: bA A ȗ kA
. jBA BA Ȯ :  kA
A BA BTBM  BvA A BhM BA Ȯ  bA ȗ BA
.B XLA
: kBM jBTA Aj
  An U TA AA  kBM jBTA Fz  dA BA WdM k
 ow kBM jBTA Fz BM A A F\  w An  \T A M T
. (1) (ϼ ı ) A KlB   nAowA
kA FvA SiE  BMnA ȗ Be nBT oz BXA oA ȗ ȯBA oA nM
E  ov Te T{ KAm oA tnAkA M SLl  SdLA ȯBA ovTA A
 tnAkA ϦU M A nB{A WdLA Am l ȗ UFTw RBT\A  nB oB
BE ȗ nq\T Be kB G  ϧm nBA o RB oMBA nB{A d 
. UA VBdMA dTw B ȯBvA j]A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 99 | ϼ wB{ B]  1
: ȯBvA j]A BA ȗ ȴA B\UA
 oA RBAnjA qoA AkA ȷ BM BA kBM jBT A nmLA A
.oA A eM SdTU SBU STL
SA u ȗ B BvA RAl ȗ  FT oA tBveA nm] A n
nBA kA RAn~TA   jo] v BvA Ȧi  ke A dA ]
A ^BAj \TU BvA ow BkA oe A {  jE M nkw F k jBA
e j]M eU BvA LA A RAjo  A jkd B  k
dA MoTA üLA A   ϧl kM BovU 񪽿 lA  BA Am oMk
. BUB\U oA FT ^Ak ^BB SB
ȯBvA j]A  BC ȗ odT ȯBvA j]A BA ȗ nm\T ȴA B\UB
. ȮkA B\UA L L~i A]A Si qo Aj o RAjAkTwA d
: ıj S
BA A BMoT uA qU jAnA  B jBL ȗ jBLA kBA kA boA G
B jAnA m A  gnFTA Ʉ ȗ BvA ȗ j] SB  n~TA oɓ A
(1)  AvA  鼪\A ȗ j] B BF  ȴG EkL
.......
: njB~A
----------
( wnBBM ) 69 : BM BvA BLUnA  1
: (  1885 ) SAnj 
T~ KeB  vA gnBTA vLU  j] A mA JBTA poMA keA 
: nBdA vA
 o{BL n~M TvA RBwBveA qoA RB]BdA k  L oE BA A
(1) jBA BA uA e \A  E

.......
: njB~A
----------
. 15 / 1 kBA A : nA LT\  1
: (  .  348 / 428 ) A
: ȯBvA oA gnBU   BA BA w 
m BA nmM w ȗ nmL E K\ M ... A  BBMA Jnk E Ȗ
e  z   BM BvA Mo mA YA MAoA  BA . nBE 
{  ȗ wA oiA A  B . BM BvA ~ mA tkA BMoA Am
AA A 鼪] tBwE  M BA  BvA Be ȗ dA kA Aq  .
. (1)  BvA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 112 : BvA Be ȗ kA nj : ȖA k kd  1
: U j ȟ BU
 oiC { FM A vA RBA E z mA ȮkA nzA kLU 񪽿
 - BvA uA ȗ K o   L ȮkA nzA B . vA oAA
nzB  A ȗ dA iA ȗ  ohA A ȗ B\A  E  BA ȗ 
(1)  BvA ~hz A jBMA  MAoA kLA oLT ukTA oiC oLTM A ȮkA

.......
: njB~A
----------
. uA ȗ MAoA kLA E ȮkA nzA : j ȟ BU  1
: ( 1956  1884 ) UnBw Zn]
: o~ ȗ A inƫ A keA 
BvA k kA  bAozA BvA kTv   LA ȗ B\A  z A
kA A  BvA ȮTv E    . dA A BvA j A LdA A
(1) .  A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. TvA d]A : UnBw Zn]  1
: ( 1915   1842 ) q] B
: ȟoA UB]oLA vA ȯBvA BA
nBA vBM jk j j  BvA ... UAnk UBBA BvA kTv kA 
( 1 )  . ^BAj
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 155 :  ^Akw yU  : ȦUnB j  1
: VnA - n - B]
A :  E BTw BvA e  zA ȗ jB j gnFTA A kT B 
^B  mA A EkL hA noM v BE  ^BAj oz B BvA
. (1)   dAohA ]  鼪\M 帱
.......
