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BzA o  RdA kL om A E  h  AqTwA WkdA  qTv 
L E K\ B kɛ 嬱ɟozA jvɗ ME Bɟ E  jwA o\dA oɟl
oow SdU BoA ȗ qA B B TA d~A om  AwE e vA
.BzA BTF zB
eB\A  k)) : wBLA kA ol k ((KmA Zo)) ȗ jvA B 
  n~U B jBM k AoLBM kE v k ZB\dA  ~TwA BMBT
 LB   vA   Ȧ B v k  d ((BXA)) JBTM ]oU
.oBA o  n T A   jB dA UB BL o  [Td
ȗ oiC JBT ~TM LE Te ((BXA)) JBTM ]oTA JBTA AmM o  Y
nB~TA ȗ B ƪA oE BG JBTM B]oT TEn 婴T{ AE  AoA BG
AAoA B]n  om 幂AoA T{    A ȃn  KB ME M Ȧ  
.o E ȮM BG  kƽ
k  ol UB B  om ((BXA Bv)) JBTM ]oU oiC ^BMBT a Y
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.((oT  T\ BA ȗ LT ȗ ϧl ol  zA  Bo 
: jnB\A
(|) LA A :  AB  kLA nmA M jBp jnB\A ME BLUA : kqA o 
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M Ȧ M kp BA kM vdA M vdA M A kL M kd BBM jnB\A U
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.BA  ^Bn ^BB B
A ̳A))  B  jB~A BA ̳ k oBLA BA JBdA  Am jnB\A 
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BL\A
(ɷ 303 / 235) BL\A JBA kL M kd
ME  A Am miE A  ȗ BBG B 幧qTA E keE G)) : Bi MA B
Km ȗ  .o~ ȗ o~LBM qTA un o~LA BdzA A kL M J w
oB   A  o{A vdA ME gzA miE   nz RB AqTA
.((BA BUn
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pAA o~LA  o ȗ ȷ nA m  AjBL ]  tBA  BTwpi
:   B E G  ϧm oA u o~LA BE  ((BL]))  oLi   ] Te
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BE  BE BL] jk \A  ȗ u jkA G TLv X tB o
.((AoA
w mA )) : B  kq  BM ((A A)) ȗ UoA MA  YE k
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o{E   UA B M 峦X mA ME kM wBoA  kTBM  qTA RBL oBw BlA
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.((k\A M Bo w YAke
ȗ v Zp ]A ME  AlB .o  B ]n oL\A B  oe E ǰn
B .w o  UEo]  AL\U  oBdA G o ? ϧFwE :  B o nk
? jB kA M vTE : B  : B ? kA 햽 BU A  : B : w : 
q : B  : B ? AoB] vTE : B  .B ? n\A 햽  : B  : B
:  ? L~A Am  Fv tBA ] o 酚B jB kA M vU  E
.BL]   
B AoBe oMqA  e ME  B]nA ȗ M oB Ȧ BME E UoA MA n
Ȫ\E ϯG BX BME B :  B kL M o Ț A M o BME G : e ME
RkE AlG Rq\A Rk AlG JoA G 婴A Ȫ\E Ϯ  BvA Ȫ\FM Sv
.Ao{ kzE SiE
k o\ jBG h   Uk UkE G ȯG
k~ k Jm k oBzA G :  B SvBM MB]E BX BME G : Ȧ ME B
/ j)  ]E tBA \A  ] ݫ : ]q A   ȮYke 
k~A TɗE Bݪ  G  : B ? k UE Bݫ G (13 k\vA 119
.e ME Sv
BMBdE B)) : vdA ME B : B .ZBTA oq E UoA MA  B o
B : B 幛n E vi E F k] Ȧ ME E B Anoe G : 
B\A  Aq] kM miE B TEn ȫpnAhA [p ȗ o B G JBT ȗ o TEn
