oMBLA k\v BA  A 햧BM zA
.dA 
$
*7
: njB~A
.nAp Bn  / wA p ow - 1
.ɷ 1415 /  1994 w 19 jkA wA \ -  2
$   273 
*2
: 雱A
BTvBM / jBMC wA
.jBMC wG BTvBLA BA ȗ 隽
$
*5
: BA
15 A d v lE wAA TeBvM pBT kA ȧB ^BwA ^B\ oLT k\vA
A A BBM ~ 1500 ɧ v Bv ~ BA Un~ ȗ  ~ E
d oLA  k̽ k\vA d `~ A 300 ɧ vTU TA k\vBM dA
ZnBhA  k\v voA LA e k] A  kE kM BA k]Bv
TA  BA Bo] ̽ WdM 幽T RBdT B BioBM L eT B B
ȫBioA oL An oTL kk] k\vA ȗ B  k\vA nAoe ]nj TM
MAod ]A  An  텛 X  RB]nj ui   BUnA oiBA
\dM (|) oA LA wA BnA\M (\A ) dU BvvBM MT nBL
6 d qU B\A kA oA BM BoY kTU k\vA w ~T ȗ oE
A B JT ~ k\vA ~T ȗ BBA ȗ k\v ^B~~i S BE
k\vA BM BU SM k kLB Mn BE keA E TE m G  oA
.nj  45 d
$
*7
: njB~A
.1987 w : MoA \
$   274 
*2
: 雱A
BjL
.BjL ȗ wA A BA wnk KB\M 隽

$
*5
: BA
UkA w SwA  ȮL  oA ȴM BLA h zA Tv k\vA
BTdU k  nBL k\vA JAod 奼] LM L k\vA nA KzhA 
M w Bw ZBdA Ki BA) MoA odA RAl (BLBzU) M  KT oL
nA 鮪U A j uzA nAoe 鮪U xBA  oBTw A ɗ (cB kd
Tv B k oL L k\vA ȗ 幼w RM M dU ȫBA B k\v
T RBMoɃ i  LA Am Tv B k XkdA R~A oL  kL
.~A S   B

$
*7
: njB~A
169. | 幼Ak RAkBz en / BjL t ȗ vA

$   275 
*2
: 雱A
BjL / M  k
.kA eA ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.(vi A) k\vM o ɷ 1313 w ȮM
$
*5
: BA
w ~A K~A KzhA  kA l eBvA wA A A BLA k k\vA
k]BvA A) oA A MAod  KT k  nBA B \U ȗT v Lzi
wA B  (\ ) nB{ oLA   18 / \A (AkeA A  AkU  
 TnE kA A G KzhA  iAkA k\vA kE A  oBM  (\A )
B B nB\{A RAl ke B wA RBeBw k\vBM dU  cvA SwA
.kA Ȫv L jU nL
$
*7
: njB~A
167. | 幼Ak RAkBz en / BjL t ȗ vA
$   276 
*2
: 雱A
Aow / BU o k
Aow B BU o k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
L  oz wBTA oA ɗ k{ kɛ 嬰BU oɗ k ɗ ȮM k\v E 
vwFU ȗ SnB{ BLA 鼪]   AkA () ɧA Ȫv     (BkBA)
 BLA  oX oL \U qo oLT  wA oA  eT MAME B
.kA RBLwBA ȗ X
$
*7
: njB~A
.αE p] / oE ȗ vA
$   277 
*2
: 雱A
~A
.~A J] TB k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
kA kɛA TB k oLTU lA ɷ400 w ϧl ~A ɗ ȮM k\v E 
ik  SɃ MoA BM e  KT k wA Bij TA ~A
ȫwA L Am |B  (|B BM ~A ȗ k\v A Am) ~ B ]nBhA
.k\vBM TA wBLA kA kM B]
$
*4
: nBA wTA
kk\U nBBM pAozA Kn ZBdM oA tkA kd M keA B ɷ710 w -
.BM
KT o\e k\vA B ȗ B 1935 w BoiC B RAo MnA k\vA n -
.ϧl kM o\dA Am e k 1350 w gnBU 
 SɃ B ȗ K~ nmA o\d YB o\e K~ ɷ1404 w -
A MBTA
$
*5
: BA
j 텚U ^Ak] ^ ^Ao o nBzA  AA ]nBhA k\vA JBM A oBA
vn ~  nBL  mA voA k\vA UF Y ɃAA M ȗ d
wA ~A nAoLA hM ~A BM nBL jA keA  KT k eBvA wA
z B kBz BA Am kM ȫwA k AoTeA okU  oLU ({ A)
AoMA  wA) ~A BM  JT oiC k A 汽 ]nBhA JBLBM ~T
(A n ZoM) M v Uo o ZoM BA Am  (kk] o ^Be
] e AoA iAj ȗ ] ke A ~ AoA  Uo nB k\v
(kLB {  Bi  A A  Mn aA l) oA A MoBM B KT
RBe k  k\vA  An kM SwBM M M zA BA
k)  KT RBoLT k ~A ik k 幼~A MoBM RBMBT
 KT̟ JAod qM  q] k\vA k ȗ .oLTA  ϧmM ko (A
zA BA ȗ Ȯ~A hBM (wA aA k kA A) oA A T]A
 BzA \A ɗ SdA hɃ m] B w200 d Bo o o\{
 ^AoL ^BwA ^Aqo k\vA Am oLT 徱 kk Rd ϧm LT k\vA
. ~A B B nj o~T
$
*7
: njB~A
.jLA oB M kd /oBe B ȗ vA  Wke ~A J] ȗ
$   278 
*2
: 雱A
BTvBE / Ao k
.Ao k qo   Bv  隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
RAnB  A A ozU hnFTA AoA  A BM   kA ]  o 
kdɫ kA VBɓ BvA Bɛ 1202 / ɷ599 w ɗ 廧A o\A oA
k  BF M ~T oiB L M Moi w MBA A kM oU BM kk\TM
vhA nA l E (k\M k\v) M v k\vA B BTdU
$
*4
: nBA wTA
 ~ h ȯk nk ~M (BT nk) k ]n B 1374 / ɷ776 w
.(Ro M kd) ϦA p ȗ ϧl k\vA d  MoA vA ȗ 郰 K~A
vA MpA w ϧm (Uo) ɄvM oA nA α M -
M k\v ȯBXA AoA Bn nU oA M kɗ k\vA ɛnA ~A
.oiA AoA fn B{ BvA
$
*5
: BA
BA k]Bv M  ozA njBA kA hnBTA nBYA keA ɫ k\vA oLT
v ȗ 郰 Tv d MnA UB]  M d JAME Tw k\v ȫwA
 L 460  k\vA Tz RoA α nBYC  oLT hɃ ȯk nk MoA
xo  ȦiAkA d~A }\A o]A  ȮL  ^Aj 444  An 1300
Ank\A Sz B\A B ȗ oip xM Ank] Sz k ooA BioBM
RAl LmA xBM w y LA WjBeA CoA RBBM n iAkA
k vA ȗ BXA JBLA LzU ȴ k\vA më BA .anA UBLA oiqA
(|) A woA A j A  Ajn k\vA ȗ k] .A ȯB{BBM Sv
 tBA   M ^BoLU  B A oeA k B Bi keA ϦA A o
ohBM) ϧm oU (nBk) ȗ oiA joM ϧB E om  (ozA ohA) wA
.(ozA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.Ao k JBA  w oYE  k\vA oj ɷ495 w -
Am SMo k BTvB toA q k Re k ^B탱 k\vA Am B -
.AjBn dU  B 鼪] nBA SoeB k\vA w Tk
qA q BYA nBYkA nBkA A eoA kL oA k ȗ k\vA oU -
.BTvB
BYA TL Bi  vA nBA nBYA { Roj JAohA A k\vA oU -
.Ao k Biq] q
$
*7
: njB~A
.o kLA kd / BTvBA jM ȗ BE -
.wk / BA o ȗ wBTA veA -
.JoA A ozA  BA jke -
$   279 
*2
: 雱A
BBA
.BA oTvC k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.TzM nTkA kzA  j\M (n) jo]oLA kvA aA C  oFM 1958 w ȮM
$
*5
: BA
TeBv LU lA TeBv w nBA B\M qTA BLA hA k]BvA  oLT
2.3774 d
$
*7
: njB~A
.nAp Ȧ Bn  / wA pow
$   280 
*2
: 雱A
woA wLA /Aow
.ɽAow k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
Ȫw 1541 B BM A 1521 w ϼMovi pB ȮM k\vA Am uwA
.A Lv k\vA
$
*5
: BA
lA 幦\A nBA TwkM o~A TeBvM pBT mA kA ȗ A k]BvA 
M SdA 45 A BBUnA ~ ]oT AeA RAl nB  13 TL BUnA L
U qo AM 1537 w SvwA ({ n) vU wA wnk LT
.ϼMovi pBA co k\vA nA\M 隽 ȫwA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
UB Ƀ  ok Jo~A ɼMBnA k ^Bk k\vA Am B 1992 w
.oiA kA BBA kA B  okU
$
*7
: njB~A
.nAp Ȧ Bn  / wA p ow - 1
.jkA / keTA \ - 2
$   281 
*1
: oTA
ȗ k J M ~ M B kL M {B M KA kL M A kL M kd 
( 632 / ɷ 11 o 28 ȗ U  570 A Mn 17
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
TM RAo\e keA ȗ ǱLA k\vA  ozA M\A \A ȗ ozA ko 隽
.k\vBM d SB TA
$
*3
: uwFTA
BX] AqBM () Ȧ BA B 峼 L mA BA ȗ j (|) LA ȗU B
oL{ nAkM oLA 郱 n Aw JAoTA  B LA  郰 Y oLA A oBA
nBA BLA RB ϧl kM  SAU Y ϧl  oXA  nA ]  keA
oBA ko
$
*4
:nBA wTA
ǱLA k\vA w Bk LBM ozA oLA n~ ȯBXA hA M ɷ 17 w
.ozA
]  j  oXA JoA ]  AkeA Aj B M BX M ɷ 29 w
.vU kkdBM zdA kA }\A nB\dBM UnB SB LA
LA Bv RAo\e ijA uh BdM oLA ϦA kL M kA BeA ɷ 88 w
 ozA woA o\e SB 啽ozA ǱLA k\vA A () B o\e (|)
.k\vA A BijA UB 
 BlBd B Bɟ ~dA jBqM n~A M kA hA EkM (ɷ 161) w
w ȗ jBqA SU ȯBXA kA ȗ BvA ~ B Te JoA ]  vA
.ɷ 165
o\dA BM wBLA TA  oFM w M BdwA jBA (ɷ 247 -  ɷ 232) w
.B nBTw k{oA A AnqhA S BioBM B{o
TM 汪A ȗ qA vA op ȯBA kA B] B (ɷ 548) w
tMA k~A  BLzi BLz 郰 Y \A BioBM ozA o\dA AoA
.ozA oLA  ȮM co A Am B n~A e B{
 K o\dA oLA e ki odM p kA n BvA oA (ɷ 557) w
.(|) LA BX] ow oe Bd oYA  |BoA
u nw B BMT po oBTw 郱M BM TvA hA oA (ɷ 566) w
.ozA oLA 
o\dA v BBv k\vA w ] BM ~TvA k ȗ (ɷ 655) w
.B { E w 鮪 Aq]Be ] B 幖ozA
o~dM o~ ϼB keA dB~A toLM oBA kA n B ɷ 680  667 Tw M
.v ~  3 BUnA JAMA YY  KzhA  k~M o\dA koA nAk]
o\dA w A ~ BUo BLzi BLz kA p ϦA BA ɷ 694 w ɗ
LzhA JAMA SpA ɷ 822 w ȗ ozA o\dBM oU n~A m RnB
.LzA Am
.|BoA bABM BB o\dA  L  n~ ϦA M ɷ 765 w
oiA o\dA  n L BLTB o{A ϦA M (ɷ 888  879) Tw M
.BoU kM () B o\e 
TqA BM BL kk] L ȯBXA Bi jd BvA M (ɷ 1233) w ȗ
RB]nj VY LA v RB]nj  RB]nj MnA  coA M B oiA
.coA w AoA ȗ BAp 4  AwA 15 M () B ko
oz ȮYA oTwA LA LA k\vA nB k\AkL BvA jk] (ɷ 1265) w
ɷ 1277 B Te BB
$
*5
: BA
E) ]nBhA Bnw n~  nBL ozA oLA B TA ozA o\dA BM
KT  d  M\A \A ȗ  MTA JBM : ȷ JAMA MnA  (BLzA
ϧB Bo{ () B JBM B{ k\TA JBM ɷ 1026 w B gnBU B
L ozA oLA U oiA uA  oBTw BLzA  JoA ] ȗ MAn JBM
iAj  uhA BdA B{ ȗ k] oiA A l BkBM L~ Aoi
JAod) M k JAod hM vA B BoL B () ɄB o\e BLzA
xo BLzA uhA oAkA M B   "" AoqA k\TU SB ("  " B
\M ϧl BjkdU  ϧB ozA oA U oLA ozA oLA M ooBM
BM BBwA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
We AoL BBTvM SB (|) A wn BAoT{A TA ozA ǱLA k\vA nA A
k\vBM dU TA ozA UAo\e M B BTvLA Am  q] ȗ ozA k\v M
S k\vA o{ U ȷ () B o\e () Ȧ nAj B o]B Anj M
 ϦA kL M kA BijA Te () B () Ȧ BMA BYnAT o\dA m
.(ɷ 88) w ǱLA k\vA ȗ RAo\dA
.BLTB o{A ϦA p ȗ BBM kF ozA o\dA SoTeA (ɷ 881) w ȗ
jBA U { B L  ozA oLA U TA AohA LA SoTeA (ɷ 892) w
SM tBdA  ϼMBL{ B S] We toLM oBA k ȗ A zM BBM
.KzhBM n~A
KBM BToA tBA BT텛 S  1914 w A BA JodA p ɗ
.A A kU  BTwA A ozA o\dA oBil   UB    nkA
ATA 鼚LA oL k kM (|) LA oL k MBA Be (ɷ 1346) w ȗ
.k ȫwA BA BnBYA TA \A KLvM ϧl 

$
*7
: njB~A
188. - 187 : 1Z (ɷ 1413 w 1  婛  AoA) kA gz jB{nA - 1
 jvA) nBhA wB keA kvA BXke Bk nA kA  B gnBU - 2
.BkMB 55 : | ( 1993 w 4  k]
: | ( ɷ 1415 w 3     AoA) ȮvdA o {B 廖~A ow - 3
732.
w 3  BL  RoM) ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAqɫ - 4
32. : | ( 1995
92. : | nB~A tkA kL nA kA nBYA - 5
74. : | ȅzA A kd ȧB 孼A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA - 6

$   282 
*1
: oTA
Rk ki SM \ki BA BA Bv kw (|) kd A wn SM B ȷ
11 w oiA jB] 3 w SU ǱLA WLA kM 5 w oiA jB] 20 ȗ
.ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
隽 鼚LA ȗ Sj BA  BTM ȗ () ɄB oL A BA B  oXA T
oL B TA odA oiƫ A () AoL] JBM  BA ik TA AwA ȗ BoL
.ozA ǱLA k\vA țo{ (|) kd LA


$
*3
: uwFTA
BU Bv U Ao{ w oz BY oA  B () AoqA B SU B
(vA B) vdA vdA  Be () Ȧ ƪA oA BɫA B]p
A B ~A Bj od  BoL Ȗ A ] ȗ Bj B A
A Bz B () Ȧ BA |Ai {B ȮM  o BvdA () Ȧ BA
u] B JAoTA w oLA ȗ () Ȧ BA BqA B wA ȗ VkeE y
. BT Kve BkA CoA U  oX miA B] BL BwEn k

$
*4
:nBA wTA
kM () B o\e  L BLTB o{A ϦA M (ɷ 888  879) Tw M
.BoU
.() B ko RB]nj VY ȯBXA Bi jd BvA M (ɷ 1233) w

$
*5
: BA
孼MBLM iAkA  oLA n~BM ~TU (|) LA coM d () B o\e
oL] MA om .BioBM nA S{o We () B JAod 隽 M\A \A ȗ
A  JAod { TL ȗ o io e wkA oA ] ȗ) Ten ȗ
.(BoL  B () B SM B


$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
vA  B AoL MnA A nL Lw 鼚LA ȗ w () ^B BA A o -
 tBA [ BoL  {F Ajk] AoL MnA  Ak] 鼚LA A AB] BUB
B Ȧ~ B]oh nLA m yL  vA Bv  AUB : AB BM M
BL  ]AjA Ranj B RoeA k BL Zoh () ƪA oA ϧl L
nLA m  e ç BM v  w kM o  ȗ vL B mA oA
? vdA BMA B  ϧB :  B MBdA    o BT  vA 킼 _o\e
nA M Jo MY B\M () ƪA oA miF B Ȧ~ BoL zL A
() B oL BA 婴j  tBA kUo A Bh ToT Țe BA AjvA M B :  B
vA oM MA B] Bj  nA w o\e  e ç kM v mA 
.(7) tBA oU oT oT A (|) A wn dM 
TA nkA A Bv A kA ȗ qqA kL M o A kA KT ɷ 88 w -
MA  B A BA nAkA BM  () B o\e BTk ȗ wTA BzU
SM ɄB T]p XA vdA  qqA kL M o o B nAj  k
oF B ZohA Bn B B A miA Bn BnAj BL A BMA () vdA
AlB B AB B B]oiA BA tBA B] B k B B BkM kA
.BT  B Bk A  A  A ȮM Bw  oTU
oA B mB B B  Bp zB o\e  B~ () B o\e SB -
 eTA (A vA BqA  bT JBM ihA) ihA kvM (|) LA
.BA e ϧl nBYF () Ȧ ii XTwA k\vA
X () B SM ȗ ~A : () jB~A A kL M B A ZAnj M ]  -
.A () BA B ? oA ȗ ~A

$
*7
: njB~A
.ȯAkA ȯBeoA keA gzA 廖~A K \M AoqA B - 1
.(|) A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA - 2
.(ɷ 1404 w 1    AoA) ȪA tBL gzA AqeA SM - 3
1. oL] MA en - 4
365. : | 3 Z J{A o{ M KBA - 5
12. : | 廖~ ve q] wAnj BozA BodA - 6
yBA 272 : | 1 Z ȪA tBL gzA A LA gnAU ȗ BA T  7
.ȫBA oLA o] ME / ĿkA  

$   283 
*1
: oTA
B L k (|) oA LA  KA kL M qe AkzA kw  A kwA 
ɷ 3 w keA o ȗkzTwA TvM A
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
 M BvA . 5 nA kA B{  kL mA keE L] w ȗ ko 隽 
^BLoU  4 鼚LA JBM M
$
*3
: uwBTA
TA MBXM (|) woA j MBdA  Ak{ Lw  () qe kzTwA B 
  eo nA  yze oilBM Bk ]n  o~ ^AjoM jAp B kzTwA
B kzTwA TA oA 雱 ȗ j B .oLU Lw  oL  Lw 
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.B\A MA M ve oLA o ɷ 580 w 
oLA TvA M keA tBLA MA A k oBA hA A SM ɷ 590 w 
 RMBU  }~\ oLA  kkdBM c~ MBM  T L  S]  ozA
.ǱLA coA v 鼦i  ooe  JXM
gzA k  ϧl  ^AoM BLA ZnBi oe We BLTB o{A  jAp ɷ 893 w 
.B\zA B{
.oLA 郱  ] k\v ȮM BXA kA p ȗ 
e L  nBM Ank] vU  k\vA kU U A kM  ɷ 1383 w 
 LoA AkzA  oLA  Uo oAj Be BM U jvA MoA 񦪪A
$
*5
: BA
o oAj nAk] w ȗ nv Ajo] nA  nBL A AkzA  qe oL 
BLA d ^Ak\v k L B A kM AkvA AkzA nL  k oL oiC
Ko  .  cT kkdA  MBM  K~ oTw B kwA n~  L U
AkzA kw T 郱 A om 
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.( ȯB] k qe Ȫ nq  ȯnAp ) (|) A wn B -
d~U oU () qe oL UBU AkzA nL UFU () AoqA B kvA SB 
. LU
kw k\v Ank] kU  w oYA   dA M Ao k ȗ ɷ 59 w 
 yd] M A kL TiA MA  AkzA kw v]  oLA z jB  AkzA
.A Te BM LA nBYC  k\vA Am nBYA AqU
nL  A Bo\ A 鼅Tv A A ALT keBM TA  o\ A B oA B -
M qe ]n o BdvA SMBA ϧl A B  婷zLA A KT AkzA
.^Bj SXLB KAkL
oYA k\vA A  AL   qe AkzA kw oL MBA k ɷ 1342 w 
(o~A) k\vM oA
$
*7
: njB~A
1995 w / 3 /) ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq   1
.
. 1992 w / 1 / 258 / 1 nBA kAo  2
/ 4 / 137| / nBhA keA kvA / ^BXke  Bk nA kA B gnBU  3
. 1993 w
23| / q] wAnj BozA BodA  4
$   284 
*1
: oTA
woA RB]p BA () oBA SLA A A  MnA BAoY  TA oLA ȷ
dB~A MBd~A  RBêA nL A BBM (|)
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ZnBi ozA M\A T] ȗ ozA ǱLA k\vA   Bv  oLA U
 nAzA BM dU kA iAj U A ȷ BBe TiA mA kA kA nw
MnA RB\A
$
*3
: uwFTA
]n A Mv SB BA  JoX Ake  ke oL cL~U A L 鼚LA SB
vA ȗ j M (|) woA B mA (n) 퉫 MA BX B j Y Xi 
ϧl kM Y oL  AkB{ B oL o\e ToA kM 郰 o\ vBhA
L  RmiB oLT B k tBA \UA Y (|) A wn M AoMA B j
kA oL SdLB B k Bnq B (|) woA A Bi B eB
o\zA nA  oX B BB  鼚LBM Sw .A Te BwoA k m keA
B~A RBB\lBLA ~  RAo\{ ) [wA nBL koA T{ JoɃ 
 k wA  鼚LA A  (oXM 鼚LA ȗ SL AA Th nBpA B{
UoA RTA o\{  M B A ȗ SB nA
$
*5
: BA
JBM v ozA ]  kA nvA ȗ JBM o  kBM ~TU oLA SB
M tBLA () vdA BA AoL B wkA BkBz BMBLM FT SB 鼚LA
o B~A kMA ~ bABM z vT nA  Uo KA kL
vdA BA L SB ..o ]A  kMA  oBvM L o~A cB~M
SB (|) LA M AoMA oL zA Am  BeA kM AA ȗ LAl ()
 d nvM eAA 鼪]  nv A  鼚LA oL   100   *  150 BjBMA
B 字kA noA v TwA RAoA BM SzA kkdA RBLzA ooA
TeBv nkU (|) woA RB M Sj We (RBA) ɼM v 鼚LA  v
2 824 TeBv (  Bp) wA Bp BA 鼚LA  ~ B 2 3493 M
JBM Ao Jnj) A v B   Bp pA BM A A BLA  k
L kM Bk L 鼚LA SB .ɷ 1373 B nAk\A jvA ApA k (\A
.ƪ en B{A qo oAq
鼚LA ȗ kA
.ɷ 5 w ȗU 퉫 M BX oA MBd~A -
.(|) woA M AoMA -
țozA ȧBzA oA ȗ Sj ɷ 4 w SU () Ȧ BA A kwA SM B -
.鼚L
ȮM oMB A ȗ j ɷ 33 B ȗU (|) woA   KA kL M tBLA -
. nAj ȗ TA {B
(ɷ 50 - ɷ 3 Bn 15) () ȟqA Ȧ M vdA BA -
(ɷ 95 od 25 - ɷ 38 BL{ 5) () kMBA p vdA M Ȧ BA -
(ɷ 114 \dA l 7 - ɷ 57 K]n) () oBLA Ȧ M kd BA -
148 A{ 25 - 83 A ɷ 80 A Mn 17) () jB~A kd M o] BA -
(ɷ
.(|) woA  ȷ KA kL SM  -
.() KB MA M  -
X A (BB 30 M L XLA Lɛ Rk) Kp :  (|) A wn RBM -
.n (ɷ9w SU)
.(|) woA o kvA e -
  B A ȃn  \ki B TYA AkB  B] (|) woA RB]p -
Kp (ɷ 42 R) n LLe A (ɷ 16 R) LA nB (ɷ 60 w R) w A :
R)  (ɷ 56  ɷ 50 R) VnBe SM o] (BUB ȗ TiA) qi SM
Be ȗ SU) kp SM Bdn (ɷ 54  ɷ 50) p SM jw (ɷ 50
(ɷ 20 R) yd] SM Kp (ɷ 45 R) JBhA M o SM ~e (woA
.oM MA SM zB
.(ɷ 83 w ȗU) dA M kd -
.nBA o] M A kL -
(w 35 o RB) LT\A vdA M vdA -
.() Ȧ BA ]p kBi M Aqe SM B ȷ LA A -
.LT\A vdA M vdA M dA A kL M ...w M kd M A kL -
(o\ A vA ȗ A{ ȗ ȗU) ]nqhA nAnp M kwA -
.keA o Ak{ odA A Ak{ -
SMBY M kp ohA M kwA (ɷ 43 w R) w M kd jv M A kL -
A 10  oXA A jk ~ dB~A MBd~A  o  (ɷ 45 R)
$
*7
: njB~A
.o]BA w 鼚LA - 1
153. : | oL] MA en - 2
89. : | M MA en - 3
178. | jvA / BA B - 4
505. : |  A A ȗ k\A - 5
253. : | 2 Z AkLA \ - 6
425 : | 2 Z 孼odA Co - 7
176. - 175 : | nB~A tkA kL nA kA nBYC - 8
394 : | wB{ k - 9
106: | kA v wkA RBLTA w - 10
306. : | 6 Z jnA Ȧ WkdA AoA gnBU  BT]A RBd - 11
15. : | 廖~  cB nBA BYAoU ȯAoA BnU nA kA - 12

$   285 
*1
: oTA
() Ȧ M LvA vdA M XA vdA M dA AkL M kd AkL MA 
(ɷ 145  ɷ 100)
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
nB\eA) M o  kzTwA mA 郱A ȗ nA kA eAM koA 隽 -
B j 鼚LA oL A ozA kv]   (SqA
$
*5
: BA
k\v iAj  AjvA nB\dBM oL BM  w L] țo{ 隽 kz B -
MoA ozA eBA  Znk npA    k\vA L ȗ n\ oL
L  LU  Bw A o\U
$
*7
: njB~A
 1992 w / 1 / 240 / 2 nBA kAo
$   286 
*1
: oTA
孼vA  MnA BnA keA o]BA MBd~A jB] M Jk] nBA nl ME
ɷ 32 w U
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ZBdA o  B  150 kM  nA kA țo{ mMoA o ȗ oL 隽 -
.(kMp Jnj) M oA țAoA

$
*5
: BA
.B MAod UBAwA Ank] uwA AqU k k\v L ȗ oL oLA wT -
 UB o\e tEn k nB\dA  \ B MBd~A   oiA nL ϧB
BA MoM ϦvA  LzM [v oLA k\vA   .  k]U oL
.od k oiA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
M kL oL nq (nkM o ) wAA o ȗ nl MA oL A kT  ϧB -
Bk BwA oA m A e Bdo] nkM o ȗ w mA KA M VnBdA
.B j ȗU We ()

$
*7
: njB~A
101 |  / 1 Z nBA kAo
1361. | BXA jkA wA \

$   287 
*1
: oTA
.jY  jB  A () hA AoMA L  () b kM wnA BL B

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.B țozA BzA ȗ kA nw i vA jA oL Jo Bko 隽
.ǱA B\A ȗ zj ȗ oiC  A ȗ oL () j L Kv 

$
*4
:nBA  wTA
 郰  E (ɷ 1212  1155) Ȗ\A A odM k kd kvA B -
.Bv ve M Ȧ kd gzA kM TU ]  KzhA  ^Bk BoL
 L BLM (ɷ 1270 TA) Bw M w A oe o kvA SB -
.BoL  o]A
Bw ȧA A j Bk npA {BBM kA LA  BA LA BM U -
.\A k ]  Bko JBM ZnBi BA
.\A BUnBp k kA  EoA L  koA n -

$
*5
: BA
BE npA {BBM S{o BUnA \dA wT L B keA oe ȗ AoLA
koA  SB  KzhA  ^Bk B 郰 k 幦h    o d BoL
L koA Am FM bo~U ȗA hBM SLT oT ~ B k Aoe oh
w ϧl  XBXA koA nB fnU ozA  RBMA Sj B .() cB  j
ɷ 1337
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 qA ow p ȗ oLA  A oYA oh~A SM ɷ 1333 w 
B kA nBYA oTz AoA ȗ qA miA We 幪A nBYA  Bo AoA
.kA nLA  TA nh~A
.\A k nB~e k Bko qA k ɷ 1336 B

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1992 w 1 363 : 2 nBA kAo - 1
96.| 1Z MLd C oBM gzA / BoBe  \A ȃB - 2
134.| / 1Z / BA AkLA - 3

$   288 
*1
: oTA
() w B L U J M  v  MA aA BLA  L T M u
.w (815) M

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / 汪A
ȗ  k U keA (MTA U) ɧ MoA cvA  u LA B] ȗ oL 隽 -
.]j o ozA A
nw ȗ L~ Jo M ȗ  ()u L Kv oL tkBM de o ȗ
.() u L Kv B
 TE RdA A  k\vA  JoBM A ȗ B () u LA A Kv -
RAoA B{  kzA Am 隽 U  o\{  BU aA SLA RAoA 
 j wnk ɷ 479 w kzA Am k uwA B AodA k\v LB\M
.AoUA jBA keE BvwE ȖdA KmA

$
*3
: uwFTA
kL A dU kA  toA TwA Bk B ^AkL ^Bk MTA U B
BLA keA  :(BTA M B oj) M Ȫw ^Aoj BA  nB~A FzA Y w\
CoA ȗ wA jn mA (   T M u) M vA k oA AowA ȮM
 AM oe T nB   vA TwA Bk (A l) M oA
ϧl ()u LA oL  ^Bv  (u LA B]) M Ȫw okA KB\M ^Ak\v
.(ɷ 289  ɷ 279) wBLA BM kTA p ȗ

$
*4
:nBA  wTA
.kzA wU kk\TM ȯAkdA kA oB SM kvA SB -
\w C w  ϼBA keA M (ɷ521 - ɷ489) Tw M oTA ȗ -
. kv oTw o JBM  ^Bwk ^d cLA ^Bd ^ABM kzA Am
.ooA  ] MAod  BA kzA Am BM ȮXhA AoMA jk] ɷ 767 w -
wnkBM oU B\A ȗ wnk u]o] ZBdA M 1798 / ɷ1214 w -
.vA
[]qA o]A  nB oA B xBM aA kL M  1854 / ɷ 1271 w -
.npA
dA o\e  kA nBA uwA  kk] nB S̮M 1922 / ɷ 1341 w -
.ȫwA BpAo ȗ oTA oBA LzU owA

$
*5
: BA
M  A vA X 6 o o BM ~ v  ƫ kzA BM
ȯBXA vA 徱 SM nA d  nBL ȷ TA () u LA B] MA
nBL ȷ TA odA U 夰A  oLA vA Am odA ~A  Tz
Tv  2 nAkM h ȷ () u L ozA oLA o oɓ 
酚M L iAkA  odA Ank] B nB\A oA  RB]nkM BA q̽ ~A
oT BUnA  oA o]A  o 酛 BhTU Mo A jnp \]q qi
75 o uL\A  o{  Y oA []qA o]A  o{ vA Am  .^BLoU
 kTvU BUnA  BM L kzA U woA C vLA  JT w
U k\vA B  ozA \A ȗ 幦] vL] nBip BA ȗ RB~ o
Th KnBd B YY ȗ BvA MnA  ~A BT MoA JBLA MBU TA nBA
Bk~ (u ) M oU  ϧB SB kzA  JoBM pBoA \dA
.]   kzA nBq UF e BBM AoT nAqA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
  JAmA  FM q B  ϧmM Ȫw kzA  隽 mA MTA U -
 aA JBT 屖A aA AFw MTA AoA TA ϧmM AT]A () u LA
nmE TA JAmA RAnB{A  AEn B kL \ M B  JAmA  z
Am   u LA A  廧BU a MTA A~iA \A AoeA ()u BM
.hA m] F { SLA AmM d M kLT JAod  B mA TM  TA
  ^Ao~ ak{  A ( .783 - 815) WBXA nAojA n{A ϦA B -
.MTA U
A ȚM 雱A Am ȗ ^Ao~ (ɷ289 - 279) wBLA aBM kTA hA k{ -
.BavA jBq F nB Y o\A MAoA oA
oB  BB]n 汪A A  oXA B j B\A nB\U oL MTA U  -
oh (ɷ445) TA ȦA kA M xAo (ɷ358) w ȗTA ȯAkdA kA
.(ɷ483) w TA LXA o] M kA

$
*7
: njB~A
436. | w o{ n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU - 1
.1992 w 1 376 : | 2 Z nBA kAo - 2
| 3 k\A ( 1992 w 1  汪A  AoA) nBdA 汪A w - 3
270. - 269
.doA dU kzA BA   A  - 4

$   289 
*1
: oTA
v ȗ k BLA keE ()hA AoMA M BdwA M J M Al Bqe 
Ȫw owA ȗ MBM j oB  . 597 w MBM A tkA SM  ^BLv e
.MBLA  B\BM ȦAowA KzA   A mM

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / MBM
So țozA BM] ȗ  30 dA k  kLU TA A eB ȗ ko 隽
.B  10 kM  A MAU  (hA) wBM ^Bk A k
B o{ ȗ oL A Kv MBLM mA BdE nL k () Bqe L KvU
 Kv ϧm gM v M kk nL  KvU (Aj) vU nB 郱M
.kA n  Jo (jAoA e) zj ȗ oL
.A m Kv oL (^BBe wBA eB) {{ k Jo ((eoM)) ȗ

$
*3
: uwFTA
kkA  B () Bqe LA j kM 幪kA jA oMBA  A k SB
- (B) A A coA L BM ]o 幼wkBM Se jA BA nBLeE 
k - RAw BY k o~ ShM \w () Bqe LA  Lw mA Al Ϧ
  jn B nBLA A RBBA  cLA kzA AmM vA TA
.oA CoA ȗ A l LA

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
koA e kE lA kzBM (ɷ555 - ɷ 531) wBLA aA o ȖTA kd TA -
.Ao UB]BTeA  BUAkB o  MBTA RAnBA  wAA BBM
.koBM oL B kve M Bw RB\A tEn oA -
α BY kMAkiUB\A ȯBhA BvA k ȗ kk]  kzA nB Rk{ -
nAwA kzA nB ɄohA LA oLTU .(ɷ716 / ɷ703) tnBɗ BhA
.hA nBA m BLA nBYA  hA k\v nB  q] M dA

$
*5
: BA
pnA KzhM v Tv co oLA  We \A BLBM kzA nB qTU
kzA Ank] \A oBTvA B kTU nLBM o Lm L U KmBM 텪A
k oLA  ^AnB ^ BA ȂU jB k LA SdU KmBM B{ iAkA
oYA MA  BFM coA L pBTU {E  A B () Bqe LA A B
^BwEn oz BYA B oip \ ǰoA ~A BB wT We kA YAoTA
pAoA  LA LA m oip ȗ voA o~A UBLA oiqA oLTU BAoBM oiq
.ȧA
JBM   B~A BA l kz voA JBLA kz MoA nAk\A wT
B A jƽ JBM TB ȗ BvE YY A v Tv  ~A A jƽ o
(SLvA RBA) M vU SB () Bqe LA JBd BA B nL vi B
o BA m ik  ZnBhA   o]BM L ȷ jA nBLe KvU
.() ohA B BG B KzhA kkdA  LzM Bd o
BM JoA ]  coA KB] ȗ .oiC e M kLTv oiE xB nLA 
B keA  ~A k\A KzhBM S nL YY B BAj LA  oL B
.oLA BM oLA KeB wA B   KT BM Bin
: A nB
B BBUnA L kzA  Lo ȷ xA oiqA kM pAo RAl kBhA nBYA 
nAk\A ȗ U jA B탰  RB]nkA M ȗ od ȷ (24 - 22) M
k kM ȫwA oLA B jA j TA odA BLB\M hA k\v M\A
\A  BwT MBT o{  nBTE YY A B L  A B~ jA
KB\A  KT 孼ve ve 幪B Ȧ kd aA : UA }A  BzA
B RBMBTA M jA BE k (n~A Zo ME) ZoLA Am M nBL B oiA
kU  Te kk Bo Be B A] ^BB ^AnAk] BBE AM BLA gnBU B
.oU
: hA k\v
 B TA oA kTU MoA nAk] ȗ nBA U BA cA B\A Am Aq B
ȷ Tü \e BLA uM o oA m  MnA A   nAqA BM
.~A S ȗ nAqA B Tv mA dw B k\v ȯBXA MBA qM
n~A A ]o k nB pAo RAl RBBi w kzA k\vBM dU -
ɽAA RALA jA LMkA tAɛA j]M qTA 廅wA ɫwA
.k\vA kw Bv nAq F BLA Xke BM o oLA iBT RB~oA
nBip  kke JBM B L  o kBzU coA A iAkA nBv  -
jA K A kM Bi  kT A KT Aqi SB oA m  UBL
A 1948 w ovU Uo\ BYA XA oLA MoA nBwA KTA  oXA
.v

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Bqe L j oLA Am A  kE Ti BA kzA AmM () Ȧ BA o -
 () BA Zoi Bk hA ȗ jA k B () j LA oL u ()
.Th Bv ȗ () B BA AnB ]oh jA B A
wA RAkk\TM jA B We YjBe kzA ȗ S훰 1892 / ɷ1130 w -
wEn  vA e ϧl nBYA B nB A ~A k B  kz
 BUBM { k mA (ɷ1340 w TA) ohA qe A M Ȧ gzA
kL ȯBXA BvA k ȗ jA k (tBL M Jnl) ZBdA AmC A kM un
B lƽ nB ȫwA JAod oL j] kM v j B\A BM kdA
ȫwA oYA Am nBA YjBe SdLA j nBA BM S BXA dA 
.jd]  ȯBLTA B SMBXA oA z Jo ^X
 BLUA w Zoi B jBA RBTeA B ^BB kzA Am jA mhUA -
BYA ȗ B  (oA) k B (V~~ nkvM) k kA Am o o~
.ohA i Moz oA qLhA
 A nB So{A BLoU  1938 w ȗ oA Am  RBYXA B ȗ -
^Bƫ ^Bo~U \ B Ao~U  BTB~M dA nBA M EkM k AkTA
.A BB  oXA  Ao
njBA LmA RB~A  oXA AoA  ovU k jA K 1948 w -
.kzA   SB TA oA nB\eA
ȧBA Aq  [dA A oɄ ɗ no k kɛoA nq vA Bɟ -
oLi 酚A k jA nAqA BA nmA  nm nq  nB\A RAoA oBz
.TdA v A Ao]B Bk 1948 w kM

$
*7
: njB~A
327. : 3 AkLA \ - 1
409. : | 9 Z wA nBA oAj - 2
.ȮvdA ApoA kL ^BXke ^Bk AoA gnBU - 3
126. | eAq M o~ /  훰 - 4
93. : | 1 Z  (1992 w 1  ) kA poe gz nBA kAo - 5
351.: | 32 jkA wA \ - 6
.( 1970 RoM ) ovi oB 51 B ow - 7

$   290 
*1
: oTA
AoMA jA  A   k A  A JBdA A BU A XM mA LA  
()
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AkA
.AkA k   34 kM  (ϖ) B MAU  nBkA eB ȗ ko 隽 
tkA  (e) o ȗ oL  Kv  
$
*5
: BA
nmA  nmU tBA nqU k L  k koA BM 
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1992 w 1 386 : 1 nBA kAo 
73| 1Z / hA tkA gnBU ȗ \A uA 
$   291 
*1
: oTA
k Ȫ{BA {oA ~ M B kL M {B M KA kL M KB ME M Ȧ
 B mA  ɷ 40 w Bn 21 ȗ kzTwA o\A L 23 K]n 13 ȗ
kM  Ti a氰 iE Am A (|) aA wn
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
 160 kM  A k Jo  10 kM  ozA ǱA kzA 隽
.jAkM BA Jo J]
BA nB{ J\A  wA nB{ () kMBA p nB{ BzA  kd
.\A odM JoA  (|) woA nB{ () jB~A

$
*3
: uwFTA
A{A BM MBA TA MoA oYG eo]  ^AoYFT () ƪA oE BA kzTwA B
vdA BBA kM B " A " jAoA \ M eoA kL oiA {A
 oL  A탰 ^Aow MBd~A  B  }hA  (vA B) vdA
 RBêA k{nE A w ɷ 132 w () jB~A BA B] Te oYE A
  oBɈ L BLM oA oL  ɃA o\dA n We oLA A zA
SdLA Te  RAw aA S B kzA ȗ ^BjBw B\A Ao M A
.B ǱA kzA j] M BLBM BA nBz o \A