: njB~A
----------
.  BvA VAkeA JnB\TA  kA 雱 : VnA - n - B]  1
: BTzA RoLA
: LvA oA KeB
nzA Am ȗ  BvA 񦪽 mA tBveA nzA AA wA  ȮkA nzA
oTv A Ϧ nzA Am k mA .eoA oA BvA KA  ǱU
. BeA { ȗ ^BT A u zj K\ ȗ
^B M d A 鼅Tv BA n ^ j] oA AnjA B  ZohB o A
. ȮkA nzA tBwA k ȷ TA RB\TA M A  BA ~  j n~M
 n{ v ȗ o{A ȮF BvA k ȮkA nzA  oA m BoLTA AlA
. (1)   LA Am  E
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 54 : BTzA : ϯAo K  1
: nB uvA
ȗ ^E ^Bq E qo z oA BE  L ȮkA nzA E Uk ȗ
(1) . BvA u
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 16 : AkA : nB uvA  1
: ( 1892  1823 ) Bn SvnA
: vA  dv voA fnƪA
B~A A A BTwA oe LU A  LdU {  d A 񪪧A  A
mA jBA KmA M  B \e Lw M  kTA d E dTv  
(1)  . nA Bd ükA BA ȗ ȯBvA oA o~d E ko
.......
: njB~A
----------
. kA   ozA oA nB oA : k] ko  1
: uA  BjA gnBU ȗ ȮkA tBveA
Be  z ɗ o~A AA ȮkA tBveA oɗ bo BjA gnBU A
. gnBTA BT]A B k kT nBA
) kBvM oTwA ( ko )  oBzA o uA ȗ dTBM EkM mA uA  BA
hA A  kk] B A BvA bn BA ȗ U k ( ϯ )  ( ojA
ȪA LTT ȮkA tBveB jAnA AnB A oɓ RBAnjA nBA  AA
. A
: oA TwA Ke
BM TA \A BvA e dT BkA A BvA tBveA Am j
. KA BM U  B ϧl A B jB EkL j]A
: BveBM tBveA
A o{  AkA dTA Ke kA A  ȯBvA oA Ak]A  ȗ
ukA BkA  jBTMA oBA BB\vA   B\UA Am kBv \A jn 
. A o{ L]Tv B 헰
: B\BM tBveA - 3
. BT]A VjAdA   v n ȗ oYƽ BvA k A mA 
: tkA A E ȮkA tBveA - 4
. LA AnB A BkA MlB\A  ^B z tBveA Am
: ȴA B\UA RB
Bk bM o vA  qA Am  BU A A Ǳ q BvG  o ȗ
MB 酚 ^Aoi BvA ]A Be  oiC S E  oXA M BvA oz
.  BdA ȗ jBA JBLwA M
qA Am v ȗ  S E  oXA q\  Bv AoT BdA m Ȗ
qA Am ȗ . A BTwBM nzA BL\d k TA ~A m Uo ȗ kFTU
ȗ qA Am  . Mn A \BM ~ oL\ q\ kv E BvA oz \A
. BêA XA A  ^Akq AA 킧A RBe
: A A AoMA en
. MA [BTA A 汧A ȗ ȴA B\UA RB \TU A A AoMA en Ȗ
: eoA m VAkeE jov  oA CoA A Tv
ϧm * L  ȗ ϫ AnE ȯA C ^BBE mhTUE npC M AoMA B lA 
^BL An A  ] B A  񼧰 nA RAvA R AoMA o
A B Mn Am B ^BpBM oA An B * A KeE  B A B Mn Am B
Am Mn Am B pBM uzA An B * BA A   Mn ȯk  ç B
oɗ m ȴ] S] ȯA * ozU B oM ȯA B B SɗA Bɗ  oLA
. (1)  ozA  BA B ^Be nA RAvA
 ^Bü{ BoE  ϦU A j  kLU TA BA m A vA  AoMA o
oA AkM  WdL mA } vM mA BA ϧl U A 񪽿 lA ȴ