.(( k A  { wE A G :  B vdA M kd oLA
 Ȧ ME B)) : B AovU Ȧ M E A ]oU ȗ UoA ME  o 
.((A G ovU ȗ AkeE om
M E  mU qoAoA tBLA M A kL kd ME ]oU ȗ   BE o 
K TA RAnBA o\ o\ B AoX E om 娱\A E  joA ȗ BMBT Ȧ
.Bk A
E   AmiE Ȧ ME  A]oi mA YXA BwAohA ]oU ȗ   o B
.BwAohA WBY k\hA A M ((A)) JBT E Ȧ BME
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.BL\A Ȧ ME lBTw ((A)) JBT
.T]oU ȗ ol ]AoTA JBMnE E B ϧl o G
oL\A
 .BdL E B Bve Ao{ E B Aoi 嬱햽 B  jBL BU  BdLw A nBL]G
.oB{A    oh  ov  BTA  oA jAnG kL  E j
.JoA G TBG  e kLA  햧A Ȗ oL\A :  
oL\A
  B jBL nBTiA   峦A A jBLA BA 鼪] kv  oL\BM kTA  
  ^ kL SLXU  ~Bi  幽o{B 햧A ȗ ^BLv kL SLXU wT : B
.(\A oA) A M ] BLUA \A   햧A  nk
ȯB]o\A
(ɷ 816 / 740) jBMAoTwA ȯB]o\A ozA kvA
jkA MoA JjA ȗ TA  ȯB]o\A ozA kvBM oA kd M Ȧ
UE  ((jBMC AoTwE)) Jo ((BU)) o ȗ k o{A [A  TA nBL 
ȗ en B~ E ȯB]o\A BnjB 789 w ((nU)) Bij B pAo{ ȗ wnj
.nU R kM pAo{ G BE jB  kow
峮 Ao jE ozA  A  JjA 孼A ȗ TA ȗ ȯApBTTA jB  
.B oX ȗ TnBz 娱A ȗ  M ~~hU  JoU A nBYC
: A nBYC 
ȗ BA M 凱vL bo{  \A kA k ȃBA A  oLA eo{  1
.RAk\ MnE ȗ Aq]E BY ȗ AoiE AnAo L k ȃBA ol B cU
.A ȗ o~A oLA  2
.ȯApBTT A  {AdA  3
.RBoTA  4
.LA G B B 鼪] poM k .BMBT vi d BLA DTA  ϧl o G
879  .....) kk\A ko\TA bo{ ƫ \{A kd M Ȧ kA   28
.(ɷ
\{A kow  E nBM T ȃBn  ȖdA \{A kd M Ȧ
An B Ϧ (M A) oA Aki  ME B B (oA Be) M oU 
ko\TA bo{ B   BB  Eo Bo A Kl Y RAqLA  d oA
F   B Akn M k M A B  .kow A jB   wA
G nBw ȗ wnE  (A ve oA)) BBw oF qoLUG Kl Y \{A
F k Bi kd BLTwB BM c~ 娰oA jM Bw ((Bi kd)) BvA
((dTA)) BBwE üA  ȗ Bwn  ((kdA)) BBwE JBvdA ȗ Bwn 
ȗ j B j BM ȗU 幯BTwBM BF ((B BE)) wnk Bi kd BF
.(nB~A JE ME MBd~A nA]
wA dA FU (kBA ko\U) JBT bo{   (ko\TA bo{) nBYC o{E 
ȗ ~A  o{A \ AU  A ȗ Bi JBTwA  vLM eo{ k
.zM B jq  nBLA bo{ We jnA
 婉A A A Am ȗ  mA ko\TA JBT G)) : JBTA k ȗ 
孽kA A dA o~ 孼FTA BdA wE 孼hwAoA BA k 婉A oLdA
KB\BM qh ~U  vn bn  v A tk  wA kd M kd
 婦A oX  婉A q] \dA o B G  KAoBM dz FU
B XM oU  BA A L BA ve BA 鼗n BLA ] wA
KB G RAnB{G  Tz nAjA  oA ȗ A LzM RF  nB~A
|~B B oA\M  RBA ȷ WeBL  RBLTM dz RBA ȷ
RAnBL ɗ q\ BTBL T |~A o\ BoXE o\ RB  ǱTd
B B  峉  wvA L o\ 幚B{ RB 幚An RBdU  q]
SMBw  nBA kE TAkU nBA An ȗ uzB nBT{A ȗ   k\vU odvA
.((nBA jB] Ak ȗ
nk  峦L eo{ k ȯBA kd kA  A dA u{)) E G nB{A Y
kvA E  kA{  Ŀj Ak ȗ B] w nkM kB e Be TB
  幚An RBdU  TzU {Ae bozA ϧl   ȯB]o\A ozA
k ȗ jBA B oiC G ((Be  BBM JBTA ϧl pn RBh  AoX B ϧl