$
*4
: nBA wTA
coA  ^Bk (tBL M Ȧ M jAj) wBLA A ȧA 郰 ɷ133 w -
.A E A ^BLv z ^AnB\ tkA
Aoi ao] BwEn  ] oeE   L BLM k{oA nB B ɷ 175 w -
.oBA coA  TA oA\BM ^Bo ^k 郰
.k{oA nB BBvA cE ɷ261 w -
M kd M kp M vdA) oLA ǱA AkA k ȗ (ɷ280 - 271) w -
d AkA kp M kd { kM  B tkA od nw A ȮM (BwA
AA wo B We k] kz e ^B~e ^BB Lw BLM ɷ280 B (ȯBXA)
.ozA kzA oT BTwoL  oXA
BoTw JAME B Uo  L BLM Ake M aA kL B\A ME B ɷ295 w -
.^B ^AnB~e B ] BBvA o~dA XM B{o nTvA oiBM
kz  ozA LA BLM vdA M d M o KA kvA B ɷ330 w -
.() ƪA oE k]
 mM ozA kz nB FM ȴLA kA k BvA B ɷ 370 w -
MoA BeoA BkB{ TA ȷ ɷ755 B A nBA m SM B ^AE BUnB
.B veE ɷ 727 B M MA
odA  kU B BLM BhA o\A  AoA Be B ɷ760 w -
.ȴLA kA k nB ȗ ~e mA odA oYG  wkA
 mA bo~A BLM (ɷ1052) w TA Ǳ~A Ȗ BzA B ɷ 1047 w -
k 幼BTT RBeG k  REo G wBwA Twk  A Te ^BB Aq
BijE M\A ozA T\A  ozA d~ nB\A nkA Ȗ BzA oT{A
.VXA UB]  d~A vUA ϧmM d~A ȗ
 ~ co 郱M jB kd M o] kd kqA Ϧ B ɷ 1202 w -
.RAw MnE  A oTwA k ZBA A KmBM a텪A ZBvA KzhA
k BLzA jak] tkA coA  lA kkdA BL{ 郰 ɷ 1203 w -
B kME  mA pAozA kd kvA ozA oFM ɷ1298 w BoiC B RAo
郰 ɷ 1361 w  BLzA Am n k ȧBdA BLzA  B A ^Bz oXA
 jA BwA oLA B BG kA w oFM  mA ȧBdA BLzA B
BnA  n ɟ ɗ ~BhA A  B }BhA KmA  BX A 10
 M dU TA LmA jBA  \ A ȗ }BhA KmA  Bn
kvA ]oA oE k . kME A B A ȮA B\A B ȗ  MnA UB]
YA ĿA BwE BhT  kkdA ME MA k~ 郱M (ow tk) dA vd
.()oz
.BG KmA kE BzA mêA SdE ɷ 1367 w -
AoA odA iAj oX RBeBM AmC AoA e SB ɷ1370 w -
.nݧ BAoA KoU kkdA  ZBvA KzhA  ϼMBL{  ozA d~A
 oT kd kvA BvM A Aj]A BLmA BMBLA K~̯ ɷ1376 w -
.ȯAoA BUA ȚU kd ZBdA 
LA bG KmA 馚M  Apo jB{n kd ZBdA Ȗ\A o]BTA B ɷ 1390 w -
.BA KmA jBG
BvA nB KmTM (aA en) joBzA jd kvA ]oA B ɷ 1393 w -
BhA T 
$
*5
: BA
: kzA nw - 1
aU oA  \  nBL  ^BLoU zA Mo nw ozA kzBM d
 nBL A 孼MB  TU BL 17 Aq]E  ȗ nvA BUnA L ^BBe
ȗ ^BAG 13 M\A BzA T\A   ȗ Bjk L LLA RBAA  
 \ kT An  T ȯBXA MBA BA ^BAG 14 MoA ozA T\A
BzA T\A   ȗ ɗoɓ 19 Bjk L A L ~~hA LLA oA
 ϧl  oɓ 20 oA jk L MoA ozA T\A ȗ M\A
^BAG 54 ozA d~A  U TA ]nBhA nvA ȗ k]U TA AA \
.o 78 ȯBXA MBA ȗ oA \ A MBA ȗ
: d~A JAME - 2
\A G MnA E  馃  ȗ JAME vi kz ]nBhA nvA ȗ k]
: ȷ BMBM B ozA
kz voA ikA  () BɃoA BɫA JBM v oLA vA JBM - E
.oLA BvA nB  U tkA
d~A  A iAkA A LvBM oLA JBLA  A   M v JBM - J
.ozA
wA gzA nB{ A  ȴT We BzA \A ȗ  wA JBM - Z
.wBM ^Ak\v ϧl kM RmhUA TA nAj ȗ oL  Mo 
A oLT ydA w woA nBz M\A \A ȗ  幦LA JBM - j
.voA JAMA
qqA kL BvA k ȗ cTɗ  ȯBvA JBLBM o B ZoA JBM - ɷ
w v o w MB zE k 幼MoA \A ȗ 隽 ɷ1279 w ȯBXA
.ZoA
: d~A - 3
BaU B MoA \A Ak B UB] 鼪]  coBM d ]nBhA nvA Ȧ 
 Jo B A TeBv LU lG B]nA vT d~A .BMBvBM oU Uo w
.Mo oT C BY
: kzA - 4
 馃   L oBA oLBM d zA Mo  d~A w ȗ k]
Ϫw L LMk zA M ȷ ]nBi BAkeG BTL kzA L  13
LA BE .50 Bd 16 Bo 42 coA cw  BBUnA w 80 BAnk]
 BBUnA 12 Bo w60 BAnAk] Ϫw L ^BLoU zA okTv ȴ iAkA
ȷ TU coA B ^BBL{ 12 ]nBhA LA ȗ cT 35 coA cw
 Bz ȷ .ȫwA A RBC  C oLTU nBiqM ZnBhA iAkA  oiq
w B{ njB BvA B탱M oA w20 B zA Mo KmA  cB~M ZnBhA
.LA iAj ȗ B탰 U TA B{BA RBLA  ^kM ɷ1156
: BTmêA - 5
 B ozA Ƀo țozA  AoA kT mA (nBA) LA ȗoɄ k BU
35 L mêA BUnG BE nBTE BY B  d L ɃA jkT {
ik mA oLA JBLA w ȗ LmA LA 隽 TmêA M ~ AoT Bo
j] ^B cT  BkeE BMBM BTo LB]  tkA odA An A 
mêA nA] ȗ ȯBXA M\A mêA nA] ȗ Am nA] ȗ tkA odA Aqi
.BzA
: AoA - 6
ȗ 30   zA Tv  MnA LA]  tkA odBM d 
.αA BA nBL L oMB ȷ o k A nw
: tkA odA - 7
ȗ RBAG MnE B 2 169 A BTeBv zA Mo ȷ oBA  oA E
.MnA BBnE  LA qUoU BE  馃  w
: AoA JAMA - 8
: JAMA MnA Ao
1373 B 郰 KmA  ~  LmA AA w ȗ  oLA JBLA - E
.ɷ
  (tkɛ) ȦdA A oLɫ G jƽ mA BzA nB nB\A JBLA - J
.A
JBM MB 隽 A   BzA \A  o{BL AoBM ~T mA JBLA - ]
.wA
A   幦LA JBM MB M\A \A  o{BL AoBM ~TA JBLA - j
.ɷ 1341 w K~ jAoA JBLM o KmBM 텪A
: tkA odA JAME - 9
țozA oA w ȗ BYA ȧBzA oA w ȗ BYA JAME MnE wkA o
w A K~ .A  B BzA \A ȗ BMBLA BA KmA   B~ B
.ɷ1318 w ȯBXA ɷ1316
: oBA BLzA - 10
.kk\U gnBU  o k tkA coA   
: tkA coA - 11
o ^BLoU 5  oBA kv\A  mA kdA  mA ozA oLA iAj 隽
gnBU kz wA  }U nBL  MoA vA \A  KT 2 BUnA 3
 e BvA  UE ) nw J\A ]  k~A E ȗ KT 
(FLA) nw A ȗ KT ozA \A ȗ .KmA BM aoA ZBBM (okA
(ϦA) nw BU A MnE ȗ KT BzA \A ȗ (RBjBA) nw wA ȗ
jB~A BA A kv i ok  (|) LA Li A ȗ KT tEoA ] ȗ
.(αiA BE iE SE Ȧ B) Wke wA ȗ ()
: RBAzA - 12
ȗ B MnE k] tkA odA A Aik  Bh nAqA meE d o ȷ
.ȧBzA JBLA ȗ oiE M\A JBLA ȗ keA nBA
: ozA kzBM dA MA
ik ȗ oA odA Ao BzA \A ȗ 隽 B : B{ M Ao k\v -
BM   啽ozA d~BM odA An  ~̗ Y wA JBM KB]  d~A
.A Lv Ȫw dLA oE (]BhA B{ M Ao)
AA ȗ JBM  啽ozA d~A  ozA BzA \A ȗ 隽 : AohA k\v -
o nB~ wA ad Y odA k\vM o ozA odA  VkeE k ȯBXA
.(tk) ıhA wBA MA kvA ]oAko 隽  ohBM
o~ A BM ]o ]nBhA kzA nw  MoA \A ȗ 隽 : tEoA k\v -
 B E oFM (n) A odM kvA A BE ɗ k{ G B .BhA
KLw  oBA .]  k\vA ȮM () vdA tEn 郱 G Ai L
.()Ȧ BA tEn KB] A ȮM E 幼vTA
kz ]nBhA nvA ɫ BzA \A ɗ oLA AA Am 隽 : BA AA -
 kA BA oX wA AmM o
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 kz M mA  ɷ 36 B () B BA A zA njB~A M kU
k ^AoL oiA vA ^Ak\v  ^Bv mhUA JAjow  nBL B T{  }hA
.kzA ϧl A T Kve TM A e kzTwA B
p BA nAp ϧmɟ o ɫ oXɟA ()vdA BɫA () vdA BɫA nAp -
v Bj k]  w E kM M Y ozA oLA   We () kMBA
B wBA w () jB~A BA a B Tn  oLA  ki 郰
B () oBLA Ȧ M kd BA ozA oLA nAp ϧm oLA nBp  nB M
B ()BoA BA nAp B ɷ149 B k] kz ()o] M w BA nAp
nAp ɷ234 B () jBA BA nAp ɷ221 B () jA\A BA nAp ɷ199
([) oTA kA BA nAp B nmA BA ȗ jBA ME oM ovA BA
.ɷ267 B
En Bk Te  馅 ozA oLA yLM wBLA Ȧ M jAj oE ɷ 133 w
BA  TBeA ()oLA KeB~ oBLA AoA  UnBp  TBU tBA BLA
.ozA oLA o{ ȗ ^BLLw SdLA T
^BhL B] ozA kzA L oeE mA zzA A SYke ɷ 858 w
.M owE ^Bnl ^T \A A T kzA K B B텦
.ǱA kzA iAj \A E oA oBe w BvA BA ȗ ɷ 1032 w
 B K TL k ozA kzA MBA qqA kL M jw ]B ɷ1215 w
.ȧBA  ] T v oBij AA 
.ozA kzA K \A Aq mA BXA MBA YjBe S훰 ɷ1221 w -
AA M nB\eA Sw ȯBXA Bi kdA kL BvA BA ȗ ɷ1315 w -
.M RB oAqA 
 ϧl oYA  Sk~U k  kBM ozA LA ~M țAoA BA B  1991 -
.nkdA odA ȗ Ak{ w
: ozA kzA ȗ kA RB~hzA
.(ɷ 726 w TA) ȦdA A - 1
.(ɷ 990 w TA) ȦMjnA tkA kd M keA A - 2
.(ɷ 1226 w TA) ȦBA jA] kvA - 3
.(ɷ 1251 w TA) \ ve gzA - 4
.(ɷ 1254 w TA) nBvhA Ȧ kd gzA - 5
.(ɷ 1281 w TA) nB~A Uo gzA - 6
.(ɷ 1303 w TA) oT{zA o] gzA - 7
.(ɷ 1308 w TA) ȪBA ve kd gzA - 8
(ɷ 1323 w TA) \  kd gzA - 9
.(ɷ 1329 w TA) ȯBwAohA B  gzA - 10
.(ɷ 1330 w TA) ȯAnkpBA A kL gzA - 11
.(ɷ 1345 w TA) ȪA oBM kd A - 12
.(ɷ 1347 w TA) ȯBMozA kd gzA - 13
.(ɷ 1352 w TA) ȓLA jA] kd gzA  - 14
.(ɷ 1355 w TA) ȮBA ApoA  gzA - 15
(ɷ 1359 w TA) MjBLA ȮvdA o kvA - 16
.(ɷ 1361 w TA) țAoA kA B gzA - 17
.(ɷ 1365 w TA) ȯBA vdA MA kvA - 18
.ȮqA k kvA - 19
.ȯBT{A A  - 20
: kzA ȗ kA AnpA  αA
.Ǳ~A A tBL BzA - 1
.(ɷ 373 w TA) ȴLA kA k - 2
.(ɷ 379 w TA) ȴLA kA o{  - 3
.(ɷ 403 w TA) ȴLA kA BM - 4
.(ɷ 664 w TA) tB M Ȧ kA ȃn KA kvA - 5
.(ɷ 757 w TA) o\A oLA ve gzA - 6
.(ɷ 779 w TA) o\A wB oA - 7
(ɷ 807 w TA) ϮnU - 8
.(ɷ 1066 w TA ve kA  kvA) tBL B{ op - 9
.(ɷ 1211 w TA) nB]BA kd BvA - 10
.(ɷ 1234 w TA) 鼖{ kd Apo A nk~A - 11
.(ɷ 1298 w TA) UdA Bi BC - 12
.(ɷ 1349 w TA) kA LAn  ȧA Bi Ȧ kBe kd - 13

$
*7
: njB~A
Z ( 1993  w 1  RoM  BL) Ȧ]kA o] o{A \A w - 1
3. Z 2 Z 1
w 2  RoM  BL)MLd C oBM gzA o] BoBe \A ȃB - 2
.(1986
.1987 w 2  ȦhA o] \A v wkA RBLTA w - 3
1. Z (1955 w 1 ) ȪTA o] Ȧ kd BA kz - 4
.kd oB jBw nTkA dTA BAkA  M B \A ȗ Ȧ BA kz - 5

$   292 
*1
: oTA
JBL{ kw (|) aA wn SM B E () KB ME M Ȧ M vdA aA kL ME
ɷ61 od 10 ȗ kzTwA ɷ4 BL{ 3 ȗ k 幮\A E
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
Jo J] 105 kM  RAoA o Mo Mo k w ozA koA 隽
.jAkM k
隽   300 kM  幮kA BeA eA A 汽 vn nB{ koBM d
.ozA BzA \A ȗ () tBLA A MA iE co

$
*3
: uwFTA
^Bwn  oL ABE j mA A tkA oBdA ȗ j () vdA BA kzTwA B
鮪 cBvA oL  S탰 E ȮM k ȗ oYE tnk  ȟ BM   AL~
.omA BvA A TU oBhM ^B oLA B oA oLA A 汧A  oAqA
 vT kA Ao EkM ozA oLA nBq kɗAT tBA miE oTA m kM
. 786 / ɷ 170 w ϧl oXA BTwA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.ozA oLA  L ȖXA kL ME M nBThA M ɷ 65 w -
.ozA koA oU o] (ɷ136 - 132) bBvA tBLA ME BE ȗ -
TA M k{oA k kM 啽ozA oLA BM kE (ɷ218 -198) FA k ȗ -
.oLA 郱 wkA eoBM dU SB
.tkA coA BM U (248 -247) wBLA aBM o~TA k ȗ -
BTwoLM BA kp M kd M kd B o~TA BM AkU oYA  ɷ273 w -
.ɷ280 w Bkk\TM
M wFM oA AoA (cBLA AoA keE) B{ M Ao M ɷ367 w -
.^Ak\v L\M
Be o ZBA  ^Bdo nE RAl L ȴLA kA k k{ ɷ371 w -
.nvM kA BeA ^BUM
B ozA oLA  L vdA M kp M kd ǱA AkA k{ ɷ 380 w -
.nvM BBeA w Be M BMBM
op A M vdA B ozA odA JBA mA odA oYG  ɷ407 w -
.nvA kzU  v BLA jBBM LA kA
.ȮvdA oBdA nw oTM ț\vA B{ ϦA oE ɷ479 w -
 ȷ ^BBe j]A LA A oLA BM o\A uE BvA jk] ɷ767 w -
ve BvA k kM  oLA kk\U o\A keE BvA \ UE BM nBYC
.KmA ABM oA o ȫBA LA k{ We o\A
oz ȮYA kE coA {Ae KmTM Ǳ~A BwA BzA oE ɷ914 w -
oLA  탰 U tkA oBd ~A kM ^B ^Bk kA B KmA  ^k
.ɷ932 w
] AA  oXA Ǳ~A KwB BzA mM (ɷ984 - 930) AA i -
.ozA kzBM dA oLA k\vA w vdA oA oU
.B]nBi }~] LA ȯBXA MAoA jAo BvA k{ ɷ1048 w -
 LA KmTM nB]BA kA uwƫ Bi kd BC BvA B ɷ1207 w
.o
kLU kzA BM kk\TM nB]BA Ȧ cT BvA oE 1812 / ɷ1227 w
T]p SoLU B 啽ozA oLA  ̰ A  ^BBL{ kA kA KmA cB
vdA BA ko TL BLM ɷ1250 w v BvA oE B .TmêA KmTM
.(vA B) tBLA iE
KmA cB kLU kzA kk\TM B{ kA oB oE 1870 / ɷ1287 w
.MoA \A  ozA d~A w B LA KmU
BL{ kk\TM ȦBwA AkA kA w oB BvA oE ɷ1355 w ȗ -
.~BhA A  coA
M ϧl T coA  kk\T BA  LM vdA keE oLU ɷ1360 w -
vdA  oA jBw  C Ȧ vdA kL kvA
$
*5
: BA
d~A  L lA 幗oiqA \A BAE oX Bd vM vdA oA pBTU
J\A ȗ  B횽 B eoA JBM 幦LA JBM ȷ JAMA oz  75 o 95
JBM d~A țo{ ȗ B훱 幫AoA JBM AkzA JBM RB]BdA ȃB JBM
JBM BvA JBM 隼 JoA ȗ BA d~A B{ ȗ B훱 nkvA JBM vA
.kLA BvvBM j B JAMA m  JBM  .LqA JBM vdA tEn
ZnBhA iAkA  BAnk] Sp o\e AA  ȗ ^BAG 65 oA oBM d
oiA LA kE  kA A L unkT RAo\dA m M RkE k BvvBM
ȗ .oA owA M kA B]n BA nBL αA Ʉv oMB B
BBUnA L B{ L ozA oA U .KmA AA k] o BA ]AA
BTmë BLB]  UoU ^BBL{ 12 wA ȗ BM d qoMA KmBM Bz 27
 BUnA L LA J]  10 kM B }BhA KmBM BUv BTB{
BTBw d~A LB] ȗ nBTE 4 Bw oA BM cw  25 d B
U vdA oA  BzA ]AA ȗ .B{ ZoM  BTTLX BUoL BTBj
kA hA eB~A  ǱTdU XU  TA oBimA  B TA oA Aqi
.vdA oA LT U B MoA KB\A ȗ
^B B () oLA Ȧ \ coɃ 隽 o{BL () vdA BA Ȧ]n k
AkE 6 BUnA L oLA Ȧ ko k ^Ʉ vT We zA tkvA coA
KmA  Bn BnE  n  ȗ 幪oA nB\eBM o Ll ȯAE 
YA AkzA kAo U wk eBw coA   oT ~ Bo L }BhA
oBdA  MoA ȧBzA KB\A ȗ () vdA BA  AkzTwA mA LvA
ȗ ()BA BA M kMBA kd kvA M JB\A AoMA kvA ko 隽 ozA
kwA oB M KLe co k] ~TA AoA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
  峮 Ƀ Jo Ȗ\A odA M aA kL tkA oBdA nAp  E E -
.o k~M () vdA Yn ^BBM oLTwB A nB~ A o VAk]A
BA oL nAp Bk  B E nB~A aA kL M oMB] \A MBd~A  o
T]A kA E  vA  B]  ɷ 62 w o 20  () vdA
oLA j]  jA keE m oLA ȯvE : oMB] B () jB\vA BBM vA uM
.oTA ϦU ȗ ozA
.ozA oLA KohTM wBLA ȚAkA n~A oE ɷ 140 w -
o\{ S텛 oLA oAp  BhA ã (ɷ193 - 170) k{oA nB k ȗ -
A B BTdU Tv ozA oLA 雱  oAqA BM kTv B TA nkvA
.tkA coBM dA MA k  oLA Joi
Voe ozA oLA kTM wBLA TA oE (ɷ247 - ɷ236) M oTA ȗ -
ozA LA Sw Am KLvM ozA oLA e BA nBd  BA BwE nE
.UnBp  tBA 鮫 B oBdBM oLA 郱
ozA koA nBqM cv o~TA MA L  TA T̛ ɷ247 w A{ ȗ -
Mo A A kAT 啽ozA oLA BM jBA  탱  BM kTv nB{A 郰
nA A o]Bɷ Ǳ A JB\A ɷAoMA kvA oLT  kɛoA nA\M Aw 
.Mo w  oTA m ȗ k  ozAoBdA
 ϧl ZBvA KzhM ^Baq B We () vdA BA oe oTeA ɷ407 w -
. UoL T{ w oYG
^BLw ^T BE jBME Mo k MBA qqA kL M jw ]B ɷ1216 w -
.Y Ll p  koA ȗ B AL ozA oLA BL{ j] ov
  We (j ok) M SinE TA B{BM K\ nq\ S훰 ɷ1258 w -
BBdA Bj k kɛoA dT E  () vdA BA coM TvA BTeA
.dA k ȗ ϧl jB k ozA odA ȗ vU
jAkM ȗ BdA BA  oFM kBhA BL{ BTA VAkeA i 1991 w ȗ -
TL RAoBA kA Am SMBB kA KohTA B ozA koA oU
.Ank] MAMA
ozA oA ȗ kA BA RB~hzA
.A nk~A Bi ȚU ApoA -
.ɷ1186 w ȗTA ȯAodLA w gzA -
.(ɷ 1205 w TA) ȯBLLA keA oBM gzA -
.(ɷ 1216 w TA) ǱwA ȯBTwozA k kvA -
.(ɷ 1231 w TA) (BoA KeB) BLBLA Ȧ kvA -
.(ɷ 1254 w TA) (~A KeB) pAoA eoA kL M ve kd gzA -
.(ɷ 1270 w TA) ȯBoLA cB kd A -
d~A ȗ j (ɷ1338 w TA) AoA nXA p pAozA ȚU kd gzA -
.ozA ȮvdA
w M AoMA M kd M w M vdA eoE A A ozU An ϧB -
Mo ȗ ȃoA ozA UoA ozA k ()BA
$
*7
: njB~A
.(1983 w 2  RoM  BL) 幪텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU - 1
w 1 RoM  BL) ȯB\qA AoMA kvA wkA BA ɗ ]  - 2
.(1985
w 2 RoM  BL) ȦhA o] Mo v wkA RBLTA w - 3
.(1987
RoM  BL) ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd BhnBU () SLA A RAnAq - 4
.(1995 w 3

$   293 
*1
: oTA
KA () ƪA oA BMA  MAoA LA A jA oLA () tBLA A MA 
3 ȗ k 啅A 훰 ȗ () vdA BA A KeB {B ȮM o  țBvBM
.(ɷ 61 w od 10 ȗ kzTwA ɷ 26 BL{

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.() vdA BA oBe  ozA \A   300 kM  ozA ko 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
() vdA BA   nL kwA M oe ɷ 61 B od  oz ȯBXA ȗ
BA Ȧ]n Ȧ B k  kBhA A A ȗ AkzTwA mA AkzA
BvA  T Ƀ ȗ j kɗ () tBLA BA 啽ozA kz ɗ () vdA
B BA BoA   () tBLA A MA ko B k oB oL oBA oM
nk~A ve kd eoA  A c]oA  .() vdA BA iE ko B
.ɷ 1246 w ϧl BdA wBLA oA BM kzTM B mA  ȯBA A

$
*4
: nBA wTA
nAjA ȗ vdA oA bo kzU U   () tBLA ko kzU U -
.vd AoA α  LBTA
wBLA oA nB Rk{ ȴLA kA k BvA k ȗ ɷ 371 w -
.LA
ȯB{BBM koA L qTM Ǳ~A KwB BzA oA  1622 / ɷ 1032 w -
 od A JBLA BA LA M B d~A AoA  k~A  BBL{ M
.XA xoBM q]
o oB MnA VkeA kzA oB BeBM Ǳ~A Ȗ BzA oA ɷ 1045 w -
.oA oA cw BAp ȗ
ȯBLA M p oXɟ BdU oA odA A B{ njBɯ kA ɷ 1155 w -
.onABM
 MBA K kM koA BM kk\TM nB]BA Ȧ cT BvA oA ɷ 1227 w -
.ȯB{BBM LA o () vdA BA iA ko
~M nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT M Apo tBL M B{ kd BvA oA ɷ 1236 w -
.() tBLA co Ȃ BL{
BA mA AA KmTM nBzA M kM M A o{ ZBdA B ɷ 1309 w -
.ȯAnkpBA kMBA p gzA  oFM ϧl B   A odA
.A JBLA BA mA KmA o~A AA BzBM kA B{ kd  Ϧ B -
.ȯB{BBM LA BM jk] KzhBM vA nBA BzBM Bi kdA kL BvA B -
LmA AA ȗ ȂA JBLA ɃoA jBw Uo kvA jk] ɷ 1355 w -
.MA Ȧ kd gzA Kh k~ Ao~A  KT od
.ozA koA L KmU U  1955 / ɷ 1375 w -
BA ȗ  oLA  Ll BL{ K~M (k) dA vd kvA ]oA oE -
Te AoA jkdA  AA AoA kA Uk{ oL BTeA ȗ AoA A K]
.Mo k

$
*5
: BA
B BM BTeBv LU 幼vdA oA  Bh n U oA wBLA oA
ϧm .BAoBM v Ank\A BioBM {o BnA 2 4370 d ozA d~A
ozA oLA  kLA k~A BA LA 幚BzA oBA oLA AA AoA
A ȗ oA  B] SM We }BhA KmA A  ~A AoA BLzM
t ɗ koA KeB~ A BA  zM B BL ɗoiqA nBA
RBA BwA ȗ Sz nB L RAl h Ll L ozA oLA U 孼vA
oYA Bw ϧB A B BTh BTmë LA AoA ȗ KmA BBM 텫 Co
j AA o k ozA d~A KA] U 幦LA JBM  A Bj oL
BvvBM d~A KA] Sp wA RB~hzA nBL vA BA B
.oYA uBA  oLT mA ~A kLA ȯB{BA
A jU JAMA Lw  BAoA  kM x qU ] An wkA odA e
: ȷ JAMA BY d~ oA odA A jU JAMA BY  AoA Am d~A
JBM ([) BqA KeB BA JBM () vdA BA JBM () vdA BA JBM
BA JBM d~A  MoA \A ȗ B훱 JAMA m () o] M w BA
JBM 幼ozA \A ȗ B횽 () BoA w M Ȧ BA JBM () ƪA oA
JBM k] BzA \A ȗ BA 幼M\A \A ȗ U LA JBLM BvA (|) woA
.() jA\A kd BA JBM v
eBv  44 keAA nBA BUnA L  39 nA cw  LA BUnA L
1836 LT oA odA eBv BA 29300 LU  d~A eBv 2 320 AoA
2. 
tBLA A M A A B 隽 d~A JBM  BLo ozA BzA \A ȗ
d~A JBM  KoA o~A vA ȗ o BL{ BA nAk]  Ƀ k
BA nAk]  郰 We ovA A B 隽 ozA M\A \A ȗ o~A
.BA BL{

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B tBLA iA vdA BA ko kM wBLA TA oA ɷ 236 w -
nBp  tBA 鮫 ϧm 峧e BA nBe We BBM oLA 郱 Țw vA
.koA
ȯBXA jAo BvA p ȗ ϧl odA ȗ oL YjBe SYke ɷ 1047 w ȗ -
o Ro\ () tBLA co iAj BA TeA Mo BXA ]B We
M A S  Y uB  koA ȗB Kw U ozA odA iAj jBLBM
.ȯA njBA kL gzA
vdA B ozA doA oe AT Mo MBA Aq ɷ 1216 B -
.(vA B) tBLA A MA iA
RLA kɷ U  KohTA  kA B ozA kɛoA oU  1991 w -
.AoA ȗ kBhA BL{ BTA oYA  ϧl  ko nB\A

$
*7
: njB~A
: | (1988 w 1  jAkM  AoA) 텧A jB Bw oAmA ȗ Mo - 1
18.
68. - 61 : | ( 1983 w 2 ) 텧A jB Bw Mo VAoU - 2
126. | 2 Z (ɷ 1413 w 1 ) kA gzA jB{nA - 3
.(ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA 1)  oA ApoA kL tBLA - 4
22. : | k]oLA oBM kd gz {B ȮM o - 5
1  RoM  BL) ȯB\qA ǱwA AoMA kvA wkA BA ȗ ] - 6
88. : | (1985 w

$   294 
*1
: oTA
 L () AoMA M BdwA M }A M An M - fpAn M |o M JE  
w 93 o ȗU BzA ȗ k  A BLA
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
  A o Mo  B  23 kM   dA k o{ koA 隽 
dA A A  KAmA
$
*5
: BA
L oLA  LzA KzhA  k  oL ^Bwn U o  nBL koA 
.o]BM L o
jke B ZnBhA o횧A Lo nB\dBM  wA oM oLA A iAkA   
() JA LA oLM A lBM BTT BB  vTT oA Bk~U BvA B
h nB\{E oLA e
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ƀ ɗ () JE LA j ɗ A JB]A mA BA  koA 雱 A  
42. / | nw  (JAo{ jnBM vT Am Ϧ]oM nA) BU B B vTA
o aL  (en)  () JA LA ]q ko dA k J] k] A  
o oe ȗ BM
$
*7
: njB~A
173. : 1 Z ( 1992 w 1 ) nBA kAo  1
.( 1982 w 7) ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA BXke  Bk AoA  2

$   295 
*1
: oTA
ɷ 36 w AkBM ȗU 奼\A MBd~A wnBA Bw AkL ME 
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM / AkA
jAkM J]  30 Bv  AkA  ȗ AA BM Bw eB ȗ ko 隽 -
$
*5
: BA
ϼw BLA h ^BAn  wA B] w ȗ k L  _kz oB koA -
M koA e 孽oAqA t\ kk o  wA d M d BkA
.BA M me MBd~A oL  Mo  RLA
Ȫ\E M (BM Bw) M ȯBXA kA ȗ jAvA n] jAoA AoUA vU -
(BM Bw) M B 隽 TA kA So A Lv (oBA Bw) B
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
nB~A A kL MBd~A Bn BBM M dA SB  1931 / ɷ 1350 w -
\T oA A BoL oU KLvM (wnBA Bw) B] A BA M me 
]j o B
$
*7
: njB~A
363. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w / 1) nBA kAo - 1
108 : |  ( 1982 w 7) ȮvdA ApoA kL BXke  Bk AoA - 2
$   296 
*1
: oTA
M Ȧ M vdA M Ȧ M kd M o] M w vdA MA  : ()BA BA
K]n 25 ȗ U ɷ 128 o 7 ȗ k () SLA E E MBw KB ME
.ɷ183
ȚTA BA BoA BA M jA\A Ȧ M kd ȯBXA o] ME  : () jA\A BA
k횧A l oiA U ɷ195 K]n 10  ȗ k () SLA A E wBU 廂UoA
.ɷ220

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA   jAkM  BA
.]j o  keA oT d kM  foA KB] ȗ BA k w 隽
o JoA  A ov] ozA  yo JBM TA d BzA  koA kd
.jBMAoTwA w J\A  幦]j

$
*3
: uwFTA
o~A qzA oL TE ɷ146 w jAkM Tk nB wBLA n~A E B
BMn (yo oMB) BBv UowFM Bi oL B\ BzA ]  Tk nB\A
^BA vU k B kA ȗ wBLA A nBz A oz yo  nBTiA
ȗ ϧl n~A o] ME M oLA o] B j  E B .({B ȮM oMB)
() BA o] M w BA ȗU B .ϧl kM B kA AU Y ɷ150 w
M Kl 嬿A ozA oL We B k yo oMB A oBA BX] e
BA k oT{A ((yo oMB ȗ v BTMA B 郱 ȗ j)) E A inƪA
ȗU B 峼o{ ȗ B mA LTA JBM A Lv LTA JBM kz wBM ϧl kM ()
o] M w AoMA MA k] MoU ȗ j ()jA\A kd o] MA BA jAkLM
RBAn ϧB B  j e () BA BA oL ^B c~ B ϧB u .()
Ȧ~ k]Bv M |Bi nAk] Be ozA oLA e nkU SB A B kTv
 oX BUnBq jjoT B BM Bi M ȗ BozA AoLA cLA B tBA
k×E  SdLA ^BLU () BA BA A SLv A wA oU Y tBA
.nBA c ƪA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
 LA nBA 馚M M M keA vdA ME BvA kA q oE ɷ336 w -
 do ozA oLA  郰 幦]  nB BB ȗ M o E oLA
m SB .nvB Be B ojE ^BA ZBvA  BTL Bɗ ZBvA Kzi
.koA RAnB wE ȷ nBA
A kM oA   kzA e ^Anw kA k B\{ MA M ɷ367 w -
.]j B jBqM o oYG  kA A kzA oU
M oA wnA VnBdA oBM AoTeA kM kzA nB Rjk] ɷ450 w -
.(owBvLA)
kzA  \vA Anp keE  ȪA ȯBTwAoLA A MA o ɷ490 w -
ɃoA B{ ^Ak\v o ozA oLA  ZBvA  k Ƀ ozA
.oAqA eAoTw d kzA KB] A k{ Be Tmë
M KmBM 텪A ZBvA k kk\TM aA k oBA hA B ɷ575 w -
ɗ jAp d~A w 幮p MFM ϧl  p jkT lD ^AM ^Akk] ^BAn
.kA  wnk ɷ608 w RmhUA TA RAo\dA
AoA LA F kzA ȗ AoA nBzA BUBM o~TvA B ɷ624 w -
h k K~ BA ]  B odA w ȗ jAp LA w lDA
BA k  A A ^BBM BkeA Aq  BA oL  k\A KzhA 
.() BA o] M w
oE 孼UnB TL Lɗ kzA oTM o\A uA BvA B ɷ769 w -
mA ȯB{BA MBBM odA p ozA oLA  k\A BioA  k 郱M
.oA CoA  nw  SLT
 kA BLA 馛 lA kzA nB kk\TM Ǳ~A BwA BzA B ɷ926 w -
p oB MnFM UnBA  d BLM d~A AoA oA M wBwA
幃oA B{ ȗ Ǳ~A B\BM oA B\A M A ȯB{BBM Ank\A
yM oA A  kM nBiqM { k ozA oLA  K~
.UBhA
ȗ j]A oLA BM kzA nBM ȯBA Bw BvA oE ɷ941 w -
.Ǳ~A B\A
M ȯBA Bw BvA ME nB ȯBXA w BvA E ɷ978 w -
.d~A  TA nBA
k~A d lA  co \M oLA Ǳ~A tBL BzA oE ɷ1033 w -
.ozA oA ȗ uBA  AoA p UBhA  ~A
.ozA doA  A  ^BBL{ BC jd o]BTA kE ɷ1115 w -
tn TLA KmTM nB]BA kA uwƫ kd BvA oE ɷ1207 w -
oA AoA xo o~A AA KmTM oA oiC oB VY BA BA oBA
.Tw ȗ jAp d~A ao ooBM
TLA BM y oA oTM nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT BvA B ɷ1231 w -
.kLA BLA AA KmA B BBM \A xBM
tkvA   kzA A (ǱLA oTvA) ȯBXA jd BvA kE ɷ1255 w -
.paoA
ME kk\U KmBM țozA AA zTM nB]BA B{ kA oB B ɷ1282 w -
.M\A AoA oA M AA JBLA  峼 Ȃ JBM A K~ kzA
K~ d~A BM nB]BA Apo jBo kA jBTA ozA jk] ɷ1293 w -
. UoL TBw
.ϧmM jBMCoTwA jBA kL ZBdA  lDA KmU jk] ɷ1299 w -
A 250 nAk pAozA kA oz SM M Bw ]BdA SmM ɷ1324 w -
.ozA oLA  co E K~ A  BX
.( Ȧ tBL) ZBdA   MoA ȧBzA AoA qU U ɷ1326 w -
JAMA S{ ozA kzA ȗ oX RBBA RAkk\U S~e ɷ1387 w -
. ThA RBqTA

$
*5
: BA
vU ȫwA wkA A B kv\T An h nB ȪɈBA kzA nB
() BA BA oM k M\A vA :v A coBM dA oA
Bo JoA ozA  BM ~ () jA\A BA oM k ȧB{ v
^Ak] ] zM x Lz  ToA w ȗ ȂA coA 隽 B
B  BioBM B]nBi   SwA MBA  kB  coA E k
ϼMBLzA  Co LT S탰 k KmBM  kE BM ~ mA l Lz
coA iAkM .o\A okA BUnw KmBM B SLT BA  BUkB S
ϼvA ZB]qBM B B \dA üA ȗ BBvT AoL BLzi Bk
A ȗ 幽op wk xM xA ZBvA KzhA  iAkA  coA w
KmBM B]FM  o~A MnA lDA BTLA nBA T kA Sw ToA
9 L  ȗ LmA MBA jk L ǱA Bv ȗ oLA MnA lDA ϧm
nA  mU JAMA Tw o .keA  w20 *  w20 tBM MB A
LM BM ~T M  BM bT nA ȷ MnA RB\A  BM dA
 UoU nBTE MnE BUnA A BioBM q BAnk] A B k\A BioBM L B
B{A ]E  vA ZBA MA ZB]qA p vA Ank\A ȗ BioA Am
Tv v dv RBnB VY MoA M\A ozA nBM d .wkA
B~U nB kdU  ȧBzA AoA BA LzA kkdA  ZBvM d~A  ~
.Ǳ~A k\vBM nAk]
dA nAzA  ~ wA d MoA M\A ozA AoE  odBM d
d~A Ank]  nAk]  U k (d~A nw) k ϼw `B h nAk] M
ȯB{BA MBBM  |Bi AA o\e  BE o\dA  nB\T \
m .ozA d~ LA iAkA aT o\dA m M JAMA oz k]U
d~ ȧBzA nAk\A ȗ yo JBM oA\A JBM ȷ Bi BwBM Sw JAMA
JBM ȗB JBM d~ țozA nAk\A ȗ jAoA JBM B]oA JBM jBoA JBM
nAk\A ȗ LA JBM eoA JBM oA JBM MoA nAk\A ȗ BqA KeB
.d~ M\A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȗ ȮvdA AqA BBM ȴLA kA q oE (n) kA gzA p ȗ ɷ352 w -
.ȪBA kzA
.LTA JBM oMB So ]j o jBp \T jAkM o oYA  ɷ367 w -
.ȪBA kzA ȗ An{B  kA oB{ BA  zA ̫ ɷ441 w -
ȗ lE keA T RnB zA vA A M c~A 雰 ɷ442 w -
.(A oi  e) kzA
oeE  B K kzA K kzA JBM F kA ȗ TA S훰 ɷ443 w
ke ()BA B ozA oLA od Bd Ro] nL  B\ MB B
.Le M keE oL A B () jA\A kd BA
^BA o ɷ569 554 RAvA ȗ oiE o ȪBA kzA o ɷ466 w
nw 雰 BA cw  UA B LA nLA SvhA nB\AoMBA  o
.kzA
B AL yo oMB kz Ak~ jAkLM BA  LBzA nBY ɷ517 w -
k\ hA A z A B] oBimA AjA   B AmiE BL{ A
miE B jn B\A KjFTM oE ϧl hA oTwB BdA Am ȪA A ME ϦA
.kzA 
.jAkM ȗ Vke B oYG  kzA Joi ɷ614 w
ɗ A oFM oBA hA ozɗ TL SoTeA kɛoA nBA STA ɷ 622 w
.BUnB
nBA oXɟ KLvM nj nw k kzA oɓ (ɷ647 - 646) Tw ɗ
.BvA
.ozA kzA oTeA jAkM A TeA kM ɷ656 w -
 AoUA j\A \ jAkM ȯBXA jAo BvA TeA kM ɷ1048 w -
.ozA kzA  A KmA jB K B B AB{B AL BA
qi A \A qi S̃ \A  MBA nB oYA  ɷ 1216 w -
.BA
nkdA k kvA T Bv ȪBA d~A ȗ tBA T]A ɷ1335  w -
.qA TdA k BkA J]M
: kzA ȗ kA oBz
 odA nA\M oL (ɷ182 w TA) nB~A w MA BA ȃB - 1
.ozA ]
.ɷ216 w BTA kMp UkA ɷ198 w TA k{oA M A kd - 2
.ɷ210 w TA zB MBM oA kd M AoMA - 3
.ɷ356 w TA oA ȴLA kA q - 4
.ɷ368 w TA  MBM oA ȪA kd M o] - 5
w ȗ j (ɷ413 - 336) kBM oA BA M kd M kd gzA - 6
MA A h{ oL K] oLA AA ȗ oBM ~TA \A  țozA AoA
.ȪA 
FM tBA n~T mA () BA w BA MA UoBM KA oA AoMA - 7
BA kz A  Y nAj ȗ j mA (ɷ436w ȗTA) UoA ozA oL
.Mo ȗ () vdA
.ɷ436 w ȗTA oA ȴLA kA ] - 8
.ɷ562 w TA KUBA ke MBM oA vdA M kd - 9
.ɷ574 w TA oBzA }M }dM oA ȪTA kd M kw - 10
.ɷ608 w TA nMBvA w M kd - 11
.ɷ 609 w TA ȯBTwozA ȦdA M aA L - 12
.ɷ613 w TA o~LBM LBA K ǱA kd M d - 13
AoA w ȗ oL 隽 (ɷ672 - ɷ 597) wA kA o~ ]AhA - 14
.yo JBM  ȯBXA AoA ȗ oBM ~TA \A  MoA

$
*7
:njB~A
w 1  jAkM  AoA) wB C ve kd gzA ȪBA kzA gnBU - 1
.( 1967
9. Z ȦhA o] wkA RBLTA w - 2
.ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 3

$   297 
*1
: oTA
 SLA E Eo{B BA jBA kd M Ȧ vdA MA  : () jBA BA
.ɷ254 K]n 3 ȗ U ɷ212 K]n 5 ȗ k vA
E  oz jBdA BA ovA Ȧ M vdA kd ME  : () ovA BA
260 A Mn 8 ȗ U ɷ 232 ȯBXA Mn 8  ȗ k vA  SLA A
ɷ
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
B{  120 d kLU TA AoBw k  MoA vA ȗ ovA oA U
jAkM BA
$
*3
: uwFTA
M j  () jBA Ȧ BA BAoT{A ovA d ȗ nAj AoBw ȗ  odA E
vdA BA ȗU B B j ȗU Te BM () BA xB ȯAo~A J
Sw BUoe A vA B BA AoL B ME oL KB\M j () ovA
dM AoBw ȗ v B mA ovA vdA ME BA A Lv ovA oBM
.ovBM oU

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 L M vA B BA oL ȯAkdA kA oB k{  ɷ333 w -
.T nvM Bnw doA
KaUn JAjovA LA ao ȯAkdA oB BM ȴLA kA q E ɷ 337 w -
oLA ݫ BLA po nw d~A jk] JBziBM coA n JBa\dA  khA
.oL  BA miF tBA B lG ^BBeA B FT () ovA BA B TA
o ZBLkBM coA oTw ZBvBM oA ȴLA kA k p ɷ 368 w -
.nvA k{ d~A w AoA
ZBvA  ^Bk  coA () BA L wnE oA o ɷ445 w -
.KmA   BoA ]
LA n oA [aw odA JAME (ț\vA nBoM) jk] ɷ495 w -
.nAkA d~A AoA
ȮYA A BwA KT oA p lDA LA wBLA oBA o ɷ 606 w -
.kd M k ozA k  JAjovA k B  oz
kM ozA doA kzA nB aBM o~TvA hA o ɷ 640 w -
.oA o ZBvA  ] oTdA k~A kME BAoTeA
.nAkA jB{LA  LA k{ coA o\A uE ME p ɷ 750 w -
 BLA j ZBvBM oA Ǳ~A ve BvA BzA p ɷ 1106 w -
.nkA nA ain lA  BLzA
o\dBM MBziE MBM akM JAjovA oA oLA ȦLkA keE o ɷ1200 w -
B kM  A BLA A mA wBvA ApoA  B BioA A~A
.ȦLkA
p JAMA LA A ȦLkA ve ApoA keE MA BLA A ɷ1225 w -
.{BBM LA ap BnA  CoA RBA KT JAjovA B]
oa LA Kal () BA BL{ nB]BA B{ kA oB ajk] ɷ1258 w -
gzA BA  ozA  B lDA Bv an d~A AoA coA
.ȯAoA pAoA vdA kL
{ k pAozA jd M ve kd vM ohA A oLU ɷ1295 w -
K~ d~A oU 幦] wk B{A RAl BAoM nA M oU A
.odA JAM Y oBTw Ao{ LA JBM  Bw
M ȚU kd Ao{BM ϧl B BioA  oLA BAoA SL~ ɷ1318 w -
.RAoA Bp keE (keE h) ZBdA   pAozA Ȧ Kd
JAjovA Znj oU ȂA JBLBM JAjov LzhA JBLA kME ɷ1339 w -
ȚU kd Ao{BM ϧl B XA {oBM AoA odA oA xo BioBM
.ȯAoA
JAMBM LzhA odA JAMA ϧm LA ]  AoA JBM kME ɷ 1340 w -
.T{oA w gzA M ve kd ZBdA oLTA B A
BLzA kLU odA ȗ RBoXA U d~A A BA B~A U ɷ 1341 w -
.AoA A odA  Ȃ Lzi JBLM BA Ȧ]n Ȧ mA
oLTA B JAjovA d~A odA oT BMo B SL~ ɷ1342 w -
.ȯnpBA Ȧ  ZBdA M Bn kd ZBdA
B mA ɷ1382 w Te koA  j]A BLzA K~̯ ɷ 1360 w -
.() vdA BA ko  ^BM~
kd oLTA B BA do  j]A jB~A SdE ɷ 1367 w -
.~A
ow keAA kL ZBdA kA oLTA B LA ]  nBA SM ɷ1368 w -
.T C oBz un
B oA w c~U U d~A ȗ xoA BioA kM ɷ 1370 w -
.{BBM odA cw LU CoA RBA MBT kLU }\BM ^Ajk\
ϧm 텛 A 72 jk d A UjBA ] U LA Kl ̛ ɷ 1380 w -
.d~A wU nBA BM {BA kLU ([) kA BA L nB
BBM 텫 Ll jB~M oBA nLA  TA jB~A SkM ɷ1382 w -
KmBM 텫 ȷ LA ȗ TA YXA JAMA kLU ϼvA ZB]qBM  BnqA
.ohA E  B] oLTA B
B  oqA nw  RBC SLT KmBM odA JBM Ǡ ɷ1383 w -
BA wnk kT TwBoA l vdA kL kvA vM Mo  keA oLTA
.pAozA
.ZBvA KzhM oBA TM nBvhA keA gzA oLU ɷ 1386 w -
.A A wA  KmBM oBA TM nB~A keA oLU ɷ1388 w -
.ovA oA jBv o BM U BzA ]  d~A w ɷ1390 w -

$
*5
: BA
ȯB{BBM Bz BXA KmBM Bz BAkeG TL B o AoBw k oBA
LmA LA U () nBA LA SM C eoE LmA LA SdU 隽 npA
B zA Tv oA .133 ̳o 146  zA Mo d w
BUnA SwA  okTv B  LA u\U 11 BUnA 37 Bo 53
m 7 BBUnA nB B 46 LA BUnA L oA cw  kz keA oT
MBA jk L 22 Bo 68 Bd L lA wA kAoA JBL oLA  LA
BUnB U oA odA  M\A \A ȗ .MB A 72 KmBM ȦA
cw  25  nA  36 B keA  BUnA L npA ȯB{BBM BUBz
Bz ȷ 14 BBUnA 8 BɃo 37 B nBɄ ɃoA k ȗ .odA
dA oLA nw  CoA RBA M B JT oA npA ȯB{BBM
 oAj B JBLA  幦\A BnqA BBM 텪A LmA JBLA o B 孼TA
.ɷ1379 w inƫ oqA nw  RBC  JT KmA
A ȗ JT A JBLA 孼Ll oiC MBM o pBT]A AoA oAqA ij AlA
 JBL Ao~A  JT (MoA ȗ jA A ^Ao]E  wA  ) BU 
ȗ (RB]nkA ɗn B) BTdU (RAjBvA kw B) B~ RBA M A \A
~ (RAA Bw B) BTdU (RAkA K\ B) ~ B JT ovA Ao~A
14  zA Tv oL M AoA B{ ȗ k] 3 L Ao AoA LA M
LA iAj A jU JAMA YY AoA Am BvA ~ |Bi  kke  BBL{
B keA  RBB YY iAkA  BA ȗ \A BAoBM q LA iAj
텫 KmA  ~ oBA nLA  ɃA coA .okA nvM JT
.BnqA BM
 ȯBXA () jBA Ȧ BA co  BkeE jB YY ovA kz ȗ
BA A ()UBi u]o kvA co  WBXA () ovA vdA BA co
ve BvA BTB~M oE ɷ1109 w A jB~A m B jU () kA
 k  ZBvA KzhA  ~ jB~A m 孼~A vA keA
.ȪBA kzA jB nAo  U Toip BA ] ]A vi 
w 127 BUnA w 126 o w 218  - () jBA BA k tB
.w 384 RB] VX BUnA d w 696 LB\A d w 224 BA 
100 BUnA w 103 o  w 191  : ()ovA BA k RBwB
.w
LA JBM  M\A JBLA 1952 w cT mA MoA JBLA JAMA k d~
ȗ BMBM ϧB AoBw dT A jƪA țozA JBLA jBA w w ȗ 隽
oL Bw LA JBM  k] B BAG 45 d~A iAj ȗ k] BzA ]
.ɷ295 v jU Bj
^BMBU BA Am B ([) \dA BA JAjow 隽 BzA ]  d~A Mo ȗ
  AoBw ɗ BM k vA  \dA ovA jBA ĿA SL
X BA AoU BqA noM cLF nj cw B BG UBe ȗ ^BMAjow
 TL  vA   ^BoU kA BTü  SBe zA  JAjovA
BLA  nB ([) \dA BA BM Bd~A  k  ȉe UjBL B
 峼 BkA MBM  A K ne zi hM BUG ȒL nBLA
B ([) \dA BA  JB JAjow A  gnBTA \  kBdA  B
wkv A o VY A jƽ ] Lzi JBM JAjovA Am 峧 E  Am
~M oU oL Tv XBXA BvA ~M oU o Tv BXA A
wAM JAjovA A q 孼 pB\M LM BM ~T oA m B]oA
.]nj 20  BT Znj

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ȧ BA doɃ  UE zA KLvM kzA ȗ oe 雰 ɷ 640 w -
.vA B ovA vdA jBA
.oiC o kzA oTeA ɷ1106 w -
 MB 25 馛 ovA BA kz A AovA M k ɷ1335 w -
.kzA L  KmBM
: (n) BA ĿA jA  kzA ȗ kA RB~hzA
ozA d ozA  oLA w  () jBA Ȧ BA AiA eoE -
o] ozA  () ovA vdA BA AiA ϧm v ozA ve
.ozA kz LmA LA SdU U eoA m ve ozA
BoL ɷ260 w Sj () ovA vdA BA ]p UBi u]o kvA -
.nz oB ovA vdA BA ko i
.ɷ261 w ȗU nBA o] M aA kL nl  jAj {B MA kvA oL -
.AoBvM MA nAj ȗ oL ɷ 271 w ȗU () jBA Ȧ BA M o] -
Ȧ]n Ȧ B BoL ɷ274 w BTA () jA\A  BA SM e kvA -
.()jBA Ȧ BA
BA M kp M vdA M wBA M eoA kL M kd M vdA M kd -
.()vdA
.() kMBA p Ȧ BA M kzA kp M v M kd M A Ȧ -
.()kMBA p Ȧ BA M vdA M aA kL M wBA -
.() vdA BA M aA kL M \A w M aA kL M cB M kd -
.ɷ 1320 w TA 峼A bBL~ KeB ȯAkA Bn BC ZBdA A -
.ɷ1321 w TA ȯB\qA vd gzA A -
w TA pAozA ve kd kvA jk\A iA pAozA KLA aA kwA kvA -
.ɷ1321
.ɷ1322 w TA ȯBovTA ȮvdA o{ kvA -
.ɷ1334  w TA ȯBA ȮvdA Bn kd M ve kvA -