A A oT G  WdL FM  SLYA eoA m ȗ ^B{   酛 Am 
. JA }AA   qA JoA j]M A BBM eoA m ȴTU }A
E   kA z ovU TA oA o A BM ȗ B A  nkA Am
Be ȗ kA n ovA RBoA  B A kM oXE BhwoU BA ]oA
. BvA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 79 - 74 BA  1
: \A o
TA JBLwA BM ]   kBM BvA jBTA Fz A :  oUo]A ıB o
 AoLA o\U  RBBA vU TA ȷ A A n~T  A oAA An U
oavT kTU KA MBA A  BeA M B  TLT tBA AkA SdU nA qU
G j]M C  M kTA kA BvA dTA ϧl ] ... KAA \A
. A qU  kM C kL no{ ȚT A ]  ϧl  oz
: \TA
hA BUB LBM BvA \ ~e kU B ^ApAoG kBM jBTA B AlG
BM BA {Bz  kTA k Ai qM A  kM  BnAoA Bno{ 
Bpn e  BnAowA LA BC z k A A ^B~i  BU  B XL
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nwA - ^BA jBA jBTA Kve - k k  AnDM (tM) A B \A d
. UA
: \A o k
BA A Fi An~U BMBdA E  \A o  \vU  B{A A A
BA TA  A oAA ȗ oYƪA LA A j]M BA  BT A j]M
BA M  LA A j]M BA M Be jBTA F  B BXA A
JBLwA BM kT ȴA   BA M ȗBU E k] A Ʒ RB  A j]M
 AoT ȗBU B - BU A - A A A BvvU Kve ȴTU LA A
? BA M BA ȗ
 L]A E A AkLA hTA RBT\A M ȗ jB~ oA m k\ k 
hA \A  BA ȗ A A ke UA B AlG   ȫwA BT\ BA MBA
B KA A  i  dA   BXTwA njB lB{  LA oA 
. M kT B  Anj   {BA vA k ȗ kBw 
BBA BvA kq  A nAowA  oTA A  ɄB toM   A  M
(1)  BA jBL  A zh BA  . BU  zhA  A j]M BBlA
.
kA j B TdU  BvLA Kdw kA n A Bk A nAowBM A B 
ȗ BA  o jAkA k\ BG   kdA A kA  A K A tBA MBMnE
.kT ke ƫ LA A
ȗ u B  A kA M nBU jBU gnBTA B  酚 ȗ VkeB AlA
BdA M qA odA kA M nBU  BA  A kA M o] A
. keA ki ȗ A  B dA kA BA  BA BA U TA A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 28 : oB  1
: hA o
: BjB kTA \A o B ke A JnBU hA o
ȗ B  BvA Be ȗ hA A  BdA m ȗ B v o BvA A
: YY  wn kAoUoM RAnBL
nA aq AqqM TLU E  BvA  B~M odU k TA LA  A Bh 
B wAoTA Bd 峮 E  mA v] ȮM  BBY Bh  k SdU 
. BL kd  B A vU k TA v  BXBY Bh  ϧm oA Sdw
A F\T \ B LA]   BdA m ȗ BvA d hB Be  
     A kTv \ hA Am FɄ h ~e ~e
. A
: oiC 郱 ȗ wn 
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zA o BA BvA \A nAowA  AqA   RA  hA
 n~T tBveA Fz kA kA KLvM A BMBw Uol B ϧl A E  B
. RzA RAo]BzA ȗ Ajk  A LeB
z ovU ȗ zA q\A vA wn kAoUoM RB  ~dTA  Am
(1) . BvA Be ȗ kA oB
.......