.ȯBnA kw ME o~ Bw G MBT kE Y .JBTA
JBT vME JBTA Am o  ȦMjnA dB dA  xAe bozA Am 
.AA bo{ kM o{A A ȗ
ȗ ]AoTA KT  Bo ƪA \ A ȗ Rol oiE FU  E B
.\{ BE ]oU JjA Bdn JBT
: o\A
A BM  (jB~A oA) BA zA E  tjBvA BA () jB~A BɫA BLUA
M K{BA TiA KLvM  wBLA AA  ǱA dA oiAA  AqU o~
BA BTwB oTA ϦU ȗ oX B A BA oT  wBLA  A
A   A oLe Ȫw ϧm B B ak BA zA Ƀ  A jB~A
BM zA  Ȫw Am .̳ z A WjBeA oXA Sn k  (|) kd
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.(BA oA) o\A
\A o  \A
KB k Si LA nAow oBLA A RBBzTA o~ SLA TA oTA A
nA RAqA RBBB LA VnAA Vke Fz  ÄBi RAn~U tBA
TA VnAA ϦU An L A j] ȗ U ÄBhA RAn~TA m AoLA
 S] BvA nBA  Bhw nB 孼AoLA  Ro\ nBA B SBE
kM iBvA A BoTw eBA MAoA kU  k B\A BvA Am
  鮚 Ȫ tBwA  nA RAqA RBBA ovU TA A RBBzTA
.MlB\A ȗ U A kM \A d  j]  M 年A ϦTM B
\A
BwAoi eA keA ((moU)) M ǱA kA B ȗ RpoM TA ]oA o  o
 A M \A Bvwƫ miE Bk A ȗ A BUnmM REkTMA BkM AoA 
UoM ozLT BwAoi A UkM \A TA Y UAkT  nBE nj M k\A 
.B
ȗ B  ȫwA cTA BYA tnB A bq KwAn ȮL  Am A M ] 
 .ǱA dA kT BwAoi ȗ B BkA nBL keE  oL\A tEn  oE AkM
 幼A ȮM k   \A M dTA A vA  [ow M VnBdA Zoi k
peE M w k  ɷ 128 w T  VnBdA q kM A ȮM L  \A owE
.ȯpBA
Ȯ\A
(ɷ 478 / 419)  Ȯ\A A kL M ϦA kL odA BG
 \A A  BzA BA JBdA  oiFTA A : Bi MA B
 pn JjA  oA  A  A ȗ U UjB nAq  TA TBG
k ȗ B keA  隽 Bwnj om B o  k  B nBLA ȗ wTA
\ T tnk kBM 孼w MnA M BE k B  ȗ XT  AnE
.odA BBM K KmA o
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op nkA kA opA o~ ȗ oB{A d G ȷ B pB\dA G ZohA 
M BzA ȗ A oX BzA  K~TA kk{ B : B ț\vA M o
M oF ϧl lF BwAoi oMB  AoA  ȗ BvA KBi E L~U 
BA ozA wBA ME BA  BwAoi E ϧl  F 幽o{A G BA
E G w MnE M odA BG BE BwAoi AnB Bo Ȯ\A ȧBA ME
B) BA kA RB] Bɗ 孼odA BG K Amɗ T tnk Tj SA
.G veE oE   ZqTA  oeE (ϦA
w ȗU ZBTA oq BB{ ^B BB B w M A kL gzA kA  ZohU
Boɓ  ((omTA))  ((o~LTA))  ((vvA))  ((oA)) nBYA   ɷ 438
 ZohT ȚLA wnk G TiBM TwAnj UF oz wBTA w ȗ MA ȗU
.  miE mA mUBwA  o ȮAowA wBA ME gzA
Aqi ȗ j] h  ozT L M BMBT oz  Mo B nBYA  oU
: B LA BwE ϼG 孼oM unBM o~ ȗ KTA
.oBA oM unBM ȗ L k ((kA E ȗ jB{nA))  1
kA wBM oBA ȗ SLɄ k ((wA BeA ɗ BA BwoA))  2
. 1958 B BA G S]oU k 1367 w ((BA
ȗ  A q\A  (A) A JBTA LɄ k ((kA E ȗ BzA))  3
.1961 oBA
BeA)) JBTɟ  B\ veE XeBLA k ((BA ɗ ɫA VBɓ))  4
.nkwBM kA nAj Uoz jnB ((BvA
BBwE Bwn oYA kAp kd gz  ((eA nBTiA ȗ hA W))  5
. 1941 oBA ȗ Roz ((hA W)) ȗ ((BLA BMBM dA BeG))
.((jA  A E ȗ RBnA))  6