$
*7
: njB~A
1. Z AoBvA u gzA AoBw gnBU - 1
Z ( 1987 w 2  RoM  BL) ȦhA o] wkA RBLTA w - 2
12.
3  RoM  BL) ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 3
136. : | ( 1995 w
1985 w 1  RoM  BL) ȯB\qA AoMA kvAwkA BA ȗ ] - 4
121 : | (

$   298 
*1
: oTA
E A A () vdA BA ow KA kL M KB ME M  M v 
ɷ 60 w kzTwA MBdA  AkzA
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
ȯB oL Jo M\A țozA oM ~T A k\v nAk] nA\M ozA ko 隽
ȖXA kL ME M nBThA oL Jo  帰o M
$
*3
: uwFTA
B]nA  BLdv A oA () o M ȯB   M v jBp M A kL T A kM
o{ MBn oTvT A A k\v oe k nBA nAj  JoBM Bj  AwBM
B M kq A BwEoM jBp MA WM k  nBqBM keE Bk~  B jBp MA
nB oE oAqA BM Tv v oL  nkw ϧB SB E om  BzA ȗ
 A k\v nBYC  KTA k  oX   ^BMBw oLA B  B텚M k{oA
(ɷ 1212) w TA  (n) A odM k kd kvA M LnBd
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
B BA qoLTA keE M wBdA ME  pAoA jd M kd k{ ɷ 681 w -
.ozA koA  Rk] oh  Roe TA hA ϧl cU
ozA oLA  K~ lA koA Bi BE E \A EoA Ro ɷ 1055 w -
oMqA M A kL oBz RBMA  KT oA o~BM Ajq  v Lzi BL{
.gvA hM oL pnBM odM
^BAA M  koA L KmTM oLU  E nBzA B{ njB B ɷ 1166 w -
.T] UnB  ^BLl
JT  B koA oe Bi dA kL kd Be JAA jk] ɷ 1232 w -
LvM XXA MoA hBM  odA JBM  SM nA o\e  BM oh 
.pnBM odM  owA
.d~A  koA BM kk\TM Apo jB{n kd ZBdA B ɷ 1384 w -
oFM LA KmTM TA ȯBLLA n ve kd ZBdA B ɷ 1387 w -
ko Ȃ BL{ ~M dA kvA oA ϧm  (tk) dA vd kvA eoA
odBM d An BzA U ϧm  .d~A iAj ȗ U nB o Bw BM 
BzA \A ȗ nB BM  ȖXA kL ME M nBThA oLM ~T RB] VY 
.BAoBM LA  od iAkA Ank\A oip   10 BUnBM ozA

$
*5
: BA
A BBUnA ~ B{ L U o Ȃ BL{ w ȗ oe  kz oB koA
k  An RB] VY  odBM d   29 nA   odA cw   18
A 汽  ozA BzA \A ȗ koA ik 隽 .BAoBM nA Ank] Sv
.kwE k v kL ȫBdA M oLU BLA Wke BY JBM ϧB  nB

$
*7
:  njB~A
56. : | ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd BhnBU  SLA A RAnAq  1
w 3 o{A \A  AoA) oA keAA kL dU () vdA ow  2
.( 1968
.oA ApoA kL 奼 M v kzA  3
87 : | (1374 w AoU  AoA) jnBT{A kd kd 奼 M v  4
.wnB
63. : | 2Z k jB{nA  5


$   299 
*1
: oTA
A ȷ () LA A U k A A () BA o] M w BA M wBA 
.() BoA BA iA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
Tk o M ^BMo  9 {BA B  kLU TA wBA eB ȗ koA 隽 
.AkA  dA

$
*3
: uwFTA
B{ BvA p ȗ ~A αA k ȗ B () wBA oL o BM A A 
 tjBvA oA jke ȗ ϧl L ^Akz B A  ɷ 914 w A BwA
XBXA nBA  ɷ 1288 w A hnBU j A BA BLA 孼o\A MBvA
.ȮvdA B{ Ȧ BA kvA   ko

$
*4
: nBA wTA
ko RBeA k ȮqA k kvA \ kd kvA o]A ɷ 1325 B -
ȗ BLzA Am  fnA k  LA qi gzA   A  ^BBL{ K~
.BM Bo{ MBM  KT̟ ozA  SM
.ko ozA d~A BLM nL\A oz SB ɷ 1341 B -
wB gzA vM npA ȯB{BBM koA L Sv  1949 / ɷ 1369 B -
.kA d
d~A ȗ B LT (tk) dA vd kvA ]oA uwE ɷ 1380 B -
.ozA
B kk] co ~M (tk) dA vd kvA ]oA U ɷ 1385 B -
kzU ϧm  wBA eB ȗ ȧ\A ȚU kd kvA   vM  () wBA
ozA d~A ȗ B LT uwFTM ϧm (tk) dA kvA oA B j wnk
.\A ȗ BA TLT o keA  oLTU
KB\BM d~A ȗ h ve ȧ\A ȚU kd kvA FzA ɷ 1388 w -
wBA eB ȧBA kBvM  koA  ȧBzA MoA
$
*5
: BA
ȗ _aLzi k oLA wn  L   oe d BzA A ȗ koA B -
h BkA ϼw oe  BM Tz oB koB A BA nB\{A oX BTvM
 npA ȯB{BBM Sv BM L  孽oAq An LB] A vA wT BLA
wA koA d  Ao Bin 텛 oLA AA nBv  ikA K\M SL~
kk AA BBA oA  oL
$
*7
: njB~A
w 3  RoM  BL) ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 1
85. : | ( 1995
181 : | 2 Z  ( 1992 w  1 ) nBA kAo - 2
$   300 
*1
: oTA
.BM o\ k A Lv ]o () Ȧ BA nAe mU keA 

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
MBzA ɄB ȗ dA A Tk Mo mA BA oA  koA Am 隽 -
.A eB   5 kM 

$
*5
: BA
o]BM L L U  5   *  5 BjBMA zA Mo o o  nBL koA -
 koA JBM   2 YXA jBMA Lzi BL{  oLA wn 7 d BBUnA L
B KT nA o\e  \dA o ȷ nAk\BM L oh ]nBhA AA
^ABM oLA BLM vdA keA B k (jBA Ȧ M k{An eoA oL Am) : ~B
\A MBd~A Am BM  ^BXke
$
*7
: njB~A
300. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w 1 o{A \A  AoA) nBA kAo

$   301 
*1
: oTA
.() Ȧ BA ]p K M U M Voe M kL M u SM BwA ȷ

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
.() wBA ko B{ dA   30 kM  {BA k eAM Bko 隽 -

$
*5
BA
ȯB{BBM A nB\dA LM B{ BUnA \dA wT L Bko  -
.Ank\A w BLA d ȷ npA
M oA () KB MA M Ȧ M d Bk JvA oLA Bko MB -
.(A d)

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BU kɛ () A d Bk XhA u SM Bw JvA oLA A -
zM kA wA  (npA\A) (nL\A) L ȧBA gBz  nBU
.VnAT

$
*7
: njB~A
140 : | 1 Z ( 1992 w 1 o{A \A  AoA) nBA kAo - 1
$   302 
*1
: oTA
120 w A ȗ kzTwA () KB MA M Ȧ M vdA M Ȧ M kp kzA 
.w 42 qB o  ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
o țozA J\A ȗ dA k   30 kLU TA {BA B ȗ ko 隽 -
.A

$
*5
: BA
mA oLA  kkdA  BL{ ϧB v nTw  qn oL wn koA  -
An LB] A jB\vBM xo  6 o  6  zA Mo oe w 隽
BLA B h L U 幼BMoA cMB~A AA RBoXBM q\ odA  .oAq
kzA e d~A ik ȗ kzA BA RBAwA ui B v nB ϧB
.Tkw B  RM

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 j kAp wA ]o BTvM ȗ nB] o B ȗ () Ȧ M kp kzA oL B -
A]oiA oLA AzL wn A AkA L  oBA BX\M X A  zi kp
幗BM nBA o~ JBLM ȚB ǰo }  B ]  e oBA kv]
.oLA 郱  o M w A ȧA j k Aj] B kw  oLiA lA
J] A ȗ wBA vM ^Bw kM K ozA wEn 酛 ɷ 120 w -
.oeA qA BkM w Lw LzhA  ^BM~ ȚM (JAoTA U)

$
*7
: njB~A
320. : | 1 Z nBA kAo -
w 3 RoM  BL) ȧ\A ve kdɫ BhnBU  SLA A RAnAqɫ -
88. : |  ( 1995

$   303 
*1
: oTA
B A KBA (BvBM) oA kwA oA kw M BX kd MA 
.ɷ 257 w ȗU owB M nB jA  ([) oTA \dA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
w ȗ MoA KB\BM ]j o Jo BoA KB\M vA k ȗ ko 隽 -
.(A JBM) M A oA AkA

$
*3
: uwBTA
We (JnkA k\v) M Bk oA k\vA L ȗ j kw M BX ȗU B -
.A 훱

$
*5
: BA
JBM L] A TL ȗ oLA 隽 mA k\vA JAod  Be ȮM koA ]A ȗ -
 j Y k k oLA  oe  L BLA  oLA 郱 A ikA
.ZoA M kd M n~ MA uoA A

$
*7
: njB~A
62.: | 2 Z nBA kAo - 1
210. : | 7Z (ɷ 1414 w 1) ȪA tBL gzA nBdLA w - 2

$   304 
*1
: oTA
o~A B MnA JAA ȯBY kwA oA kw M BX M kd o] MA 
.ɷ 305 w U ([)

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
d ȗ 隽 A ^Bk A JBM A jƪA nBzBM BoA KB] ȗ koA 隽 -
.kk\A n\A nB{  ^BBe gzA JBM ȷ 峼A Lv ȯhA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.L\M mA B\A koA kk\U U ɷ 1349 w ȗ -
LT k\vA B] BA B nkdA kd kvA A uwE ɷ 1364 w ȗ -
.A A B ȷ  TBM RnU  BA ȯhA

$
*5
: BA
] oe  jAkM ȗ zA qAo keA  vA nq nz oB koA -
ȯB{BBM ozA  RBME k\vA JBM  SLT ~BM oB k\v k] LB] A
 KT  ǱTdU oB LT wAA d~A ȗ k]U 岱ek mA BMjA L
.oL jAkBM 

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
LA]  KT  ZBvA  LBM Aw  UBe ȗ  ^AoL oe ȯhA gzA A ǰn -
 Eo    A q nB  () ~A ĿA BwA  oA CoA  RBA
.B\A ȗ BMBLwA tB A JB]B Am oLBM   Fv CoA

$
*7
: njB~A
278. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w 1) nBA kAo -

$   305 
*1
: oTA
B MnA JAA WBY ThMA odM ME M bn M vdA wBA MA gzA 
.ɷ 326 w U  ([) o~A

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.mB o Bp ȗ nB\TA ]nzA w ȗ BoA KB\M  koA 隽 -

$
*5
: BA
k\v 隽 嬰oAqA  ejq 奦\ BL{ oL j  o L oLA  -
.B\A   BU oLA J] A o

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
nAj  SB mA BqA ȗ A Lv (ThMA) oU d ȗ 隽 ^Bk oLA B -
.(αzA o) A oiA JnkA TA A mBA ThMA keA M Ȧ

$
*7
: njB~A
249. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w 1 ) nBA kAo -

$   306 
*1
: oTA
329 w U ([) o~A B MAoA KBA ovA kd M Ȧ vdA MA 
.ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
A ȗ o~TvA wnkA Jo kA ZoA w ȗ BoA KB\M koA 隽 -
.]j o  ovA

$
*5
: BA
ko  (LA k\v) M oA k\vA M vA M o\e ȗ 隽 oLA -
LT oLA   L U nBTw  Lzi BL{ oLA  vA nq oB
U ZnBhA  mB o\dA BLz  L  wA B KT npA ȯB{BBM Sz
.dUBA Ao nBA Bk U vA 

$
*7
: njB~A
386. : | 1 Z  ( 1992 w 1 ) nBA kAo -

$   307 
*1
: oTA
.(ɷ 561  470)  njBA oA g{ ȯA ȦLA njBA kL gzA cB MA 

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
.k\v  JoBM gzA JBM d ȗ ko 隽 -

$
*3
: uwBTA
) ̫ oL  ȮM Twnk An ȗ j ȯA njBA kL gzA ȗU B -
k jAkM A ȯBA Bw BvA B] B (AmC AkBw B BLA  |Bi pAo
 KzhA  ^Bk 郰 B nAj ^BB] M B 幚B{ L  M A
.oLA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.ko kk\U njBAkL gzA B] kzU U  1534 / ɷ 941 w ȗ -
BnA U coA  Lzi } 郱M MAoA jAo BvA oA ɷ 1048 w -
tMA KzhM 텫 }A JBziA SB B wA gnBU  KT A
.k~A
A cB~M }A JBziA TM KA eoA kL kvA B ɷ 1322 w -
.pnBM o{ RBMA UBL nBiqM qA
k̛ KmBM Ȧ o } d d kA }A n ɷ 1404 /  1983 w -
 RAw VY KmA }A Am ȚM joA Aqq B jAoA keA  k
. 1987 / ɷ 1408 w pU ȗ n BkM coA

$
*5
: BA
LA ɄA TdTA LA TL  TU A BA oLA L nz oB koA -
k qA MBBM v ȷ nB mA B u B AwA  UoU BA
 텛 TdTA LA qo e  kTU RAkk\U k m coA L  So]A
Ȧ zA Mo o }  1983 B Te oLA  B 孼XA oiqA xBA
} B 郰  1987 w }A Am n A  S UAoM  KmBM
.oAqBM oB o wA d koBM d BTvBLA ȗ ~A oLA A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.BA  { koA JBA nA owA e BYA ɷ 930 w -
A wnA oL  A KmBM ȦA }A n ɷ 1408 /  1987 w -
.ȯA qqAkL gzA MA ko  郱 o k

$
*7
: njB~A
.( 1994 1) ȯA eoAkL ȯA njBAkL gzA B] gnBU - 1
57. : | 2Z  ( 1992 w  1) nBA kAo - 2

$   308 
*1
: oTA
B\A ȗ k bBn M ȫo M JBT M K M ]B M kq M odA  
.ɷ 61 w kzTwA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.B  5 kM  Mo k Mo ȗ koA Am 隽 

$
*3
: uwFTA
BzA  oL k{  A 峼 kzTwA mA 郱A ȗ eBoA kq M odA j 
L  M lA ( 1505 / ɷ 941) w B e jAkM ij  Ǳ~A BwA
.^BvM ^Bd  ] 

$
*4
: nBA wTA
KT  BvA B\{ Bi ve M koA o ɷ 1325 w od / 14 ȗ  
.koA L JBM  ϧl
.AA JBM  Am KT k nAkA vdA kL kvA ao ɷ 1330 w 
A Mo k  BMoA i kM A ve ZBdA oLU  1963 w ȗ 
.odA k

$
*5
BA
 SLT k  UBvLA M dU  A {BA  L U BLA kM koA 
AqA n gzA o{  RBMA d~ voA JBLA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B  Te  z odAoL yLM oA Mo Ǳ~A BwA BzA nAp B 
Be B () vdA B BA  MB~ wEn  En  T B TüM En zL
dA  SLU  Bd A BjBB T  Bo 텚M B\B B  B kA L
.^B  o]A  ^BjBi    L oLA  L

$
*7
: njB~A
85 : |  ( 1995 w 3) BhnBU SLA A RAnAq  1
$   309 
*1
: oTA
vdA A Lv ]o [vLA vdA M Ȧ M o M o] M AkL M  
MAoA oA oiAE ȗ Mo k () KB MA M Ȧ M LvA vdA M XA
.o\A

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.jAkM o ȗ Mo k țo{  12 Bv  koA Am 隽

$
*3
: uwBTA
o  vU BA L   B c Mo ȗ AkL M  e Bk -
jB~ B jjoTA oX B () vdA BA ko   17 d kLU ȪA
k ^Fi koA oT{A k  }\A  L  Akz  M BM j TdA ]A
.nBA o] M A kL M  ko FM tBA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.nAqA B kTv ^AoM VkeA koA wU kzTM nBA k ZBdA B

$
*5
: BA
nAqBM F oB M cLA ^Aoiƫ TwU SU oe  Bnp L A koA 
.[AdA B nmA  nm k~

$
*7
: njB~A
85.: | ( 1995 w  3 ) BhnBU SLA A RAnAq  1
141. : | 2 : Z ( 1992 w  1) nBA kAo  2

$   310 
*1
: oTA
kzTwA nBTBM oT{A oTA L B ȗA kwE ȮM  d M X Bw MA 
ɷ 60 w ϧl BM~ jBp MA T AoA A () vdA BA k L A ȗ
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / A
.\ - A o  峮  30 Bv   A k\v Mo ko 隽 -

$
*3
: uwFTA
TA ȗA kw M BX M Woe M o nAj KB] A nBTA X oL B -
.kk RAo ϧl kM o ɷ 85 w

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
tBL ZBdA L  ȯB{BBM Sz k vwFU e BUnA  koA L SB -
.Ȗ\A ]B
d nw M B LA n oLA o BE mA AA ȫnA A B kvA M -
.oLA eBvM
.koA nw M We A k\v oU BYE v nB\U keA koA n -
.BwA  oLA B] koBM dA nvA BM jBA -
LzhA k~A SdU A ȷ wA B KT oh B j oLA  SB -
.ɷ 1360 w Ȗ\A JBw oi - ZBdA  mA
 JLA uwFTM jAkLA ioA ke  M n ZBdA B ɷ 1364 w ȗ -
.koA e woA nB\{A Țv BA
jB{A We Ȗ\A Apo oB M jB{n kd ZBdA koA BM  jk] ɷ 1382 w -
ȗ KT koA BE nB jB{A B npA ȯB{BBM v BLA B L  ^Boe 
.ȦdA ȮvdA kd kvA \A fnƪ pnBLA WXA hM ozA  RBMA BT]A
ȗ BLA q\ B oM KA Apo jB{n kd ZBdA A BM kk\U KLw
a AlA X MBd~A wAM () Ȧ BA A A wT B{  ZnBhA iAkA
kM  k (n) X ko BLM  A B{  dA tFA kM BzBM  A
.o  A BB A kM

$
*5
: BA
ȗ wA An M d xA ȯB{BBM ZnBhA  v B L U koA -
oLA  ̛E We ^BXke BM jk] k SwA  oL nB coA ]A
.BL{ k

$
*7
: njB~A
78. : | oA ve kd gzA nBTA X - 1
270. : | 2 Z kA poe kd nBA kAo - 2
61. : | ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 3

$   311 
*1
: oTA
Bn ȗ k (BA g{) M oA wA Ȧ M vdA M kd o] MA 
ɷ 460 od ȗ U 385
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
nBzA nBv  wA JBM  ZnBh ozA ǱA d~A B{ koA 隽
.vA jA oL A \TA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
: B RAnB k wA gzA k\v  REo -
.(n) A odM kvA vM ɷ 1198 w -
U En Bk A odM C ve kvA kk\TM B ɷ 1305 w ȗ  -
.BnA

$
*5
: BA
ȗ kA m UB w wA nA o\e  b ȗ B KT oL j oLA 
KT ȖhA wA B] nAk]   oL jke BU ȷ zA Mo AwA w
.YoU o{ RBMA  UB gnBU

$
*7
: njB~A
422. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w  1) nBA kAo -
1.Z Ȧ]kA o] gzA o{A \A w -

$   312 
*1
: oTA
M Ȧ M B M A L BLA MA M o] M kd kA K\ gzA AoMA MA 
.ɷ 645 w U ȦdA ke

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
.(wBA ME) nBzM vA nBzA B ȗ (BL\A) d ȗ koA Am 隽

$
*5
: BA
w ȗ ^Bk ^BLzi ^BBL{ oL wn B k BM L  ^Akz ^AoB koA B
kk] ZBw  d oLA e nBTw  Lzi k BLzA w ȗ 幗o
.wA npA ȯB{BBM oLA ]A  KT k

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
dA ȧBA  B] jB{A  .dA k ȗ j ȦdA B M kd gzA ȗU B -
MjA  wnk qM ϧl kM BdLA B\A koA o  B] M dE Y ko
.jB{nA 
TvU  ko A k\vA kM AoA ȗ BdA BA B  1991 w -
.kBhA BL{ BTA VAkeA oYA  ϧl  nBM

$
*7
: njB~A
275. : | 2 Z nBA kAo

$   313 
*1
: oTA
ȗU jAkLA pAoA ȮA BdwA M J M kd o] MA gzA wA Y 
.ɷ 329 w

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
ȗ o~TvA wnkA  JoBM ]j o   BoA KB\M koA Am 隽 -
.(A) B]

$
*5
: BA
k  B k (A) M nzA  ~A B] ȗ 隽 ozA oL ik -
U o kke  mB od 幪k BM oL L  XA KzhA  k
Ao nBA U Bk oLA j kBz Bi   i 隽 mA vA 
.dUBA nw

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 (^BodU A B\M ϧl kM oT{A mA) ~A B]  koA ik B -
BL{ od  JAohA  oz oL BM L   k k  B më
BA ok Rk 1949/ɷ1368 w ȗ  AovA w KB]  o kke
.o{A \A ȗ A üA wEn   ϧl zA RoTwB kw  AoA
ȗ MA wA wA B x e  B  oL (tk) wA gzA En -
.ɷ 1305 w j] B   eA m
Y oL yL  kTM BdA keA B Bk BM o kk RBAo oL SB -
.oiA o  BLA jBA

$
*7
: njB~A
216. : | 2 Z ( 1992 w  1) kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo

$   314 
*1
: oTA
602) ȦdA ȧmA kw M d M vdA MA o] kA \ wBA MA gzA 
.(ɷ 689 

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
.(wBA ME) nBzM o mA BA nBzA  (BL\A) d ȗ koA 隽

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
o ^BɃnA A BɃA  ȦdA B]o ApoA kL ZBdA oLA o ɷ 1375 w
.TwU

$
*5
: BA
 MBM cT M ~T o k\v LB] A k] BLA kk] kz oB A koA
qA npA ȯB{BBM Sv L oLA   oe koA BA (wBA ME) nB{
gzA oL 隽 nBzA B ȗ T wA BB  KT \A UBLA nBiqBM
ȦdA B M kd
$
*7
: njB~A
237. : | 2 Z ( 1992 w  1 ) kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo

$   315 
*1
: oTA
(ȯAodLA ȖoA A) ve M Ǳ M {B M keA tkA ozA kvA 
kA  () BA o] M w BA A Lv ]o () vdA BA T
.o\A oz jBdA oA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AkA
. 32 AkA k  kLU TA (țozA qdA) o ȗ koA 隽

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.kA LA  E wE L oLA  SM koA An jk] ɷ 1355 w -

$
*5
: BA
BUnA  2 o  3  oYA u ~A ] ([oMA)  BL{ oLA  -
MBBM v  12 BBUnA oB L U XA jB\vBM xo koA oe  2.5
. 15 o  18  eBvA wA d~A {BA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
^AkB AoA k Bk oLA oA Ϧw E (A en) UjB{   oA -
jnA Te Ak oA B  B] Ln oTB () ƪA oA k] ko
d  M\A oA ȗ AT We Aj 񦪽B AmiA T]p k  ^T
.ȧBdA ko
BA  qdA wA A kT ȚdA wA oU A ϦTM JAoA SB -
TFv BU A BA A ]Be K A oLM keA nB\TwAB A KLvM qdBM w
 MA oL k BkA MB\TwB oL k MB\TwA ov kzA kvA Am Ao
koA kw țozA qdBM Ȫw Am Bo{ 隽 oL  MoA qdBM vA
.koA khM B A Lv (ABM)   o

$
*7
: njB~A
271. : | 1 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 1
.( 1982 w  1) ȮvdA ApoA kL ^BXke  Bk AoA - 2

$   316 
*1
: oTA
tBLA A ME M AkL M vdA M qe M Ȧ M wBA M qe  MA 
.WkdA An  RBXA BA B  KB MA M () Ȧ M

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
婟4 {BA B  kLU TA TekA eB MBTA qdA o ȗ koA 隽 -
.() wBA ko  JoBM

$
*3
: uwBTA
gnBTA Am A BBM ]o A j]A LA .koA BzA U ɷ 1339 w ȗ -
.nAqA kw  (BwLA) L un (Bo] C Ak) BBM ȗ w k

$
*5
: BA
d o\zA npA ȯB{BBM SM BLA Uo pnBM L  Rk{ pnBM kz oLA
.oAqBM ejq d oLBM

$
*7
: njB~A
268. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w  1) kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 1
.( 1982 w  7) ȮvdA ApoA kL BXke  Bk AoA - 2
91.: | ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU  SLA A RAnAq - 3

$   317 
*1
: oTA
A Lv ]o cB~A A kL M ȯBXA w M jAj M kd M keA M Ȧ 
.() KB MA M Ȧ M LvA vdA MA (A co]) XA vdA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / nBA
 MoA Ȧ B   38 Bv  ]j o ozA A  koA Am 隽 -
.nBA k  MoA BzA A  40 kM 

$
*5
: BA
.Mo pBA JAoA k oTd oe e oL L  oB kz koA -
.nmA  nm vA nq

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ȯBXA v ^Ao mhTU A  nw Bd o  koA  JoBM SB -
. MBTA todA  jk 

$
*7
: njB~A
84. : | 1 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 1
.ȮvdA ApoA kL ^BXke  Bk AoA - 2
.oMA\A A kL nBL] nBA oBz  Bv gnBU - 3

$   318 
*1
: oTA
keA M kd M Ȧ M d M (MoA Ȧ) M nzA JAoA Ȧ vdA MA 
.() jB\vA BA MA kzA kp A Lv ]o Ȧ M kp M kd M

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / nBA
MoA Ȧ B  kL 幦]j o A A  AoA J] ȗ ko 隽 -
. 105 nBA k    1.5 d ^Bo{

$
*4
: nBA wTA
o  ȮM oz Bwn keA nAo M  gzA k{  1864 / ɷ 1281 w -
MoA Ȧ wA ϧl kM B AA BBw A A (A) BBw MoA Ȧ oL nA\M
.B wA Am K JAoA Ȧ vdA MA kvA A Lv
/  1957 w BLBM o{M lA MoA Ȧ k ȗ ƪA  Lh koA jB{A -
.ɷ 1376

$
*5
: BA
 Rk] k [AdA JBdA k~ nAq oe  L  kz oB koA -
.(JAoA Ȧ vdA MA oL Am) B JT k oh oL

$
*7
: njB~A
82. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w  1 /) kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 1
.( 1982 w  7) ȮvdA ApoA kL ^BXke  Bk AoA - 2

$   319 
*1
: oTA
 jAj M B B BLA  L  AowA ȮM o{ KUB () Beo{ M oq  
.d   Bop M  () Bw

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / nBA
o A A  cB  J]  33 Bv  oqA o ȗ ko 隽 
.nBA o{  oA M ^BLoU oA ~T ȗ ]j
.zj ȗ oL  Kv  

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ RB A (lTA A  () oq LA oL Ƀ d  kTv) jA om 
oL A k  U d ȗ j  tnB A ^AoBv B Bk (qp) k B
ȗ jA BA  o AmC BvA A  KAohA  U A [nkTBM dU
.co  L A  A  ko mA 郱A A UBn U A AoA

$
*4
:nBA wTA
L  k{  koA BM kk\TM B{BM keA jAkM ȧA oA  1738 / ɷ 1150 B 
.npA ȯB{BBM B
MB  FTU BM M SdA k  oiA o BM kA  coA kU  1904 B 
BLTw ~~hA BLA  coBM d mA ZBvA i  qA BA ǱdU
.coA ƽ mA nAqA  Ȧ zM yU B kM SB oAqA

$
*5
BA
A jAkM  KAmA nBv  ]j o ȗ pnBM Bv   ^BB] Lz koA BM 
BkM ȦA oiA o]BM Bz koA L 嬱~e nAk\M Bd  o~LA
.^BeT ^B XU oA tBdA  p LA  (ȯB{BA) qhA
od zA Tv  MA BioBM BnA S{o o ~T ȗ oLA  
AkA MnA o AkA BY  oiE hM \v KzhA  ~ cvA
BLA Am kzU U oL wBd oM Ajq A BAp SB AkA Tw BUnA
. 1762 w

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.eAoTwA  nBq koA  JoBM U JBoBM d vA SB 
  A BA JodA BA oiAA A (AA) vU oz kM koA kw B 
A A kA ȗ SM  l  ȯBoLA TeA BL M  BqTA jA
. 1950 w v A Ao]B

$
*7
: njB~A
. A pn BTzA q   69 - 68 : | 2 Z nBA kAo  1
152. - 133 : | ǰAoL\A A kL nBL] nBA oBz  Bv gnBU  2


$   320 
*1
: oTA
 mA ] MBd hA M ...ϧB M kw M XA M ϼ M jBp M 
.ɷ 82 w ȖXA w M ZB\dA T 唰oA BkA () Ȧ BA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
.A k\v A \A  KAmA nBv  BdA k\v  JoBM MXA ȗ ko

$
*5
: BA
.(n) oT kd kvA kk\TM B oL k\v M d  o BM L koA 

$
*7
: njB~A
219.: | 2 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 1
50.: | ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU  SLA E RAnAq - 2

$   321 
*1
: oTA
.ɷ 252 U ɷ 228 k  (]kA LvM) oA ZBLA kd ozA  

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw / kM
  75 kM  ]kA BvA A ȗ kM eB   5 kM  koA 隽 
.jAkM BA

$
*4
:nBA wTA
  ȯBwAohA 鼖{ kd M 鼗n kd k  koA L Ro ɷ 1198 w 
.B oU A
o]A  }\A  LA M  koA wBvA kMBA p gzA o ɷ 1250 w 
.nAjovA Bi ve oA  A oAq ^BBi VkeA
nA ve ApoA k  ko  XBXA nBA SU  1893 / ɷ 1310 w 
.ȯAoA kd gzA vM
.koA L pAozA ve kd ApoA kvA jB{A ɷ 1311 w 
.kk]  BLM (n) ȪA kd BA kvA B ɷ 1366 w 
 d~A wU oTA { k  koA BveA  ohA A o ɷ 1370 w 
.LA bA
.jAkLA Akp ZBdA L  koA nB SzA  ɷ 1370 w 

$
*5
: BA
w ȗ  150  馃   L zA Mo d~M Bd  nz nAqA
nB BLB\M  45 BBUnA  50  Bd L BkA w BLA B L
 A ǱU TA jA  oAq RkA RBAwA o d~A ȗ   40 BBUnA
.B 

$
*7
: njB~A
154. : | 2 Z AoBvA AoMA gzA u AoBw k gnBU  1
221.: | 2 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo  2
145. : | ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq  3

$   322 
*1
: oTA
mA oM MFM A oA kd () Ȧ BA jE  A inƪA M ol
nAkA jv SM  A ɷ 61 w BM () vdA BA iE  kzTwA
E 峧 AkB nmA oLA  ȗ z k Am Mo ȗ A Ak{  j mA
.BC SMBY o  () Ȧ Bߧ oiC MA oLA KeB A B

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
  11 d kM  dA  A M BA oA  A o ȗ ko 隽
.dA k

$
*3
: uwBTA
.AoBM ȯBXA kA oiAE A ozA koA Am BM ]o

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
w Lv wA dU TA oh~A  nXA U oLA kk\U k ɷ 1324 w ȗ -
.A ȗA hBM B xA UB
.A  mA zBM TL  ko Tkw jB{A  1968 / ɷ 1387 w -

$
*5
: BA
225 TeBv LU Mo oe ko 婟 9 BBUnA BLA Xke L ozA oLA U
 oL  oh  oX Aoi `joLM  KzhA  ~ BL{ oLA 
owA YXM B KT ooA  w 18  18 BjBMA zA Mo nAoA A B
.UB w wA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 nA m qTA ^]n A UA Anp nA  nBL B kɛo A o -
qT   nB Y LM ]oA Am KB Bnp     BL~TA  BXA dA
.dA  tBA BL\T LM JB~ nA m
k oLA Akh KɯFU Bɗ Bn En ȦdA ȮqA kɫ kdɫ kvA A ǰn -
 Az B  oT AMB]A  BoA  }    wnB oU  M BTA
BM BTeA U   wA dU oh  JAod  o nB\dA JAoTA  oLA
.oLA 郱 d  kBz

$
*7
: njB~A
196. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w  1 ) kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo  1

$   323 
*1
: oTA
k  kzTwA ɷ 46 w k ȗA LAA kwA Bz M oL] M kw 
.ɷ 95 w ȖXA w M ZB\dA Bp B

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / wA
.wA BdA qo   48 Bv kLU TA dA k eA ȗ ko 隽 -

$
*3
: uwFTA
j] ϧl  kBzA o\A oz jBdA oA A kA BM gnBU ]o -
jBdA oA  ohA o ȗ BC B jk]) ~B  BMT oLA  oh~A
.(o\A oz

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 Akz dA B ȧBA  vdA  B] koA k{ ɷ 1378 w ȗ -
B Ȗ\A Bv C oAkL gzA eoA A BTA vM ϧl ^Bh ^BM
.koA kzTM nz jBE (A en) dA vd kvA A C eBv

$
*5
: BA
oL d e h Wke BM oe  BLA k L  kz oB koA -
.JAMA MnA 

$
*7
: njB~A
351. : | 1 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 1
.ȮvdA ApoA kL BXke  Bk AoA - 2

$   324 
*1
: oTA
A Lv ȴT kw M B M oMB] M vA kL M BA M kd M kd 
.(ɷ 413  336) Bd

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM  BA
BA An  A 汽 wBM oT{A AG ȗ BA oe ȗ koA Am 隽
.vA B jA\A

$
*5
: BA
BBL{ 郰 MBM wAM ȪBA od țozA AoBM ~TA AA ȗ oLA 隽
JBLA ^BAj  xA nBiqA oX BAo~  ] JBM BM ~ Bl
AA iAj p k .(tk) kA gzA  j mA AA ik B BBLzA
A Te AoA xBM Bz AA Ank] YXA Ank]  TLXA oLA BAoBM
.AA B
TA ȪA  M o] wBA MA A h{ K] A (tk) kA gzA ko
() BA co țozA AoBM ~TA AA ɗ ^BA ɗj mA ɷ 368 w
.MBM wAM

$
*7
: njB~A
.wnB 173 : | 孼wB C ve kd g{ () B oe gnBU  1

$   325 
*1
: oTA
w U jAkLA poA eoAkL MA   VnBdA M ȗBdA ozM o~ MA 
.ɷ 226

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
Jo B{ (Joe JBM) M oA oLA  JoBM Uo nA  koA Am 隽
.BdA nB{ - nBdA d ȗ A B ȗ 娱A AkzA oL

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.k\vA oLA BA ok Rk{  1962 / ɷ 1381 w ȗ -

$
*5
: BA
 BL{ oL wo B koA A iAkA nBv  U o o iAj oLA 隽 -
gnBU ȯB{BBM MBM ]A  KT o k\v LB] A k] nBTvM  kkdA
.L oLA  kzU  .BM

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B v  B] So ]j o RBB koA B 隽 TA A SoU -
.nA  qz  隽  oLA 郱 A

$
*7
: njB~A
192. : | 1 Z ( 1992 w  1) kA poe kd gzAnBA kAo  1

$   326 
*1
: oTA
M LvA ȟqA vdA M XA vdA M dA AkL M AoMA vdA MA 
145 w  wBLA n~A k  (AoiBM) M kzTwA () KB MA M Ȧ BA
.ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / BvA
A  k oYE hLw nA ȷ (onA MA) vA 郱A ȗ koA Am 隽 -
XoA k  kL țozA qdA k   20 kM  RAoA o ozA
. 10 d

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.koA BM jk] ɷ 1385 w -

$
*5
: BA
zA Mo Boe wTU oLA j BLA kk] oB nA  qz  隽 oLA -
zA oh BLA w L oLA U ~ nBTA vi o   
kk] B{ nB BA M ~T BAn MoA țozA LB\A ȗ  10 BBUnA
 B ɗk oL koA BA k]U 孽oAq oɓ oL țozA KB\A ɗ BLA
.\A ȗ vA jA oL A   T

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A U K\M dA   3 kM  {BA ȗ oL A oeA oM o -
nB\dA BBM BdA Ank] ~ w  L  oLA Am  Mo\A o 
TA AoiBM o ȗ kzTwA A kM ozA wEn j 郱A Am ȗ A c]AoA  
145. w A  o~LA M S훰

$
*7
: njB~A
- 26: | 1 Z( 1992 w  1) kA poe kd gzA nBA kɛAo - 1
27.
.( 1982 w  7)  ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA BXke  Bk AoA - 2

$   327 
*1
: oTA
kvA M BLBLA Ȗ\A (A odM) M oA k kd kvA BoA MA 
.(ɷ 1212  1155) () KB ME M Ȧ BA A Lv ]o Uo

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / \A
wA gzA ko nA\M ozA ǱA kz (wA JBM) Joɛ kɛoA 隽
.(tk)

$
*5
BA
oA Bnp oiA L BLB] A npA ȯB{BBM {o L  kz oB koA -
.]A BA jA Bn kvA \ ko kB{ ȷ B
LT B SzA B 婼~U VkeA nB hFM keA L ȗ A UoL Rk{ -
.A odM C ȚU kd kvA \ ve kvA BvM (A) LT vU

$
*7
: njB~A
179. : | 1 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo  1

$   328 
*1
: oTA
M Ȧ M vdA M wBA MA d  coA Am KeB~ tBA M BzA wA A
BA M kzA kp BA M kA l vdA M d  cd~A  () KB ME
Ak d A B We (KBA k ȗ) L MA BB ϧl kƽ () kMBA p
.jkA 汪A kBz  kz nE  (1) wBA wA

$
*2
:雱A
AoA / 汪A
ƧƧ kA nkM o~  (BMB xBM)  M ]j o  A A  kzA Am 隽
.(񦪪A nAj)

$
*3
:uwFTA
 1240 / ɷ 637 w ƧƧ kA nkM 汪A Ϧɫ ɫ oɫFM kzA Am ȮM
 ~d p ȮM AoA  vA qT A BTwA ƧƧ kA nkM A oA)
wnkA  q]  kzA Am A kT (BM o~TvA wBLA jAkM i AoTA
kM kzA Am ȗ j ƧƧ kA nkM A ϧm kT ƧƧ kA nkM BBM TA nkLA
. 1258 / ɷ 657 B UB

$
*4
:nBA wTA
M Sn We ɷ 719 w ȗ G oTA k vU  Be  koA ȚM 
.o iAkA Ank\A wE JT  B AoMG ZBdA k  Aq]E
Vke ]j o Be DU Ao]  kzA B u\ TA nA odU KLvM 
d  jBp B ȗ U  kqU kT h Bv  SM k Ank] ȗ zU
.oA

$
*5
:BA
qU TA nBiqA ȗ oLA TA koA nBA { KLvM kzA ȉe k
u  幼wA nBYA ȗ ~~hTA  jk BTBM 峼 Sz TA RBMBTA oX
L o  kzA T 幼oiqA nBA oB nBA zU ȗ o 
oh L BU Ank\A w   7.7   *  9 iAkA  BjBME BLoU zA
G U oo bAFM npE ooBM nE Sn }\A MBBM kz BLA 
UBLA nBiqA  RAke B wA  Roe Bo{ B]T  npA A
ooA ȗ Roe WXA hM RBMBT  ȯBXA ozA BE cA M j n~M
TA MBTA m TU npE oo ȗ ME ooM 텫 BF Ro }\BM Sæ
B  omM ȴTU vA  A MBd~A M BwE oA Ank]  nkU
.ϧl gnBU BLA kk\TM
BLA Am M qT B k nA cw Tv   15 jkdM ] BLA Uo
B\vA vU ϧB 孪XA zA G MoA zA  BTA eo U 
ȴT B B]oM E oh L T B A A  L MoA kBA M
FTU lG \A BUB~oM ]jqA LA m pBTU  5 BUnA L KMk tEoM
JAod oLT LMk j RAl B]  Lw  iAkA  vA RB~o
BioA   We \A KnBdA  MoA M\A AqA ȗ AA kzA Am
.jAvA G   mA UBA npA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
nBq jjoT B 孼BA oE  khTwA BLA AmM ƧƧ kA nkM ϦA TA k 
BA wnkA BLA kLA nk  \ () wBA ME d BA ko
.() Ȧ BA ow omM BA 

$
*7
: njB~A
261. : | L MA KB ME C JBvA ȗ KBA k  1
147. : | ] kA kw MBUA kA ȗ 汪A  2
167. : | 1 Z ] kA kw 汪A gnBU  3
.w o{ n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU  4

$   329 
*1
: oTA
jM ȗ BpB ȗU nB\A ȮM  ]nqhA K M kp M kBi JE MA MBd~A 
 ɷ 50 w U B\A ȗ k Bo Bh{ B Bw ME M B BE oA
.(ɷ 52

$
*2
: 雱A
oU / LwA
. j mA 郱A ȗ vA nw k ko 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
B Bk ϧl 失LwA cT ȗ nB{ mA kA u{ BC BA L  oL zTA
ȗ oe  o FiA B j TA A ȗ kk] oMB BLM  BA M
mA ȫBioA kBzA  AoX BA nA\M ...ozM B Ro F\ oiC B
oL ȗ 郱U  UBn S ϧl kM UB w Uj w wA  BoA Tj
1451)cUBA kd ȯBXA BvA k{ mA wA d mA k\vA nA\M M
 B 800  oXE no kM E JE ME om AkhU  1458 w  ( 1481 
.UB

$
*4
: nBA wTA
o BUnB S ( 1730  1703) WBXA keE BvA k ȗ B\A w
.BM jBA U
1807  1789) WBXA w BvA k ȗ Ajk\ k{ 1800 w B\A k
.AqqA M  noU A kM (

$
*5
: BA
ve pE nBA  mA (ΰnBLA) pAo  kz  Tv B\A {
d ȗ k] BM kE BY  kz tAE  oLA TL qUoU BUnB 
jAovA JBLA w o L oz VY ooA  Aj oz BYE ȦiAkA
dA ΰnBLA pAo }B~i B kLU n~M KmA M B  RBq BvA d
iAkA  BAnk] LM B X {  odA A G nB{A nk\U B
mA RAl BA B oz tjBvA oA ɗ ~A ɗqhA koBM B ZnBhA
.( 1617  1603) A keE BvA k ȗ SdT Bk

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k G) (|) LA  oLiE k JE BME A : 302 / 24 v\ nAA nBdM ȗ B]
G  283 : 6 zA BE ȗ (MBdE  cB ]n vA nw k
.햗  j  A nmA nvA E ȗ k A E
: AB !F{ A  B k : JE BME j dL v SB oA A ǰn
A TEn We Bj k BwG kA (|) kd BL JBdE oMBE  ]n Am
i A  (3) 񦪫 B SB B JoA nE ɗ tɛB  JoɃ  yL ç
.(2)(zL Bh) oYA Ȗ Te oL  oMkU LU S] vA
vA E k A BA  cLE nq oL kBT oA B k
.Ad AlG M vTv

$
*7
: njB~A
87. : | 1 Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo  1
283. : | 6 Z zA BE  2
25. : | 6 Z MBA kwA  3
.nA kBi KoU nAkoM S nzA oTA A\A  4

$   330 
*1
: oTA
RBM  BE AkzA AoMA  kd () KB ME M  M v jA B
. M v BkA T  w kM AkzTwA nBA o]

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / dA
.Mo   30  dA  42 kLU TA KvA k Jo Bko 隽

$
*5
: BA
 d BoL BA Tv keA oe ȗ L oL   .Akz AoB BAoL
.RAnB k Bkz  REo k oAq o

$
*7
: njB~A
92. : | ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU  SLA A RAnAq - 1
169 : | 1Z 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 2
$   331 
*1
: oTA
(Y) M  (nA) MBM ȗ k qA ȧE BLE ȯBY niB M fnBU M AoMA 
w x M jo k ȗ pAA nA  (tvA) M    (Aoe) M 
120 qB o  o\A L 2773 w tkA SM ȗ ȗU  o\A L 2893
.ϧl  oXA  w

$
*2
: 雱A
v / hA k
o ȗ  40 kM  tkA k J] ȗ () AoMA eoA i oL 隽
hA AoMA k\v B TA tkA SM nB ȗ oLA A oiE An  (oLe)
.() M nBA vU

$
*3
: uwFTA
w 1300 L   MAoA vA ȗ tkA SM BM  () Bw LA o B
Te ^Aoe Ȧi oL  MG jAj MA B A BU aA eE 幖ozA LA o\A 
Ak Te tkA SM  AowA M () Bw Zoh kM  nAq ^BB 
ȗ (AoA)  B mA ɃA ȗ AL \A oE () Bw E ǰn B nA
u LA A Kv oL Bɗ TA (de) o J] hA k BzA \A
 A ɷ 708 w o 18 ȗ ȯBvA nvBM Ȫw oLBM d ^Anw ()
BeA  STLY oL LB] A 郰 _o{ _JAod  ȮM odA wA kzA
AoMA LA A Lv hA k wBM ozA oLA B TA kLA Sw .k\vA
.()

$
*4
: nBA wTA
 oFM o~ i (ȪBA k) U ME aBM o~TvA p ȗ ɷ 484 w -
w kA b M B k LzhA oLA kzA Am ȗ 郰 ȧB\A nkM op
.v k Bk hA k\v ȗ 탰 JE M
BioBM k\vA Ank] BM U  M kd oBA ϦA p ȗ ɷ 732 w -
.MnA RB\A 
oBA ϦA j ɗ vA KB nA kA JB{ oA B ɷ 796 w -
L JvA oLA nA\M ȯBvA nvA  MoA \A ȗ JBM cT BLM oM
. kU L  ] () w
.ozA ȪAoMA kz ozA eoA  JBLA SM E ȮM p ȗ -