:YXA gBzA  AnC ȗ kTv E A LT  oz B o
.(Bh{) M  oL  324 B TA o{A vdA ME  1
.(ȃBA) M  oL 403 w TA ȯBLA oM ME  2
.(lBTwA) M  oL 413 B TA ȮAowA BdwG ME  3
: AnC M ϼG  BL nBA n oA AkMA ȗ Aoe B ȧBA BME E kL 
.nBTiA Jv BvA E BA i Fv oE  1
 .BjnA  oAA o]B BTeA  qdA Ϧv oLhA RB~A ȗ Ϧw  2
.JoA A BB 籗
VjBdA
j] kM Lv B X BvB oBM A kBM LvA j]A  VjBdA
.BU A  oM Lv A B
ȦBA odA
A Lv ȴT ȦBA odBM oA 孼vdA M kd M Ȧ M vdA M kd 
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ȗ j (ɷ 1104) w wkA kz k ȗ ȗU (ɷ 1033) w K]n o{
.() BoA BA ko ozA d~A
ȯAodLA ȦMTA {B kvA ȯB{BA 輖A v\A A: BA  oB 
.(BoLA ovU KeB)
BA BE  Y BA zA B S]oi o  owE BeE ȗ Fz
.kT\A
L] UkM ȗ B ȚM 峚A MoA KT  ] tnk 峮 ȗ wnj ȚTM EkTMA
.w MnE B
BA ko nBq AoA A oBw Y wkA RBLTA nBq AoA A ϧl kM oBw
.()BoA
e \T B Ben d nA\M BA no () BoA BA nB\  SMB
.A J
pB]E 幽An pB]A v\A gzA B pB]E (ɷ 1085) w BEA oBw
.An pB]A BE v\A
() BoA B oBA koA ȗ unkTA (ɷ 1087) w [dA  Uj kM U
ȃB K~ ȅE Y ȦBA ǱwA vdA MA M kd M ve kvA B
.BB E  nB BwAoi ȗ wA g{ BA
iE   (ɷ 1104) w Bn o{  ozA jBdA A ȗ ȗU
.() BoA B oBA koA d ȗ j keE gzA A
kL  k] odA Ȧ M kd gzA  ME :  UkM E  \ mU
ȯBXA kzA kA p M vdA M kd M kA p gzA odA kd M vA
.ozA ȦBA jd M Ȧ gzA
qdA nBw M keAA kL M ~ gzA :  A  ]  mU 
kd M cB kd A nBTdA ]oA ȮvdA oBM kd M kd kvA
.ȮoBM ozA ȮqA oBM
|~BM AkA RBLYG BA od  zA Bw : Bɫ RBɫ k  
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JnB o{ Aj 幼wA kAA 奫A E 幼wkA WjBeA ȗ vAoA\A
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: nB{E 
: B () SLA E bk ȗ A oe  Bi BTM BY  k~  
kL kL kL M ~h   ɼ S We Ȧ ȼ
k kM Y o     TLdM o L o
k{o K~ LdM L   Uoil  T  T\ 
.k u{  o    oLɮ u{ oL 
:  B SM ë MnA RpB\U q  
BɼLA wU k M   Bɼ氿A k\M dU 
BɼA m kvA   ɼLw LA w hB
AoɂA ovA kM   Tv k VBTwA jC 
Ae wo  RF   BLo Ajo nA ȗ vE 
BLA KA K~A k]   ɮ AkMB  BjB M
.BwE ol  BTo{   RBɪ Mn  T
vdA
. ȒL B A nk A  A  JAXA bkA  B dTwAB
o~LA vdA
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.(ɷ110) w o~LBM ȗU 幮kBM o i
BA 孼vdA BA vdA BA KB ME M Ȧ BA - : ĿA  oB
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.ϦA kL M Bz k Te Bw ME M B -: A BdA
.(( vdA  SEn G  ^B SvB] B)) : jBT B -
.(( E  ^]n jLA E  SEn B)) : LzA B -
.((...ukTA oX vdA B)) : LmA B -
E ƪA E khU E SB nB~ݧ ^ nB~ Lv BvM E  ME B -
...w
TMAj  w Te o~LA E ]E  B ^Bd~ B oA jAM vdA Fz -
...Vke B FM Vkd
G : B Te 婴TLd jFM BA 婴Uo~ d]FM BA E  ^BE B -
.oA A nB~A o]BA Kv 嬱BA mi nBaAA T BX
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BA mi 幫A M TA m  qM  峼  vA  oA m
kL m A mi A nB BT{A  馄E Bk ϧm () Ȧ M vdA
..oLA BdTA Am  ^AnAo BwAoi nBj A o\A kME ()Ȧ M vdA L
MnkA x\A  E BkA M o~LA oY ȗ  B Ao ȮL ^AnpAƫ B -
kA Rkı ZB\dA w vdA Bv   : ABɛ Te JodA RBeBw ɗ
.Bo  RmiA Bkd ȗ AoA
y]   ȖXA w M ZB\dA k  ZohA  W{A MA oA -
.më Ϧ jB  B\ Te nBA ϦU M ȗ v F ZB\dA
.(ɷ110) w o~LBM ȗU -
M Ao oM ME w ME B M BX () Ȧ BA :  n -
M  幽B |BA M o MA tBL MA o MA Ȧ\LA Jk] 孼~e
.B] oMB] uA nBv
M oM MAoA  jBT JE 婽o ME M kq 好A ke :  n -
.B] pBe M oo] ȯqA aA kL
B :  B (vA B) vdA M Ȧ BA M o [dA ȗ } vdA B
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 : B  : B ? JBvd Ϧ : B  : B ? nAkA m o  nAj X B
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UAmA vdA
^Bve A  k  BM ^X kA B 峧 A bk   mA zA ϧl
.B bk A kM ^AkMA
ȃoA vdA
B L Ȧi  ^X k~A AoTeA B 峦B bk T  mA zA ϧl
A k ^Bm  TBA A WBY  ^BLLw nB AlA BA 峦B bk ^Bve
ve  .B m ^BdL  oTd u T ^BLLw nB AlA  ve k~A
. T  BA ^BAj u 
: zdA
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K wA ȗ zdA  ^Aze 鼃AA   ȗ kAqA  B Bo
JBdA  qTA X A B M A k  nBTeA  BTA   
ǰn ze  BTe KA AmM ALa :   LzTA  av\TBM ^BLB  WkdA
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: dA
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BdA e A  峯BA AnAjA n~T { oiC dA A   幮vA A MB
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ZdA
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.wBLA nkTA e p ȗ (ɷ 309) w jAkLM T
.nkTA  ȖTA kTA  kTA : wBLA BhA  oB
o B BLUo 孼vA  Anv] AnkT BAk B] B)) : kA MA B
.((...dBM  幼A MBdE k k 夰kA JA
AkM  SB  婦A  Bü{ kdA   n B  幛kqA  TA)) : LmA B
.((....nBhA AnE  odvA U kA  gvA Y 唱~U FU k]
.tnB E  Bw\ k] B  (oTvU) M   wAM Fz
jAkM k~ Y 孼Tw oTvTA A kL M v mT pAA G w YAke ȗ ]U
Ao  nA vdA BME  kd M k\A hBz  Kd ~A Bi
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jAkM G ]n Y 幫oA  G B  jAkM G Zoi Y B ZqU  oTvU G jB
ȗ k SE :  B L\  Fv  Fw  ij kd M k\A nBp k~M
An B jM  BwAoi G ϧl kM oBw oTvU G jB ZdA  nkT ϧAw
M ȗ B  tBA nAowFM T B kA  BTvoU  Bo BTv\w oA
.BA  RoX Am ow  ]n BkM nAowA Ze ϧmM Ȫv B oLh
.AnAj BM M  BM BE We jAkM ȗ oE B ȗ oTwA
ME k  AqiA A d ([) vdA MA \dA B  G  幼MBLA jA
.ThMA w
RoX 峼 A e BM jA TA To tBA M LUB (ɷ 299) w oE o
. LBM oF wBLA nkTA G M RBB{A