$
*5
: BA
AoMA LA  vA  BLA  B nL  Tz BM ȪAoMA odA
ȗ BMAod n~  kzA 婴UB]p w J dwA nBw T]p
o\dA  B L BwEn AoL B ] KnBd n~BM BLA o
(Mn) T]p oL oiA () dwA LA oL A  ]n B BUnBM ~A
kz k\ kzA eBw w A n~A  oAqA Zoh e o~ Bv BM
LA nBv  ȯBXA kzA oL kz  () hA AoMA oL A 幦LA BE
m kM .qkBM o JBM  o oLA m M (nBw) T]p oL 
BkM .(B) T]p oL ovA () J LA oL A AnB\T AoL kzA
LA oL M nkd MnA Ank\A ZnBi 幗B () AoMA BmhUA TA pBA
.] L  o\dA   () w
odA A ȴT wA BkeA zA d~A A ȴTU JAMA YY kz
iAj ȗ oLA nA\M ȯBvA LBM {o odA nA .()AoMA L ozA
Tv k\v ȯBvA nvA nA\M ozA ] ȗ .JAjovBM oU nB BLA
w) ȗ ȧB\A o\w kw MA oA kz A Lv B\A k\vM o BLA
LA B k] Uo U  ȷ ( ȮM) o ȗ hA oe țozM .(ɷ720
ɄB kv B hA k nB\A () o ȗ .oYE k\v ɗ () 
.oYE k\v  vA B vdA SM

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
SU Y () AoMA  j Y () AoMA ]p nBw (oLe) ȗ j  A A -
J ȗU Y BLB] A k () BdwG ȗU Y  Sk ()BdwA ]p Mn
.B T]p SU Y  k ()
(AodBM) o 郱 A AoA ȗ dA k nBz  MBM nA  toM ȗ -
kL ^BB jo nB ji kM  k] mA  () AoMA L oYƽ BB  E B
.BU aA
mA E  TA mA Ƀ wn () AoMA LA oL B TA nBA ȗ A -
]n (AoBM) B .joA  vA  oE  B B  BmiA e A  ooU
nvA  JoBM v ^BUM M  E B ȫAoA w wA AowA ȮM 
.ȯBvA
odA kU ABe  1967 / Aoqe ȗ jA L  hA k TeA kM -
Jo jA RBTvA BzA  A  v A dU ozA ȪAoMA
.kA

$
*7
: njB~A
59.: | 1 Z ȦLdA kA o\ 奼hA tkA gnBTM \A uA - 1
23. : | 1Z ( 1992 w  1 ) kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo - 2
.ȧ\A ve kd BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 3
647. : | 2 Z jwE kd ApoA kL 幼vA wA - 4

$   332 
*1
: oTA
M BdwA M J M ǰ M SB MA Ao MA     A L w  
.jA L 1605 w U BA kM 1566 w k () hA AoMA

$
*2
: 雱A
v / tkA
 tkA SM țo{ A tBA k nzA   oL d ȗ tBA TiA 
.BdnE  JoBM   36 kM 

$
*3
: uwFTA
A  oL B AowA ȮM  keA o   峼TA ȗ () w A L ȗU 
oL M mA  峼 JAoTA A Rw Y B L TA nA  jAA ȗ j
.ɷ 668 w tkA SM nBp  [dA  Uj k toLM oBA ϦA 

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.koA nB SM ɷ 880 w  1
.ozA oLA iAkM mA k\vA BveA  ohA A w ɷ 885 w  2

$
*5
: BA
郱 do B nB\dBM j L   k\v BLA iAj BM oLA  
 oAj ynq oeA pAo oTvA  jwA ooe  oTw UnBp w BA oL 
.KmBM AoE 鼪]

$
*6
: gnFTA oAl 
k  ϧl o   w oz keBM nB iA B kM () w LA RB 
B  BA YY AXL  oA ȗ A]B UBM AowA M w B  w 120 xB
E  w RB :   BjB B Aw  MBdw Tz XBXA A SB B 奼A
.tBA   Te A ϧl no q   RU  u
.AowA  BA AmM o (|) LA A ǰn 
k kBz A o RBAoA  RAq\A  kkA nBLA oL M ȗ Ro k 
tB  RB~A  AA Th bBL{A Bi JAodA   LA iAkM mA coA
.dB~A  A B  A  A B Th AA ϧl ȗ
.BA Lw k   w  ȗ oL nBp k~ tkA SM A B 

$
*7
: njB~A
- 100 : | 1 Z (ɷ 1410 w 1) hA tkA gnBTM \A uɯA  1
103.
198. : | 1Z (1965 w) gnBTA ȗ BA  2
54. : | ȯB\qA AoMA kvA wkA BA ȗ ]  3
16. : | 1Z vA wA  4

$   333 
*1
:oTA
 L () hA AoMA M BdwA M J M w M AoA M  M { 
.BB 27 M () w LA kM U 奼AowA ȮM BLA

$
*2
: 雱A
v / uMB
: B oL 雱 ȗ AA k ϧB
.AA SLYE  (BUn) wA 郱 ȗ uMB  JoBM oL A  
.(BA o) M nw ȗ oL A  
.jAkM - AnqA eAM oL A : vA n] M nzA 
幦dA  țozA BzA ȗ  2 kM  uzA kz ȗ  (MBM) ȗ oL A  
Rjn uzA A BA   MBM ȗ () Ȧ B uzA  Rjn mA 郱A 
.() { L
.LA o ({) ɧ 郱 k] A B dBM A o ȗ 

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 nBL\A BM T  M Bik BdnA A  M { () w ak̛ B A ǰn
A Bk 岰q\ A UF A zh JoA uzA SMnB k  幼M  SM
 .ϧl kM w Bij  FTwA Te ] q 햗 uzA  uLd A BU
nBL\A UB  M { B B () w LA B kM YjBdA n  ϧB
 nBL\A q Bw nBA ȗ jAp   uzA ajo A Bk SLvA  BvA njA
.B ]  Tk ij

$
*7
: njB~A
375. : | 2 Z ( 1992 w  1) 孽kA poe kd gzA nBA kAo  1
.yBA 144 : | ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA BXke  Bk AoA  2
200. : | 1Z gnBTA ȗ BA  3
260 : | 1 Z oLA gnBU  4
$   334 
*2
:雱A
tkA / hA k
.A k\v Jo ( ȮM) wBM A oA ϽoMo o ȗ 隽

$
*3
:uwFTA
kziA kA BE eB~A BwG M oM ME BM mA A k\v JoM oLA 隽
.ɷ 352 w

$
*5
:BA
Bin B RB]nj MnA   vM BG q nB G iAkA nBv  oLA 隽
BLA qA  eoA eoA A vM) B~ ȗA hA  oB odM B KT
SM B w E oL Am 帱wE wn ȗ BA KT i  EoM EnlB 
xBA w ME M kd kM Sz ozA  RBME oiC b  (() vdA
TA 幮TA odM   mA A k\v oLA  Lo Bv  隽 o~A
 5.5 kM  ()  LA oL MoM 隽 o k\v  op odM BE vU
Be B 廧BU A BE TA ()  o 郱 G  o L] A k\v 
o L UƪA : ȷ oA m UEoA G 峦E    B A \
(2).A oA : ȷ 娰kw Bj o

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
UB G   o  峼 ()   mA ɃA  A k\v M 
A k A SE : B 郱A Am ȗ k\v 峫M e k JAmA En oA ϦTM
.(TA odM) ȷ M vi mA 郱A  e
 Ao{ k\w   AA ȗ oB ȷ  o En B () AoMG A ǰn 
k\vA ϧl Ȫw ϧm 孼A dA  Am A 峦A G G  A k{E : Bɛ Y
.(A k\v) M nmA

$
*7
: njB~A
72. : | 1 Z ȦLdA kA o\ 奼hA tkA gnBTM \A uA  1
183. : | 1 Z oLA gnBU  2
255. : | ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd BhnBU SLA E RAnAq  3

$   335 
*1
: oTA
nw ȗ oA CoA ȗ ol jn k 奼AowG ȮM A woA BLA  L 
89.  86 BA 48 : |

$
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
 (BdA)  B Ƀ ȗ Ane ɃAnE  (ovM) o ȗ zj ȗ oL 隽 
.ϧBvA K
.BM (B]A) o ȗ oL  Kv  

$
*7
: njB~A
374. : | 2 Z ( 1992 w 1) nBA kAo  1
.o]BA w 鼚LA  2

$   336 
*1
: oTA
oL () AoqA TMA k () Ȧ BA  MA (|) A wn ke ȷ
jB] 5 ȗ Rk 娱X BM BA (vA B) kzA vdA kM BUAiA
.ɷ 62 w K]n 14 ȗ SU  ɷ 5 w A

$
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
 ozA A ȗ An o  MoA J\A ȗ Bd nA ȗ LqA oA U
kd zj ik   7 d kLU TA ((SvA oL)) oM A oU TA zj
. xe BM] o\e k o BMo BMo o Bo{ LM o B{ Kp k

$
*3
: uwBTA
SLY jBT oɛ m nBq Aj~ Bɗo AnAq Bɟ () Kp kvA kz A
M UƪA BdwA ]p v kvA UnAp o\A ȯBXA oA ȗ Uo{ j]
 RB] k oLA Kp kvA A om ɷ 193 w () jB~A o] BA
M A kL a B\A w Ao M ϦA kL BA (n) o] M A kL B]p
() Kp SUB B\A ȂU Te BzA ZnBi nAqA oA   B B o]
 SAU Y A  o o  nBL BA B 幽An o ȗ Sj B
.qTA wA nBA nBYA  A cLA Te nBA RB

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.coA kk\TM BM o~TvA ȪBA hA oE ɷ 482 w -
A] o{A  AoL BB] ozA kzA ȗ Ke A  ]n k{ ɷ 500 w -
.zj
kvA M ve kvA BzA ȗ Ao{A K ozA koA  A ɷ 768 w -
k{A  B KT ȃAnA UBvLA  񦪽 BB 鼪] ǱwA Uo
.BM kk\TM B A B nBLA zj B 
nBL M kBvM koA L ȯBXA Bi qqA kL BvA jk] ɷ 1302 w -
.nB\TA
ikA jk] oAqA eAo oX Boɓ B C  jBvA FzA ɷ 1354 w -
.ko ozA
nB\TA nBi  \ FTM ȦBA A vd kvA kT\A B ɷ 1370 w -
ȯBLLA k ZBdA eoA BvM ɛnA d~A odA oT oXA A
. wk Ao{BM
B BY B~ KLe Ȧ kd ȯBTvBLA o]BTA kA  1955 / ɷ 1370 w -
JB~A keA k A {  AlA nm ^AB ϧl njBA oA oA\BM d BLm
.() Kp BM wU kM B{  BLA q\ mA zBM
BTeA ȗ ozA oLA  郰 Bk AoA  B] kA ɷ 1373 w -
.nw BL ȗ zA  n]  oT{A |Bi
B  54 B  BUnA Tmë BzBM \hA nB\TA keA oLU ɷ 1373 w -
.ko ozA LA oLU ȯB{BBM BqTM oLU
ik ȗ 郰 od BLl BMBM AoA nB\TA  B] kA ɷ 1380 w -
.M\A ȧBzA ik BBM B텫 BLm BMBM kE B MoA
ϧm oLA  ɃA KmBM vA k~A kk\U U  1993 w -
.vA ȯAoA KzA L  coA
kvA B ȗ BA VBdMA RB Kp kvA \ cTTA  1995 w -
.q\U BvBM gAj k ZBdA vdA oLU k () Kp

$
*5
: BA
*  150 BjBMA LU nA  eBv  kz () Kp kvA B kk\A LA
*  30 ȦiAkA odA eBv  90   *  90 BjBMA LU odA eBv  190
kzTA  ȗ kTA uA \A BioBM An nA  TnA Sn  30
 LB]   4 B  o L iAk MnA L dvA BwohA 
BA jBoA M qTA vA o\dBM TnA Sn  4 o ] An B
BMAMA    TpBLA o\dBM BUB]A SM o 70 AoA i kLU 奼\A
 10 A ~  8 -  6  BUnBM odA w qT okTv ~ t BmA
]nBhA bvA Sv TA  20 BBUnA  10 Bo L TA odA L nA\M
ȯAoA ȫwA qhA khTwA k 幦] nM RBoY B kTU KmBM B
..MjA CoA wA UBMBT BTA UBLA oiqA oB ABM \A
BdA tAA BkA kA odA An d~A An RB]A qT ϧl
odA Ank]  A BvA Sv zA TAwA T{oA TmêA L
ȯB{BA qhA RBqU B iAkT ~A kA BAoA  ] ~TM iAkA
.\A
B ȗ SkhTwE xA We  ȮA AkMA ȗ C Lam JAMA YY od
RBFM S]U BBM 텪A oiBA xBM qA KmBM A A cB
SdU 隽 co B VkeA k AkMA ȗ C hM MT o{ WjBeA Co
}A M d kM xM vA ZBBM 텪A tMA Kzi  ~ LA
SdA k 奼] hM () Kp kvA Li  SLT xA kMBM qA ȂA
1950 w k{ BA  MoA \A ȗ Wke B] : B RBz k LqA odBM
 1969 / ɷ 1389 w zA BA nBzA  隽 mA ohA TvA 
kA kA BA kM BA  ozA BzA \A ȗ kk] oL VAkeA U ϧm
qo 幼d~A ozA  oTU gv VAkeA U ϧm BzA \A ȗ B mA
VBdMA RB \ BA ȗ VkeA k kk] ~ BLTwA B eBw
.() Kp kvA \ M Ȫw (|) woA SM DM }~hT

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
JT k o\e oLA  k] ko ozA LA AkA k ɷ 1302 w ȗ -
RoLA BA Am ȗ SU ...X FM BA Kp kvA oL Am) ȗ hM 
.(ȯBXA B]n ȗ
jAA A BMovU nBA nAq KLvM BA od kA vA nBA  1870 w -
.BzA
SM oLA Kp A ȷ An o  \A LA m ȗ kA BM SLXB A -
() ƪA oA BA
 BA B  () oLA Kp ȷ BzBM kA BM ([) o~A ȧ co~U)
RAjB{ LTTA gnBTA mUBwA co~U ϧm (pAozA ve kd kvA A C
M BhA A BA kzA Am LeB~ oBLA RBAoA n oX zj B
.B B nBjpA
: kzA ȗ kA RB~hzA
A ɷ 1372 w TA (n) ȦBA A vd kvA A C BA nA\M j
U Bi o\e  Bk B (ɷ 1397 w TA) ȦBA  ve kvA
.țozA ikA  od iAkA  
w BTA ȯBLLA ȚU Apo eoA MA Bi oL nmA oLA KB\M
.ɷ 1372
.(ɷ 1366 - ɷ 1285) (LwA BA ȧT) Uo w kvA tBL kvA
1321 w ȗU) (LwA BA ȧT KjA oBzA) Uo w kvA Bn kvA
.( 1903 / ɷ
.( 1987 / ɷ 1407) w TA (BA ȧT) Uo vd kvA

$
*7
: njB~A
w 1 RoM  BL) ȯBTvBLA ȚMBvA ve kd Kp A ko - 1
.( 1979
w 1  RoM  BL) ȯB\qA ǱwA AoMA wkA BA ȗ ] - 2
158. : | (1985
4. jkA wA \ - 3

$   337 
*1
: oTA
- Bw o~ - B AE RAw MnA SM  () vdA BA RBM  SB
SeB BA Se B BA ȗ BBME REn BzA ɗ AB B () vdA T
LɄ ȗ ozA vdA tEn Ƀ A oF kq A oLhA 汗 keA ^o vA
.ɷ 61 SU ɷ 57 Rk BdA ȗ SUB ozA tEoA REn B BBE

$
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
隽 mA ujAoA JBM KB] A ǱA k\vA i (nBA e) ȗ BoL 隽 
.() vdA BA tEn B k\v Jo (nBA vM)

$
*3
: uwFTA
B lA MA vA BoL  M  A n kvA MoU ɷ 526 w SM
.BTTA RAnBA ozA koA  SAU Y  oA  AkM ȗ oL Bj B

$
*4
: nBA wTA
.coA BM jk] ɷ 1125 w 
.BXA vA p ȗ BoL o ɷ 1282 w 
.B{ kA oB BvA E Bi oA Ȧ ApoA k  BM jk] ɷ 1323 w 
ϧl ozA odA oLA wU  ȧBhhA A o~ gzA k ɷ 1399 w 
.odBM  dA pBA AozM
oiC goM (BvA A) k ȗ oLA  郰 mA coA kM ɷ 1408 w 
.oA B\A B ȗ  nBLA BA  B~h{ MnA k   U

$
*5
: BA
M wA B d  2 600 2 4000 d kk\A BLA eBv LU 
oɓ VY  nBL coA  .co AnB\ Ak\v AoA odA ƽ BLA
oLA  郰 k  L BU TA 廅wA ȷ oLA oA wA k] BA
KT nAqA  kAT n h BLA ooA ZBBM Sp ϼApA  oh
B pAozA Bn keA ZBdA L  MoBM SLT ozA  RBMA JBLA 
.(vA ) SLA  A  oLU oLA e oX RBMA kB~

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1995 w / 3 225 | BhnBU SLA A RAnAq
w / 1 73 - 69 | AkB oA / wnB / nw eBw UAnBp BA gnBU
.x ɷ 1373

$   338 
*1
: oTA
: ȷ Mo Ak{ tn
Ȧ M AkL Ȧ M o oLA Ȧ vdA M wBA tBLA A ME tAn
vdA 奼 M AkL 婦v M kd 唱 M AkL Ȧ M kd eBoA odA
奼 M o] Ȧ M BX Ȧ M oM ME kwA oB M KLe 峦AkL M
.(^B] vA ) Ȧ M o]

$
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
BvA jB\A ȗ B  50 kM  (o~A JBLA) oL   kzA Am 隽
.ǱA B\A  JoBM (nBzA) e ȗ (SLA C) jB\M

$
*3
: uwBTA
Ț BzA A B TA MAqA M dU ozA kzA B ɷ 1307 w Te
SUnA k MqA m (vA ) SLA A Fz BA BTMA UBwB A
oT A 輛 vA m kM o L Al lA ȷ nBTA kM kzA Am L 
ȗ kdAkL BvA A KM kU lA Ao{A keA Uo kvA M w kvA
U k oU AoA toA kz  MqA ApBM BzA ȧA oF A ]o LwA
.nBpA MBT ȗ ȖA Ao C Zo gzA Bol o ~ ȗ ϧl 

$
*5
: BA
Sj o w ȗ LBM d oL ZBw wkA Mo Ak{ tn k -
wn Sj Ak{ 16 BwE  KT A  ~ coA toA ϦU B
 coA nA  S탰 AkzA jAkTM BA LzB kBzU coA iAj ȗ B
AkzA tn d JoM 隽 k{  wA B KT Bin 텛  keA
.() kMBA p BA k\v v k\v

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
oA jBp M A kL A () vdA BA tEn (A ) kw M o wnA B -
kA  U  酚U A ^BwEn 72 Bjk L () TM A MBdA  BLA toM
nq  ZB\dA M o  W{A M u {\A l M o{  BM bow  JAoTA
AMoT  jBp M A BM AUF ȟ BLA M toA Sv   (A ) u M
.BM A
ZAoiBM oA A JAMA  A () vdA SM E  jBp MA M B -
BM B A  SLA A  dU  BA  郱U A   kw MA BwnA TA toA
.oA  AwA ȗ 
qB E mA SLA  kzA JoM mA () kMBA p BA k\v A ǰn -
A Y AUBM BM (JAohBM) A vU zj Ajn Be  () SLA C nBwA 
.B\A k\vA A () jB\vA BA A B (nBzA)  A

$
*7
: njB~A
226. : | BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 1
241. : | 峽nw TeBw UnBp BA gnBU - 2
w  2  ɛ  AoA) ȪA tBL A  LA gnAU ɗ BɫA Tɫ - 3
717. : | 1Z (ɷ1416

$   339 
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
Ke k Mo {] L] ȗ kzA Am 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
C e BA ɷ 351 w ȯAkdA kA w Ȧ ve MA oA kzA Am k{
ȗ B kA w A  n KLw  幟kA kzM o B BzA ȗ Ake
ϧl noU  kzA B  q ^An Eo kA ZnBi nAkM TA oB keA
vdA M vdA oL Am A  }U MBT  Ao\e k] oe  A vM Km
 q mA 郱A Am nBBM oA oA  LU B ϧl  Fw  A \
kBhA A A kM ozA toA  LvBM (A ) {\A l M ozA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
Bz  ] A  _ co  lA koA wU U tAjo M BA ȗ -
BM T oX BUM B ^B\o d ȗ kA n M M\A BdA M
.koA ȗ A
kA w BM mA MBM (Ke un) vMBA Ȧ M nB kA Ȗ uoA k -
.eA jBA
雰 (ɷ 613) w TA MA kA b M pB kA VB oBA BA ȗ -
ɷ 634 w oBA M kd k ȗ oiC o 雰 BLM oB ko ȧBzA BdA
.d~A B o BLM oF
 ] kzA bBM (ɷ 801) w TA ȃoA M oM oBA ϦA oA -
^Blƫ B BBG
$
*5
: BA
Am A  }U LT ȗ ȗ hM  JT jwA o\e o JBM ko
zA  B] nL kzA  JoBM  ȯAkdA  kA w oA o kzA
RAjBp RAnB kM koA o k o op MA o MA J{C o{ MA 
oM oBA ϦA nB   B B  BBd ȚM A A
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
ϧl M k 峯k   oeA tBdA  d B Ke Mo ȗ L] {]
B] SwB ^Be BA ]p SB   () vdA BA Lw oL A m 
. Sk B  BTz ^B A ^AqLi L\A ȗ B~A  SL
JAMA A nAk\A  coA AMoi  RBT   B oTTA K -
$
*7
: njB~A
234. : | BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 1
. 1992 w / 1 / 298| / 2Z / nBA kAo - 2
. ɷ 1416 w / 2 751 : | 1Z ȪA tBL gzA / BA T - 3
216. : | 2 Z ǱdA RB AkLA \ - 4

$   340 
*1
: oTA
51 w kzTwA ohA o\dM oA kA Mn M L] M k M o\e  
.ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
30 kLU TA AnmA Zo o ȗ zj k  ^BLoU  40 kM  BA 隽 -
.}e A jƪA oA  

$
*3
: uwFTA
 Tw  Bw MA M B k  k M o\e \A MBd~A kzTwA B 
ȮM ϧl kM  vM BdT mA    B T TA nA M ȗ j MBdA
.o o\e w B j oL 

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
oiAp Tw kA A MAME wBwA UAo BM BA wT `nB] A A 
nkA AoA BLA oB eU We 奼\A MBd~A Am j] M nAqBM
.nB\TA BdA vA

$
*5
: BA
ko e o eBM k]U 幛AoM A jBn L 幼B nB oBA oLA  k{ 
 co oLA e ȮM 幮XA BAkA RBA Ank]  SpU k 啽ozA
]  e Ank]  S 孼XA jB\vBM odA nA S{o 幮XA jBA
^BLv wA B  BA ǱTd  ozA  RBMA oodA hM B po
B\A   BU oL B] M dE k eAoA BwM  q\ 唱A BLTw
jA  k AnL U B oL koA  JoBM  k M o\e B] v ^B
M Ao  oMqA M A kL M o B S  (An Zo) vU  B
.dA

$
*7
: njB~A
234.| 1Z nBA kAo 
234.| / AkB oA / wnB / nw UnBp  TeBw BA  gnBU 
. 1994 w / ȯBXA jkA / SLA A \ 

$   341 
*1
: oTA
kzTwA o\A L ɷ 57 w k ] MBd vA owB M nB BA MA 
ɷ 37 w  훰 ȗ () Ȧ BA k M
$
*2
: 雱A
nw / oA
550 kM  U TA 幛oA k MoA BzA A AA  oL ȗ oL 隽 
MBd~A oL nA\M .Ke k  180 Bv   zj k B{ 
ȯoA uA \A
$
*3
: uwBTA
oL oA oLBM o\ 37 w  o Ak{  owB M nB j Be 
 BLo Aod~A ȗ L BU j  nBL   `mkM oL  BA Am ȮM 孼
oA o ȗ vA pB
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 LA m T wU  BA Am nBBM AoA wA n\A SB 
.BzA ȗ A oYA BA
cL~ nBjpA wTA n ȗ  幼MA  oXA BA wU ozM Sd 
ReoA KTv jɗA dBvA nAq Jm] Ƀ 幮kA B  ^B
Am ~h{ KwBT BM ThA RBv\A   BLA AoA nAq TA
\A MBd~A
$
*5
: BA
 nv eBv ȷ 2  5000 Bnk wA eBv  BA BM oz 隽 
BUnB JBL VY oLA eBv  Rk{  ȧBA vM oLA BM pBT  nA
VXA MA M MoU nE ϧB .cvA SwA  BBM  50 d BUoU
 ~ RBB BBM SdA  孼XA oiA xBA  텚M coA ȅ k 
BA   wAnkA
$
*7
: njB~A
289.| AkB oA : wnB / nw UnBp  TeBw BA  gnBU 
100.| 2Z : nBA kAo 
80|  1994 w 3 jkA SLA A \ 
$   342 
*1
: oTA
ȮM α keA tjo ϦA T AowA ȮM BLA  L () Bop M d 
tkA SM ȗ oh~A L   zkM T  奼AowA
$
*2
: 雱A
nw / zj
 țozA ~A ȗ ǱA B\A ~ iAj ȗ () d LA tEn k 隽 
$
*3
: uwBTA
^B{ k] B\A ȗ  BYA A ǱA k\vA BM  vA kA M kp ǰo 
oE vM ~dU B] Bk ϧmM ϦAkL M kA oLiB k\vA Ank] keA ȗ
d tAn Am) vA  KT  tAn vA ȗ w  ^Bk Ak] odBM
kE  BU E B ȗ k FM (ɷ95  86) ϦAkL M kA oF (Bop M
$
*5
: BA
Bw ȗ coA 隽 MA o\dA  AwG 22  ǱTd zA Mo BA 
M BvA 嬱A oiE Y xBM ȅ k BioA  h BM  nBL oLA
SL TAwA M U o L BA  k]U  10 LU LA nAk] BA
oiA BM
$
*6
gnBTA oAl 
o{ d  B k\vA L BAp  Ap SdU k] k ozA tEoA A ǰn 
.zj eA  ȯAkMqA kM ȗ (j)   k\v ȗ kv] .oT 
Ke  A ϧl kM  }e A Y LM A zj  ^E ozA tAoA  
ǱA B\A A () d LA tAn A BTɛ Ke  A vU k
.oiC o zkM
BM L v ȗ BB BM B () d LA tEn  j mA 郱A A 
ɷ 17 w ǱA k\vA
$
*7
: njB~A
| BzA RAnBp    wnB 94 | / nw TeBw UnBp BA gnBU  1
MA 10 / 2 zj k gnBU 287 / 2 tnAkA gnBU ȗ tnAkA ȯAndA MA 16
.oBv
55 / 2Z BA  AkLA  2
$   343 
*1
: oTA
Bk () vdA BA tEn  Sw TA kA  oYA A qɫo mA BA 
A A B{ () SLA A BBLw  Sq TA {\A L] cw ȗ o\e  郰
.ozA kzA Am BL ^BLLw oBA kA  qA A ϦU nBYA LU

$
*2
: 雱A
nw / Ke
.Ke Mo {\BM vA L\A cw  kzA Am 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
 nBL) oYE ({]) L] cw ȗ SLA C BBLw  q mA BA ȗ ȚM k 
ȗ RnB~ . 郰 k tEoA B o\e  ozA BA tEn  Sw (j 
oA mA Ao M ϦA kL BA Te AqA wAo Bk tBA  n{B ȗ w 
T oBA kA  qA A ϦU nBYC LU E A B{ oYA  L  o\dA M
kƽ  AkTA vA  SLA C M om o{ kz BL BLLw
.tA  TYjBe oYFU M TA jBq kU TA RBAoA n hnBU nAoTwA

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
() vdA kz BLM B mA  Ke oE ȯAkdA kA w E BhnBU SMBXA -
oh~A A  kM vdA kz BM  kT A kz BM gnBU E G B
kM oh~A m S k () vdA kz A S ȟqA kA o B S훰 TA
w k{ k B mA () vd vA kz A (ɷ 1337) w kzA JAoi
. j] oh~A AqU () vdA kz  Mo  J\A A kA
kdAkL BvA kE kzA Am  BzA \A Rjk] (ɷ 1302) w ȗ -
nE kzA nA S{o JAodA  郰 Co RBDM ^Bznq Booe AnBTw
.vA  oz ȮYA A BwE kzA AG ] ȗ SLT BioBM d~A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Ke  L~  汪A  A o  SLA C BBLw Tw mA oA B 
{\BM Ȫw BG {\A L] cw ȗ B]nBi ȗ Aq Ke ȗ .}e  Be
ȗ oz toBM d E jBp MA oE  ]  B {\A l M o{ 
() vdA M Ȧ BA  zj A BBLvBM ovA jB ȧTA  B kM 
B헿A A m p  ozA E cAA  B  B  A Ak 
wA Am L Te MA wBM L\A ϧl v E " BU A  " XLhA zA
.kMA A o UAl WLi  AoL  n\ vM B
 tBA Bn  B] \ Ke A voA ij e ɷ 1337 B 
JoBM L Ro\A LmA jBA xoA nTvA oBimA  B AL kzA
.kzA BM  kU 
: kzA e j]A oMBA
A D BqA kE SXL lG ɷ 585 w TA nBA MA M qe ozA oL 
 () jB~A BA A MBvTA wA B KT oh B nBYC  SM JAohA
.UB gnBU
vdA kz k {] L\M J{A o{ M kd o]MA j ɷ 588 w ȗ 
k () vdA wBM BoLU Bk RmhUA oMB k kzA e k]U SB ()
BL  AB mA op ȮM oMB w B ̙L  BnBYC S oMBA ϦU Swnj
.Ke ȗ Ao{A

$
*7
: njB~A
236. | SLA E RAnAq  1
302. | 2 Z kAoA  2
125. | 13 jkA wA \  3
1.Z / ȪA tBL gzA /  A LA gnAU ȗ BA T  4

$   344 
*1
: oTA
BdwA ]p () KB ME M Ȧ M vdA M kp M vdA SM v kvA ȷ
.ɷ 208  ɷ 145 () jB~A  o] BA M UƪA

$
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
Jnj) M ^Bk o ɃA B (kBzA) k (ɗAoA) o ɗ Bkɛo 隽 
.(BLvA

$
*3
: uwFTA
K 鼚LBM Bk nA kA A B B]p jAnA () v kvA SU B 
k{  A  嬿A BoL 雱 We BTM ȗ Sk k BBM B]p  o~A
w TA wBLA BA k ȗ o~ oE dA M ovA A kL  Bko
(ɷ218)
$
*4
: nBA wTA
ϧl KT k  coA kk\TM BM o~TvA ȪɄBA hA oE ɷ 482 w -
.coA JBLM Bin  gnBTA
.LA kk\TM A k BdA hA oE ɷ 532 w -
.AkhT eoA kL oA k\vA coA jk] ɷ 1173 w -
.BM jBA T k\vA  ^AoL ^Bv odA UA ɷ 1310 w -

$
*5
BA
 o~A nm oAqBM ejq  L  An oe  kz oB kzA 
Am) : KmBM  JT oTw oLA  kBz RAkA   JB\TvU k nmA
LAkL kA B kvA AkBM ozU (() vdA Bkw op v kvA oTw
$
*6
gnBTA oAl 
k  L Am  CoA  Ti 190 ɗ REo  BoL Roe () BA B 
.BU A A BA     BdA  BdA  Bo\

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1992 w 1 344 | / 2 nBA kAo 
. 1995 3 283 | BhnBU SLA A RAnAq 

$   345 
*2
: 雱A
A A ]o ϧl ȗ KLvA  () vdA BA tEn j 郱 ȗ AA SMnBU
ozA tEoA 郰 郱  ȗ AkLA ȗ toBM B FM RoE A dA
BA ]M A jB\A dTA A qo ^BB mhT SLA C aLd B 
: B j kBz RjkT
ozA kv\A A kE k tEoA A  lA () vdA BA co Jo Mo ȗ -
. j ^B MnA kM
A oiE An  ujAoA JBM k ǱA k\vA d~M zkM j A  -
ɷ 96 w ϦA kL M Bw ȧ Te ȚM zkM bvA AqhM 郰 tEoA
MBdA  B]    JAYA vi ȗ  L w ȗ tEoA 郱
.vA oMB ȗ j
nkM BnAp A A BM ȚM v A  A tEoA  miE yL̯ oLA A  -
B ^AoL ^Akz  FzA ]oiF ɷ 484 w aBM o~TvA hA op ȧB\A
.BM oA kzBM j oBA A tEoA vA  v [oA miA
B kzA o {] L] w 郱 ȗ Ke ȗ ozA tEoA A  -
.kA n jBA ϦA ME cB~A ϦA BE ȮM tEoA kzM
U KzhA  co  BdA k\v w ȗ \A ȗ tEoA k A  -
tEoA A  ɷ1388 w ~A kke më BLB\M Rk{ ȯB{BBM Sv L
.BdA k\v ȗ j  郰
kw M o B A () vdA B  BzA  kA A XM kq A  -
.vA B vdA iE AoqA E oL k 鼚LBM kM oE 
B ozA tEoA  zj  TwA Bk ȯBwAohA v BMA A LA p -
.^BBMn  M Y nBA nAkM k o A

$
*4
: oBA kz ȗ nBA wTA
v ȗ A MA A ȧB\A nkM x\A oA kzA M ɷ 491 w ȗ -
.BzA
cB~A ϦA L oBA A BzA v  ozA tEoA  ɷ549 w ȗ -
. ozA tEoA k p JBM ȗ kzA B] Ͻpn M 
kzA JBM  nB ovA oB M d M wBA MA BzA ɷ 634 w ȗ -
toLM kA n oBA ϦA ɗ jAp ɷ662 w ɗ BUkB A B ȚLTA
.ȟA
B kzA ȗ ^BUM ^BAA  M kd oBA ϦA M ɷ 684 w ȗ -
.A
.k\vA wTM ȯBXA w BvA oA ɷ 1004 w ȗ -
BA oBM dA k\vA jBBM AkhT eoA kL oA B ɷ 1175 w -
.AA A
.LA nBYA B ȯBXA Ȫe tBL BA BA nBM ǱkhA oA ɷ 1290 w -
A  BBL{ n~ BwA oLA BɄ RkA 1965 / ɷ 1385 w
ozA kzA A tBA  |~M oA
$
*5
: BA
: zj ȗ mA kzA 
k `nB] B kzA ϧmM qqA kL M o A Kv o k\v ApBM oL kz
ȧB JBM A ~T A khB  qkA B jk\T ZAnjE LA BA STA
Bh jAB ^ m\B kE M Se k ^Aw j oA ovd BUnA
 ozA RLA B Tv oiA nA{ B SB k kE qkA Am LB\M
wA |BoA  e qkA w ȗ o Bv  SM cw B qkA
Be M B BA Uo o MLA ȫBioA dA w ȗ A z
 kME K\E Bo \A BL B Zoh   BA ȫoU o KMBA
BA tEn  ] 郱   Uo B  BL{ kzA Am ȗ  汽 A
d () kMBA p BA B BL\M (|)LA o{ 郱  () vdA
.^B] ĿA BwA  BBM
: oBA ȗ mA kzA 
w o~A nBYA ok wU Kve 3340 k\vA oBM dA eBvA LU
A ȗ  KmA M Ȧ kM Lzi oL B\A ȗ 1953 / ɷ 1373
ǱTd d oL LU j k\vA oiƫ ȗ AohA k mA MpA B] oL
v Be (t ZBU T ȗ j ȷ BM ]) AM B ^Aj 44 
^BBL{ YY k] MnA k\vA Ank] ȗ Uo oB VY vA w ȗ
k\v BioA  BoAj o oiA ϼMBL{ B KmBM ȦA tBdA  ^AoL
pAoA  ȷ k\vA oiƫ ȗ U {n Uo BXA o~ BAkeA BTmë
.avA Lz mA ȯBXA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
kq M i  ozA tEoA bow () vdA BA T  kw MA o B -
.A k d M B\UB An{B  o~ ȗ v M ke
kw tEn nBeBM oE Y ^BB ^BlG tB lA A A KoA k jBp MA M B -
 BBY M Jo K kM vTL A o \ 峽k M oeF () AkzA
aA wn JBdA  vA oL g{  - nE M kp B .ve BBY vd A
 KA AmM ̥A : jBp M B ϧl En B u\A ϧl ȗ ^AoBe - (|)
BL TXA UB  (|)aA wn T{ SEn o A  mA 孼TXA UB
A Kl  Zoh  JoM jk ϼ a MA : jBp MA  B BLBM o\A Y
.nAj
u] B ^AoX Bv bBL  kB  ozA tEoA 邽 (aA ) kq B -
. Ȯ ȟ ȮA k B jBp MA  ohA kB 
SeB jBp MA u\ ȗ ozA tEoA ()vdA BA ]p JBMoA REn B -
.TL Bo\e ȗ T탰 tEoA RmiE
 jk\TU E ȮM k k  o A ȗ zj A ()vdA tEn ijE -
.() SLA C Ld k AqeA
M d tEn  K~ mA BA ȗ () AkzA kw tEn K~ B M kq A -
.ǱA k\vA ȗ BA YY  k Bop
Bk q] BM ozA tEoA BA op  cB~A  kTA  ɷ548 w -
xo tMA  wo  oiE ooe u ȗ 탰 v  [oA K
Bi  JoBM oBBM oA ȮvdA kzA  M KA vA TdU
.ȦhA
JA kA \ cB~A ϦA k ȗ oBA ɗ mA kzA oTeA ɷ 640 w
.odA FE Te vM cB~A ϦA KB kA B] oA  {  KLvM
oiE o kzA oTeA ɷ 740 w
$
*7
: njB~A
270. | ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd / BhnBU SLA E RAnAq - 1
w 2  746 | 1 Z ȪA tBL gzA / A LA gnAU ȗ BA T - 2
. ɷ1416
1366. w 1  80 | 4 Z gnBTA ȗ BA - 3
44. - 43 | ǱwA AoMG kvA / wkA BA ȗ ] - 4
RoM  1986 1 146 | / doA kw kd / A ȗ wkA RBLTA - 5
$   346 
*1
: oTA
121 w o ȗ nBY mA () kMBA p BA M kp tAn k 隽 kzA Am ȗ
.^Ak{ w Te ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.oBA k  țozA BzA ȗ kzA Am 隽 

$
*3
: uwFTA
k ȗ BzA A wEn e Y ozA kv] K A ȗ () kp kzTwA B 
 ȗ ɷ 123 w ȗ B j  oBA A M ] Y ǱA ϦA kL M Bz
Sj Sov oLA  L~ Y M AA TM Am oF o~  A M e
ȗ Bo kzA Am B .ɄBA kA k ȗ kz  ȮM ɃA Am ȗ
wBM BA Am oT{A k (~A AodA) vA 郱A ȗ ȫwA o~A AA
.kzA kp ME tEn   kA BM () kMBA p BA

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
.BdTv BC BX L  koA BM jk] 
  ȦiAkA oBM 隽 keA k w { A BA nBA  L  
.LA An A iAkA

$
*5
: BA
gnBU B KT MoA ]AA ȗ kA kzA ik  TLX nBmU e ϧB 
oA ȗ ȟA o~A A ]oU L coA U koA KeB wA ɷ 549 w
oiqA kkdA B~ ^B]l oLTU kk] n~ co S k o\A BXA
LT LU U k ɷ 1280 w B{BM B kd  Bz wA B KT o~M
.\A ȯBXA npA ȯB{BA  RBLM LA JBM

$
*7
: njB~A
1995 w / 3 / ȧ\A ve kd kvA / 281 | BhnBU SLA A RAnAq
.


$   347 
*1
: oTA
M tBA v B mA (|) A wn  MA KB MA M o] A kL MA 
ȗ Uƫ q ȗ kzTwA  ɷ 1 w k kwA SM B kvA A (BvA MA)
.w 41 qB o  ɷ 8 w A jB]

$
*2
: 雱A
jnA / Uƫ
 ozA A keA oT  kM   10 d oA k J] kzA 隽
.nAqA kM A jƪA BA nBzA

$
*3
: uwBTA
kM  LA coA BLM AB We ϼBA MA o~ A j 雱A gnBU
k k 幼Bin RBLM eoA A JBLA AL nAqA AmM ATA mA BA
.oA  L~A TeA k A pqA M BA BA Am

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
 RowA oYA RBoe Ao]BM jnA BA nAp ȗ wA nBYA v B -
 nXA U 雱 B zM BnBA BzA ]AA pAoMA B  RBBzTA
U ϧm 幼BzA ]AA ~T ȗ k\vA eBw A ~ L o A jU MAM
BioBM L BTnA k BLA YXA oB BkeA MnA BwAA U L nXA
 jk  nXA ϧm BLoU  2 BUnA L mA k\vA JAod  oX B
.oYA xA nBhA ]owA A 酛
oA MALA ϧm LA B{ ȗ vLA oA BM U oLA ȟoTA o~A ȗ -
Y ZB\d eAoTwB TwA LA {  BLA B 雱BM dA Ank\A
.^B\nkU JAohA A C
.nAqA MoU BzBM vA KB oBA 񦪧A nkLA njBM B ɷ 727 w -
kA u{ k  nAqA jk] kd oBA ϦA BvA BA ȗ ɷ 752 w -
.ȯnBA
AB BXA kA Ʉw A  k kzA ȗ y  oX ɷ 1331 w -
.(kA Ȗw Bo) KBA p ȗ coA BM kk\U BA oU B~M
coA  Tmë JBL VY l oL k\v BLM A kL ϦA oA  1934 -
.eAn M A kL YnBe M kp Uƫ q Ak{ eoA kk\TM oA B
B U 雱A oT i wA zA BA nAp S탰  1971 w -
bA kA ikA ApA ϼMBLzA JAMA oU LA w oU mêA BM
.BwA BdT T Bq\U BA oA
nBYC  ǱTd mA ȫwA nAqA dT BzBM nApA SB  1973 w -
ozA A ȗ ȫwA dT A  wA n~A Th A jU wA
.jn

$
*5
: BA
 o U  nBL 雱A 2  34375 Bnk nA  eBv  B kzA
ooA  co ȮM BA L iAj ȗ t BBM BA ȗ o JAoTA nB\dA
BM  coA Am) ɗ kzTwA mA BA  k () nBA o] Bkv
.(qn
.nAqA ȗ k ȴ nBA o] kzA RBn A LvBM BA
ȗ (n) eAn M A kL k\v 隽  500  Jo BM kzA  J\A A
.(n) YnBe M kp oL ϧm 峼 kzTwA mA 雱A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.kLA  A Bv oL oiBTA ȟoTA kA ȗ 雱A TwA
MB |~A  LU c  A d BB TwB k\vA oe STwA
. JoTA
oU  M ve ϦA k] ve ϦA M A kL oA jAnA B  1942 w
A ozA dA ȗ ȫBdA A kL ozA q BkT B Be ozA oLA
 oT   ȗ vA Bo kA  MBXM TüM o] kzA kM Ao oLA
.  S F { kM

$   348 
*1
: oTA
.ɷ 117 w SU ɷ 47 w ȗ Rk () vdA BA SM w ȷ

$
*2
:雱A
jnA / oL
k ȗ ϧm 幽oL ȗ :B BoL BE k () vdA SM w kv Kv
kBM BoL A : RB ǰoA B () w kvA wE dU d ȗ Be
.cd~A A  SU We

$
*3
:uwFTA
ȧjBA țBvA LA kA tnB) oLɄ ɗ mA () w kvA kz nBM oE
  ɷ 694 w K]n ȗ ϧl k~A ϧBBM vA KB (n~A
.oL k ȗ UBvLA ȃAnA

$
*5
:BA
KB ME M Ȧ BA BME keE () w kvA RBn  co  nBL BLA
 B] lG ϧl SLX coA ȗ SLXA hnBTA oA tBL M A kL ()
: ȦB
(AoU o  SLA E u]oA  Km A ko BG) eoA eoA A vM
BY ȗ oiC n oA Am KB] G BLA gnBU nBA z wA KT ϧm
.nmA kA tnB nBA z B TA A BE BE BwE T owE

$
*6
:gnBTA oAl 
TA ǰoA L kzA Am G BeoA Ao\A  inƪA  keE oz  
BM ~ Rjn B (RAnB{A) MBT ɗ ol  E B mA ɷ 611 w
M kd M w M Ȧ (JoA e ȗ JoA) JBT  MAoA ovA ȗ kzA
~ ȗ) (ɷ673) w TA vkA vA owB M nB M kw M A kL
kd ME oL zj  [ q  : B ([ ȮM j e ȗ [kA A
M qe M kd ǱA KA ME oLM B 幽oL  h kziBM oA
oL ] B () KB ME MA Ȧ M A kL M vdA M tBLA M A kL
 ȴ oE  u A om ([) ME G kziA KT BBT  B񦫰 Bo{
 BTvM ȗ KA ME kziA G Km v qE ME  KT ǱA KA ME
TA oz co BM G Lw ATv  T{ KA ME C A oBB 峦T
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G Lv AA  S훰 mA BA ȗ kzA ϧl BLM AB SLA C RAkw
kA tnB oA B] vA B tBLA M A kL () vdA SM w
.BA M   kzA o vA  RBë kM vA KB LA
B 幮w kvA G Kv B kA Be Rd  MoA dA ȗ B 
BA Am  ȯBXA dA  oiA RAvA Te oLTA nBq k~ tBA
TA dA E G j] B o k  tnj k vA nkA keG ȗ mA
(1).() w kvA d wBM oU AqU  B 隽 BA B

$
*7
:njB~A
117.| / ȧ  / wA ȗ k]BvA  1
1076. | MAoA jkA wA \  2
22. | 4 Z AkLA \  3
263. | AoA \Y  / ϼBA k ȗ k 񦪫  4
281.| / jAk{ MA/ oq\A BzA AoE ol ȗ ohA A  5

$   349 
*1
: oTA
Tw  A  k BwE () vdA BA jE jk oAmA RBAoA SMnBU
oz   .(RBM VY M Tw) jE vU      (BTMA nl MnE) jE
 keA om  ()  B () w () Kp  .(RBM MnE nl Tw)
w njB~A LM gnBU MBT ȗ Bol mA E Bh BXTwBM MAoA inƪA
. 1889

$
*2
: 雱A
BL / LM
.BLA LM k ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
() i kvA B Sj TA LA  qU SB nAA E LzA RBAoA dU
ϦT B A tEn B BoU TA oXA nB\{BM wo LA ϦU SB
k vdA SM i BE 峧 SB BA ȗ A TUF (nB] C)  ]n BTvLA
ST  ]oA  Bdo  BA d E UoE BA  S ϯBTvM ȗ
ȗ Uo C jBvA KM ]oA ~UA BkM .XBY BY o BA ȗ UnAp oݧ
A]ohTwA BA Aoe B]oA  \  KA Km BoA  } LM
 o L Ak{ BA A JovTU B A B o  AqUB  
" ȟoTA LM BB BM jk] BnA] LM E ƽ nAq A dU coA
. 1891 / ɷ 1309 w ȗ " en dwA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A 훰 kM toA  BBLvA  kMBA p BA K en BYA ȗ A ǰn -
Uo C jBv oL Jo k\vA nAj ȗ B Sj  LM ȗ (i) A SU
.BA Am kw

$
*7
: njB~A
49.| / 4Z / zA BA - 1
295.| / kA BM nA A - 2
215.| / 2Z / ĿA o ȗ A z - 3
1043.| / MBvA jkA wA \ - 4

$   350 
*1
: oTA
nBM BE tkA SM Aq Bk o~ ShM ϦA BLw oA qe M BAj 
. . 800 w  xzA ȗ j RB B TA Y MBM

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / BTwpi
ɗBd J] ɗpj  JoBM xzA  ɗ AA BAj o ɗ ko 隽
.BTwpi

$
*3
: uwFTA
w  oe oL ȗ kM JBhA M o i BE ɷ 17 w o{A w MA B
.xzA o B TdU o\ ^AoL ^AnAq  鮅A Y oA

$
*5
: BA
kA ȗ oMBA RBBLM L{E zA Ʉoh L  Rk{ oB A koA
oLA i ^Aov od Y Ank\M k~ koA MB xzA o o\ ț\vA
 [oMA  BL{ oL RBMBT x LA] ȗ BLA ~TA oYE oe ko
wA d M d BAn oLA KB\M ɷ 1196 w BA ȗ
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Bj BAj A o{A w MA   nLA BeA JBT ȗ BkA ME M oM MA B -
k] (ɷ 17 w) oTvU k o{A w MA cTTA B (|) kd E kU A Mn
B (\BM ozL BAj  j ) : B k (|) aA wn B k RMBU ȗ
A o A KT oLhM o A w MA KT (|oe)  B ]n  j mA
.\BM ozM LA B (|oe) ȧ WMA jA
Anj (j) j B ^o] ^Bd~ BAj  k] o{A w BMA A ǰn -
B o~ ShM A ϧl Bvd ]n BM kwA n UBhA }  B UBi
^AkwA  aA 輚 峮 \ A B]n  ȗ E TE 婴T BL~A LTU ȗ miE
aA  v Te UBi ȗ ϧl na oL B Bvd B oU L d
.
^]n  ^Aoow AqoA B SM ȗ k] oTvU cT B o{A w BMA A ǰn -
 k ^AoL w ȗ Aoe ^Ao Aakv owA  MnE oF d~ wEn k S
BA UBhA w MA miE k o keE oLA 郱M   MnA BA Jo Y
.(joM MA) MA A
w MA  k Ad AlA () BAj LA X\M vTv oTvU k E B -
xzA A FM ()Ȧ BA  ǰo Wke kAoA JBT ȗ B] oL o{A
 () BAj LA B E  ϧl KLw A A KT oA oX z A ALT
oBM BvA  SM BLA B  { zA AlA 字kU
$
*7
: njB~A
40. | 2 Z / BA AkLA - 1
284. | 1 Z nBA kAo - 2
546 | 2 Z 268 |1 Z gnBTA ȗ BA - 3
$   351 
*1
: oTA
Ȧ M vdA M Ȧ M kd M jB~A o] M w M BoA Ȧ vdA ME 
ɷ148 w k횧A l 11 ȗ k vA  SLA E E BY KB ME M
.ɷ203 w o 29 ȗ ȗU

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / kz
.Ao BA  924 Bv kLU TA kz k w ȗ oA koA 隽
 kzA kd .kz k B]nE B A jU nA{  oTU nAj kzBM d
 tkA SM nAj () BɃoA BA nB{ J\A ɫ Bɓ dɫ BzA
.pAozA aA C nB{ țozA BzA  Ǳ JA nB{ MoA J\A

$
*3
: uwFTA
BA Ld M kd ^AnAj ^BMBw B ()BoA B oBA coA  mA BA G
Am ȗ j ɷ193 B k{oA nB ȗU Bk .ȯBwAohA v ME jA keE
BA ȗU B .(nBA LA) kM B Sw L oL  FA k BE BA
Roj LA m A o k{oA nB oL  JoBM j ozA BX\M ] ^Bv
vA  BoA BA ko cLF ^B ^AokU (TLw) oA k  ɷ380 B
M jv BvA 郰 We nBLA ukTBM ȉe mA BwAoi ȗ keA nAqA
^Alɫ cL~ tkA BɫA oLɛ qT ^BLamɫ ^BdoɃ ozA oLA  TLw
kM () BoA kz wBM A oU kA SdLE RB]BdA ǰm F\ M񮪦
jBMBw tM oU SB A
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
Moi E kM 峧 FA uwFU kM () BoA BA oL oTM BkA αA B -
.BA  ^Bi UnB  BA zA o\  ^BMAoi ȚM TLw oA
ț\vA o\w Bv zA opA ȪA kA o{ oB ME jk] ɷ 512 w -
.oTTA BMoi A A B UnB qU  oBA koA L
.koA nB kk\TM  ke kMAki kd BvA B -
SB kzA oU U ȯBnA fn B{ Apo BvA k ȗ ɷ 809 w -
.BwFM vA kzBM ~TA k\vA BM kzBM BBM jB{ o oA T]p
Lm nB BE B koA L KmTM Ǳ~A KwB BzA oE ɷ 932 w -
.KmA  ^Bdo koA e K~
L KmU d~A wU kzA nBBM oLA tBL BzA B ɷ 1010 w -
.MoA țozA ȧBzA AA M ɷ1020 w ȗ koA
Bw oYG  BLmU kzA L oTM Ǳ~A Bw BzA oE ɷ1086 w -
.ɷ1084 w SYke TA qqA KLvM
oA KmA  ^k oA o k kzBM B{ njB TA ɷ1153 w -
.oA LmA A 
.kk\A kzA d kzTM o{M nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT k ȗ ɷ1223 w -
KmU B{ kA oB E ȯB{BBM qU U B{ kd k ȗ ɷ 1260 w -
.B{ Ȧ cT BM mA d~A AA
wTA nBA RB REkM AoE ȗ wA nXA nB~TA kM ɷ1401 w -
VAkeA kzBM SdA kk] B  RAnB BzBM o{M lA ozA kz oLA
kzBM SdA ϧm kk] ɛnE d VAkeE BAqA KnBdA oU
mA nAq RBkhA eAoA Ao oU U BXA qAoA RBvwƪA RBLTA
ozA koA  ^B kAT
$
*5
: BA
d  nBL M dU TA MA 峧 MBTA MA w ȗ oBA coA o 隽
oXA coA o iAj ȗ k] .nA jB{o k\v kk\A 幪kA nAkA
Boz 31 BBUnA L oBA koA  AoA RBhA A ȯB{BA uB 
nB kBzU KmA AA  dA Mo MBT BoAj ȗ KmBM Ȧ ]nBhA
BU TLm Tmë odA  .tBL B{ AA  oiA nB BMBU Lm çT
 ȧBzA 馂A ȗ oiA kB M\A 馂A ȗ BkeG kB kA d~A ȗ
k\v MB tkA d ȷ ^Aoiƫ BTwU U d k kzA  d~A
JAod M 隽 mA wA n\A d 2 4672 TeBv LU jB{o
Am LUo Mo oT E 40 TeBv LU wA gzA JAod BLA gzA
(tk) ȮhA BA d ϧB oA odBM A nAj An o  d~A
\ ^BAn 20 Bjk nE k  koA Tz nXA d odA d
TeBv LU lG ɛnA oLE oLT mA A nAj An BA 2 7520 BTeBv
LT kzBM d .kk oM RBBA d~A M odBM LUo 2 2700
Bnk eBv  kz woLA JAod wA gzA JAod M U oB
 UoU oiBA ȯB{BBM d L ϧB .MA YY  T 2 29456
~ k\vA d w ȗ 啽ozA kzA M] kT mA jB{ o k\v
ZoLA  Rk{ oL ZAoME MnE kzA ȗ (poM) p\A EoA ~ v
 M\A \A ȗ (Bi L) ɟ țozA ZoLA nB TvU oL Bw MoA
BAnk] keA ȗ  jB{o oA BTM jBvA nAkM oU SB nAj Rk{ kzA
BE () BoA Bߧ vA KA  k̛ mA zA d~A G B nk d
BiBw) vU B A X oM ȮM jB{ njB BBM TA d~ M\A MALA
BA e k] JoA ]  d~A w ȗ .(njB
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
lA () B Le iA oA 幦 ^B () BoA BA R FA iA k
To] AoTA  v qT ϧl k{oA ME KB] A k A oE   eoT miE
.()B TM
. LA A  L  We A Re BYA ozA koA kA ɷ617 w -
Ȧ B] TA MoA oYG  oBA koBM ATd tBA Jo ɷ791 w -
.nTA k ȗ t k A BzAo
\T KmA coA K MpA Bi ƪA kL oA k ȗ ɷ996 w -
B oiC cB~ ȗ  jBTw LmU hM oA Am oE We MpA RAq
.KTA AqhA jBA SL
.ǱoA kzA WY okU A jA B BwAoi k Aqp Jo ɷ1083 -
vA m ȗ AkBM wkA LA  toA AkTA 雰 1920 / ɷ1330 w -
A A F\TA mA nB]BA Ȧ kd BzA i kM AoA jLA A S
|~ Ao ǱoA kzA mhUE k K RB SYkd Ao ȗ woA
joTA 骚 woA RABM SBTwA TA nTwkA dA k B~ AE mA
ATeA BoMA ȧBA nAqA  ^Ajk AT MBBM ǱoA kzA ~  AkF
A y\A kzdT AoA A ]TBM ȯBwAohA kiA gzA TA k .kA
 .AoG A  ov kA akE mA A o\ ȗ ȗU  toA  JodA
A XA BAkA uBA  TdA ()BoA BA Aqi  toA M B B ]
.woA ϮLA
coA K\M Tƫ L Ro\A  1994 / ɷ1415 w od  o{BA ɗ -
 nAoE Vke koA nAp  ^B~h{ 20 jBzTwA A jA B () B oBA
.BA BA ]  ȷ
: ()BoA BA nA] ȗ kA BA RB~hzA
w U oA  ^BA B () Ȧ BA JBdA  Xi M Mn ]AhA oL -
.ɷ63
.ɷ236 w U ǰoA S~A ME ]AhA oL -
.(ɷ411 - ɷ323) wjoA wA kd M ve oBzA -
w TA BLA \ KeB (n) woLA vdA M A Ȧ MA gzA -
.ɷ548
.ɷ801 w TA woLA Be K]n gzA -
.ɷ930 w TA Ǳ~A KwB BzA -
.ɷ985 w TA pkBM oM kd gzA -
.ɷ993 w TA ȟoA dA M BA kL gzA -
.(ɷ1031 - ɷ953) ȦBA ve M kd BLA gzA -
.ɷ1090 w TA ȯBwAohA oBM kd ApoA -
.ɷ1098 w TA ȯAovA ve M kd A -
.(ɷ1104 - ɷ1032) ȦBA odA ve M kd gzA -
.ɷ1151 w TA v\A A Lw jBMA UBi kd o kvA -
.ɷ1160 TA B{ njB -
.(ɷ1249) w TA B{ Ȧ cT M Apo tBL -
.(ɷ1305) w TA pAozA oBA aA kL gzA -
.(ɷ1343 - ɷ1276) ȪBA ~BhA k gzA -
.ɷ1365 w TA ȯBT{A Uo gzA -
.(ɷ1377 - ɷ1293) ȦMjnA u kvA -
.ɷ1395 w TA ȯA jB kd ApoA -
.ɷ1403 w TA BLBLA ȪA ve ZBdA M k kvA -

$
*7
: njB~A
w 1  142 | ȯB\qA ǱwA AoMA kvA / wkA BA ȗ ] - 1
.1985
1995 w 3  194 : | ȧ\A ve kd / BhnFU SLA E RAnAq - 2
.RoM
.RoM 1987 w 2  11 Z ȦhA o] / wkA RBLTA w - 3
.wnB / Ǳn tk BTwC BTBoM no / oe - 4

$   352 
*1
: oTA
Rk () BoA BA SiA () o] M w BA SM B \A kvA ȷ
Sw ɷ 201 w ȯBXA Mn 10 ȗ SU ɷ 183 w k횧A l  A ȗ
.BAU Bn ~

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
kvA nB{ ozA  BTwE Ak BzA  kd 幮kA w ozA Bko 隽
 (dTA E) p nB{ A k\vA J\A  Ȗ\A zoA A C
.A wnkA MoA BzA  jBMC Ȗ o ȦeBvA nBzA JoA

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȪA o{A kw M Znqi M w Bj (t) ~A B kvA SU B
 (MBM) M o Bk oLA 郱 B nALA  w  BTM BoL  M
nBA BLA RB SAU Y koA nBqM tBA EkM  k o{ REkM gnBTA Am
.Am B A kqU vTU

$
*4
:nBA wTA
ozA oLA  o]A  L () jA\A BA SM Kp kvA SM ɷ 256 w -
.oLA  BM A m SB ~A B BT nBq RB] Be
oiDM o~A MBM kM koA BM ȯBA odM M keA M kp jk] ɷ 350 w -
. oLA
L țAoA A MA oA M ț\vA o k ȗ ɷ 465 - ɷ 429 w -
.o~A TL k kM ko oL
.ozA oLA  L M jB SM M jB{ dB~A EoA SM ɷ 529 w -
郰 ȧBzA AA M We koA BM Ǳ~A BwA BzA jk] ɷ 925 w -
.ko kA d~A BL tBwA
.oA koA  {BA  Bdo Ǳ~A KwB BzA M ɷ 950 w -
.odA  M\A \A ȗ p d Ǳ~A Bw BzA M ɷ 1077 w -
 MoA 馂A ȗ A  MBM vA B 郰 ɷ 1214 - ɷ 1210 w -
.odA
.ozA koA JBM LA oLA KmTM nB]BA B{ Ȧ cT oA ɷ 1213 w -
.\A RBMBTA BAoA pnBLA xBM LA iAj p ɷ 1215 w -
n odA AA BM ~A kA B]n keA Bi Ȧ Uo jk] ɷ 1218 w -
.KmA  RBL  kM 郰 LA  {BA
郰 KmBM coA p B BioBM Ank] odA nA S{o ɷ 1221 w -
.KmA ABM ~TA Ao ȧBzA 馂A ȗ Ll JBM A
ȗ më M kA d~A w AA BwA BzA jk] ɷ 1266  w -
. BzA \A
tBwA 郰 We MA BMB BvA A M MBUA A opA A ɷ 1303 w -
oMB) BvA e oA BM qU U (MBUA d~BM)  oA kk\A d~A
.(BA
.XA uBA BAkA 鼪]  S탰 BTwA dT VkeA ɷ 1354 w -
.\A MBTA xBM p BM lA coA uĻ ɷ 1375 w -
 BBL Apo AoB 郰 ȯB{BBM Bp ȧBzA AA lD ϦA JB{ M -
.nmA lDA A ȗ KmA

$
*5
: BA
d B 2 13527 d ow BM k\v  YXA d~M oA odA eBv LU
koA .kA kk\A odA Ȯd  nBL LA LA nA eBv 2 1914
keA A e RAl oB MnA  KmA cB~M Bz TL zA Tv
.BUo BTYA BUoL B BTYA
: LA
 60.35 ZnBhA   28.66 iAkA  Bdɫ L zA ɫo Lɛ kɛo
k  2.70 oiA 馃  M BvA  8.3 馃   A BY BUkB
BM ] nB{A RBMBT LA  KT 幂A A KmA  BL{ 馃  ȗ SLY
.BAoA xBM iAkA  Sp wnBA
: coA
鼪]  keA oT nAk KmBM A q 幂A  ~  LA SdU 隽
. 4.73 o 5.25   4 BUnA L 幦] x RBMBTM p B RB\A
: AA
 婽kA d~BM ~Tɫ  odA ɫ BzA \A ɗ 隽 : KmA AA - 1
32.20 B  BUnA BTmÎ  KmBM d pnBM x  iAkA  Km
.BTLm BUli BA ȗ k]  1.5 B  o 
BAoBM q An wAM odBM ~T ozA \A ȗ 隽 : țozA AA - 2
 BAoA xBM q  ȫo ~ AA { kk\A d~BM BA ~T
. 28 B  BUnA BTmÎ
: d~A
Ƀo  35.70 Ʉ L odA  BzA \A ɗ 隽 : kA d~A - 1
.KmA ABM ~T MAoA \A  oA RB] VY  M dU  34.70
odA  ozA \A ȗ 隽 MBUA d~BM BA o : kk\A d~A - 2
 78 B MoA țozA  A BY  婽kA d~A  BBvUA oXA 
d B   L oiA MnA A BA  46 B M\A ȧBzA 
L AA ikA Am ozA \A ȗ nA nB{ A d~A Am ik jƽ  4
oL Bw k]U AA Am BM  \A pnBLA xBM q  13.6 BUnA
\A ȗ BY ik d~A Am  13.5 d B  BUnA BUo BTmÎ
. 13 BUnA L AA o  BTwA nB{ A jƽ BzA
 lDA j] BUnA We  ȧBz YB WBY ik M\A \A ȗ
o k d~BM dU zA ǱM B e d~A Am w ȗ k] 峯AA
.BM |Bi AA o 
L odA  M\A \A ȗ 隽 (dTA) d~M ϧm o : p d -  3
 jk LA m d  17 Bd BBUnA L   19.5 o  24 
.\A xA BioBM qA kA
: JAMA
ko MoA KB\A ȗ AoiC BYA kk\A d~A ȗ B MnA JAMA BY ko
.A wnkA A jƽ BoiC p nB{  cT oiC
: dA MA
BLBLA k\v 婉A k\vA ow BM k\v B MA k oA koBM dU
ϧB .(BTwA LT) M oU LT ko (tk) ȮhA BA k\v (tk)
ko SkA TA A uBA BAkA  p d  A ik mA dTA
.n~A o 
: koA ȗ kA RB~hzA
:  () SLA C R  ui LA SdU oA odA iAj Sj
() jA\A BA ke oLA w MA : 
() jA\A BA ke oLA w MA : kd A
.oLA w M kd nB] : BdwA A
.() BoA BA ke kd Ȧ MA nB] : KLe A
LA Ȧ MA : wB A
: ozA odA ȗ kA oBzA  BA
.ɷ 573 w TA (kAoA KA) kAoA vdA MA
.ɷ 1052 ȗ TA oLA tBL ϦA M ApoA Ȗ MA A Ȗ ϦA
.ɷ 1077 w  TA ȯBXA Ȗ ϦA M ȯBXA tBL ϦA
.ɷ 1105 w TA ȯBXA tBL ϦA M Bw ϦA
.ɷ 1215 w TA Bw ϦA M ve Bw ϦA
.ɷ 1250 w TA nB]B B{ Ȧ cT ϦA
.ɷ 1327 w kzTwA ȯAnkpBA nA A  kzA
.ɷ 1353 w TA ȪA wBA MA ZBdA
(ɷ 1355 - ɷ 1276) oBdA oA kL gzA
.ɷ 1355 w TA jBAkA dA
.ɷ 1356 w TA țAoA vd ZBdA M ȟAnA keA kvA
.ɷ 1358 w TA ȪA oBdA Ȧ kd gzA
.ɷ 1364 w TA ȯBLLA jB kd kvA
.ɷ 1368 w TA țAo{A ȚU kd gzA
(ɷ 1371 - ɷ 1299) ȯBA ȦBA kA nk kvA
.(ɷ 1373 - ɷ 1305) nBvAhA ȚU kd kvA
.(ɷ 1380 - 1292) jo]oLA BLBLA ve kvA
.ɷ 1390 w kzTwA mA kw kd kzA
.(ɷ 1399) w  kzTwA mA oA Uo gzA kzA A
n vdA MA kvA
oBdA Uo gzA
kB A bn ZBdA
(ɷ 1402 - ɷ 1321) AqA ovU KeB BLBLA ve kd kvA
nBvhA keA kvA
(ɷ 1414 - 1316) ȯBBLA Bn kd kvA
ȦA {B ApoA gzA
zA ȯBMn kzA
jBMC BzA kzA
ȯk kzA
cT kzA
Ǳ~A JA kzA
E zA k kzA
ȟAnA Ȧ kd gzA
(tk) ȮhA eAoA BA { Uo kvA
dA ve kd kvA
dA k kd kvA
.ȪA nB~A vdA M kd gzA

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1985 w 1 177 | ȯB\qA AoMA kvA / wkA BA ȗ ] - 1
250 - 205 | jnBT{A kd kd / wnB / j B ~ Roe - 2
.x ɷ 1375 w 1
w 3  200 | ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd / BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 3
. 1995
.jAp jB ve / wnB / oL Kp oe - 4

$   353 
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA  n\A / Ao
Ao BA J] BLoU  10 kM  oA k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ bBTA o\{ k j  B ȗU oA k ȗ ȮvdA A kL kvA o B
 峼 k  zTA ozA A  B B mA JBAkL M nBL\A kL BTvM
m A nBBM AkA kp MA kd B o\A WBXA oA  ȯBXA ~A ȗ
.oA oA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
w M kd M kwA A MA ϦA nAqA jk] (ɷ 490 - 480) Tw M -
B We wnA KA M B{ Ϧ M BoM ț\vA BvA op ȪA ȯBTwjAoA
.oA LA BLM
oU KUoTM A op kA n~ Bw A KeB~A B (ɷ 725) w -
.ozA oLA  CoA RBBM ^Bq ^Bk 郰 oA oA m
Aq]A M ȗ BLA oTA RB Ro] (fn B{) BvA k ȗ ɷ 848 w -
.kzA
.oU koA BM wTM Ǳ~A KwB BzA B ɷ 944 w -
ozA oLA  K~ Ba Bdo nB]BA Ȧ cT BzA kA ɷ 1219 w -
.nA KA] AA A ȗ BAoA SL~ B
.koA L KmTM nB]B B{ kA oB ϦA oA ɷ 1270 w -
 oXA  SYkeA   wU koA wU U AoA ȗ wA nXA B kM -
.A AoA

$
*5
: BA
k]  孽AE  o  oB d   nBiqA  RAnBA ABM kz koA
JBLA  SLT  Ȃ co  k{ Co RBC  SLT k k oLA 
 AA A ȗ SL~  幼B L koA U (ɷ 848) w A jU h
BA w BA M qe oL 隽 koA  JoBM 幦\A BAoA nA KA]
.()

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.() BA w BA M qe oL nBqA oX ȮvdA A kL kvA B -
zA M A nBA d M kd BYke B Akv (tk) k~A gzA n -
Rnp B ? S A : BA  Bɗ () jBA Ȧ BA  ij oA A 
vdA nAp  S k A kL oL Rnp  ϯA : B () vdA BA
.\A  SL] oL nAp  A BA ǰn  ()
n k ȗ RAjBvA BA kBz
o ȗ  7 kM  - ȮA gzA kA - ȮA dwA M J gzA oL -
.ɷ 300 w TA Bz
.A kL kvA oL   3 kM  ɷ 381 w TA k~A gzA oL -
M Ȧ M uA ve M kzA A kL M kd M tBL M MA A kL oL -
.kMBA p BA
.ɷ 381 w TA jAkLA k\A M keA M kd Ȧ MA gzA -
qe d ȗ (ɷ 500 w TA) AqhA bTA MA kA B] gzA oL -
.()

$
*7
: njB~A
/ 3  / 203| / ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd / BhnBU SLA A RAnAq - 1
. 1995 w
216.| ȯB\qA AoMA kvA / wkA BA ȗ ] - 2
. 1992 w / 1  / 52 | / 2 Z nBA kAo - 3

$   354 
*1
: oTA
BE ȗ pAo{ k  Ao] BzM oA () BA w BA M keA kvA 
.ɷ 203 w U () BoA w M Ȧ BA iA B kM wBLA FA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / pAo{
.pAo{ k B keA T BM d ȗ koA Am 隽 

$
*3
: uwFTA
oL o  ^\ T kM () BA w BA M keA kvA BX] B 
M kw M oM MA |Ai    jv kA Jo oA k ȗ o Te
y UBi k ȗ   oT  oL ȗ ^Bo k]̰  .BM  L  \oA
BA Td  dU (MBUA) A oLhA Am  A kM (w M keE  qA) 
.M  BM oLA 

$
*4
:nBA wTA
kk\U  BLM BdwA MA gzA BzA kA UBi xBU kvA SB ɷ 750 w 
 nAqA M  SA  wnk LB] A SvwA  BAkA kM nBLA Tn
.UB FT jnA S~~i
.Bi Ȧ KwB ϼM  nkM koA o ɷ 1145 B ȗ 
.pAo{ ȧBA   nA odA BM U ^B BLA kk\U U ɷ 1337 B ȗ 
.ko A  ^BMBM (B{ kA oB M jv) kA  kA ɷ 1386 w 

$
*5
: BA
k nmA  nm vA nq oiqA nBA ABM kz oB koA 
.BA nBzA  kBA BpBT\ keA JBM  oL nw M d oe L  BAkA 
kvA oL ϧm () o] M w BA M o kvA iA oL  JoBM k] 
Mo ȗ Ao{A C k] kMBA kd
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
.Bo AqqA VjAe M oYA  ^AnAo JAohA A ϧl kM koA Am oU 
BA \U YA   ȗ kzA UFU A UBi xBU kvA jB  B 
B텧BM UA Eo CoA ATi nBLA kzBM A oe AlB BozA BA
  o ȗ UBhA BzA A oA  kM AA  Y dA AA
.BA JBM  LA LA JoU Y BL{ BM k\vA
pAo{ A  ^AoA B (koA B k] TA dA wA A j mA) T A 
ȗ o B kT̫ tnBe B o{A nB\{A oX BTvM B  qA  oT
B vM ϧl o oA A oLhA A B K\T U  Bw ^AnAA \A ȧB
dA ϧl  WdL TA oXL A oB  oLiA B k\  B oA uv\U B]
ȗ d~ k keA ȗ Kn o kv] o ] l K }h{  Az
. L BLM oF oB RBM o w oiA

$
*7
: njB~A
 ^ 213 | ȧ\A ȮvdA ve kd kvA / BhnBU SLA A RAnAq 
.nApA e ȗ nApA k{
.ɷ 791 w pAozA k] wBA MA kA  / j
116.| / 1Z / nBA kAo 

$   355 
*1
: oTA
ȗ k 夰A k~BM oA ȪA MBM M w M vdA M Ȧ vdA MA 
ɷ 329 w U o\A WBXA oA  A ~A
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
~A B kvA ko B{  k w (oLA BhzA) oL ȗ koA 隽
.()

$
*5
: BA
TA oLA j w ȗ 隽 2 49 d LU zA Mo koA oe eBv SB
B o\zA npA ȯB{BBM Tj S{o k  1.25 BBUnA  3  * 2 BjBMA
oL j  ȯB{BBM y B (MBM MA \A BA oL Am) B KT joM B
XY Mo hM (MBM MA) gzA A ]A () ovA vdA BA JBT n
.odA UB
t\ RBAwA  o d koA BE k] BLA Uo w L koA U
.dB~A BA M  k ϧm oAqA

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1992 / 1 / 97 / 2 nBA kAo

$   356 
*1
: oTA
jB~A BA p ȗ k ȪA ȗA o{A kw M A kL M jC M Bop 
.o\A WBXA oA AkM ȗ U ()

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
.() ~A B kvA ko B{ kA w (oLA BhzA) oL ȗ oL 隽

$
*5
: BA
M AkL M jC M Bop : oL  M b  KT  o M  koA -
Am y (vA ) jA\A BoA jB~A BA JBdA  B o{A kw
.ɷ 1013 w o\dA
ϧm  ɷ 301 w TA ȗA o{A AkL M kw oL  JoBM 隽 -
o{A unjA M Bop  MA oL ϧm ȪA o{A BdwA M jC  M oL
KeB ȯ\A TzA wBA ME ApoA oL ϧm (ɷ 201 w TA) ȪA
.(ɷ 1231) w TA A ȗ (AA)

$
*7
:njB~A
314. / 1 nBA kAo

$   357 
*1
: oTA
w TA ȪA ȗA o{A kw M AkL M unjG M Bop oo] MA 
.ɷ 201

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
~A B kvA ko B{ kA w (oLA BhzA) oL ȗ koA 隽
.o{A BdwA M jC gzA  MA ko  JoBM  ()

$
*5
: BA
M L T wA oL j  KT  o nAq  (aM) koA   -
.UB
 o{A kw M AkL M unjA M Bop oo] MA) oL  KTB } -
.( vA B " BA jB~A BA JBdA

$
*7
: njB~A
317. / 1 nBA kAo

$   358 
*1
: oTA
ȗ k  ȪA ovU KeB ȪA ȗA {B M AoMA M Ȧ vdA MA 
.o\A MAoA oA  A MoA ȗ U o\A WBXA oA  A ~A

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / 
Bp ȗ  (o~A BhzA) M ^Bk oA  An B oL ȗ koA Am 隽
.(tk) ȯBBLA kvA wnk  JoBM

$
*5
: BA
 3  *  4 BjBMA zA Mo o  nBL  oAqA k~ oB kz koA
L k]U B UB gnBU om  wA koA ik ]A  KT  3 BBUnA
.koA 

$
*7
: njB~A
98. - 97 / 2 nBA kAo

$   359 
*1
: oTA
BA w BA A Lv ȴT .ȦMjnA E kw M BdwA kA Ȗ gzA 
ɷ 735 w U 孽nzA BMoA BA   ()
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA wA n\A / MjnA
. 588 d Ao BA  kLU TA AoA MjnA k ȗ 隽

$
*5
: BA
q ȯB{BBM oiq MB  An  (Bi k) M vA koA ǱTd
 BUnA  AwA  MoA M\A \A ȗ K~TU 幼CoA RBBM BE
KT (A A) AwA vU oA ȯB{BA   RBMBTM Bz B e
d BBUnA  22 AwA d L .KmA BM RAoA RAoz A  B
B KT k K\A oiqA kLA ~A RB~oBM [ BiAj . 17.5
oAE RBU Sz ȧBzA koA nAk] ȗ  (ȓAoA kd M ) B~A Ti
.() SLA E e ȗ (|) woA WjBeE B Rol 夰A KwB BzA ϦA
RB~ɯoA ɗ Ǳ~A nBA A uB An AoTwA ɗ kɛoA iAj BɫE
.B\A AoA RBLmA RB~~\A

$   360 
*1
: oTA
ȂoA Ȧ M kd M v M keA M A kL M Ǳ M Ȧ M kd 
U nB A o]B B xB BM k () jB~A o] BA A Lv ]o
.ɷ 556 w B

$
*2
: 雱A
B w / BMo
.(nB) M\A BM koA Am 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
  jBeA keA k{ ɷ 616 w E BB (60) M LeB B kM oLA ȮM k
oh mA BA ϦU Bw Bi vA   oX L  nAq SA ϧl
.vA  SLA  MBvTA LdM

$
*5
: BA
Am RA Al u  (|) A wn kd A A A ) ȦB oL b  KT
oLe oMBA fzA lBTwA ....BA V BA K KvA KvdA kvA oL
.(BMo KeB~M nzA ǱBM C Ao{A
ozA LA WjBeA  ] oTA C B oL e ϧm oLA  S
BB] wBM Sl kzA KeB  ȗ k~ ϧm Tq SLA C  LU
.ɷ 1403 BhnBU BLUo
Ao oL ϧB .SLA  MvA nLA  \ U kz nB\A A
.A o{ B{  90 kL mA () o kA

$
*7
: njB~A
1260. |  / BXA jkA / wA \

$   361 
*2
: 雱A
BTvBM / n
BTvBL hnBTA BXA BA BTvBLA n k ȗ nA  Uo  隽
.JB\LA  B ȷ

$
*3
: uwFTA
k\vA E ȷB{jBM k\vM o (1707 w TA) (Kp ϯnE) nAoLA BM
.n ȗ A nBYC E   񦪧A

$
*5
: BA
o dT k\vA LT lD MnA  ~ A ê vT eBvA wA k\vA
() Ȧ BA B (|) L BL B () SLA C A BLv k nBYC 
po k () Ȧ BA hM SLT mU TB () vdA BA B
 Bd~ k\vA ȗ ȯoA uE MBd~A to w () AoqA B kv
nBM) v BM k\vA ȗ k] k\vA gvA oeE A kM odA  d
E hnBU   z Tv   BM  oz ȮYA JAMA l E (nj
e p gvA  (o B]) oL  L  B FM BjA   oYE
.A  We G JB\LA
p BTvBM Bwn keE (Bi Be nkwE) oL ZnBhA  k\vA nAk] SdU
lD  më E    oA E  k\vA Am BM  BUG  TwA
  MAoA o B oiE Tmë B  TA mêA G o  B MnA
m BYY G MnA (o B]) oL lD  o B MnA lDA  më E 
  BLA kd ȯBTvBLA oBzA co k\vA  B AkT nz ~
CoA RBA qhA xA ooA  k\vA ȗ BTvBLA B BA poME
.oBA yk B ȫwA nBA A oA
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
B] LwA k\vA A] MnA k\vA lD Ak JB\LA gvA e Be
 1856 w vA G kE k BMAoi Ak Te k\vA AF kM  qA
RjBE 1947 w BTvBM STwA B BA oU k eA ATv  
.BM eA dA

$
*7
: njB~A
RoM uBA nAj / 32 | Țe BveA nTkA / BoBe BB BTvBM  1
. 1973 w
.ow vw 291 | 3 jkA / e Bve .j / wG J{ k  2
w RoM 1 298 | / ȫB{ d .j / wA MoA kA w  3
. 1993

$   362 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
ik MB bTA JBM A \TA   (wBdA)A k qA nB{ ȗ 隽
.B\A e ȗ ^BLoU yohA
$
*3
: uwFTA
ȦTvA M n~A Ȧ ME A BeFM oA ȪBA hA  oFM B\A Am zE
o{E k 孼w ui o  ME B kM hBM 齱M ɷ 490 w jA BM
/ ɷ519 w UnB SU BdLA UB M kd A kL ME op B\A BzG 
.BA nBA oiB  kU TA  1125
$
*4
: nBA wTA
MBM nBv  U TA k\vA nB ȪBvA BL oA FzE  1369 / ɷ799 w -
w k k BE BE A nkA Te okTvA BUnj kM w B L  TA
.oYA k\vA oL M oE B ɷ 815
1347 - ɷ 1320 Tw M B oTA ȗ eBM MoA nBYA e nAjG S -
.ɷ
$
*5
BA
^ pnBM JBM G jƽ \dA o SAe TdU SB k 幚A  k]BvA  
RBMBTA xBM Be ] ]E ȷ o\dBM L MoA T] 年]AA 
BwTU j  RB~o  ST{A B幼hnFU |~ Co RBC  A
: BM KT k JBLA  oLA oAkA B]E (Ȧ) no (kd)BM JT oAj
((^AoU o SLA E u]oA  Km A ko BG eoA eoA A vM))
ȷ njBA ]A m Ȧ kd LB]  KT }oBM eBM ]A ȴTU
e A B~ Rk qA B kTA k o~ k]Bv ȗ BM o\e ] E
ȗ BzG gnBU B\A ]  j k nBYA e nAj T jU q d
ȗ hM  ȯBXA 幼BzA MoA T]AA ȗ oL  ȗ hM BA : 탱
.JBLA KT  ]A  kT o
 TzA JAodA AG BoLA 孽AA MnE M dU Mo z d k\v
BE AoA BE o RALM B wnB ^Aj dU Bin k BM nE YY
j  BioM v  k\vA nk ȗ JAodA  BwE  JAodA
j]M oL qT ȪBvA BL oA k\vBM BAo]E TA nB nBmU e U
텛25 d LU RBAe n  BM LA] ȗ RAzdA kA BA xA
BBM 婽oA CoA  RBC  BM  RBMBTM Bd d~A e jA SB
Uke k\vA qB E BodM LoA xBM qTU SB BE ozU keA UnB
B] \T Te B oU A ]BdM  峼A Bo Ap E  kLU TA A
.ȚdA

$
*7
: njB~A
269 | JBT BA o~A üA / JBAkL ve / oYA k]BvA gnBU - 1
1994. w
| / ɷ1401 w / 37 jkA oA B vw / uƫ ve .j / k]BvA - 2
257.
jAkM / 75 | kd kvA B kd / oBA o~ gnBU  RBv BwA - 3
.1986 w
$   363 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.(BA oBA JAMA keE) p JBM Ak ]A ȗ oeA JnkA nB{ ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ 555 w Ͻpn M  cB~A ϦBM KA RAnBA ME ȪBA opA FzE
A zj   k ɄBA B  () vdA BA tEn ɗ Ƀ  1660
hA   oBA A w 60 dM ϧl L ȧB\A ɗA  Y v
  : B  k\vA Am ȗ ozA tEoA j    A o~M qBA ȪBA
.oBA ȗ A j]A () vdA BA kz M  oAqA n~A iAj A
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
oLA B Bv k k\vBM nAk\A ATM oA TA  1299 / ɷ 699 w 
 oLA  j]A MBTA ϧmM }U B ] xM { KzhA  vM
Aqp oYE  k~U Bk k\vA nBM  1302 / ɷ 702 w ^BA oA Am B
.o~ JBE oL
BA k ȮA JBA kL k  nB\TA keE o]E  1440 / ɷ 844 w 
.k\vA ȗ oU
BLTB o{A ϦA p ȗ kA M Lz oA o]A  1477 / ɷ 882 w 
.k\vA ȗ RBeA k
 SBe  oTA  bA BBM MoA nBYA e \ SB  1915 w 
.^Ak] üw BdM k\vA cLA B ϧl   kA Aq]A
$
*5
: BA
nB RAq  T{A k  2 1522 d TeBv LU lA oLA k]BvA  
nBzA Tv  Uo TɃnA SB BM k  oiC ȪB k\v ȗ BX 
BE  SAe B VY wE o\dBM L RB] MnE k\v  3.80 dM
j vi  ozM oA  U ]A m  ȫA JBLA BM  MoA ]AA
ü  ] oiqM pBTU LMk tAE jA m  n Bin kE  U
[o M oL d BwT AE MnE  T iAkA  k\vA  nBdA
Xke nB Bd Se  B S ȗ Sk k  nB MoA JBLA U SB  oL
 ϼMBL{ JAodA nAk] ȗ  BM i Vkd  1926 w oiA ȷ SpE
CoA  RBC ȗA hBM   JT ~] qoG BM d BLA Xke }\A
.oA

$
*7
: njB~A
üA 1994 w 2 Ʉ / 97 | JBA kL ve / oYA k]BvA gnBU  1
JBT BA o~A
256. | 1401 w 37 jkA oA B vw .uƫ ve .j  / k]BvA  2
293. | 2 Z qoA i  3
378 | / kd kvA B kd / oBA  o~ gnBU  RBv  BwA  4
. 1986 w jAkM

$   364 
*2
: 雱A
o~ / oBA
.oBA  A A L] E ȗ o ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ 478 w  BM o~TvA ȪBA hA op  ȧB\A nkM x\A oE k{
ϧm o  () Ȧ B ^Akz  \ A jAnE ȧB\A ^AnkM A    1085
.({\A kz) M
$
*5
: BA
 BT{ BA nBYA ]E  oLT B eBvA o k\vA A  oBM
 M\A T]AA ȗ BA BkA ϦU BpoME    kM nB RAq
 KA n  TU ] ~] nBiqM pBT U SM  o~A BMBLM BzA
RBMBTA RpBTA  koA ɗA RBMBTBM d JAod kzA Am  j
L JAodA   Boe oiqM }oA wE LA MoM j]A A
 BBUnA kq  o kzA më  ^BE ~o LA m  BAG BT
.ȚdA B] ȗ kL Te oL oU A ]Be ȗ  k\vA ^AoX LA

$
*7
: njB~A
256. | 1401 w 37 jkA oA B vw / uƫ ve .j / k]BvA  1
106. | ȟp eoA kL .j / nBYA  Be B  MA kA b   2

$   365 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / AoBw
BzA BTAp k ovA oBM BM ~T  LA JAjow  B\A Am 隽
.jAkM BA B{  120 d kLU TA AoBw k Mo 幼MoA
$
*3
: uwFTA
/ ɷ 606 w LA JAjow oU  B\A Am BLM A k oBA wBLA hA oA
.oLA B\BM ^BE o B  ([) oTA kA BA wBM Ȫw   1209
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
k  JAjovA  B\A kk\TM (ɷ 656  623) wBLA BM o~TvA hA oA 
: B e RAoT ȗ RAo k jak]  B\A n
~A A B\ voA ikA ȮM oLA ȦLkA keE p ȗ ɷ 1200 w 
.ǱTzA
.MBA  {BA n We k\vA L Roa  Rjak] ɷ 1376 w 
.voA ]AA BE nBA SM  1960 / ɷ 1381 w 
$
*5
: BA
d  Tz  oA ovA oA  Tv L{ B\A BM  jB
  83.8   *   61.5 jBMA zA Tv Ȗ oiC  ǱT{ ~  wA
mA B\A ik B BzA 馂A wT  Uo  h ]nBhA BLA Ank]
  15 BBUnA WkdA pAoA  L hɃ nB BE  ~A ik MB
B\A BM   5 jkdM Uo AA üM JBLA ]   18 Bo   32 B
oT ϧm S]  ovA oA Ank] Bw ȗ Ank] ȷBU  h  T
 oL q]  (LA nAk\ pA nA E) KBwA YY vU TA BA ~A L
L mA BhTU  AwA Ln RAl Uo zA ~M LA  JAodA M
BTLn  LA Sv k  w 11   15 Lɗ Bo BA w 32   45 Bd
BoB  oA BAFM pBTU  T  ] oip RzU RAl B{B kAoM
Ao |Bi d wA AoA ȗ k]  nA MnA  T B\A  幚wBTA
ɫB\A ~ɫ SdU 隽  oLA nB\  LA nAk] JAodA wT  CoA
JAjovA Tz  B\A ~ nA keA o   A ikA  LA JAjow
.Bv oiC q]  B]o  q] }~i o ~ 
$
*7
: njB~A
166. | 2 Z AoBvA AoMA gzA u  / AoBw k gnBU  1
2 Z Bw v .j / AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA  2
208. |
$   366 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
.kA BA ok KB\M (() vdA BA) oA nB{ ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
.G Lv Ȫw ɷ 1915 w ȯBXA kdA kL BvA vwE
$
*4
: nBA wTA
.Mo BE ok BL nE 텛  S텚TwA k\vA k 1915 w
 Rk{ (ȮvdA k\vA) wBM wA kLTwA oL oU  o]E  1960 w
eBv Al k\vA cLE We (() KB ME M Ȧ BA LT) wBM B LT
.wA ~ oL

$
*7
: njB~A
178. | /  C jB Bw / oAmA ȗ Mo  1
220. /  C jB Bw / Mo VAoU  2
$   367 
*1
: oTA
AoA / jAkM
BoA w M Ȧ BA k  wF ^BAo~ ioA o gzA po ME B
ȗ okA JBM oLM j  816 / ɷ200 B U k{oA nB hA oB ()
.foA

$
*2
: 雱A
ȗ ioA o gzA ko KB\M UnB w  LU  mA k\vA Am 隽
.jAkM BA  MoA KB\A

$
*3
: uwFTA
L   1215 / ɷ 612 w U k A ioA o gzA ko BM B
qB\A k\v M Ȫw ko Jo k\vA Am zE 峦A k oBA wBLA hA
BM E nBiqA BLA pAo  kTv 峼  ~ v AB UA 
.e RAoT j ioA gzA oL A k\vA më

$
*4
: nBA wTA
~A oip k\vA BM B{BM ve jAkM ȧA cE  1892 / ɷ1310 w
.L ioA gzA oL  M

$
*5
: BA
RB~oA BhA BTA  ȷ jAkLA oBA ]E  k\v MBTA nBA oLTU
ȯAwA kM B X kB  TU 幼wA nBA RBC  C kU WdM
  TU  BBe B\U BA RB~o  U lƪA o{ wTU
 RAzdM Sæ B] tAA m BLv \dA o B Zp LMk tAE 
m  mA ~A MBzT B~E  FTU pnBM zM nd UBL nBip
^B\e oLA oiE  KBTULMk tAA RAl  oB B\U  T tAA
mêA m UoU toABY \ ~ Lz B ǱA Bv ƽ ^BBvUA oXA
ȯqe w o  Be A 汧A 񪽰 nA cw Tv   15 d
.BM dA MA cw   EkL
 j JAjow ȗ J\A ]  ~A țo{ ioA o gzA oL 隽
 BG A kzA ȗ mA k~A ]nj 12 d  ~ }\A o]BM k
.oLA AlBd  JAjovA 

$
*7
: njB~A
198. | 1 Z oiE Bw v .j AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA - 1
470. | w o{ n~A Th ȗ AoA nBA  gnBU - 2
.SA nAkA 463 | 1 k\A / n~A MoA eBvA wA - 3

$   368 
*1
: oTA
SM TA B\A k]BvA oLA   jAkM nA ȗ k{ k\v A k\vA Am oLT
RBe  wA A unkT ^BɃ  ^B] tB ~ Bɟ  AoA ɗ
(5) (3) .nBLiA \vU  Tw d  WkdA uB\  RAoBA

$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / jAkM
BwAoi JBM MB (KmA JBM o~) M oA n~A o~ ^B B\A B
(5).B MoA KB\A ȗ nkA jAkM k JAMA keA

$
*3
: uwFTA
k  Tk FzE B (ɷ 158 - 145) tBLA ȮM Bi ȯBY n~A o] MA BM
 k\vA Am B SAp k  峪wBM Ȫw  766 / ɷ 149 w B\A BM q\E
(4) (1) .ɷ 727 w Te MoA jAkM ȗ W k j]A