S텛 Y 凱w E j\A Mo BA JBM k (309) w ZoiF 峦TM BA TE
K~ ]j o ȗ SA AjBn RnB B TX] SoeE  wEn qe  MnA AoE
.eAA ȗ M   BwAoi G e Y ov\A   jAkLM  wEn
oeA 幽nA TqA o\zA oLA o\A  pA wBɄ : B RBƫ k 
e 幼BLA BdA JvA BA  jkA A 幼A BwA  pA  YkdA
CoA Ao jMFA  kMA ((keE A  )) ovU 嬱~A bAnA  BdA nA
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AFv 庱vA  A UF AowE ȮM X X ȦX : B ϧl U  SE 
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幼MoA oq\A ȗ BveA ȧBA  (ɷ 1241 - 1166) kA p M keA gzA 
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ȗ Bwn 娱A B~eA RBTA JBT JoA v 幽kow ϦA oe MBhA
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kM v\ od B BLA oX  A Be ȗ k]A d B Ȫ\A
B MB]G veFM Bw  K\  峯Fv RBA  KAmA JBMnE ((Ao))
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kA VB B A B 帰kA MA  oF pAoA T  婷kpE E
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B Bü{ G ~  孽kA VB k kqA G Lv  pAoA kA oh l 孽kA
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SM L 峼L w  A j  Jm wA f{  g{ uBM vU (])
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k Bd ~ kM kU  (|) A wn  c~A ( M {) Bvn
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aU  o\A ȯBXA oA oiAE ȗ k .anMBzA ajpA hA M AlB{ M A
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BA  () jBA BA  () jA\A BA  () BoA BA : ĿA  oB
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(416 E 415 / 324 d) nBL\A kL BA ȃB
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.o  KA ϧl 
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k ((BvA  bo{)) JBT ȗ (ɷ 494 B TA) Ȫz\A BdA ]oU
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.k Jo  gBzA  kU  KT gv Te Bv LT
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oB  uB\A oe B  BzA Km oA ȗ  o{A Km A ȗ
kL ME gzA k BE  jAkM G en Y k  Eo xB M BdwG ME G TA
BLT UodM    峯Bp ko oj keA Zoi AoA B Te kk k A
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A Fw aoA k B M BoaLT tBL M A kL k\v ȗ ((ȮA)) G BM EkTMA 
BM L BYY Tw w kM oA G KeB~A BkTwA  MF nBLA M wBM \
M BTA oX  Ȧ  tnk B 416 E 415 w ȗU A G unkTA  BLA
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: UBƫ 
p\ B JBT BTA 鮪A jBTA oBhA BA  hA nA~A  AkA
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.Eq] ȗ L  (ȗBzA }hU) BwE wA gzA ~h  oL k\ ȗ L
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