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
: ȷ eAo VY A BvU  UnB We  nAjE k B\A  o k
o] MA k  eoA m ȗ k\vA BM mU U k : uwFTA eo : A
Anl 200  keAA 馂A Ʉ ^BMo B  o~ ^B ] kɗ n~A
幦LA  ^Bod B\A JAod B  (2 10733) TeBv Tɗ ( 103.60)
w B  LA  o]BM  A o~A ȮM BM A  LBM B\A ȮM
nk ZBU B AwA  KzhA  BwA  ^BB B  ZBvA Kzi  B\A
 ƫ AwA SB 幯AwA A   keA Kzi 텛  ~
AoA KBM Bo  oiBM BAkeA BT~T T텚A A E) (TL) T텛
 nk  ^B텛 AwA  ȗ B nBA k ^BTw A ^Bvi A (kkdA RBL
(2) (1) .BwA Kzi
oE k (ɷ 193 - 170) k{oA nB k ɗ SB  : kk\TA eo : BXA
hA u  kk\TA Am B  }\A  o]BM BM jBG  B\A 蚮M k{oA
婽kA oLA o k\v ^AoL  k{oA nB A oBA  jBMA uM  MBvA
Ȧ B k\vA ZnBi nAk\A  ϧl gnBU  nB\A  BLA vU  wA  KT
d~BM o B\A nB   808 / ɷ 193 w L ϧl U k  BwAoi JBM
(5).kM B A BA vA  qT A k\vA A TA
279 w jAkM A AoBw  BA j kM eoA m EkLU : jBqA eo : XBXA
ȗ ϧl L   (ɷ 290 - ɷ 279) wBLA BM kTA hA k ȗ ɷ
nAj) M oA  nB\A nAkA B\ SɃA ɷ 261 w  ɷ 266 w
- BA LeB k  BBLM ȟoTA c oF n~ ^BAj Bk SB  (BA
 kTA k ȗ ϧl B  tB ~ S] A SLv - ȟoTA c 
SB nAkA m A c]oA   AoBw ȗ B Bk (ɷ 279 w R) wBLA A
nAkA m B A  nBA  JoBM o~A  B\A M TA MoA BzA AqA ȗ
JBLA w̰ Y B\A A nAkA SA A kM Y B\A A hA B ik JBM
S텚TwA B  (LzA JBM) M Ȫw k B\A iAj  BA ~A ik
 B\A A SA  (o~A A BM kTA  nkM BBA TA) nkLA RBvA
o~A iAj  B\BM BM kTA jAp B o~A iAj BA nAj MB B훱 B
 M TA k\vA nk ȗ cT  nAk ȗ (TA) A k\vA BX  ^Ak\v
A  oz YY d~A A B BB oz Lw BM oTzA nAk\A ȗ o~A M
 B\U  n~A  JAodA  oLA kk\TM oA  KB]   BB 幛nA
d~A  qT A d~BM kk\A k\vA o nB  kk\A k\vA A B
B  nBj A oz BLA  SB  ȃBA J M w ϧl U  噼TA
LU  k\vA RBwU A  wTA m SB   893 / ɷ 280 w ϧl
gnBTA Am kM LA m S k (AohA LA 郱 A E) o~A w A TwU
(5) (4) .ɷ 653 w B] S훰 ɷ 329 w BwEn w Te

$
*5
: BA
nAk\ B B A c]o  (KmA JBM) o~ BM 馃 w ȗ 隽 B\A B k
BA BwAoi JBM d BA AqA ȗ ϧl  o~A BL BzA 馂A jAkTBM o~A
 B\A M oTzA nAk\  SB BBɗ n~A  oLA  JAodA A
nA kTU   BA nAk\A ~M B oLA ~A A B 幦LA ] d o~A
 |Bi m ϧB B A c]oA   B\ ]nBhA YXA Ank\A  
nB B\ Bɟ 峼ɗ Ȧ~ B\A A  hA ik Bɟ  B\A A o~A
JoBM ZnBhA  o~A nAk] B\A nAk] M M\A Aq MBA oA ȗ Al
 ƫ   nBA A nBYC kMA  ] JAod B\ B  BzA JBM 
A   oX RBƫ ȗ  B] k  SdA  ~A T BioA   텛
ozTvA  B] Be  BhA B] A jA oz MBvA oA ȗ 
B\A Am  AqT oiA RBd Ro] Ad  AoUA k ȗ BTMA
JAodA  庰k] oM SB RBdA m   MoA eBTA keA ȗ 탰
jAkM M MA nAp e BB k\vA B k .jAkLM țAoA dTA ȗ A d
(5).ϧl kM oYA  L   STiA B A   1327 / ɷ 727 w

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A BvBM }U TA  wBLA B ȷ jAkM ȗ \A BU U  ɷ 159 w
279) BM kTA i A BdA m  oA   BoA  n~A B] ȗ
TA jA KLvM ϧl  A] YXM BU SdLB ^BB] o~M FzF (ɷ 290 -
(1).k\vA ȗ oLA VAkeA  o SB
k\vA ȗ Fz qe ȷ  n~ ]) oBA wBLA kA ZoiA ɷ 161 w
oA  RBB\A k]Bv  (T{Be  ȧAA A hA  Ȧ~ JAodA e B\A
n~A B] oA Am {  (|) A wn oL nAk  Bo~U  oMBA o~TM
(5) .jAkM ȗ
- jAkM k JAMA keA - BzA JBLM nB\A w ȗ oe 雰 ɷ 303 w
(2) SoTeB B\A nB ȗ RAnAo{ S훰 BBM vA SoTeB
 BwAoi JBLM ]k LAoA nAj JBM k \A BA Ȧ~ LqA BU ME ȃBA B
oLTA  oLM B ~A  BA ϧl A n~A B]  kT ~A
ij   jw JBXM MAM n~A JAMA  B  j\vA  oA k
oBw ȗ ^Bwn ϧl B  jvA LBM qTA |AhA  B  A BA keA
(5) (1) .lƪA  KhA A vL nB Te M k  A\A oB
nB Ame ɷ 407 w aTA BA A  VkdA Swj M A kL ME j
(1) .k\vA
k]Bv  oYA  SkU B jAkM SoU Bk B\A o ɷ 653 w
.jAkM
.jAkL A nB~e BYA ȗ JAohA  B\A w  1258 / ɷ 656 w
A  KɄ jAkLA KhA A om  T Anz ^Aqo n~A B] B k
gnBTM Vkd A A qp B  Jo{ A SM [e Bk RB]Be VY ] q
ozM oL k RB AlA k A XBXA  n~A B\M WkdA Ȧ A BX A  jAkM
(5) .ȗBdA
j A BA oLA  B  ɷ 323 w aTA  M kd M AoMA u]
(5).B B o  w vi n~A B\M

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1997 w RoM 1 122 | 1 Z / jAkLA KhA / jAkM gnBU - 1
RoM 1  79  77 | 8 Z p\A MA /  A  αA gnBU ȗ TA - 2
. 1992 w
. 1986 w jAkM 386 | kA o oB .j / wA MoA kA hU - 3
w  jAkM 255 | A k\A / ȦA keA cB .j / vA k jAkM - 4
. 1985
w 1 232 | 1 Z / qT jC / o\A MAoA oA ɗ wA nBdA - 5
. 1967
. 1966 w jAkM 4 | / A q\A 22 k\A / ow \ - 6

$   369 
*2
: 雱A
AoA / wA
^AkM ZB\dA o~  MoA KB\A ȗ 幪kA wA k w ȗ B\A 雱 B
15 dM dA B  țozA J\A A A ȷ kA wA k  zA 
 65 Bv  A ȴ k\vA BBM BaE nBBM A Bw M kU  
.ozA B țo{ B{
$
*3
: uwFTA
kL p ȗ ɷ 81 w wA k (ɷ 95  75) ȖXA w M ZB\dA M
BM ɷ 78   ɷ 75 w ~e B\A BM  (ɷ 86  65) Ao M ϦA
nAk\A  U nBA nAj SB  AohA TLM oT{A mA o~ nA\M ZB\dA
 o~A  k\vA BM  ZB\dA A B B  峮 JoBM  k\vA  ȦLA
B\A BM c]o  婷nj  43 nAk B kBM d mA nvA  khA
. 1009 / ɷ 400 w Te
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
k A Td   904 / ɷ 292 w Vke mA BA kM B\A LU kE 
.n
B\A Am A Bk\v  wA k ȗ  1936 w So]A TA RBLTA RoA 
ȗ oU A  jBp E VAkeA kM  1009 / ɷ 400 w BM kE  k k
^Bod A B\A ȗ LA nAk] B k TL cd~U  kA  oA  hU
BM KLvM B AodA KLw A Td  cd~A ȦLA hA  ]nj 34 nAkM
.țozA ȧBzA BnAk\M ~T k\vA ]  k\vA L nBA nAj
 eBvA u  BM kE   1155 / ɷ 550 w oiE o B\A k 
.hTA uM
$
*5
: BA
馂A  ^BLoU zA Mo B ZB\dA p ȗ k\vA A oYA RBLTA Sj
  104.30  L 馂A Am MBA oiƪA nAk]   104.30  M\A
wT   103.50 B   L MoA  ozA T\A BɃ BA ^BA
mA k\v voA ikA B JBLA Am  ozA BzA 馂A k\vA ik
d  Tz B k\vA iAj BE ^BMBM oz keE o  A ikA B
ui B\A ~ Ȗ MnA LA]  RBM M dU o]BM L zA Tv
B keA M d~A oiƫ ȗ k]  ^BAn oz vU  B  FT  RBM
q MnA B\A Ank\ iAkA ]A SB  ~A nE MBU ^BAn oz vU
 A) ȦoA o\dA  TT B\A BwE BE kA ~ MB nBBM
酛  AwA FTU  (wA o{ TzM BL] A Bj o  oe L]
k  Bw ȗ KY 酚A m   ȗ  oiA  keAA S탰 okTv
 |BoBM KA Am SLY k  LM 酚A m Mo kke K KXA ȗ 郰
B  w 54  25 M Bw  w 110  90 M bAoT BwA o  B
RAl nBpE ϧm  B]A  oA n BA nBiqM ^Boiq BwA m  v
^Bo oeE o]DM ^B{o B\A B  nmA uAo LzU kB  Th B{A
nBG BA JAod  oL ɗ B B n~ B\A ɗ SB  Ank\ ^BpA ^Bn
^BB B\A ȚM k F d~A w ȗ  好jBA wAM TU SB k B\A
  o\ MAoA oA  ȯBXA ~A ȗ wkA fnƪA kB{ k  B]A k
B\A Am pBn Ak k wAM BLA A omBM ok\A  (CoBM oB WzT) FM
. BjB{A TA A\A BM ȗ o oz k
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
:  YkdA  AoA  BA nBL  jk wA B\M unkTA U
.( 977 / ɷ 367 R) ȅwAA A kL M nBA kL KA MA 
.( 1032  / ɷ 424 R) ȅwAA ǱdA Ao M d M Ȧ wBA MA 
/ ɷ 468 R) tAoA M oA ȅwAA Ȧ M wBA M ve Ȧ MA 
.( 1075
.( 1088 / ɷ 481 R) jpA kh M kd M A L A ME gzA 
.( 1129 / ɷ 524 R) Ao{ M o] M Ȧ M Ȧ wBA MA gzA 
.( 1196 / ɷ 593 R) ȯBLA MBM oA Ao M n~ M A kL oM MA 
/ ɷ 607 R) ȅwAA tBMkA MBM oA kw M keE M Ȧ vdA MA 
.( 1210

$
*7
: njB~A
68. | 1 Z / \ v .j / AoA ȗ wA MoA RAnBA  1
.z\M oA ȅwAA w M wE / wA gnBU  2
.wA MoA kA nU  Fz hnBTA AA  3
$   370 
*1
: oTA
(|) LA wnA Bk  cT kM oYA k\A k ȗ A ȗ zE k\v ȯBY 
 ȫwA kBM ^AozL  ^BAj kA m A nB~A L] M lB \A MBd~A
.oX nBLiE k\vA Am  ȗ ǰn  A ϦU  B

$
*2
: 雱A
A / qU k
ȗ k oLE WBY  qU k țo{ B{  20 d kL mA k\A h ȗ 隽
.400 B  kLU 孪A

$
*3
: uwFTA
^Ak\v ȮL E (ɷ 17 R) nB~A L] M lB \A MBd~A (|) A wn oE
lB B) : (|) woA  B  ɷ 8 w  cT kM BA  XM TA k\A k ȗ
Bd (^Ak\v TMA    lF BA m M SoM BXd k\A UFU Te A
oE mA 郱A  TB SoM K]n E  oiA jB] oiC ȗ k\A ^AlB 
M    k\A wBn  SB mA jwA ȮLM T]A   k\vA BLM
 ] E ȗ k\A B] BUA  A ϧl m tBA jBTB K]n  ] E
M) k\A h A Lv k\A k\vM Ȫw  jBLA  ~ w  ȗ K]n
 qU k J] (o\dA) A v A ȗ kM oBA  (oBA  M o{
.lB k\vM ^BE B\A o
A ȷ  k\v Bɗ uwE A ɗ k A ȷ k\A k A omBM ok\A 
BB] w B L   kA BwBd  oXA qA Kw KAohA oYB XzT
.BvA UnB  oYA

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
RBeA  SAU k ϧl kM nU  BM wU Y ^BvM B A k\vA 
: ȷ RBeA m A  kA B  ^AoX Ro TA RAkk\TA 
/ ɷ 402 w R) w M ve k  o\A MAoA oA oiAA ȗ jk] 
.BTA  kMp Tk ȗ jBp ȮM nFM BA ( 1011
M A opA oE d~A keE SM kvA k ȗ   1087 / ɷ 480 w 
AoA MBz zM w ȮM  MoA o]BM xA o\dBM B\A kk\TM RBoLA ME
 k\vA A BA K\ Bw BzBM kvA m RoE  oLA B B\ țozA
.BvA ϦU nBYC BG B oB ui A k\vA ȗ  kM 
/ ɷ 593 w R) JE T wA w BvA oE  1179 / ɷ 575 w 
( 1196
JT } nBA m A oz  w ȗ jBqA  BM  k\vA oU jBBM
BvA JBA  ol k\v ozA L\A ȗ o\dA  T텛  gvA hM
.k\v ^AoL  B nmA
TA T wA w M JE oBA ϦA BA ȗ   1206 / ɷ 603 w 
{   }\A  o]BM w M  oiƪA  eB\A L B\BM ow MBUA
.jnpA  KmBM
 ( 1228 / ɷ 626 R) A ȗ JA ȮM α oiC jvA ϦA q B 
B) BA  BM jBG  nmU A A A nBA kM oE k\vA nB kk\U
E oE  o M Ȧ kA o gzA A oX BM jvA WM (oA A VkeE
.햗  u\ ^B ^q MBM  \ A  ^Ak] ^BM k\vA ȮL
BvA oE k Bk\v  k\A kM (wn ȮM) Ȯ  1390 / ɷ 793 w 
.k\vA kk\U  kA ovTM tBLA M BwA o{A
ϦA e p ȗ Sw nBA m A A MA o~A ȗ k\vA nB SM 
BE kL  B]  Bo (ɷ 842  830) wn ȮM  BwA M d oBA
.oBdA SA ȗ Bj] k oiE o Sw
B\A më BzBM ( 1517 / ɷ 923 w R) JBA kL M oB BvA B 
. MoA \A ȗ A BA
kk\TM kA ke d M keE BA oE BTA oA i k\vA WzU KLvM 
nXA kM k\vA oU E Y MoA ]AA  q]  BzA  ozA ]AA
m RoYA  幼MoA ]AA  ȚLTA q\A  M\A ]AA Rjk] lG A
B nBA  MAodA Ak nBA oB   nBip  k\v A  RAkk\TA
.kA M ϧm  TwBM LzhA vA kLTwA
Bk d~A  eT SB TA AoA j SA  1962 / ɷ 1382 w 
JBM ]AA m ȗ cT  d~A  nA M  ~A SM q  k\vA n
. 1960 B SpE   oiq JBL VY ~A SM ȅ B  d~BM B~

$
*5
: BA
nw M d  43 o   65.5 ZnBhA   zA Tv ȧBdA k\vA
 JAME YY țozA  M\A nAk]   ȗ cT  幮v o{ 144 ]TU h
A ȧBzA nAk\A ȗ keA JBM ϧB  nB\dBM SE JAME MnE MoA nAk] ȗ
h d~ BM  RBhA M B qi o o A jƽ oLA nBv
BA hTA   1203 / ɷ 600 w ȗ fnƫ  ] nBiqM oiq  Km
Ƀo   35.5 d Ʉ zA Tv z d  T k\vA Am
Sɓ kɛ  k\vBM dA nA Tv  h TɃnE  ^BLoU 25.5
Mo j d~A Am ȗ   ^BMBw T TA o\dA bAE  ^kM SwBM
 15 d ~A SM  kL  ~A RBE kkdT q khTv  2 d BUnA
\A ȗ oM A oA B miFU wE o A jU o dT d~A Am ȗ 
BA 幮v o{ 83 BUB]A   jM  U nE MnE d~BM d  幼ozA
 (LA nAk\ pAA TnE E) KBwA MnE A zA Tv  ~A SM
 UBLA nBiqBM q \   nAk\A wT BkeA BMAod LA nAk] q
d  t  MBU  kB  kLM j LB]     RBMBTA  wkA
JAodA 隽  RBMBTA  nBiqBM  ] o nBG T]A  JAodA dM
o Te A JAodA țo{  9 kM  (lB JAod v mA) ȯBXA
] k  LzhA oLA 郰 o{ A  nBiqA  Bi  oT ~ Bo
A jU ]nj 13   B ȗ oLA B\A oL nAo  LA nAk\ ^BpA
dU oLA Am  Lzi kA  B o L  T w]  mA k횪A
UE RBMBT   wk  UBL  \A  ohA  ndA nBiqBM  
BvA    oLA  幽oYA BT BkA B BB]  BTn WkdA BkA
ZnBi FA A jƽ JBM ozA L\A nAk] ȗ  ɷ 575 w JA M T
ȗ Sw TA ozA mêA BBM   h ȯAwA BM L\A iAj  k\vA
zU  o L B Bw  oM L\A m ȗ k] B ȧwoA oBA p
oB BvA wA  o\dA  b BLB] A poL TA MoA L\A  ^Aq] mêA
ȗ MAoA  M\A nAk\A ȗ B YY JAMA MnE oiƪA ȗ  JBA kL M
ɯmêA  nAk\A Amɷ ɗ k\v  wA  voA JBLA 隽  ɛozA nAk\A
ȗ bT BA A jƽ mA BMBM  幼~] LM B KzhA  o]BM L BdA
zA ȯAwA Ȧw q]  TU ȷ  oiƪA iAj BUkB  BzA \A
BUF ]nj 137 mêA RB]nj jk  KMk { B]T  tkv  X 
zA Mo L  BzA \A ȗ k\vA Jo  BkM ȗ o mA  BA
k  BBM RBL M nB\{A m] oU  oL mB  iAk YY B  o]BM L
RBeA LM B mA u{ M JoA kL wBM LA m  BnBip  RoYkA
.k\vA ȗ

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
E o kU K]n  ] E ȗ UnBp E  oX nBLiE k\vA  ȗ ǰn 
BE uL  A kA  jk  kaU ^Bw RnB  A nBqA RoX̟  \e
.oL w  U  k~T  od  JBXA oiB
 Ȧ M kA oBe Bk oL nBj k\vA JBE  1162 / ɷ 558 w 
. j]A KTA  AjA  k\vA oeE  k\A k  kMp KeB

$
*7
: njB~A
 ^  1982 w jAkM 94 | A jkA 33 k\A / JAjA ɟ \ 1.
73. | / pB\ MA / o~LTvA gnBU
. 1989 w jAkM 99 | / ȯAkA keA M vdA / JoA oq]  2.
327. | 5 Z ǱdA RB / AkLA \ 3.

$   371 
*1
: oTA
 BXA AoUA e BYA A ȗ Rk{ TA ȯBLA K\E  oLA LA SB
SM oX RAoB  RAoiB o\A oz MAoA oA ȗ BwBd BB] ȗ KT
ϼB keE BA oM A Lv oLBM Sw  ^Ak\v  wnk T ^E LA m
.wnkA m ȗ  j  B o~ Ak ȗ ȗU mA ve B{BLA

$
*2
: 雱A
A / B
~ iAj ɫ o JBM BA jƽ TA oLA LA KB] A k\vA Am 隽
.keA A B B Ak ȗ k\vA

$
*3
: uwFTA
w v BE oM Ao{BM UA B B Sn wnAj oL  LA SE k
ȗ ve B{BLA j B  幦LA JAod ȗ e ȗ k  B 1596/ ɷ 1005
 L B]nBi oM k  ^Ak\v wnkA m oT E oM Bi M nB{E wnkA
^B B] RLA M  ^BBe LA nA] A M  k\vA KB] A o L
.B

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
pB\BM ȯBXA Bi k\A kL M kdA kL BvA oE  1880 / ɷ 1298 w 
 ^] ^BBin ^AoL BA  {o  k\vA n Y LA m  RBoTA wE
.LA d o
B LA nA] A j  B{BM Rq kd ȧAA U  1883 / ɷ 1301 w 
.B\A d  LA oTM B{BM k{n keA o~TA 
RBLvA ȗ B BoiC  ȦA MB  ]ohU  RBoU k\vA  Ro] 
.ozA oA 

$
*5
: BA
  24.5  Tv d A jƽ h ik MoA k\vA nAk] wT
 幼oip BLA MnE  oB Tv ]nBhA ikA ]A    20.5 o
YY  ]  ȗ qUoU o ~ L ZnBhA   d~A ]  ikA 
 7.5 d B  Mo kB jA m U  ] poLM B] EkLU j
 B k RAo VY B]TU TA o ~A LA d X A BA e
20 o oL An ~A SM kT  ȯk  鼪\A    k kB
 jwA o\dA  j  B j YXM d~A  bT  6.5   
nBiqM BBM v ] JBL VY AoA Am w   wF ZBU B 
BioA bAA BU Uo AoA nA  幼wA LA ȅ B]E odA j ~]
  1.48 ZnBhA  B  o 廦~A MBM A Bjƽ Bh Ao B텚 
țozA JBLA ȗ wT  }~ B ǱA Bw B    2 iAkA 
ikA m q  (pBA)   kdA kL BvA wA  KT ȫBin b
ȗ  B\A  oA ȗ B zA o~e nd nBip ZnBhA  iAkA 
  AoA  U oL ϼMBL{ MnE ~ M\A nAk\A ȗ  RBo{ BA
  woA C  vLA iAj ȗ o o{ ~A Ȧik  ϼMBLzA m
zA Mo h B  nBL ~A  BMBzT BLzi BMBM ~A Ȧik
 An ~ țozA nAk\A  M\A ~A ȗ   17.25 d B 
khTv ] Lzi wo AoA Am  ozA M\A AqA ȗ   5.85
kM \ JAodɫ ~A ɫ ȧBzA nAk\A wT  tnkA BA  jB{n
 BTh BT{ LA nAk] ȗ  Toip  BM ȗ njB  e oLT zA
An ȫBin oL JAodA  A  oA qoLA  h Ak{  B B
3.45 B oo kB    3.50 BUnA  keA oT o   3.10 
AoA  ozA M\A AqA Jo k\vA Ank]  Tv mêA U  
o VY k\vA ȗ  ȯk  B  o L mêA ZT  ]nBhA
.B Aj |Bh{ eoE XU

$
*7
: njB~A
w oBA 91 | / ȗAo\A oA kL M A kL / A gnBU  TA  1
. 1951
w B 17 | / o\dA keA M kd / B BoB B k]Bv  2
. 1361
. 1981 w jAkM 456 | / K]n pB .j / 30 jkA / JAjA  \  3
. 1974 w oBA / qqA kL kd po / ȯBXA o~A ȗ oiqA A  4

$   372 
*2
: 雱A
kA / ȴj
.kA B{ ȗ AA ȴj k ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
- kA ϼB w A - LE kA K A k\vA  A q\A BM ]o
ȯBM A Lv (nB K) M oU TA TmêM nz k\vA   1200 w ϧl
.w B  oXA k\vA BM oTwA k  k\vA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
: ȷ Th nAjFM k\vA nB Ro k
o nv eBv  nBL B  k\vA  A q\A zE  1200 w
孼LB\A ȗ An  B  T RBL\ iAkA  BU B Ank\A SB
ȗ  幪h kE   zA M  ~A SM  啦hA ȗ nE YY
.nB KBM oA mêA SzA SA u
VY  oXA TeBv SB hɃ jBp B\A ȗ kp  1220 - 1210 w
.RAo
150   *  225 jBME SdLB BY o B\A eBv Rkp  1313 - 1295 w
.
 kA ȗ nA k Ȧ햧A uwƪA - yU TE BvA FzA  1236 w
.k\vA ȗ Tn
ȗ B  ] JAME k\vBM dA kk\A nvA Ank] ȗ SdT  1305 w
E - (pAnj  ǿE) wBM RB~A m vU  L  U o ~ n
nAk\A ȗ BTYA : MnE RBMALA jk  (yUTE) K   - kA  RBMAM
.ovA ȗ keA A nAk\A o{ ȗ keA LA nAk\ MBA
.BdA B\A më cvA d~A  KB] ȗ SzA  1310 w
$
*5
: BA
nBmU K~M L{A ȷ  nB KBM vU TA oLA Tmë k\vA M pBT B E
Y  15  kq UkB o   72.5 d BUnA oeA o\dA  ZoM { 
kLU zA  ȷ  nBTE YY BA ~ Te ^B\nkU Bj ȗ mêA U
 B o{  U Alݧ RBo{ VY nB  幚T kE BF  BA
]  k\vBM ~T  k]BvA B ȗ më hA ȷ  B\A BM RB~o
L  nBL ȷ yU TA Bv Ƀn dA ȗ   o k\v BzA
 U TL  BioA  o\A o\dA   ȮL   L  U A o
.( MAM) wBM oU An MAM k\vA ȗ B A  B\A ȗ B o RBXX

$
*7
: njB~A
w SA 37 jkA 幗oA B vw 293 | uƫ ve .j / k]BvA - 1
1401.
| 3 jkA ow 幼B\A KUAoA nAj e Bve .j 幼wA J{  k - 2
264.
353 | / ȫB{ d .j / wA MoA kA w -3

$   373 
*2
: 雱A
kA / ȴj
.AodA A BE ȴj jB keA ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
. 1660 w ϧl  ( 1666 - 1593) A oBMA uBi B] B{ BLM oE

$
*5
: BA
 A k~ B kB  隽 B]E  kA k]Bv oLA  k\vA Am k
T]AM pBT  oL RBMAM VY B nw   ]nj 40 Bjk L o RB]nj
ϦU iAkA [ A kM  RBL VY  TU TA hA TMAM BwTU oA
 nB\T AA YY  T mA ~A SM  k\vA L BE k\ MALA
k\v  o AA   ikA AA X B wA zA ~M L B
BTh BTB B  WBXA  ȯBXA BAA  nBvA A   ] JAod
voA LA U wA AA   LMk j  o\e Bj  BU
BT{n B  d~A  U TA T]A ȗo  BTmë k\v  k\v
L{ E ~dA : w\A) w\M B  ThU   40 d B  BUnA ~
 BBM  oL e d~A wT zA ~M B Y (~dBM
BM o o oiA  Bv |Bi ~ BkeA d~A ȗ Ao ABM k]
U B (|) kd LA d  o{ B FM kT Aqi U nhLA dAoM L
oiA RBd k]U B () Ȧ BA kM ȗA hBM oA CoA  RBd
eB   ALA BM dU eBvA wA k\vA d () vdA BA hM
 ikA MAM BLzU B  M\A  ȧBzA LB\A BwTU BTMAM d~ 
B ȗ ZAoME MnE U  k\vA Ank]  d~A BnA   ^B\e oA B
 lD  k\vA JBL A kk o oB k\vA i ozTU  AkMA  B\A
nBA  ȗ B\A  AkMA ɗ C ooBM vA Ank] UkA  AA
k eBw wBM oU oL eBw k\vA BE  kA pAoBM oYFTA wA
co kdA m B   RAnBA  BA AeFM ü wB{ ke B BA
BA Am (o) kA qA nBTiA k  (jApC A MA B) vA kA qA
Am B k BA Am ȗ Kh B mA vA qA eB n  k~ Bk
w kA  ATwA mA BoLA ]A ȗ wBw  Ȯj jBn nj B\A
. 1857

$
*7
: njB~A
1401 w 37 jkA 297 | 幗oA B vw uƫ ve .j .k]BvA - 1
.ɷ
263. | 3 jkA ow vw e Bve .j 幼wA J{  k - 2
244. | M BTw Jo  wA kU - 3

$   374 
*2
: 雱A
AoTA / k
.k ȗ S\n e ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
K BoLA dA SMB\TwA Bk  1944 w G k\vA BM o ]oU
k lG ȫwG ȗBY qo M d B] k\v Bz k ȗ oLA wA B\A
kT]Bɗ wA nA M dU n~  Ao~ tjBvA Zn] AmC BBoM Ϧ
ȫwA ȗBXA qoA LB] G ABE k\v G kA o~A dU ȗ vA
KLvM 幼wA  AkLA  \ B\A BzA ȗ SoT{A k ȗ oA
婴 kA RBkhA kT B o k\vA qoA cLE WdM vA jk jBp
BM oz UB  wA kA Aow miF oL k\v BzA  kM A LU
.kU nB E  BLA U qoA k\vA

$
*5
: BA
Ao oB kL BBU ȫwA MoA MBA  h  T] ȗ E k\vA
B L U o  SM  FT  BL Rkn TA oLA BLA  oBM
LA mM oh~A L AnB\ G nBA k~ k RBo RAl Ln  U tBdBM
B] FM pBTU  TA ALA  ~M B\A d  ~A SM cT 幼wBdA
ȚoA nBA pAoA RAl S\n e ȯBL  TU n  B\A zA lG
 MLE ȴ mêA BE B~A BioA  RBMoM  cv k\vA d
k~ BiAkM 幯mêA G B nBmTA jA G JoE ȷ lƪ o{ BU
p  ȯBLA  eB  ɟ B\A  o Ț A ko  ɗ k~
BoU  BvvBM dA ȯB{BA RBMo SL] lA 幼wG o{ iAkA k\vA
o~  ~~hT BM B k JBziA oiqA BE BE AoG  k]B\vA
vT k\vA d  ~  ~A SM vT uU oAq\A JoA
.BvA ~ E o{ ~A SM iAkM 孼~A  C Mn

$
*7
: njB~A
w SA 37 jkA oA B vw 347  / uƫ ve .j k]BvA  1
.ɷ 1401
.RoM 47 | kBe keE / j 36 wA ij Am  2

$   375 
*2
: 雱A
Bvo / unBM
.unBM ȗ ȮUA dA  q]  w] e ȗ k\vA 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
voA  o o Bk  1914 w A BA JodA kM k\vA Am zE
w Ȗ Bvo  Ak JodA i AT mA oAq\A  ܧ AnBmU TBG
voA RBvA SA dA ϧl ȗ  k  k bAoTA  BM  1920
ȗ B Mo oT C oz BTeBv nE  unBM ȗ wG vwƫ BzG 
BzA ȗ o{ 幪eoA zTv v n\ k zTv L nA m 郱
] ke wA RBwAnk k ȷ M dA ȯBLA \ k\vA Am
.Bi ü BokU Tv ü oLT UBd k\vA 廖zTvA Am nA 

$
*5
: BA
郰 mA nBA Ȯ k vkA MoA A  kM  텛  nBL k\vA
 Aq]F B oi  LA AA BTwA B\A oA nBA  ~U
SM FT 幼vkA AodA k ȯBLM om k\vA ɗ B  k\vA nB
(M ]) BME  jA m cTU 幼vkE j  RBL\A SdU d~A ~A
A kBz 񪽰 奼\A ȯB{BA BAnk] ȅ B oA Bw ɗ ɗz
Am jAƗ keE ϦA  k  o~ ȗ  k oLA BA B  ȗ oiA
.k\vA

$
*7
: njB~A
w SA 37 jkA oA B vw 349 | / uƫ ve .j / k]BvA
.ɷ 1401

$   376 
*2
: 雱A
ukA / 
. 70 d knk BLwA BA  kLU TA  k ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ nApA  U mA kke  M keE SA ϧl ȗ  ȃB k\vA Am BA
ȗ ϧl Ȧ M w BLA k  BM U幦 Ϧ A l M BwA BE
JBM A Lv 娰jo JBM wBM A k\vA Am o 999 / ɷ 390 w od
jTvo) nA cv v wBM Sw v A e k^BB ApB nB\
. ȗ eBw oYA A  (V

$
*5
: BA
vU JBLM BTe TeBvo  oA  ukA ȗ BLA k]BvA ]A  
pB\T  qLA uBA B  zA Mo k\vAɄBTA A  B
 T o]A TAo\A o\dA  Ank] Rk{ k nBTE BY  KB\A 
孼BwA vU BTA ϧl  Vkd WdM o nA YY B텚U  nE YY
ke { ^Bw ozBYA B oT 幪k  BB\U kE MnE BM ~U
oXA wA LA tAA B BTU L vTA BwA  AwE   toA
T 幼MoA M\A ]AA ȷ voA k\vA ]A oiA JBLA  ^BBUnA
 酛  FT ȗ y BE ȗ j YXM jo JBM A jƪA oA 
Am \v pnBLA  wA   M 隽 qoG iAj BLA cw  pnBM o]A
ke {  nB\T tAA m  A tA M BA BLA gnBU yA
^BMAMA oLTU TA YXA tAA  jk\ wA BA }~ ovA tA toA
nBiqM BomU ]nBhA B\A nBip BT tAA  B BM ~A SL
Am dU k |~A YY L kTU MoA MAod Lo ȗ B\A k\vA
ɗ A SɃA  BTz Ϧ tjBvA vA jAjoTwA kM v A k\vA
.jA oz WBXA oA ȗ ϧl ]kA JwA  e țozA KB\A

$
*7
: njB~A
.j / LoM hA wTe MoA cTA  /ukA ȗ nBYC vA gnFU - 1
kvA
1997 w nkwA 402 | Bw qqA kL
168. | Bw qqAkL kvA .j / ukA ȗ wA nBe gnFU - 2
w SA /37 jkA / ɗoA B vw / uɫ ve.j / k]BvA - 3
.ɷ1401
.ɷ1406 w 1  120 | ]oA w kd / gnFTA jBn ukA -4

$   377 
*2
: 雱A
BTvBM / kvA A
A BTvBLA kvA  B keA BUBU k J] AoMj w w ȗ 隽
zUAo  ozA
$
*3
: uwFTA
B 峼 AA vA wBM Ȫw  1588 /ɷ 997 w vo\A Bi ovi BM
WL B mA  BUBU  U oT ȗ k\vA Am G wA ȯBnA B] B{ c
k\v k dA ϧl  ɷ 1054 w B] B{ k\v M Ȫw oiC k\v M A
A ȗ A oYA k]BvA  k A G 娱A G BoT cLE TA AoMj
.\A nBA A RAl
$
*5
: BA
BM  L  A ȯB{BBM qA BioBM oƪA oeA MBA k\vA Am ȮM
k 2 400 d k\vA eBv LU ozA \A ȗ ik MAod w kA
BwE  qUoU LTA BvA m nAk\M k\vA  LTA BvA SeA
MoA BdA ȗ 啚vA cw G kTU ~o RBdT RAl nk JBLM ȴTU h
U Ao keA  o\e 텛  nBL  nk o t {  JAod
ȗ TBG gnBU Co RBC  Sz k ϼApA {BBM q w d
B{FM jkT ABM  ] x nBip keA oT d BLA JAodA 
.Th wk

$
*7
: njB~A
.Ao / wnB 82 | / 31 jkA / k\v \ - 1
294. | / ȫB{  d .j / wA  MoA kA w - 2
$   378 
*2
: 雱A
BL / B L]
.B L] B keA Ao{ kM ȗ 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
.\A   Ȧ~ B mA ɷ 1182 w w vdA ME kvA FzA
$
*4
: nBA wTA
SwBM  B TL  M jd kvA M  kvA BM jk] ɷ 1350 w
.BzA \A  ^BAG  BE  k\vA Ank] M
$
*5
: BA
Uo MnA LA]  M d oe  B L] ȗ kA oLA k]BvA  
 ZoLA LzU ozA LA TAp ȗ më  oBM BL k\vA B nA 
.țozA BdA KB\M ]nBi Znj  dw pB\TU

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1983 w RoM 176 | 孼A vd kvA / B L] i
$   379 
*2
: 雱A
nw / lA
qoA vA  ɗ AA A nAkA  ozA G lA k qo ɗ 隽
G BikA Bi) dTA  kTA nBz pA M\A Be (BBe SnBE eBw)
.(AoMA XA

$
*3
: uwFTA
M A B{BM Bw) uMAo ȧA L   1727 / ɷ1139 w k\vA Am ȮM
1744 / 1157 w U ɷ1138 w uMAo ȗ dA U mA (AoMA
K] B{BM Bw ȧAA A  ~ o m Akk] B\A Am ȚM wBM Ȫw
tBwA nB\e BM BA eA k\vA nA ȗ Bwo TqA Kzi  AjBUE
M e Bke mêA  A A q nBLTi w oU Y nBM BAw Te
.A RBoA 

$
*5
: BA
: M\A JBLA : ȷ JAME YY k\v wA eBv UBd  k\vA z
幽o\e KB~ LB]   4  qj  FT nBzBM ~TA voA JBLA
Bin e U mA k\vA JBLM qkA ȴT x ]nBhA \A  U
U ȫBin BL{  ȫBin Lw iAkA   k\vA BM gnBU B y
.k\v MoA M\A AqA ȗ nBiqA  Bi oiC Lw Y nBip
AodBM M k BUo BTo\e BTL~ TU o{BL d~BM ~T : MoA JBLA
BzA L~A oTTvU WdM BvA w oAj Tv ȗ  k\vA Be 
.   oA S jkdU q  BBU nBA B~TA k M\A L~A M
.oiqA  Bi A G BLA { ȗ MoA JBLA YB  : ȧBzA JBLA
oXE Be o L BA nBzA  mA U M\A \A ȗ ~A SM 隽
幼BioA \A  nAk\A  JBLA m kTvU JBL vU  w FT oT 
BdA ȗ MA BioA  oLA iAkTA A BioA  k\vA JAod ȮM
d 幽o\e Bj  kTvU oiq Kzi  n~ JAodA BL ȧBzA
kE BY  B L BU oAj B oM BwTU z eBw k\vA
. 40 d UoU {n më MoA BzA AqA ȗ K~TA

$
*7
: njB~A
. 1992 w zj / 69 | / nB owB / lA gnBU  RBd

$   380 
*2
: 雱A
~A / M
  oL jk k] We M BA  ozA M\A \A ȗ k\vA Am 隽
.(oLA nB{) M o mA nBzA ȗ 幚A m ȗ vA
$
*3
: uwFTA
 owE p ȗ 1441 w BM kE 996 w A k\vA Am kzU ]o
M ȗ oA kA oYA k]BvA  A  (1644 - 1368) 񦪧A
wBM k\vA Ȫw 孼~A ɗ vA RBA keA ()  j mA
. 隽 mA nBzA
$
*5
: BA
奼A ȫwA ȗoiqA nBA BM BL qTU ^BLv oL wA k\vA
BwA LmA CoA RBA BwA  Ank]  ozTU oL k\vA An
ȗA hBM oiA BM gvA hM BM ] j zM SLT 廮vdA A
(AB) BTL AoA U 幼MoA k]BvA UB~i M ȗ Lz k\vA  Am
pBT 呮 ow nBA pAoA k\vA   lG Ȯ~A nBA pAoA 
oeA LmA BM  kk ϼMBL{ j]M B üA UnBBM BA AoA
L MoA nBA pAoA  B] nBM p mA oLA ϼMBLzA MB zE
.\A nBiqA  Sz A tkv w AoA i U TA
p k ɃE Sw  B ǱA vA T AoA BE T k\vA më BE
jB M B j oMB k\vA  MAm] ] nBiqM B ǱA q\A Bw
o Tv Uo ZoM k\vA ȗ kBz ( 1368 - 1271) 񦪧A A owE
 A \A ɗ ] w RAl RAo AE k k\vA  A
B ^] ^Ao k\vA A U BA BTdU  o o o kBzU oLA
L   1906 w SÎzE wA A MoA A T wnk k\vBM SdA
.AnB A BA
$
*7
: njB~A
.1988 w M 1  15 | / zU / ~A ȗ vA RBA- 1
w AoU 122| wnB /oi o ]oT/ϼM ]/] nj ȫwA nB -2
x .ɷ 1373
$   381 
*2
: 雱A
~A / B{
.B{ k ȗ  nB{ ȗ k\vA Am 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
(^BBe ) (] { A]) nB{ ȗ BzA E B  1870 w k\vA ȮM
A Lv Ȫw
$
*4
: nBA wTA
E  BUnBA  BUB SB  1905  1897 AA ȗ Uo k\vA oa
wBwA k\vA RAnB
$
*5
: BA
ȗo  SM ~A  oL jAk vT JAME YY  eBvA wA k\vA
kAqTA KTvU nA YY  MA YY  T k\vA o k k\vA JBM
~A wAo Ao] ȖhA AoA  jBTv jBA \A BA ~A jAkA ȗ
BvLA k\vA BM  KU dw  nkA k\vA L U UA 
.Ȯ~A nBA pAoA  k{ mA
$
*7
: njB~A
48. | / oi o / ]oT / ϼM ] / ] nj ȫwA nB

$   382 
*2
: 雱A
~A / B{
.~A Jo B{ k ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ hnBTA nBYA   ( 907 - 618) BU owE p A kzU gnBU ]o
(wAj B])  oiC wBM o 幼TA k\v E ]A k\vM Ȫw B{ k
.A A SM B
$
*4
: nBA wTA
JBM M oTA m Ȗ ( 1644 -  1368) 񦪧A  owA k ȗ oU kE
.k\vA nB SM B hA o\dA bAA  voA k\vA
- 1644) 񦪧A zU owE p ȗ wBwE zM k\vA nBG oU kE
.BTBhM qTU TA BwA k\vA An n k (1911
$
*5
: BA
owE p ȗ ^AkBw B mA Ȯ~A nBA pAo ȗ ^Ako ^B]l k\vA Am oLT
nA  SA UDz ^BBUnA BoXA ^eBv ~A k]Bv oLA   幼񦪧A 
eBw k\vA BE U voA JBLA BoLE JAMA YY k\v zA Tv
oA ]  k\vA ME A  ^BBe eAoTwA nAj k\vA KT U oL
ɗ BAoA xA nBiqA We  ɗ dU oLT mA oLA An nBA
JAMA k pBT]A A ZBTd k\vA An A 汧A ϼMBLzA  ozTU 峯Ank]
wAM BM B ~TU kk nE k\vA  B 幼vn o oL o
幦\A xA nBiqA k\vA  U 孼~A  oL jAk vTU w
 MAm]T AFM vA  \A  婽oA CoA  RBC Sz k
x ooA kA AoA Ank] vU B UAl kdM nB dU k LA ȗ B
p A BM ]o o  k\vA eBw oiƫ ȗ 幽LA WjBeA CoA RBA 
o\e AeA AoA  M d An  nBM ȮL  񦪧A  zU owA
oX Toip ȗ AoA e KzhA   LA TL k\vA M qT B .o
k k\vA q    k mA oA BwA  ozTU TA RBhA
.AmC tBA
$
*7
: njB~A
205. | 43 jkA / oA B vw / k Ȫ / ~A ȗ wA - 1
w AoU 158 | oi o / ]oT / ϼM ] / ] nj ȫwA nB - 2
.x .ɷ 1373
1988 w M 1  / zU / ~A ȗ vA RBA - 3
$   383 
*2
: 雱A
pAoLA / BM Bw
vA kzTd We 好pAoLA o{ J] BM Bw k ȗ k\vA Am 隽
.BM z
$
*3
: uwFTA
w k\vA Am BM ȗ pAoLA ȗ vA { Bo wA \A SB
好pAoLA Ȫv 鼪]  RBoLTA \U A \A m SBTwA We ɷ 1933
k\vA BG  TU  B B k\vA Am B oL nE 텛 AoT{A k
 tBwA o\e T  1941 B RjB B 幼BXA BA JodA KLvM AmC
ȗ MoA RBB\A pAoLA dA ȦX ndM ϧl U 幼M\A BoE ȗ k\v
vA keE wEn  k\vA BM ȗ B Bv vA Bw k 屧BMBw
i  BLA ȗ ɼdvA  oL jk nB{ k k\A kA MA kvA k
A L k\vA Am nA   1949 B dA kM vA TeA k 婴UBoLU
.BM T
$
*5
: BA
RAoɃBdA BA oA CoA dT RBB  ǱTd eBvA wA k\vA
ozA wA \A G opA B  jk BwnA ȗ o~ SBw lG 幼kA
.k\vA 
$
*7
: njB~A
.ɷ 1401 w RoM 1 / 54 | kBe keE / j 36 wA ij Am
$   384 
*2
: 雱A
BBA / oM
.BBA o{ B{ AA oM k ȗ k\vA Am 隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
wA oz n  BBA G SUE vA  B]   keA XLA TM
BA JodA SB Te B wA ozU BB 30  kqU k SɈ B
m RqTA 孼oM  JoBM ov ȗ ABA kkA B\A m  TB 廧A
vA k~ B k\v A ɃnA  SBA ovA Am ȗ Bj] B\A
ϧl kM B 幼kA RBLwBA BeA \A  Aj oM BdA T{ 
Am  v 200 ɧ vT B  1927 B oM ȗ Ak\v ȮLU A SBTwA
] SzA ȫwA kA BA  oXA TA wA kA REkM k\vA
oA CoA dU ȫwA kA T k\vBM SdA wG
$
*6
:gnBTA oAl 
RAkv MAn BzA  S 屧pw LLE BwA B BA E wA Sij -
 k\vA nAjA SA k\vBM BvA ~ B }~hU SeoTA RBvA
 SM BBvUA UjAp BhA BT  k\vA bBM EoA m SBw k ϧl
.RAkv ^BBi BB Tmë
 ij k A kL kd kvA wA BBoM  Bv AmC k\vA BG B -
.ȫwA kA ȗ BA  oXA k
ȫwA kA TM ȮU wG wnk M d ȫwG  qo oM ȗ k] -
B L wG oɃBd ɫ Bɫ qɟoA Am h  oA CoA dU
Ak\v  qoA Am 幽jvA o~  RB~h{  oBd lG o vA
.~A  A k vT ^AoL
$
*7
: njB~A
.ɷ 1401 w RoM 1 176 | / kBe keE / j 36 wA ij Am
$   385 
*2
: 雱A
BoE / {A
.{A oA BA ȗ  uUzU BwB nB{ ȗ 隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
ϧl {A ȗ RBX B SB TA wA kA   vwFU  ȗ SnB{
LU Bk ϧl nAe w keE ȯBLA BA BM  o{A  1945 w
mA AmC ȟoTA ovA B oYE   k\v BzG no G {A ȗ vA
텛  k\vA Am F AqA LU  SA  BG oE ȗ vA odU
B RAw k M A oTwA ^BwG  ^Aqo ^BB] ^Ak\v  wA nE
.nBqE oA uoA ndM  1957 w eBTTA

$
*5
: BA
nB BA zA ɫ \vA }BhA ɫwA pAoA k\vA ~ɫ ijE k
nBA pAo BBd oA kA RAl wAA iAkA BzA G U TA oA
l o~A pAoA  ikA  BF kLU 郰 ȗ mêA SM k oA
] BioA  w  iAkA G o BwA k\vA ik ] 鼗oA kLA
SM    k\vA BioA  kE MnE  U j vi v ikA
pBTU 幼B AM B dU BioA  h kE  w  鼗n cv 
BoA k\v JAodM L{ BioA  JAodA ~~ BFM k\vA iAj jA
SnB{ k B{BM Ȧ kd B] oL pAo  oBA ȗ oLA  k oBBM
npA A l kM pAo   BoU  ȯB{BB BM ȗ wA kA 
Bk 40  *  20 BvB Y jB\w BM  k]B\vA AoG Sk MA
B FT TA 酚A jk L o~ ȗ S tBdA   qU TA oLA BoXA
LzhA 񼴧A  SLn Y o~ ȗ S B tMA  텛 E 12 oLA
ȫwA ȗBXA qoA L BnBv B G Bin nB LA jn wTU
k k\vA nB\e BE }~hT  LA B\UA kkdTM B ~A SM BBE
ke k\vA BM BU SM k 幼B~A BLA nB\dA RAl BBLE BL]  S텛
k\vA BM  kq ~ E 13 ɧ vT ~A SM nj  Mn ^B
oLT M dA ȗBXA ȫwA qoA KB]   M dU ] oi w B
.h wG LT  wA qAoA E 

$
*7
: njB~A
.ɷ 1401 w 37 jkA / oA B vw 355 | uƫ ve .j / k]BvA

$   386 
*2
: 雱A
BTvMpE n] / nBhM
RBn] keG BTvMpE n] k A  nBhM k ȗ k\vA Am 隽
.k~A o  JoBM kA ~e iAj ^Bk k\vA B  ^BMBw UBvA jBdUA
$
*3
: uwFTA
nBhM cT mA (ɷ 96 w aTA) ȦBLA v M LT A k\vA Am BM j
ϧl  kA ~e iAj BLM LT oF BA SM B\A 郱 B  ɷ 87 w
/ ɷ 515 w Bi wnA oFM SM TA  AoA UnB oLTU   712 / ɷ 94 w
nXA kM ae mA  k\vA Am  BLA wA hnBTA nBYA E   1121
.Bw MA wBM LTA Sw  YBU BA S탰 LT  dT A woA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
kBi M d M A tBLA MA AmC BwAoi ȧA B  770 / ɷ 154 w 
ȗ jBBM oE  A B  k\vA nBA  wTM (ɷ 193  147) oLA
.k]BvA
nAkM  jAp  k\vA w ɷ 295 w aTA ȯBBvA BwA oA p ȗ 
. nB\A nkA oT{A A kM WXA
Ϧ  ~A  k\vA nBA ȯBBvA BwA M keA M o~ oA p ȗ 
.oiE o UnB RkF oX i 
 B\A nB BLM ȯB\A M A kL MA opA B  918 / ɷ 306 w 
.RAw ui k ȗ B }Bi  KzhA
aTA ϦA u{ TwA Bk UnB  k\vA oTeA  1067 / ɷ 460 w 
^~T B mA ~dA  nBA mM oA mA  nBhM JBM  ɷ 493 w
 ~dA M ki oe  BY B\A k\vA BLM oE oA  KTTwA B k\vBM
.k\vA oL  JAod  n~ SdM oE B k\vA M
p ȗ   Bi ZB M AoMA k oiC Te ~dBM ^~T k\vA B 
w  kA ȗ oX ^BUM oT{A  ~dA  B\A k\vA jBMBM oE Bi wnA
1121 / ɷ 515 w ϧl  B\A  BhA B ȗ SB TA UnB M  k\vA
.
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
峧Be  BBM oU k  ]A z n B JAMA nBhM B] ȗ B A ǰn
 BA BM  B o~ 700 kA ZnBi B A A j Bz KLw G B 
k v M LT B  B\A k\vA A ndA  ^BhU  ^AjoU tBA oXA AB
孼nj \A ~ UF   BG  ]    AT\ FM nBhM E oE
ϧl ȗ ALo  BA   nkA m  ~dA ȗ Lo AoA B 
B ~A A j  n~A ϦU JAMA A vA Kl \A  ɗ 
 嬱vA K  M JodA RnAk n~A cwE  nB\dBM Mo BMBdA
n JAMA ϦU  y k }h{  B  BM AB]  n~ JAMA ATA
] Az   JAMA ϦU AkhTwA k\vA wU vA jAnE B 峪
mA 郱A ȗ A A ^BBM Ap JAMA ϦU keE E om  BBM AoU  n~A
.k\vA JBM A cvA  q
$
*7
: njB~A
74. | / h{oA o] M kd oM MA FU  / nBhM gnBU 1.
409. | ȫBzA d .j / wA  MoA kA w 2.
$   387 
*2
: 雱A
BoM / ABM ow nkM
kA z voA LA  JoBM A BM ow nkM BA ȗ k\vA Am 隽
.BoM ȗ A ȫwA u\A
$
*3
: uwFTA
BXA WnA kA w Ȧ o BvA wBM Ȫw  1958 w k\vA Am k{
mA jA oz uBhA oA m BoM Ae mA BdA v ozA
.(1967  1950) M B oTA ȗ dA U
$
*5
: BA
幖ThA A poA UnB ȗ e 婧BA ȗ k]BvA nE  k\vA Am oLT
KmA  oX i  njBA AoX o  幼A wBLA A vkA
nB\{A BA  B SAoA  ~A iAkA kA UoU lA BTvoA ooA
~A oA B oL 幪oA nB\eA ooBM v Ank\ BAnE RoU
k~ wAM BG k~  Tv Tmë KmBM Td~ T~M TL  d
vA Zl oA w ȗ K~T k\v BzA MALA  ZohU Bk BMo
nBiqA BqU o\dA  L ȷ BoM ȗ YAoU qo oLTU TA 幽kTA 񦪧A
wAM k\vBM ~TU ȷ h AG BwT ooA oA nB\eA xA
oA B  oA BM (BLi E Be  zM BeE B  : jAovA) Ȯ jAow
.nj  d vA m BM  k
$
*7
: njB~A
w SA / 200 | / ]oA ȮM  / ovA ȫwA BA w  1
. 1987
w RoM 1 /342 | / ȫB{ d .j / wA MoA kA w  2
. 1993
$   388 
*2
: 雱A
BTvMpA / kow
.kow k ȗ BTvn Ak o{ k\vA Am 隽
$
*3
:uwFTA
BM om RAw ui k  A oTwA  1399 w k\vA Am k{
wBM k\vA Ȫw kA  Te JBA ȗ k\vA uwE 郰 mA  ϮnU
.oLA ϮnU ]q Lv Bi LɼM
$
*5
: BA
Ak\v  M\A ȧBzA k\vA LB] ɗ AoA lD k\vA ɗ B E
kA q mA ik k\vA  LU B  oiA ]AU L B  Ao
Tv {  k\vA B 幦\A RBMBTA xA nBiqA  M pBT B
 64 o  78  L wA d  109 o  167  L wA
G B] n jAnE nU  Ak] B tAE  AE MnE  nkM T 
A 񪽿 hA JBLA o]A  BLA B 幼wA kBTA o  A
.BM zU TA RBqA ϼAovA B BBM k\vA nBA Am tAA BdU
$
*7
: njB~A
348. | / e Bve .j / wG J{ k  1
.Bi oLA Ai BM BB / qo BwE nj o  2
206. | 2 Z ~ oB{ / ȯBXA o~A Te wA ȗ kA  3
$   389 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
kM   ozA ǱLA k\vA  JoA A iBA Jo J] k\vA Am 隽
Ȧ k\v   L] A  iBA Ak v ^] ^BAk wT  峮  400
.JBhA M o k\v  ()
$
*3
: uwFTA
BA ȗ kA  (|) woA B  TA ɃAA  k\vA Am B B
UBe oiC A (|) woA mhUA jBA ~ 郱 oiC B   o\A  ȯBXA
A tBA KA k o  (|) L jBA ~M iBA So  幖ozA
 Y LhA EkL ȚvTv ~A A Zoi (|) woA A o  幫BA k\vM
  L  L ɗ BBdɃE  Bo Bk BBk  BoTv  B\ Am : B 
wA  F Bk MB]G oA  q  BA T BvTwA Bj kM  幪i
BM BA AmM U k (|) woA  SL\e uzA    幫BA k\v
A B  Aod~BM BA ȗ nA kA ȗ jBA Ȧ~ (|) woA B We
ϦA kL M kA L  k T ȗ qqA kL M o p ȗ k\vA Am BM
.ɷ 93  91 w ǱA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
. M ve oBA BvA BE ǱLA odA g{ kA q oa ɷ 748 w 
.BE o{A j ȗ MAoM oA dE ɷ 861 w 
 ȯBXA k\A kL BvA k ȗ k\vA jk] o\A oz MAoA oA ȗ 
.RAo k oTM jvA BA nAp SB k  UnB ȷ A j]A nBA
$
*5
: BA
oT Ank] Ϫw   12 BUnA  2 773 TeBv LU nB\dBM T k\vA BM
.\A  Ak uhA RA~A  BU  JBL Sw U  ~ 
$
*7
: njB~A
346. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA  ȃBA M kA   B  1
. 1968 w k] 2 144 | / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~  2
100. | nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk nA kA gnBU B  3
4 72 | ȅzA A kd ȧBɓ / A woA nAj B ɗ XA nkA  4
. 1992 w k]
w 1 26 | w M kw keA / o\A oz MAoA oA ȗ nA kA  5
. 1994
49. | / wA A kL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA  k]BvA  6
$   390 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
o~A A BqA  k\vA M 幽nj\BM AA (k M 텫 M oL]) oM k 隽
A kB~A   BA nBzBM 隽 A  BkA JoM BA oA A mBA
o k\v nA kA ȗ  夰A 雱A  cd~A  BoA Ap BE A
.^BA AoA k\vM
$
*3
: uwFTA
郱 ȗ ɷ 8 w  cT  TAn qn (|) LA A B  (|) LA p ȗ ȮM
M Ȧ M kd M tBL M A kL  BM mA A   峼  k\vA Am
.nj\A k\vM ^BA AoA k\v v  tBL M A kL
$
*4
:nBA wTA
BL{ ȗ nBBM oE wBLA ~TvA A BkeA ȗ KT Be k\vA ȗ k] -
.ɷ 640 w
.ȫBvdA L oA o ɷ 810 w -
TA k\vA nB M  B{ MFM ozA w keA tBLA MA jk] ɷ 898 w -
.B{ MA nB B B A BwEn kU 孽nj  BTU
.ȯBXA Bi kd BvA jk] ɷ 1000 w -
T]  k\vA w B UnB kk\TM jw C qqA kL ϦA oE ɷ 1361 w
.ozA
oXM MBvA RAnBA U ȷ A  BA nBBM k\vA o ɷ 1374 w
.BeA  BLA  We 
$
*5
: BA
nBL ~A 郱 k]BvA RAnB  TiA BU oiA k\vA nB ThU
RBe k  nBL ȴ ^B k]BvA lD LzU  Tmë BA okTv o 
vA dA  oT ~ d oiA  e  M ~ M  BM dv
BA dA U Te BTdU B e  o~U Y B oE B B Y RBdA oLA
AlG ZB\dA  tBA 鼪] BAo BA nBzA  U mêA m  RBdA oE
Alݧ B keA k~  mêA m  ȷA nj  nBA m A  BA Ao
 k\vA BE TA oLA BA k\vA iAj  ~A S ij k lƽ BA 
. A ȴ (텫 M oL]) oM BG B TA
$
*7
: njB~A
317 | 5 Z A joA oB kd / oA A SM   kA gnBTA - 1
ɷ 1412 w 1 
.ɷ 1403 w / 200 | / 2 Z / țnpA /  nBLiE - 2
$   391 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / oA 
BvA (vzA) M A o kA k] o LkdA 郱 ȗ k\vA Am 隽
. 25 MAo AodA k\vA LkdA M
$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ kA  Zoi Be MBdE  (|) A wn q k\vA Am B TA LA ȗ
Bj ɃA Am ȗ (ozA LkdA q) nBT o\ wjBvA vA oiAE
Sw TA o\zA SdU B RA  BL BTA  L tBA (|) woA
woA M yo M c~A 雰 Y AoA LM LA m Sw AoA o\{
 oTA mALkdA k\v BA ϧl ȗ ȮM  幼LkdA c~M Ȫw (|)
TA o\zA k B oM wBM Sw BA  TA LkdA G Lv Ȫw (|) LA
ϧl ȗ SB BMke o\zM LkdA Sw  BTdU (|) wn tBA BM
 B (vzA oM) B  ^AoM B oe ]o wA  vzA BE 郱A
.(vzA) A ϦU
$
*4
: nBA wTA
oTA ~e k k\vA Am oTM ȯBXA Bi jd BvA oE ɷ 1255 w
BvA p ȗ ɷ 1263 w B mA oTA BoiC kk RAo k\vA Am ȗ
.Bi jd BvA M k\A kL
.ioU oTM RAw M m BA ok SB
$
*5
: BA
(LkdA) vzA o u odA jke  AA k]BvA  k\vA Am oLT
RLA  ] fAE  nBL ȷ TA pB BvBM A oBA Bk\v
k\vM o Wke k\v A m ȗ odA ȗ  dA ȗ BA LBM LA
nBYC kT k ~ nBYC  nBL JAoi A  婽kA k\vA K] G AoA
B  ݪ B oL [o~ w  ~A  Am A oA S B B Lw
 Bɗ w 300 d B o k [o~A ~A Am A 髰 失vA nBA
冚 nA nB\dBM A BL  BM 婽kA BBM  o\e ZAoiA A K~A
BvA nBYC Bɗ oU nB\dBM B ^BM L 幚 oL oM [o~A nA\M
C B UBvLA nAqBM AoB B Be A ϧl  [TTv oXA BTwA
k\vA Am odA Co JBT KeB ~ kA k oX oMB ϧB BvBM
: M
YY M ^B~~\ BT ^BM npA o\dBM ȮL  15   zA Mo FM
.BA KLe oYD  oYF AoA M k\v Am B JT TL nE
$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
M B o\zA m S텛 ȯBXA hA k ȗ  LkdA ȗ AoA o\{ SB
.Bk ~ BUF tBA A
AoYE B A kM JAoi A  k\vA Am jvA dA Sk ɷ 1379 w
.kA wA nBYC 
$
*7
: njB~A
150 | / ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B  1
. 1997 w RoM 1
 1 | / A joA oB kd / oA A SM  A gnBTA  2
ɷ 1412 w
$   392 
*2
: 雱A
kBA nq] / B
B]oA nq\A  \ ȷ kBA nq] B B oq] ȗ k\vA Am 隽
.kA  MoA J\A G kA dA ȗ AA
$
*3
: uwFTA
unj BvA B ȧA ȫwA pAoA  o BY L k\vA Am k{
.ɷ 738 w BLM AoE k ovM iE 峦A kL M kd
$
*5
: BA
L lG  B o~E B AoBvM A më LzU TA TmêM k\vA Am qT
mA vA α kA{ eoE k\vA JoM k]U  15 d BBUnA
.MBvA oA i nq\A m Ae
$
*7
: njB~A
. 1993 RoM 1  36 | ȫB{ d .j / wA MoA kA w
$   393 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
BL k\v  kL  ȧAA  BMo M 汪A oA   k\vA Am 隽
. 1900  M nkU Bv
$
*3
: uwFTA
wnBA Bv B (|) woA A : o̖̚BM TvU KLw A om 婽k oYE k\vA
So AlB (oeA E) B oa Bw B KlA)) : hA Bv  S] Bk (n)
Am Ϧ j ^BoTv̫ (n) wnBA Bw B  ((kM BE BE E : ȮUF
mA j T  j mA  (|) LA B  ^BBTvM E B mA BA
k  KmA  E MnE oXU Te h BYY to : A Am  峛oTv B
.  o\dA  L o  nBL A  k\v BA Am ȗ ȮM
$
*5
: BA
k  oLA nB\dA  Ǳ BLA tBwA  k kT BM  nBL A k\vA
E hA oeE B B Yo Be ȗ cLA  w Joi k  ^BXke kke nvM nw
.nBYC M SM  ozA kM wo k (|) LA B mA Bv
$
*7
: njB~A
87. | / wA A kL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA  k]BvA  1
235. | 1 Z Bz M / LA ovA  2
$   394 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
B TA LvA k]BvA keE   w L\ MoA BzA \BM k\vA Am 隽
() AoqA B k\v TdU 隽 mA () KB MA M Ȧ k\v  cTA k\v
k\vA  JBhA M o k\v  oM MA k\v  wnBA Bw k\v  Am
.RAnBv BA hA  Ko A
$
*3
: uwFTA
q ȗ JAqeA  k (|) A wn  B mA BA ȗ k\vA Am ȮM
^Aj]  Bi S  nk RF ^Bdn  wnE  Bj A JB\TwB khA
ȗ k]Bv Tw BLM qqA kL M o B ɷ 88 w Ȗ Aen  AmhB Bo 
() AoqA B kvA wBM k\vA Am Ȫw  MBd~A BwBM Sw BA Am
oE B]p  (|) A wn BM qLhA  B텧A ~U vA B SBɟ TA
.ɷ 5 w khA q BE () ƪA
$
*5
: BA
d BUnA  峯Be  oB BA  啚w kM Mo 텛  nBL k\vA
.oT
$
*7
: njB~A
358. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA  ȃBA M kA   B  1
143. | nBhA wB keE kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk nA kA B gnBU  2
$   395 
*2
: 雱A
oAq\A / BvU
BzA ~A ȗ wTA MA odLA  LoA BvU k ɗ k\vA Am 隽
.MoA jkdA   oAq\A  MoA
$
*3
: uwFTA
EkM (ɷ 541  450) MAoA o~  A A SM TA nBYA ]A  oLT
w BvU  TwA K B\A Am BM ȗ 孼MAoA AoA keA 孼{BU M w
gnBTA    1097 / ɷ 490 w BM ɫ AoA U   1072 / ɷ 475
.oL  \vA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
Y 幗oiqA  jBqA BE kM {BU M w M Ȧ B  1136 / ɷ 530 w
BE mA    jAA kL ȮM AoE   (Bp M tAoM) eA  oU jBE
.BdA Un
$
*5
: BA
E) M 13  FT Tv ~A SM  ȮA B\A  BhBM B\A pBT
j U  (LA nAk\ pA nE E) KBwE Tw  (LA nAk]  ^Bj ^BAn
 BUBBe  toA ke ü  ^Aj dU w o\e Bj  B\A
KzhA  ~A SM w  BLA] vTU i B\A j M  |~ ü
.koA  Jkd vM    oiqA
LM üA ȗ L{ ȷ  JAodA M  B keA 孼Uo TL l k\vA
BTLA U  AoA u  B MBvA LA  U BXA  Lo k\v
A B\A AM  幦\A nBiqBM q B  o mA RAl nB 
 vA BA  B ]E  B~  wBTA  B\A ȗ C d~A 
.pAoA Am
$
*7
: njB~A
| ɷ 1401 w 37 jkA / oA B vw / uƫ ve .j / k]BvA 1.
.SA / 218
w RoM  162 | / ȫBzA d .j / wA  MoA kA w 2.
1993.
$   396 
*1
: oTA
BBw kɛ kA  M oA ɗ ^BɃ cLA nA kA jA  `jA
oA m SBɟ [dA Jnj ȯBvA JnkA Sw Y (BLA Jnj) kɛA
A wn Bw TA ȷ (BBM ^B oz keA ov E) B\ eo oz keA
 420 d (kA ) BM BvA SLdB RakL Y 幟nBLA Uo\ ȗ (|)
Bq TA A dA ȷ m  d.RBBw i RAnBvA BvU RnB~
10 w AjA \d kA  ]oi kM E nkM A o ȗ Aw (|) A wn
.ɷ

$
*2
: 雱A
dA  BvA M M nA kA Jo  40 kM  A jAA Am 隽
. A kA  oA  d JoE ȷ. 12 d  B BTA

$
*3
: uwBTA
A p ^Bo B mA 奦 jA ȗ oXA nBMA  tBwBM dA m SB
Sae ɷ 1360 w ȗ ZB\dA A A dA BvA cL~U A L B\A
jAnE AlE kA A RBdA JoE  SdLFɗ oA RkL \A d nBvA
B  奦 k] kMA L  A {BA  M 郱A Am Ȫw k ̹ B̦E
. BBv a BE k (̦̫) q BE BT kM  ko kA  LU Zoi

$
*5
: BA
BM Kv SB TA nBMA oX  AnqA   幦eBA jA  ̦̫ lA
.o YAA A wBLA kA Ao B M BX A
 BL] vv MoA M\A bvA  vU ȷ kAoA oX jAA Am
Jo (h) jA Jo G ȗ K~U Bk  vT ^B{ \TU (tk BL])
 yo̖A jA BMoU jAM BT]BM ( xo) v. 30 kM  kA
jA A BɃBM BdA uɓ jA WoA jA o\A jA : nBLA  kAn
.BMoU jA yo̖A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 BdA u  Y 奦  Y BMoU  nkM q ȗ (|) A wn o 
.BvA  Y BA RAoh  Y (̼̽o̫)
`B uh SLvA  AjA \d kA ɫ Zoi B (|) A wn A ǰn 
Y kA    M keA  (|) cLA ɷ 10 w k횧A l  M SwA
(4) (2).LA oM cL~A  幧BvA ozM yT bAn

$
*7
: njB~A
--------
8Z ( 1978 1  nAj   jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB  1
360 : |
( 1990 1  幼A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB  2
225 : | 5Z 381 : | 3Z
: | ( 1993 2  nAj   jvA) o\A oA  jLA UB  3
126
9 : | 1Z ( 1952 wA KTA nAj Ao  AoA) okA ȮA A  4

$   397 
*1
: oTA
ȗ B zU nkM A o ȗ (|) A wn Bq d  vA cTM  B̼avA
 Ȃ Te oB S ϧl kM d ZBdA BmhUA Y AjA \e A o
oLM) oU BA wA AmM Bo  A k]  ɷ 1360 w B\A A
.ozA jA E (B̼avA o{) wBM BjA o̽ (po

$
*2
: 雱A
 婽kA ȯBvA oA  nA kA Mo M]  47 kM  U
BeoA o A B oA miF 婟 12 d  M BM (BLA Jnj) vA
.B  20 kM  AA

$
*3
: uwFTA
BM oU SB  AjAnE AlG kA  A dA BUFz E ȗ B̼avA SB
 B Joe L Row Te qA  ^AoL ^Bejn ϧm S ZB\dA A
dM AA ow  酚A mA BA  ɷ 1360 w Bo  A Bw
BwA oa̓ ^BBU ^Ao\ B̼avA Ro\̷ RAnBvA o S{ Bk 奪\A d nBvA
A Lv (po oM) B A Y oh ȗ n\ BnBME  (B~A nBM) Sv
]n kM BM o A Ϧ LU  ϧmM Sw B̼avA A  Joe L  ]n
BnBME YB BBL nBYC SAp B 幧B̼avA BBv v BjA B kA E BT 
.BM jn
v jAA tEn ȗ Zo o j] ϧmM Sv (B̼avA jA) B̼avA o{ BA
.ozA

$
*5
: BA
 BBBM kTU w nBYC A A B u Ro\ k ZBd d B̼avA G
dA BoAj AoL AoM  keA oT  Bv  Jo BM ozA jA T
.k MBU A  }~\ o~ BBM J\A ]  BoiC ȗ k] 奼 B B
幼BzA B B MoA B̼avA vU (TA) B v ozA ]  B̼avA UF
幧B̼aw B  vU keA L]  BA miFU (U ]) U VY B BM ϧl
vT `nB `jA ȗ vU BXA 幼ozA vT ^Bo{ (1) (yoA) A A vU
 B̼avA UF (BdA u) jA ȗ K~U B̼avA d B TA XBXA (Ln)
J\A ɗ Lɓn jA A BzA ɗ B̼avA A BB v (2) (Y) J\A
.ozA A v B̼avA o{ v B Am
RBd  d ȷ) BA RBoh~M BvBM nBA kA oA n ϧm 񪽰
B ȗ ^Bj K~TU Ajw nh A ȷ 幮kA   50 kM  oA
.( Bw  `Bi
B̼avA  kLU) vA o A jƽ (a̱hA) Jnj v B Jnj ϧB B̼avA 
M vdA M vdA M A kL kM BFM gnBTA KT ȗ oA m RoT{A k ( 6
w A Uo Roj  A hA oX oB o SB () Ȧ BA
.(ɷ 247  232) wBLA TA BE BXA wBLA n~A BA ȗ ɷ 145
Ln jA ȗ oL  (AkzA) v B ϧB B̼avA  MoA J\A A
 A]oi mA B KohU T BE  vA o ȗ o] BM  B B
.AmA wBLA kA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
(|) A wn pB keA ^B RAoh~BM A oU TA BA RAoh SB 
B Bk  ɷ 2 w ozA RAl q ȗ BM ao ϧm nkM A o ȗ
.(JoTzA)  B BM B  TwA _B Bk   峧 k\v
10 w AjA \d  A o ȗ kA  Zoi B (|) A wn A ǰn 
oM cL~A 氰 B̼avA ozM zT bAn Y M w  A  cLE ɷ
.LA
ȗ AoU mA () vdA BA j SB BFM gnBTA KT ȗ B̼avA RoT{A 
BɄTwB B oX A  SB oA Ao BA AmhUB pB\dA jE
.(|) A wn nBYC  oXA B A Bw  Be B Ao

$
*7
: njB~A
--------
Bv B kLU TA yoA B ^kM RnB Y kA  eo E B̼avA SB  1
. 6
123. | 14Z (JoA Bv  n MA).KB L\A ȗ oA : XA  2
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB  3
449. 381  332 | 3Z
 nAj   jvA MoA 񦪪A).o\A o  jLA W M UB  4
.BkM B 178 : | ( 1993 2
 jvA MoA 񦪪A) LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ jLA UB  5
164. : | ( 1982 1  nAj 
: | 5Z ( 1978  nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB  6
39. 37
1980 2 ZAovA nAj RoM  BL) nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA odA  7
333. : | (

$   398 
*1
: oTA
keA  (nkM jA) Ao~A jA MBTA BA keA  o~A L\A  : oA
o (|) A wn w 失woA RAq  oXA k{  ȗ oA jA
.kA  M ZBdA A d B o  oXA

$
*2
: 雱A
BB{ ȗ RAoT  YXM BeoA L nA kA   68 kM  隽
.țozA

$
*3
: uwFTA
 M oA AA oiA pBA gnBU  B ke A  雱A Am gnBU MBz
LA o Ap Bv BeoA  M  BeoA d A MBU A  lA 幮kA
^BA o B ^BɗoɄ kA v LA oM) B jLA A v ^Bɗo
.BM Tv jBTA LzU B o\{ wA E (L Wƫ) LA (oBM)

$
*5
: BA
B{ 隽 vA Jnj vA oA   隽 o L]  nBL ̼LaA  o
 (Bw) K{ B oX JB{  vU LMkA woM qT mA (Bn) L]
.(SL)

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
{  ȗAo]  Am LA o L { BL\M o (|) A wn A 
(1).BL LA o BzA  BeoA  U
o ȗ  LA o ȗ M o mA BA ȗ k\v (|) A wn A Kv 
.nkM A
wn T nkM o ȗ owE kM 幼LA o ȗ  ME M L T̛ ɷ 2 w 
(5).(|) Ȧ BA T  ^AoL (|) A
.kA  M AjA \d o ȗ  LA oM (|) A wn o 

$
*7
: njB~A
--------
157 : | ( 1985 1   nAj   jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 1
: | ( 1993 2   nAj   jvA) o\A oɄ  jLA UB 2
154
6Z ( 1987 1   nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB 3
37 : | 5Z  78  11 |
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ɫ ǱdA RɛB 4
65 : | 4Z
| 1Z (ɷ 1415 3  oA nAj  RoM  BL) ȯBA ȯBA ZoA MA 5
21 :
1 Z ( 1952 wA KTA nAj  AoɄ  AoA) okA ȮA vdA kL 6
9 : |

$   399 
*1
: oTA
vA ZBdA Jnj  k d 幦A BdA AA w AoA cTM : BeoA
Bq 幮kA  jB BvA kM BXA dA ȷ 幮kA  M (BLA Jnj)
(|) A wn L Bk\v ȗ  nkM A o ȗ Uo\ ȗ (|) A wn
o~A) k\vA SdLA Bk oYkU RjB o o A ȷ.(1) ^BL Lw
.B ^kM oA  BXA dA (^Bk

$
*2
: 雱A
yoA   25 BvA kLU nA kA   73 kM  A BeoA U
(7).(^Bk o~A) k\vA   7 

$
*3
: uwFTA
 tBwA ȗ SB dA m nA kA  jB BXA dA BeoA SB
 oM ȷ (v\w) v B BoM A  (BeoA oM A vU) BeoA vU oM
1360 w RAnBvA o BzA  oYkU RjB o o A SdU Y jnU AqU
KLw A (7) B (|) A wo nBYC j] BUnBqM MnBA ZB\dA M B ɷ
  ]n B LU A   (BBvLA E) BeAn BeBT  BeoBM BTvU
(4).BeoA BBv bAnE BM BF Bq  ko kA E BT

$
*5
: BA
w ^Bk B B SAe `B k  RM B o o ȷ A BeoA
M BX jU oM nBMA m  nBMA  BB 孼AzA n~A  BLU o
.wBLA k{o oM Bk qqA kL M o oLM oU oiA oM B
oA k\vA   5 Bv kL mA (9) ({) L] n  BeoA 
wn nBz SB k\vA Am ȗ BvA M BM oA  AA LA k\vM
 ME M L T̛ ^BA 郱A Am ȗ (3) nkM E BT ȗ MBd~ (|) A
]  BeoA jA oiC ȗ Ȧ K{ oA KzA { L] MB.(2)
cLE k (|) woA B  TA k]BvA   (o~A) k\v 隽 J\A
(2).o\A tjBvA oA ȗ kU k (AqA) k\v kM B v k\vA Am
L] ozA  B oz np BM u nA BFM  BeoA nA  񪽰
L] J\A ɫ (ɟ{) jAM oɽ o `jA BzA ɫ (Bɛn)
k\vA) o~A Ro B {TBM REkM BeoA A omBM ok\A.(o\A)
(7).B  7 kM  U TA (^BBe

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
mA k\vBM  q (ɷ 2 w) AMBM BAq q A ȗ A wn A ǰn 
jA  jA BeoA A)) : B B w  A  A ^BA ǰn BeoA LM
(3).((\A
BeoA jAM o k ^BL Lw A wn L BeoA k\v ȗ  A ǰn 
Bn  B  AowA ȮM  ^BA Lw ȗ ^AoT A ^B]Be Ao M w
.BeoA  oz mA 郱A j o~A k\vA  郱A Am A ǰn.(1)
Zoh A oE oM MA A (|) woA Bj AoM nw  RBA Sq B A ǰn 
A wn  oL] q oM MA Zoi B odA  M tBA  BEo  A
ƪA oE (|) A wn WL Ϯ ]n A Ϯ jƽ  kd B : B (|)
oM MA ]n RBA  miE BeoBM d oM ME K ȗ () KB ME M Ȧ
(5).(|) woA A
Mݧ AkdA w  A (|) LA jAk]A vw  k M nAq M o oL A  
(7) (6).BeoA ȗ  JoA ȗ


$
*7
: njB~A
---------
4Z ( 1978 1  nAj   jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB 1
86 : | 7Z  85 : |
1 幧BwoA vwƫ RoM  BL) wA nk ȗ pB\dA ȦA keA cB.j 2
238 : | (1990
 78 : | 1Z (ɷ 1410 oA nAj 婛  AoA) nA kA gnBU aL{ MA 3
167 : | 2Z jvA / BA B  ^ 80  79
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RɛB 4
87 : | 3Z
dA 1 ȪA vwƫ RoM  BL) AqA ovU BLBLA kvA A 5
167 : | 9 Z (1997
| 2Z ( 1965 1 RoM nAj  RoM  BL) gnBTA ȗ BA oYA MA 6
31 :
| ( 1993 2   nAj  幽jvA) o\A oɄ  jLA UB 7
155
1  nAj   jvA) LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ jLA UB 8
143 : | ( 1982
v o B kA  (^Bk o~A) k\vA kM L U BL] : { 9
A (|) A wn Ϧw {  L B   58 d kLU MA E
: | ( 1981 2 BA nAj 幽jvA / oq\A Jo B{ ȗ owB\A ke.nkM
203

$   400 
*1
: oTA
A BXA dA B  kA M Ƀ AoA cTɗ A M : o~A
 oXA (|) A wn w   UA  o{BA kA  UA  ZB\dA
A  AjA \e  A [e B nkM A o ȗ 幟nBLA Uo\ ȗ o
.k\vA vU nkMA MBU nBE

$
*2
: 雱A
  7 kM  nA kA   81 kM  (^BBe k\vA) o~A U
. 75 nkM  kLU BeoA

$
*3
: uwFTA
o SdLA Y BLA JnkM oA ZBdA oA  k d o~A SB
 w ȮM  BBw nkM A MBU nBA A ȷ (1) Ao~A jA o o{A 
nBA m Sw k ɷ 1360 w oA Am  Row TA Joe Lɛ
k o o k\v  k\v o~U k\vA B A oA (k\vA)
BA  A oɄ ȗ  ɗ  k B (|) A wn A Kv 幮kA A
 oTU B o~A oLTU lG Ao~A  liF BMo o~BM 雱A vU
.Bo BvA XoA A oA

$
*5
: BA
k\v B nkM nB MBU nBA B oB kM A ȷ (^Bk o~A) k\vA
 (|) A wn A Kv Bk\v `B w tnAk k \A  BU
A oA oT k\vA   30 kM  BzA  kLA UF K{ ȗ 隽
ȫBXA BL] BzA  B oz (BBA) L] BMo ȗ kBz 幽BYA o{
dw ȗ k]U mA AohA L] ozA  (2) pBA w  q] J\A 
.\dA l  A A ȗ ]A BejpA L k\vA ȗ.kLA RM M

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Bɟ AlA Te B dUnA Y BeoA oM ȷ v\w (|) A wn q 
(7).^AnkM ko pBA A RAl Ϧw  A o oU o~BM
A wn  ɷ 10 w k횧A l  M Sw E `B uh SLvA  ȗ 
.AjA \d kA  ]oi kM o~A ȗ o~A  (|)


$
*7
: njB~A
---------
nkM q (|) woA RAq oXA k{  jA o{A  `jA : Ao~A jA 1
L k J] A 隽 keA eo nkM M M Bo AMA ozA l
.(nkM jA )
. A k\vA  ]nBhA oA U Bd nA : pBA 2
8Z ( 1981 1  nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ɫ jLA UB 3
286. 160|
: | ( 1993 2  nAj    jvA) o\A oɄ  jLA UB 4
157  156
151 : | ( 1985 1  nAj    jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 5
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RɛB 6
244. : | 5Z
265. : | 2Z (VAoTA BeA nAj RoM  BL) LA ovA Bz MA 7

$   401 
*1
: oTA
oA  k\vA kM ZBdA A A dA ȷ AA cT AoA M XoA
ȗ (|) A wn Bq BeoA ZoA M zT SB BA   kA M
vA jAA  ɗ A ȷ d Ro\̷ k AjA \d  A oɄ
.}i

$
*2
: 雱A
nA kA  kL mA (^Bk o~A) k\vA   17 kM  XoA U
. 7 M a\A jA L ȷ  81 d

$
*3
: uwFTA
JnkA) kA  M oA  ZB\dA A d oA A ȗ XoA SzE
 Ro\ B oA Am  o o SB BG  (BLA JnkM oA
RjjoU k (ɷ 1350  1347) M B oTA ȗ kkdTBM RAnBvA o n AkM
Joe L Row A kM oU AA B A o zTA BG  Ao\A KT ȗ
U TA B\A eAn BA j] Kve Ro~ RBdA S̮ 噽oA Am 
.oA Am  jjoTU o{E vi
k XoA q  ko kA E BT  ]n B LU A  k XoBM BTvU BE
.FME AlG Wo VAn  XoA BBv ov ȗ FME

$
*5
: BA
A ȷ `BL   kA M oA d XoA ȗ B B  kU k
.L] M }i `jA  ȗ
 ȯBL nBYE ^BA XoA ȗ.jn BM Ap ^AnBME jAA Am ȗ BvA oe k
  6 kM  BTw ^BdB Ap BTAe M n\ B oB o\dA
C U XoA A om. ȗ oLA jA keA  a\A jA 隽 ^Bo{ XoA
.BveA B B B oM B SB We ZBdA BE

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
幮kA  M oA   h eow SdU q B (|) A wn A ǰn
.M XoA j E  Ȃ Te w B ȗ


$
*7
: njB~A
---------
jA  oz mA }i L]  v oL jA  : }i jA  1
(ZoA   17 kL) JoA  a\A jA  J\A   Ao~A
| ( 1993 2  jA    jvA) o\A o   jLA UB  2
228. :
: |  1985 1   jA    jvA) pB\dA K  jLA UB  3
140.
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \  ǱdA RB  4
199.  |
 (BX oB vwƫ  RoM  BL) nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA odA  5
277. :| ( 1980 2

$   402 
*1
: oTA
M ZoTA oX MoA pB\dA jE  oLɟ `jA 峼BY w 峧A cTM : ZoA
AjA \d o ȗ (|) A wn B q TA oA RBd keA  BL\A
.(A) jAM A o kA A   ZB\dA o ƅ B

$
*2
: 雱A
  6 Bv  B  113 kM  nA kA J] jAA Am 隽
\d  A o ȗ (|) A wn Bq TA ȷ  (BYA o{) BvA LA
.AjA

$
*3
: uwFTA
A RBdA  B [dA JnkM vA oA  AA  o jAA Am
 k Am eB `jA  M AA m no keA UBe SB ZB\dA A
Zo   B훰 i Am B] o FM oLA ǱdA RB ol k AoA
Ȫw u\LA ZoA A ZoA A BwA  o jA  BA
JAj En  ko kA A BT  ]n B LU G  噽oA M Zo  ZoBM
.Joe L  Bw ȮM  jAA Bw ZoA BBv ZoU

$
*5
: BA
Anp oM w M k]U  AnqA  jkT kAn  oLA jA  ZoA jA
v.hnBTA BA AoA  ȧBi F Am 奼Ã BB () kM ȗ keA
k o 텚 We (BYA o{) ^Bk vU (azA) k BL] \  jAA
BAkeA TL] Tvw M A jA o (aA) v ^BMo nkd Y wEn 
BL\A m jAA pB\U AlF BzA  (o펗) L] oiA J\A  (BY) L]
M no k o  jAA nkd Y () v BL\A  RkM wTM miE
BvA Aod~A oM WLhA ȗ jAA K~ Y (̮ve p)  ({B) ȦL]
.BzA  (AqM)
.Bo z AoTLA B~A 噼A 婼A 幮M : ȴ ZoA jA kAn E BA
d RnB~ (ȯB~e MA nBM) Sw `nBMC odM  kM ȗ fzA keA B k
ow B  酚A mA BA  ɷ 1360 B A oB dA m SB A
SAe ɷ 1394 w Te B k] B B\A d RAnBvA dM AA
vU B) nBLA m kLU 孼BXA nB   n\ }~\ o~ɛ jk
.nA kA J]  154 d (B
婟 20 (XoA) M BM (BYA o{) vU L BzA  ZoA jA  U
oU (BYA) B B oM k (|) L k\v k] RAoT  VXM jAA L
k BM nBMC k n\ w BM A d SB (zA) wBM A BYA Y
.(̱A) A BYA jA v o\̷

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
vA wB AT]A \A A : B ZoA jA q (|) A wn A ǰn 
.BYA M  oBA wA ZoA M ȗ 

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
133 | ( 1985 1  nAj   jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 
: | ( 1983 3 KTA B RoM  BL) \TwA B \ oLA A kL 
244
| 6Z ( 1987 1  nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB 
58 :
4Z   1990 1 幼A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB 
111 : |
(1993 2  nAj   jvA) o\A o  jLA UB 

$   403 
*1
: oTA
RBBvA B oXU ZBdA A o  k d BA w vA M BvA
A wo B Tv̽ Jm B oM B SB oB k ϧl kM SdLE oLA
^BnAjA LTU  B oM ]  (oLA A) ^BBe vU (|)
(1).oA jA

$
*2
: 雱A
BeoA L ȷ nA kA J]  174 kM  (^BBe oLA A) BvA U
. 35 d AMA  kLU XoA kM

$
*3
: uwFTA
cLA ([̖A) nA wA B BvA vU oM  tBwA ȗ BvA d SB
ϧl L wBLA k{oA ]p AnqhA  ~Bi A Kv ϧl kM BvA jA
kA AA B  BvA SB k ^BBTvM Bk  mA oMqA M A kL SB
A vU oB k RnB Y kA  U XBXA   U MBvA dA
93 kM  oA jA ^BnAjA LTU oLA RBBvA  B zE B oX (oLA E)
.o ȮM  kLA  BBw qo  
A  JmA BA B Tv TA B oLA nBMA oX  BvBM BTvU BA
(5).BvA BBv oA  q BM y k BvA q kA  ]n B LU

$
*5
: BA
A  eo d\A B{ oA jA Jo WX tEn  U A BvA A
.ȯBXA  Teo
.Mm B k (|) A wo k_\v BvA ȗ
h B () kp M vdA RBk A o\U oX ^AnBMC B k BvA ȗ A o
BvA ȗ SYkeA wBLA TA BE ȗ.ɷ 253 w S텚A k oX o\{
ϽoL̫) JA oM vU oM k]U BvA   15 kM .(4)  ^AoM vi
]A K~ Aj) A TMBB Bw MA M B B 馄A TA oLA ȷ (^BBe
. (2) (E o~ KB] A ~
An ȗ od̫  wEn w  (|) A wn B \TeA TA ȷ oLA m
(2).B 

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
 150 d kL ^h ^B BBɓA pB\dA jA ɄA  `jA : oA jA 1
.nA kA J]
120 : | ( 1985 1   nAj    jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 2
122 
: |  (1993 2   nAj    jvA) o\A o  jLA UB 3
80
1 BwoA vwƫ RoM  BL) wA nk ȗ pB\dA ȦA keA cB.j 4
| ( 1990
455 :
| ( 1990 1 A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB 5
258
159 : | 1Z (ɷ 1410 oA nAj    AoA) nA kA gnBU aL{ MA 6

$   404 
*1
: oTA
幼BTA pB\dA jE  oL `jA BA w A AkA cTɗ BA Ƀ kk̛
M o B voA q ȗ (|) woA o\ o ȗ LA ovA ȗ ol jjoU
ke nBA A  hnBTA nBYDM oTz AjA \d  A oɄ ȗ (|)
.Joe w TL M TnAjA T A ^Bv B A kM (L̉A) BUkB vU

$
*2
: 雱A
婟 48 d (BzA A RB) d\A  kL  B{  130 kM  隽
(10).(A) kM k oeA odLA ȗ jAA Am K~

$
*3
: uwFTA
o) k B E B mA  Aqi L  ~A ȮM kk̛ jA Bw B
(|) A wn Aq k  BUjBLA tBA Bj LA e BA K~M (d M
峧BT  T\ A M A kM ɷ6  ɷ 5 w (voA) v  B 
q (|) UB (|) A wn ]p o] ME nAo M VnBdA kB B
hnBU VAkeE kM jAA Am o k (8). BF AA Bv BMA 
eB ^BMoe k{ A kM ~T ȗ Bo ] nBF keTM ɷ 1392 w STE
.Joe w TL M
Rk̛ cn SL Bq B Moe kM kA  ]n B LU A  k kk̚M TvU BA
(4).^Akk Ȫv MBdE Bi

$
*5
: BA
Am miF nAqA nBMA A oXM oT{E mA  ȗ oLA jA  kk̛ ka̽
^BM] (oiA) ȽjA M ^BMo jAA nkd Y (nl) oe  B Bv E jAA
w ) dLA A jAA  AlF (nBTw) ǱA v v ^B{ (Anj)
 L.A kM k oeA odLA ȗ K~ Te ^Akk̛ jAA Ȫw (uoA kk̛
. 150 d jAA
B A kM (w L A Lv) ȪvA ModA Eq] \U nBG A jABM U
 A oA (L̉A) nBA m wA nB (Bw) LT ȯBXA (MAn) LT A
v E (15)  v A 125  1993 w Te BBw L (kk̛ nBA) BwE
Lh : B TA kAn oXM jAA pBT (Joe L ȧA Lv) ModA vA ɗ
(~A ȮM (|) A wn Aq mA BA voA ) ne 噦A MBɄ
.gA...fo d oU o 嘱e
: jAA ȗ oYA BA E
w E kL  ovA ȗ  SvA mA   woA o~U  voA  E
 ^AjB
ol B eBvA  ^BLo u `nB] B o nBMC  (ne) jA  .~oA
RB
.^Bo{  50 d kLA oA  kL M 幪\ ȗ ǱdA
ȗ (|) A wn BBTwA BMA o{ B RnB Aqi  EoA : kL̫ E  J
BA Ao\A v B vU BTi B SB 幮kA A oM MA  Uo\
񪽰 ȧBzA oɄ ȗ kk̚A jA wFM Anp nE A ȷ (kL̫ E BTi)
 3 kM  zA U   BTn
Ʉ) ȧBA v BvA kɛ oYE ɗ o\e  5  Jo BM B ozA A
(1).(LA
o U  奦zA Y FM gnBTA Ao\A KT ȗ oA : zA  ]
B  B TA Am  BzA  kk̚A w o ȗ 隽 oA nB\e vU
^Bo{ kTU  35 XA m  B\A ȗ nB~A B Aqi kLU SB TA
kB  ȯBA bBMn M L M v j XA m ȗ Anj kk̚A ȽjA M ~T
zA ȗ j lG  (ɷ 64 w) odA 훰 BvA 훱A KeB B M kq
o oL B B]p T k B TL~ p M A kL M kq EoA  TzL
(2).Bn ME oL o B

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
BA  B\A ȗ SB m B  kk̛ ȗ zA U  郱U B SB 
Ȧ BA Bk k BkM k  ZnqhA tA BTL BA [dU TA nzA
(1).ϧl kM B B U  ()
.(FLw ) uLM  UE mA  () BvM coA S훰 kk ȗ A ǰn 
voA qɓ ɗ Sq 1 / ɗBA (ɗBA ξB] AlG) AoA A A ǰn 
(6).ɷ 5 w (~A ȮM q)
dA KBM KA ]nBhA qe MA ep Ak~ kA A \U kk̛ ȗ 
.ɷ 130 w nA kA ij  KT
w ȮM  ]n ë miE A kM kk  ȦY M jBA kL nBE ɷ 1340 w 
(2).oeA  uoA kk̛ w  (dLA) ]B Bo
A v TnAjA T A ^Bv B A kM jAA keU U ɷ 1392 w 
(2).(Joe) L  (^Akk) wA (w ȮL) nBTw

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
: | ( 1993 2   nAj    jvA) o\A o  jLA UB 1
45.
67. | ( 1985 1   nAj    jvA) pB\dA  K jLA UB 2
7Z ( 1981 1   nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB 3
96.: |
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL) AkLA \ɫ ǱdA RɛB 4
355.: | 4Z
BX oB (vwƫ  RoM  BL) nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA odA 5
554. : | (1980 2
1997 ȪA vwƫ  RoM  BL) AoA ovU ȗ AqA BLBLA kvA 6
298.: | 19Z (
| 2Z ( 1965 BL RoM nAj RoM  BL) gnBTA ȗ BA oYA MA 7
192.
302. :| 3Z (VAoTA BeA nAj  RoM  BL) LA ovA Bz MA 8
1BwoA vwƫ RoM  BL) wA nk ȗ pB\dA ȦA keA cB.j  9
266. : | ( 1990
 nAj    jvA) LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \  jLA UB  10
298.  249 : | (1982 1

$   405 
*1
: oTA
\UAoTwA 雱 RAl k hnBU kM BA cT vA w A M B̖v
JnkM oA JnkA BB kBM  vn d ȷ M] B{ M 
dA SB AlG pBA ovA ɗ ^AoX Bol jn pB\dA kA   BLA
(|) A wn BM o 婽kA AA B  kA  wBTA    jB BXA
nBݧ MBU nBA A ȷ AjA \e kM i ok A ^B]T   ]oi kM
(1).\A

$
*2
: 雱A
ȷ (Bv jA) k jA T   B{  80 kM  kLA m U
(2).( 70 B kLU) k] A  A kA A o VY \

$
*3
: uwFTA
tjBvA oA m Joe L BT Y Aqi L wA L kLA m  vU SB
.(B텚) Bv BM o AlE vA  Bv Sw o\A

$
*4
: BA
zA Tv Ajw UnB\e o\e v]  odA) nAoe VY B̖v kM T
BzA ɗ (Ͻ̱) BXA MoA BzA ɗ (̱̫) A vU (oA ǱTv
ȯBXA k] A BkeE : Bo Bv  Zoh.(Jo̓) oe vU XBXA țozA
 ^Aoiƫ Anq BM RnU kk nBMC B̖v ȗ țozA J\A ȗ  A
Bv jn Bk A wn G : B lG (TA oM) vU TA oLA B nBMA o{E
鼪] A 帾M SB B ϧl 幟oLBM B Bj B U ɷ 8 w cTA y\M
A wn B o{F v  B Jo{  E oLiF BAk B BB K nBMA
 tBA  BB  JmE k] A ̛ B  AUnA : B B Tɗ (|)
.Kd  k B̖v  o AlA  jqT
MAM oLTU ^B{ B  5 kM  U TA (AqA Y) oiA hnBTA BB 
ȗ XA m ol jn k oeA odLA eBw A o Bo u pB\dA w ȗ
ȗ E ȮM x]  cT q LU y\ pB\dA  Ro TA RAqA 鼪]
.ɷ 1343 w jw M qqA kL ϦA y] ^AoiA oMqA MA Joe

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
3 kM  U   Ao M ȗ B̖v ȗ Bd ȮM (|) A wn Aq ɷ 6 w 
(7).Bd ȮM qM oA qA ȷ  B 
yo o SLɛA Bɟ ɗAA oɄ  B̖vM  Bɟ nl BME A ǰn 
(5).Bq\TeA
 B lG B\ jA Bv M hA   (|) A wn A ǰn 
bB] ) hA C Sq 幦LA M M  ozA B̖vM w A  A
(6) 102 / BvA.(o  lA M B A 
owF 孼m\A jAM B̖v ȗ o ɷ 8 w  (|) A wn cTɗ B 
(1).zA
[e AlA B̖vM ^BB k{oA nB ~ kBi M d M o] B ɷ 187 w 
.k{oA
.B̖v ȗ qqA kL M n~A Ȧ MA A oFM BdA T ɷ 411 w
ȗ BA z A kM B̖v jw M qqA kL ϦA y] TeA ɷ 1343 w 
.TB

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
29 : | ( 1985 1  nAj    jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 1
19 : | ( 1993 2  nAj    jvA) o\A o  jLA UB 2
 nAj   jvA)  LA ovA ɗ ɗAo\A BA \ jLA UB 3
208 : | (1982 1
4Z ( 1990 1 A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB 4
137 |
nAj  RoM  BL) (|) A LA ow  cd~A ȦBA Uo o] 5
66 : | 3Z (1995 4 jBA
1 / ȪA vwƫ RoM  BL) AoA ovU ȗ AqA BLBLA A 6
66 : | 5Z ( 1997 dA
| 2Z ( 1965 BL RoM nAj RoM  BL) gnBTA ȗ BA oYA MA 7
314 : | 9Z 175 : | 6Z 175

$   406 
*1
: oTA
M o (1) (~A) jA ȗ AA hnBTA BA keE 婼A ov A cTM 婼̒A
q .i ok ^AkB B ]n AjA \d  A o ȗ (|) A wn
pBA WkdA ɗ ol ɛA Am jn B.(j  SA A) BU ɛ
.(^Bk A Ao) A BoLM A o

$
*2
: 雱A
.Bv o{ J]  13 kM   B{  65 kM  隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
Jnj E o\A oM oA oA  AA BA  雱A Am gnBU Th 
BA. A BoɄ ɗ B\A ɗA BqU oA Am  d B kɗ ZBdA
 AoA 廅A zA  E uMBA SdU oiA A  ̒A  BTvU
Am qT BoM ȴ KBvA oA Bv oe o  Zoh   jwE L]
.̒A BoLM A BA o

$
*5
: BA
Zoh ( jwE L]) Ao ȷ  Ao\A KT ȗ Bol jn B  ̒A Ao
MA B{) v o o nA\M k] BoA BvU (B\) BvA odA 
   64 Bv oA Am kL nBkA m U L g{ A Lv (jBe
BMoM nAqA B oXU TA BzA A 汽 MAoU o  Bv   16
d kL BA Am (|) A wn B  RF  (A) A   B
.^AkMA K  Aj ok ȷ (oMB\A) oe   10

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
A wn A ǰn We (ɷ 6 w) LkdA c  WkdA ȗ ̒A Ao ol 
 B kA M kBi A ̩ Bk oiE ^Bo AmiF A  AB mA vA oE
.̒BM  q yo y] tEn
.oF A Ao M Te B  cT ɷ 8 w (|) A wn Zoi B 
ȗ AjA \e kM   ^B]An i ok A o ȗ BM (|) A wn o 
(6).An  (j  SA A) BU  q A
B zA A Az ^B Aa~ BzA oTA BM (|) A wn B B 
(7).eA ϧl ȗ Ak] A햗 (kA j ovA zA) vBM ATwA : (|)
 o{ (oLA A̫ M E) A A Ao 酛E (|) A wn A ǰn 
.vA MA BE

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
.Bv B\ oe M kA  M oA ȗ oL `jA : ~A jA 1
25. : | ( 1985 1   nAj    jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 2
18 : | (1993 2  nAj    jvA) o\A o   jLA UB 3
| 8Z (1983 2   nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB 4
263 :
4Z ( 1990 1 A KTA nAj RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB 5
243. : |
vwƫ RoM  BL) AoA ovU ȗ AqA BLBLA ve kd kvA 6
204 : | 5Z ( 1997 dA 1 ȪA
| 1Z ( 1952 wA KTA nAj  AoɄ  AoA) okA  ȮɫA ɫA 7
10.
1983 2  nAj    jvA) oYA hnBTA  B  jLA UB 8
205 : | (

$   407 
*1
: oTA
^AoX wA jjoU  jE  A wT `jA B AoA ov vA cTM : ow
d B A kM oB k A  ZB\dA Ren Ao\A ovA KT ȗ
\e kM i ok A o ȗ (|) A wn M o 幮kA  M oA 
BoL Aq    Sj SU TA M (|) A wn ZAp ow k{ AjA
.B ^Bo

$
*2
: 雱A
o   10 kM  o B  12 kM  oA  B{ jAA Am 隽
.AodA k\vA B{  6 d kLU TA BzA  TA

$
*3
: uwFTA
BM SB TA kA  M oA pB  o  jAA Am gnBU Th
^Bk kT [dA Jnj A BLA JnkM oA oA  ZB\dA A RBd
Y 婼TA  oA SdLA Y odA jke A jAA Am ɫ SBɟ oA A
Am o̽ jB񽿰 nA m E  m M Bd ȮL BTo jAA ȗ SdLA
nB\e  ZohTvU wA uM L]A Lv (AnA jA) wBM A A jAA
.nA

$
*5
: BA
L]  kAn E miF 婟 36  L 失A wTA jA  ow jA
幯Ao\A jA A v țozA BzA  Ao\A oM  oz (ɈE) v
Ao\A   5 kM  (wvA) Ap v h  ^BBTvM ~ A A oTv
oz jAA ȗ (wA) jA Ȫw BpB\U AlF AqA jA `mîe v ^BMo
 ^BLo cLA nBMA m pBT]A AlF o nAq ǰoU Anp g RC B nBMC
.ow Ȫw kA  M oA
kM .(Aqi j) (Tp j) To M AoA ao ȗ K~ A A jAA oTv
]p VnBdA SM  kvA Sj ȧBzA o ȗ jAA  keA oT 
BLA Am k  nBMC YY nB\U BM Bdo  B We (|) A wn
k\vA   16 d A kL KAoi  BA o\ e nBMA S]
coBM d TwA MBA  ȮL Be kA BLA  ^kM A k AodA
A Am { B koA A jƪA oA  ozU ϼMBL{ Bd S]
(3).BLA Xke RM B Rk{ BeE B SB AoA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
Y odA jke A kT A A ow jA  SB oA A ^Bk B 
(|) A wn G : U An  ^AjBTwA A Am TA SdLA oA Ro̓
.TA  zB o̽ FM oM ME M eoA kL oE
SM  kvA  (|) A wn ZAp Jm\A ow jA k{ ɷ 7 w 
: ^] LAn SB w  A  TLi BA SBU Bk SB TA VnBdA
BM M mA BA uM RU ȷ AlF vA nkU Y 峧wn    \A
.tBL MA Bj B  w 80 qB o  ɷ 61 w ϧl (|) A wn
o  ]n kM ModM  (|) LA  KLvM i M MA RB ow jA ȗ 
.nkM
oE  唎ow jAM o AjA \d  A (|) LA Zoi  BE oz kM 
AB mA M w A  A  B k̴A Bw  A oM Ad A tBA
.k̴A ABw k 
o ɷ 8 w  cT kM jAA Am k Bw BME uLe (|) A wn A ǰn 
woA ik A B mA oB~A M BA o bvBM \]k ȷ wA j]
(1).BA TF ALlA B  Te ^BdUB AodA Bk\v  (|)
A   zB S]oi hBM () Ȧ BA 齱M BX ̥T̛ B A ǰn 
TFv (w MA M kL)  B BAiE  ]n B ow jAM SB B 幮kA
m  SLA m S)) : SB Ȧ M  AT]A : B tBA T]A  
(6). A ]An So~B ((LeB~ oA U A

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
9 : | ( 1993 2  nAj    jvA) o\A o  jLA UB 1
10 
35 : | ( 1985 1  nAj    jvA)  jA jLA UB 2
( 1993    jvA) LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ jLA UB 3
156 : |
132 : | ( 1980    jvA) oYA hnBTA  B jLA UB 4
( 1985 ZAovA nAj  RoM  BL) nBA oLi ȗ nBA oA odA 5
312:|
302 : | 2Z ( 1965 RoM nAj RoM  BL) gnBTA ȗ BA oYA MA 6
206 | 3Z
: | 1Z (ɷ 1411  ȃoA ozA RAnz    AoA)  nBLiA țnpA 7
185
 132 | 8Z ( 1973 njB nAj  RoM  BL) oLA RBLA kw MA 8
140
( 1990 1 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RɛB 9
39 : | 3Z

$   408 
*1
: oTA
ȗ (|) A wn M ov lG pBA ȗ ol   jE o{E  oL jA 
 M o B jAA Am AoBM uv\T  Bw ME  L̛  cT q
oiA qA  AjA \d kA  ]oi  BE oz kM w A  A
^BB pB\dA jE nqɓE  Bɟ   jB A  kA M oA ɗ
ZBd d B qA o   oA Am  RBLvA ȗ SUB  ^B BoXA
(2)  (1).B jAM ϧm o 娱\A nBE A UkB ȫBzA

$
*2
: 雱A
o   18 kM  o B  24 kM  oA  B{ jAA Am 隽
oeA odLA ȗ 輖 Te oTv  AodA k\vA B{  6 kLU TA  TA
(1). 20 MAoM k] J]

$
*3
: uwFTA
BL VY vU SB wA L B o~ A BhnBU j TA kA jA  
JnF kw kU Bk 峦wA ȗ B w ȗ Aqi nk ȗ m L B
ao A RnBw TA (Bvɓ jpE) L B B BzA A BA jpA BL Ro]B
(|) A wo uBhA k\A  J M ~ Ϧ B Aqi L BTd Y oA
jAA a] ve ȮM  Ao{A ϦTA Y jAA Am A LA m ~E   
B  ^AoA Ao{A keA S jvA kA k ȗ (ozA jA) Ȫw Te
jAA v 峼 AoA kT kM kB kM B SdLA TA \A o o
k] RBoM ozA ]p B A Lv (B jA) wBM kA A k A
ME ozA A Lv (ozA) jAM jBLA E k v RBoM ǰl Ao{A
(4).AoA ao jA ] ϦTE (ɷ 992  932)  w Tw  ȧ mA (Ȫ̯
.oiA jAA ^BA kA jAA BwA 

$
*5
: BA
BX ^BB M~i X pB\dA jA ȗ k] B L~hA jA  jAA Am
BM A A B L  oA ϧm BUBë SB M A RAoz  Bw
kB ȷ TA \A odM Ake : BE o ^Bk oA m M RnB
(1).AoA kTBM miC ȷ dA oAkA BM nBA B  jAA
 180 MAo Ʉ L (BA Ek) vU BL\ ozA bvA  jAA L
(LA jA A oU) BzA h BkeE v  kAn  T 
BL] BzA  \A nBA  ozU (4).(BA) A oU BA h
m RAkA BL\ (oBA) wA ^Bk B  B RAkA vU Aoe
M ij B (|) A wn AjnB nBA G : U pB\dA JjA ȗ nwA
ATv ɗ nBA  ^AnB BU A BkE BpB\U L\A vvA m ɃE
(2).Te
55 kM  Bv A kT cv w  (kA) w Ao\A jAA B 
Bd L BE A Lv (BdA) A AoA ao  M AA nA vU.
TA Joe L   A BE (vdA o{A) jAA v B 好m 
.BkM B BXA BA JodA BMA jAA Am A Seq

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
k\v k] \A  JoBM AoA ao jA M ȗ q (|) A wn B 
(8).w A  A  B  TA k]BvA keA A o cTA v
A ȗ Zoi mA Joe M Bw ME nBTBM ^AnkM (|) A wn q B ɷ 3 w 
lA : vA y]  A Bv y`o  S] n ]n Y AoA o jA A 
(6).vA MozU T]oi BA : 
(4).AoA ao  ȷ LkdA q (|) woA Aq ɷ 6 w 
 ] B keA M  cT L AoA aoM (|) A wn RBM ɷ 8 w 
WM nmA BA   cT kM (4).jAA AoFM uv\T B mA Bw MFM
nk ȗ vU SB TA m  (Aw) k |BA M o ow (|) woA
(7).jAA

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
11 : | ( 1985 1  nAj    jvA) pB\dA K jLA UB 1
1 : | ( 1993 2  nAj    jvA) o\A o  jLA UB 2
12
8Z ( 1987 1  nAj    jvA) pB\dA B \ jLA UB 3
100.:|
: | (1983  nAj    jvA) oYA hnBTA  B jLA UB 4
261.
1980 1   jvA) LA ovA ȗ Ao\A BA \ jLA UB 5
288. : | (
: | 2Z ( 1965.RoM nAj  RoM  BL) gnBTA ȗ BA oYA MA 6
175.
| 1Z (ɷ 1411 1 ȃoA ozA RAnz 婛  AoA)  nBLiA țnpA 7
131. :
:  ( 1990 1  RoM  BL) wA nk ȗ pB\dA ȦA keE cB.j 8
273.
( 1990 1 ɄA KTA nAj  RoM  BL) AkLA \ ǱdA RB 9
70. : |

$   409 
*1
: oTA
 L () vdA BA q mA KA Mo k  jA BA ϧl 
\w  nkA jA Bi JA vM SvUA FwB E S훰 We  kMA G
() vdA BA  ȷ G  tA ȗ oYA ME E B YjBe B gnBTA
. nBXA  AkA  dTA  LA We AoA  jmA dA  BkBM B
$
*2
: 雱A
AoA / Mo
( B BkM A hTM ) Moɟ BvA () vdA BA Bq TA nA U
TA A ȗ   BM]  2  Bo{  3 kM  BdA Mo k o{ J]
oTU TA vdA B B mU 隮Tv   BM] uMj ME n RAoA o oT
o  We  Mo Mo  11 kM  KvA k RAoA o A A 
Mo  kLU TA A vdA eB  oBA oTh Mo  ~Te RAoA
ȗ E  BMo RAoA bw BM] Mo U M E  BM]  4  E M\A
Ϯ RAoA B qA : () vdA BA G eBoA kq M odA  B mA 郱A
. Ko
E kM  隽 mA ( ȮvdA hA ) M oA nBmTA BA A A KA
() BA  e mA 郱A  () vdA BA ko Jo J] oT  
. ϧl  AkA hnBTA kAzA  oX ϧl Bi K~ BYA

$
*5
: BA
vw B SB  RAoA B{ BzA jBM M U kk o ^BE Mo SB k
U WdM M\A BA M ȗ MnBT TA m Bo{ BM] kT RAMn U
eB qo ) BUB{  Mo o ]AA M\A \A Bik oAj ~ oB
ȗ SB in MoU RAl A m ȃAnA  ( BMo  58 Mo  kLU oTA 
  {  JoA BzA T]  MAn ozA ]  ÄA kA Bo~
jo]E ȗ cLE ov A k] We () vdA BA oe A oAkA m ȗ
Bk BLwB B탱 ohT Am ov  Zoh BA  AkM BkA BAq  BLA
~T țozA BzA  EkLU A ȷ kT MAn JB vw  o{E Te 
Y BMo LqA JBLA 郱 G Am  B{ () vdA ko nkvA JBM 郱M
vA   {  AkTA TA MAoA m BM] ȦLA JBLA 郱
BzA ]  T BBM ȪTdA Tv MAn  nBL ȷ oBdA E odA
T]  LU   B AFLTiA AlG  BoM kA RB\  U RAMn JoA
G ]oh B B]n () vdA JBdE Bd wA KA] J\A ozA
hBM A o  ov oe MAoA m G () BA  k  kA B
 ǱA y\A ov M M B odA d RnB~ ( BhA E ) ȮvdA
Ke K~ ȗ nBA Ao A M  BM RLA AMo A MBdA BA oE B
Bi SB k  BhA An  AkA \ ç oe ki ȗ hA An  BB
An{B  TA nB~  oz B U () Kp kv Kv  MnBT BvA
ȗ 隽 TA Am B  () vdA BiE Be kTU () Kp kvA SB We
. LqA JBM  JoBM ozA ȮvdA d~A  MoA \A
: ȪA o
BM] Y o nk   30 Bv   nBLA S RAoA o pB\T Bk
k v : v G  BdA nkwA kM nA] ȗ U  ȗ  Ao\ v
 oXA ǰo BM] o\ A G ȴT v ]j o d Bo{ kT  Anw o
 v KvA B{ ȗ Uo B ( ȪA o ) M vA Am v BnAq
G Y () tBLA Bkw X Jo G ȴT Te Mo țo{ B{ Tv nA
ȗ RAoA jM oT nkd Y  Mo   22 d kLU TA  kA eA
SB  dA țo{ J]  30 d kLU TA   A l o Joɓ B{
Y ozA M M oBA o ~U ȪA o ozA A  U oBA
kzTwA ozA m JoM Mo k v MoA BzA G ȪA o od
 M   ȮM  ]n odM  k vA Am A o  j () tBLA
o\A ȯBXA oA oiAE ȗ ϧl wBM Ȫw tk M nAnp M  k]  U
A oA TBe  oX nBLA pBT]A kM RAoA  ϧl A wBM Ȫw  
B]oT o\ B (ɷ478 ) w oA Am oU U k  nAoA A ( dA )
  BA Bo] o B BeA BoA T Y ( \A Mo) kzA Jo
 ȪA o BBM XU BdA KvA Mo BkBz TA kA oA nBYC A c]o
TA LA MoTA m ǰoU SB TA nBA  oXA ϧB ȪA o KB] G
M MBM o B~\A   JoBM RAoA j  oT B mA   o B
 Bi ApB G Lv ȯApBA oA B  KvA B J] kA kw B{
o w nBA m  L  AoA Ae mA oTTA α keE Biq] C
SApBɫ  ɷ 941 w ȯBA Bw FzA mA ( A vdA o ) ȯBvA
. A G kTU B

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
w od  ȯBXA uhA  ȗ Mo nE  () vdA BA eAn Se
oE jke  ]oh ȟ () BA eBoA kq M odA oBw A kM 680 / ɷ61
:  nA wA  Fw qA () BA  Ao A kL  jBp M A kL
B oA :   ? Am o wA B   LA JoA  BM l : B  Mo
oA m ȗ q Bj : od () BA B Y  B A B{B  oA  BM l :
 lG ov  BM   { Ȯ m E  oBA Ȯ m E  Ȯ 
vU :  AB nA  () BA Fw Bk odT  () vdA BA jA]
B B : B B Sk MoM oU AB ? o wA B  BA B  A
 (|) A wn k] ȮYke AmM BnL d BBen d BBj ϖw BMBn fB
BM oLiE TA nA ȷ A : B Bz BTMoU miE nA wBM oLiE B A 
. B TE ȮE (|) A wn k] oL]
FT k{ ɷ36 w  G ov ȗ L Bq A () Ȧ BA M Lw k
d BB )) B BF{ nA m A : B ϧl  v nBYC E  BM B
 (( BB q kd  Y : B ϧl  v  Bj Ao BB MBn
 eA B  BwoA RAnkh U G TM E MBdE  () BA 贯
oBA LA ϦU  B{ B () SLA E Bi BM SeA Y BhA  AL~
. (|) A wn Bdn BM oe TA
() vdA AkzA kw BX] BnA U A L wA AmM Mo gnBTA o
n )   Ud Mo  A   Mo  ovU An AE inƪ
Y kA kw ȃAnA  LoA  B MBM o \ M MoA ( MBM
A Mo Y (B BkM A hTM) Mo Y  vdA ȃAnA A vU oBA
BUoe oM ȷ  { Y  uAA Y A Y  oBdA v  odA Y  MBM o
. o BLB\M RFzA Mo  JoBM kwE ȮM L
: ( vdA ȃAnE ) oBA
wA nk ȗ kwE ȮM  oB L G KvU SB TA vLA ȃAnA ȷ
BzA ȗ U  Mo  Lo A eA  o SB   nq ȃAnE B
ȷ ozA m ȪA o  () jB~A o] BA o{ E B  ɛozA
B훱  oBd UnBp L RAoA o   vT () jB~A BA B mA BA
  300 dM Mo ȧB{ ȪA o  MoA BzA  RBo\A ȃAnA ȗ
kz  A G AA ( oA) UBvM  MoA J\A G oBA UBvM SB
.KvA G jƪA oA   11 kM  A kL MA 
: A
   AoA n  JoA nA  o{A B   jkzA BA cTBM A
   oA B B ovdU ȃAn B wA   E M zA  A
ȪA o ȧAe ȃAnA Sw  Mo Jo JoA k Bk oA AA
 oA BA k~A  B nB] B  B  BɄ ɄA{  pnBLA
A m SB  ]  B B ZohTvA  ]   Bol UF w
 309 ) ȯBwBvA ϦA BTA l nMBw ki An SB TA cBvBM 
) M RAoA Mo B B  nBL  mA khA Am o  (12) (ɷ 379
. Mo  BTBM o mA ( kw o o
:  oBdA E odA
ol WkdA E gnBTA ȗ jo   oBe odA UoA wA êA 郱 B
 ov qM BkM E 훱A m BYA E A 훰 L  odA E oBdA wBM Mo
d~A jke E ozA Tn An jke G () vdA BA oL 郱 A 
.
: MBM o
MoA BzA  Lo ȷ jAkM wA M A eB  MBM ȗ nA oA
.o~ ShM ϦA pB BM SB m oA  BM nBYC BBM RBoB
: uAA
Y B BU 킽 MBLA B ( Kzi  E qi  oA  ) tB ]
vdA ɃAnA ȗ U  ȫwA cTA L nB~ B oL SB  Bk
q Bk  nz Li ȗ A m  () vdA BA oL k   Jo
Mo uAA M RAA v B텚U ȧBFM ȯF )) : M A d ovA
. (

$
*7
: njB~A
--------
w AoA  1  nAk C ~ ve kd kvA / () vdA BA k  1
. 1940
. 3 Z / {oA o{ oBM / () vdA BA Be  2
. ȯBTwozA kA L kvA / vdA BA   3
. oA ApoA kL kvA / () vdA T  4
2. Z kA gzA / jB{nA  5
.  1986 w RoM  1  / ȦvA kw / hnBU MjE d Mo  6
. ȮqA oA kL kvA / () vdA BA nX woA BYA  7
. 텧A jB Bw / Mo VAoU  10
. ȮvdA ApoA kL kvA / BXke Bk AoA gnBU  11
. 413 / 4  176 / 2 ǱdA RB / AkLA \  12
w zj  110  107 / ȮA kL nB / wA B\A ȗ odA gnBU  13
.1993
. 196 oL] MA en  14
/ 450  435 | wAA / hnBU RBwAnj  en / wA RAoA  15
. 1990 w jAkM
. 230 | 2 Z / ww keA / kAoA jA nBe gnBU  16

$   410 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / 
M\A A oL BA \dA K{  JoBM A A kB~A nBv  隽
$
*3
: uwFTA
 jv M (|) A wn i mA 郱A ȷ SB k\vA Am nA G 
..\A nw Sq  G  峼 (|) A wn ABM \A A  \A  T]A
M  B todA KeB  (todA k\v) M  A v k\vA Am
K{  UF woe  Bo k AT Te q\  k  A TA AlA Te
.(\dA Y A vU TA) kA Y   oB ȮM

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
oX  nA SdU j  tnj Bk k\vA Am ϼM AoMA oa ɷ 1112 w
jke  _o _k\v k\vA nA M ȗ ȮM k BpA BU  vA
k\v AM Y L k\vA E  A] 峼 BB  JAodA 郰  A
.k\vA iAj ȗ BMBM 幦] ke LB\M ] nYFA k\vA cw  oiE
BveA  RAnBA eE  oLTU k\vA ȗ oiA nB S~e ɷ 1362 w
$
*5
: BA
 nA SdU o ȗ kA JAodA k]  o L   oB A k\vA
^Aoiƫ B S~e TA RAnBA KLvM oB o A ȷ o o ȷ
$
*7
: njB~A
---------
319. | 5 Z A joA oB kd / oA A SM   kA gnBTA - 1
200. | 2 Z / țnp /  nBLiA - 2
143 | / ȦBA kn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 3
. 1977 - RoM.

$   411 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / 
.AodA k\vA    uL ME L]   隽

$
*3
: uwFTA
ȗ jA țnpA fnƪA ol o\ A oA A ]o ^Ak] k k\vA BM
BG  eoA i  u 婼AoMG k\v  B A :  B  o\ ȯBXA oA
A   uL ME L] ȗ y B vLA AoMA  M B oiC ]n 
.k ]n BM mA

$
*5
: BA
  ^Bo 탱 Ap   RAo k jak]   `BM o k\v A BLA G
w SB TA Ten ȗ vkA oL] MA BeoA ol k 娱A A  ~ oB
oz cw   k\v  nBL BMn uL ME L] A ȗ) :  B ɷ 578
B (wkA LA B]  BvUA  odA ve  Bve o   LA kLA 
ϦA G) :  B  ɷ 725 w SB TA Ten ȗ M MA BeoA BE ol
ve o   kLA 鼪]   ozA odA     o A jAnE oBA
A ȗ BzA Ak A UjB   A A : oiC 郱 ȗ  B    (...
鼪]  A~A ɗ ZovA kU  zA  cMB~A A]ov  A{  
MA L] FM mA k\vA cw   AodA k\vA cw  k  RB\A
.cLvU  oLU  U ȗ ϦU T lƪA   uL

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
uL MA L]  mA k\vA \M (LwA pB\dA Ϧ) vdA ozA B k
 ovA RpA\ 幼dA woA AnA M  郱U |Bi { ȗ 
.MAA AA M

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
202. | 2 Z / țnp /  nBLiA - 1
| 5 Z / A ǰoA oɷBɄ kdɫ / oA A SM   A gnBTA - 2
320.
148. | / ȦBA kn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 3

$   412    413 
*1
: oTA
Uo (|) LA  oeE mA   kA  nYFA k]BvA  Ao\A k\v
jAA An  AoeA 郱  ɷ 8 w  cT kM BA  ]n e XBXA
~A kBM M~A nB\dA We
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / 
jA nk ȗ B  24 MAo  oA  țo{ B{ Ao\A o ȗ 隽
.kL o wAM M Ao\A LUoU  幽nAA A v mA ow

$
*3
: uwFTA
A  ^Ak\v (|) AoeA B ȗ ȮM Ao\A  oTA  (|) woA oeE B
~ k\vA Am B  hA  e B oT{A  Bw yo  ]n BM mA
wBM Ao\A Sw  k\vA Am   E oT  幯Ao\BM B AlA (|) LA
 qA kL M kwE EoA ȷ  Ao] BL  K SM n B B yo  EoA
^BYBE  kM  Bq S TB AU    BU  B q TA ȷ BA ǰn
92. / dA 

$
*4
: nBA  wTA
ɷ 1263 w Ȗ gnBTA oL wTA  S~e  ^AnAo k\vA Am n k 
JAod  JT  B  jBMC nke AoA keE  nBw ϦA ]p Ujk]
.k\vA

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 ]n B 幯Ao\BM e B (|) A wn v 孼e  B B E ǰn 
.(kE  AlG S{ k) : (|) A wn B : kA : B 娱A
13 Ao\BM BA  孼e q   B Ao\A  oTA  (|) woA oeE 
 (|) LA  Joz dA ϧl  BA L dn po (|) LA A ǰn  幦
Ao\A  oTA A ^BA ǰn  TMmM XA Jo B Ao\A ȗ  tBA w
.L 300

$
*7
: njB~A
-------
207. | 2 Z / țnp /  nBLiE  1
64. | / jLA W M UB / oYA  hnBTA  B  2
| 5 Z / A joA oB kd / oA A SM   A gnBTA JBT  3
370.  272
152. | / ȦBA kn w gzA / oBdA  ȃBA M kA   B  4
335. | 12 k\A / BLBLA A / AqA  5

$   414 
*1
: oTA
ZBdA oƽ mA 郱A : - jqA E - ȷ 幖jqA w ȗ AA k\vA 
 M ȷ : AodA ozA B B ^ RBo  TBA kM  SLA qM
.k\vA  Am ȗ BzA Ȧ~ A ZBd KdTv RBo

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / 
nBv  bq L] 隽 BA oA  RBo A kB~A   k\vA Am 隽
. A ]T

$
*3
: uwFTA
M ~ p A ]o A ǰn RAo k UnB BM jak] k kA k k\vA
J M ~  wA L o U k]BvA  cd o  J
jqM kA  E  kM  tBA BAo nBA k bq L\M jqM  B
.tB

$
*4
: nBA wTA
L ɗ o\e  JT  B BhA BLM oA jk] ɷ 760w -
.JAodA
.oU T k\vA Am oTM kw oA ] BvA oE ɷ 842 w -
eFM RBoM M kd ozA  oE oE BLTB BvA p ȗ ɷ 874 w -
.Ank] 輼LU
.kd BvA L  k] ȧA M Bw oa ɷ1072 w -
nw  {  UB] 鼪]  Uo Ank\M k\vA eE ɷ 1375 w -
$
*5
: BA
Uo M ȗ ^BL B FM)) k\vA Am (ɷ 223 w TA) țnpA fnƪA ~
B kU B lƽ nB k\v JAod k\vA oiDM 幖jqA nA ȗ oh
nBA JBM  ik B~ A BUnA o BM nBA ~ 幖jqA  ZovA
Y 24000 wBLA kA p ȗ TeBv SB k ((|Bh{A oz d Ȗ 
MnE k\vA Am ((2  8000 A TeBv S A A jvA wTA S~e
]AU TA M\A \A ȗ BMBM BA oA  TA BzA \A ȗ BMBM JAMA
A BLA  4 d oA nA  k\vA Ank] BUnA 岾An mA bq L]
B    oA K\d Uo VkdTv nw k\vBM d nBA Lz o
 jƽ k\vA Am k T\ ZB\dA  ^AoX A om k\vA iAj
 BzA
$
*7
: njB~A
---------
 36 | 6 Z / A joA oB kd / oA A SM  A gnBTA - 1
.ɷ1412 w 1
.ɷ 1403 w 3  186 | / 2 Z / țnpA /  nBLiA - 2
230. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 3
űzA nAj 33 | / kdA kL p kw.j / nB~A KB\ ȗ nB~LTwA - 4
.jAkM - BA BXA

$   415 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
ME nB{ B ȗ 峮  550 kM  ozA ǱLA k\vA B{ k\vA Am 隽
kA nBA nBzM ~TA nl
$
*3
: uwFTA
B ɗ  (|) LA  (k\vA k\v) M v BM B k\vA Am
 贯 B L̛ A  B  Ɉ Te BAkeA ɗ j\vA BɄE  孼Tn
TE  ϼ   : B ȯBUE oL] A) : (|) M ϧl  oLiE j\w
 odLA k\v wA ϧm    (RB]nj oz BM n  ^Aoz  A 
A cLA  wA Am BvA nAkU k  odLA  B BTvM  ^BLo B 훱
隽 mA nBzA w Lv ϧmM Ȫw   峧    (nl ME k\v) M o
TB ȗ k\vA
$
*4
: nBA  wTA
n ȗ nB  SM  pAoɄ veE  jvA kA ȗ k\vA nB Rjk]
BUo BTke M]  B{ ȗ SYkeA B MoA ȧBzA
$
*5
: BA
k]BvA  cLA  峪\e KwBU më   ^]  ^BXke ^BM ȮL A k\vA
BA Ao{A SdU   AoA Aj A ϦU E Bƽ TA
$
*7
: njB~A
---------
| / ȅzA A kd ȧBɓ / (|) A woA nAj Bɫ ɗ XA nkA - 1
. 1992 w k] 4  170
126. | / nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke Bk nA kA B gnBU - 2
158. | / Be Ȧ / nA kA gnBU  ~ - 3
18 | / wA A kL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA  k]BvA - 4
$   416 
*1
: oTA
Am ȗ (|) LA ]p (n) LA nB kv B A  BTvLA ȷ MozA
vA  \dA l ȗ (|) LA MA AoMA Bkw (n) nB kvA Rk BA
^Ao{ oz BY A ^Ao{ oz Tw MA  RB mA o\ MBvA
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
hA M  (S{kA)  B 郱 ȗ ozA odA  JoBM k\vA Am 隽
KAmA nBv  ȧAA nB{ jAkTA  ^BBe AoMA A Moz U wAA Ao{
.^BLoU oA ~T ȗ ȮA zTvA A AoqA zTv 

$
*3
: uwFTA
o BE ȗ k\v U B ȗ ȮM 婼AoMA E Moz ȗ  (|) LA A ǰn
AmM TvU KLw (ɷ 93 - 91 w) nA kA  ^BA B Bk qqAkL M
Kzi  LzhM SU TA LA nB kvA ȷ 婼AoMG E Moz A Lv wA
.(|) LA MA AoMA j S BhA BMo e MozA ϦU

$
*5
: BA
A k ^Bo B - cvA MoA SLA  ɄA - ɄE  nBL k\vA Am
e SwA  nvM BBd A MozA k\vA ȧAA d ȗ - kA
w B L   1987 w MozA m B SpA k dA  oL MozA
UoA MoA n i   mA oiA A l LzA kkdA BMBM
L o  nBL MoA m SB MozA B A ȷ TA wA ȗ AA
 A ȧBE dA S k B B oM A U w BwA ȗ o\dA 
.B BU j

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
^]n ^BB AoLe B mA (oA M oh) UBvM keE AoMA A Moz A B
kd L A  oM BTvLA AmM E k keE ȗ T wE k ^B
MA AoMA Rk  BTvLA ϧl vU (n) LA nB kvA SB k.(|)
wB ȮM A Lv ȷ wAA Ao{ ϧl kM BTvLA Am h cLA(|) LA
.() ovA vdA BA iA o] M unjG M

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
121. | / nBhA wB keA kvA / BXke Bk nA kA B gnBU - 1
 385 | / ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 2
424.|
90. | / wA AkL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA k]BvA - 3
164. | 2 Z / Bz M / LA ovA - 4
.yBA 69 | 1 Z / aL{ M / nA kA gnBU - 5

$   417 
*1
: oTA
B mA BA ȗ (|) LA k ȗ hA BLw Ak ȗ ȮM mA k\vA 
BM BvA XA A BdA  oA hA M MBv w C  A 
.

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
k ȫBzA JBLA ȗ (500) M nkU BvM  kL (|) woA k\v aȧB{ 隽
.voA B\A A d nA\M MBvA iBA  B

$
*3
: uwFTA
o\A wBTA oA ɗ ȦLdA kA ȼd̫ kvA odA ɃBɛ k\vA Am FzA
A ǰn lG (|) woA p ȗ hA BLw Ak ~T ȗ 隽  LvBM Ȫw
vA ȷ) BdA   (^Bn jB\A) oA hA M MBv B (|) A wn
AnB Am 噽np ȮM k\v A XA  oU  TA 幼XA A (keA L] Mo AA
.w ȗ ȫnAkA

$
*4
: nBA wTA
^Ak] oL v A E o̗ ^Bd ^BXke ^ABM ȮL BzG kE ɷ 1361 w
B ^Bki ^Blƫ ^BBG  S UBBM kA SB xoA ohFM xo TwT
.zM

$
*5
: BA
 BU ^BXke ^ABM ȮL  nA kA ȗ oLA k]BvA  k\vA Am k
: v    幼BA jA ȗ \A  BU SB k uhA RA~A
Mo o{ RAl zA Mo WkdA pAoA  L k\vA nB 唱z v
MA BM  k\vA Ȧ k
$
*7
: njB~A
---------
39. | wA AkL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA k]BvA - 1
382. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 2
130 | nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3
232 | ȅzA ȧB / A woA nAj B ȗ XA nkA - 4

$   418 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
KAmA   keE L\  keE Ak{ nL  BzA A k\vA Am 隽
 150 M nkU BvM  kL (keE L] ȗ { ) tAoA  mA KzA A
$
*3
: uwFTA
 (|) LA  A  幧BwoA o~ A BhnBU ]o TA oYA k]BvA  
bAo\A  Ak]E B ϧl keE o K  MBd~A  o~A oA U
 ozA A Sq 峼 ~ ^d M k\  BA ϧl eBv  ^Ao
 B ǱLA k\vA ȗ BA  KLvM Sq A m A  幧jB\A nw
.ϧmM nz  kA m cvA k\v wA k\vA  K \A

$
*5
: BA
Te 幽kke wFM nw lG ȯBX ȧBdA BM nB\dBM ȮM eBvA o k\vA
唱v o L\A o  Uo nvA k\vBM B BvA KE k o
.JAodA  mA  冚 keA nAk] w  L  婽k ~~\U zA Mo

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
26. | wA A kL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA k]BvA - 1
137. | / nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 2
381. | / ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 3

$   419 
*1
: oTA
RBM Jod vL B mA nkA  郰 (|) LA B  TA k]BvA  
.keE A  Ak Y keE  bBL Te 

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
A 汧A L AkzA kw o  keE A KAmA nBv  k\vA Am 隽
.(1300) M nkU BvM keE Ak{

$
*3
: uwFTA
TvU E ȯBXA qA m o\dA  SM TA kA oYA k]BvA  
 BA  BE E B T  ȷ 孼hzA ]E A Lv hzA k\vM
m k BYjBdU B êA Bo pB\U EoG ]n A Lv hzA ]FM Sw
BA v k\vA Am B wA AmM BB Aw ϧm tBA JoTwB ]A
A v keE  cL~A  ɗ RBM (|) LA aE ǰn lG AkLA k\vM
bAoTwA (|) LA  ϧl wA AmM kA E k o  bAoTvA k\v
 郰 (|) woA  nkA k\vM ^BA o B keE q A MBl k 
.BhA ̳T̫  vL B mA nkA

$
*5
: BA
Len i KL An  nBL  ȯBXA kA A ]o ^Bk k\vA BM B
hzA k\v pA k 幫k B] A ȷ B  LB\M SB BvA SdU
bAoTvA k\v B ȗ VkdTwA ɷ1415 w BL{ o{ ȗ nA  Ǳw
.kk\A

$
*6
: gnBTA oAl 
 o~TwA  ajn keE  k\vA Am k z] oTwA (|) woA A ǰn
((ozA   ozBM Tv )) :B 峗eE  jA LT ajn B MBd~A
E BnmT y\A WY  孼BA  BE M w M ME M AkL ]n Bk
.o EoM miE (|) LA

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
31. | wA AkL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA k]BvA - 1
379. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 2
133. | nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU -3
72. | 1 Z / aL{ M / nA kA gnBU - 4
174. | ȅzA ȧB / A kLA gnBU ȗ XA nkA - 5

$   420 
*1
: oTA
Kv̽ UA (|) LA AiE RBM  a nB\A RBM wBM Ȫw mA k\vA 
A   ^Ao]B (|) woA k̛ Bk vA   nzA RBMA kjoU A
: B TA kA
AjA RBaY    B nkLA 馄
Aj  Bj B   B ozA K]
$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
M nkU Bv BL k\v  kL AjA Y  țozA J\A ȗ k\vA Am 隽
. 100 dM  kL mA \A k\v MB (900)
$
*3
: uwFTA
RAo k bA oTA { k (|) woA p A k\vA Am gnBU ]o
Ȫw BA cd o  tBAoXA k \A k\v wA k\vA Am  K
.kU B (|) LA o\ ~ ȗ nB\A RBM A Lv

$
*5
: BA
kM cLA BM k~U  nAqA M  Ȧ~ ^B{o ^AoB k\vA Am B
nB\dA nBYC w  ̙L   ɷ 1415 w BL{ ȗ pE k Y 奪A Y 啚w
.kA

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
66.| / wA AkL / nA kA ȗ oYA BA k]BvA - 1
368. | / ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 2
117. | / nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 3

$   421 
*1
: oTA
 ȗ  cL~A  Y bBL~A Te B ȗ (|) LA RBM mA k\vA 
.vM Ak (|) woA xAo ȗ () Ȧ BA B Bk ϧl kA A Uo\

$
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
i  keA oT M nakU BvM  kL BL k\v J] k\vA Am 隽
MoA SLA  A - cL~ E MoA LB\M BnqA A BvA BA RBAqi
.AjA Y - cvA

$
*3
: uwFTA
kM  wA AmM dA ϦU E o (cL~) kk\U L k\vA Am wA B
BLTw Zoi (|) LA aE wA AmM TvU KLw (cL~A) A wA ae kk\U
k 峧  kA A   jB  ̫ () KB ME M Ȧ BA  MA
.cL~ k\vM Ȫw ϧm bBL~A Te k\vA Am B ȗ (|) LA RBM

$
*5
: BA
k Uo o Ank] RL MBzA kTA pAoA  ȮL eBvA o k\vA
RAl BUnA  më Rk{ BAp keE ȗ BMBM k\vMA BM S
幧vM G ~ E J\A B\UBM BL k\v  jB 񪽰 lƪ Mo o{
.LA B\UBM B Wke ȧBdA ȧBA BM RAo k jk] k\vA A e

$
*7
: njB~A
---------
68. | wA AkL /nA kA ȗ oYA BA k]BvA - 1
125. | nBhA wB keA kvA / ^BXke ^Bk nA kA B gnBU - 2
374. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA ȃBA M kA  B - 3

$   422    423    424 
*2
: 雱A
jvA MoA 񦪪A / nA kA
B TA LvA k]BvA keE   w L\ MoA BzA \BM k\vA Am 隽
() AoqA B k\v TdU 隽 mA () KB MA M Ȧ k\v  cTA k\v
k\vA  JBhA M o k\v  oM MA k\v  wnBA Bw k\v  Am
.RAnBv BA hA  Ko A

$
*3
: uwFTA
q ȗ JAqeA  k (|) A wn  B mA BA ȗ k\vA Am ȮM
^Aj]  Bi S  nk RF ^Bdn  wnE  Bj A JB\TwB khA
ȗ k]Bv Tw BLM qqA kL M o B ɷ 88 w Ȗ Aen  AmhB Bo 
() AoqA B kvA wBM k\vA Am Ȫw  MBd~A BwBM Sw BA Am
oE B]p  (|) A wn BM qLhA  B텧A ~U vA B SBɟ TA
.ɷ 5 w khA q BE () ƪA
$
*5
: BA
d BUnA  峯Be  oB BA  啚w kM Mo 텛  nBL k\vA
.oT

$
*7
: njB~A
358. | ȦBA Akn w gzA / oBdA  ȃBA M kA   B  1
143. | nBhA wB keE kvA / ^BXke  ^Bk nA kA B gnBU  2

$