: njB~A
----------
wnBBM ) 121 | o] ȚU kd U cU  SA  wn kAoUoM MB   1
. 37 | : BA wo Tv dv Ao] : BA e  (
: hA o k
oB Bk] B  B jnB c  lA  ^BA nBLTA  Bw oiA ȷ o m
oA   BG   TM TB\{ UM qT jAoA k pnBM BA
B  }hzA A   XLA hA oB BA M jo KwBU j]
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noU B \A  hA Fz A   BpBA  Se LA nAowA BA SzU
. (1)   oA m
:  B n~M
- oiC o E  A  hA  A \A  Fz Aw  kA oBBM BA A
B  kA oBA p   kM  A Ko  k B - oiA k B
j]M oU BG A  RjkU A  BTA kBM BA An  JBLwA WALA
. A 汧A jAo mA dA kA
A i B  A jBL  kTA A gnBTA B  酚 ȗ  tBA jB A K
A kA Be  UB~M oT oYE E no B  LA RB nAowBM ]
ƪA { Te   BM jBTA WAM jkU Bz   { Be B ? jLA
 ^Bi  WdM k BvA  A M u KA A : A c~ B  BM
TA - odvA lzA AA  oiA qA ZA KBwA A \M U  oA
dA kA BUA c~ ϧm - BvA Be  酚 ȗ  AoA Z \An SB
ȗ AG - B oT ȗ - M ƪA M E  jo\M - wn  B - qBM
B  Te BnAowA LA oABM  ]  E i  AkM  M BA
. !! JA~A dA X   AA mA kA
.......
: njB~A
----------
( wnBBM ) yhM ]B keA ]oU . oLA KAmA 1
: jB~TA oA
Bj  qUoU BUB\ ThM  BT]A BA A tBwA  oA m U
LUoA oAA Lɟ kA - oA m  ^BM - Fz kɛ .jB~TɛA BA
 B햮 oiA j] }TU A SBe  aTvA LA  BA Am \T BvBM
   JzA okhT w E  - Ʒ o B -  kA   kA SkTMB
B MBA ȗ  nk A  BM   mA  AA oݧ B~A  oL~A tBA
. !! ^q] ^BMAY ^Ao]E  KvTdA BvA
: jB~TA oA k
^~dU  jBTwA oiA v A  BA Am ɗ B{A L kA A
 ~M kA p A SaU m Be G   BzA MnD BFU  Ak
ȫwA k ]Ao jA B  oiE eB   eB  Am . kM  E Ko
BLUE a A k\ odTA  Aq BoXE  BjA UBi nBLTBM  oLTA ~
. kdTA BA  oL~A  A BMG  dTA tnj  ~ oL
. (1)   AMAn AoMB AoLA 
. (2)   kA  T U Te UB 
 ^AjBv nA ɗ X A ɗ  bBvA A  BA A oA L  nmd A B
. (3)  nBA vT A mA A AoU 
.  (4)  qh kBM A Mm UB 
B BMn M  kA oA RBT\A jke ȗ n~d o kA oB A B
 uU  SA RAl ȗ  jB~TA TvA  AkTA Be y B BT\
eBA  k o T\ ȗ kTA oB AkG k\T ϯG B 孽kA BA dv
BA kA oBA M ϖU  Y BLUnA B k] ɗ  jB~TA
. Bj] ^BwBwA ^BLLw  vnBA oLTA mA . jB~TA
.BjoM qA U k BBA  A y B oA m joM  
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 200 : Ao C  1
. 193 : oLA  2
. 113 : j  3
. 14 : MTA  4
:  oM AqTA  Bd A ozA
oz BvA  BvA oA   MB kA oBɈ A oA o ȗ Bol
. kA  WdL k BA  AkM
TA ϦU  j oXE RBk  qUo oiC JwFM  oA u RBLYA B ko
kT o A ~ E A BB L w kA  XdM ȗ BvA A ȷ BBo
. A oBM  aoL B  j]A A BwBwE  ov BM
j]A BvA A e wBTA oA RAkTA \ ȮU A oB
. kA E ]kBM BA  oL
BM oz mîe BM kT BM ƽ LA Am  o A BvA ~ A kM
 oɓ  qU RB  Bv B M BdA m ȗ BBvA y ȯBvA
. M kT BM BA B  RBBA
.  oM AqTA Bd A ozA lG
: YY RBk WdM  kM ϧl  kTw
BA  WdLA BvA   - 1
. A eM dT BA  2
. oA uwA  ȮTvU  A BeA  3
: BA  WdLA  BvA - 1
}A A v ozLA ȮM  keE    A 鼪\A v ȯBvG b BA A
. B  JA }BA ApG ȗ jjoT E j] ȗ
. BvA boA  ȗ B Ǳ o B BA ȗ LoB
BA d ]TA A o  BA A vU BUBAkMA BUBB\UA ȗ BvA odA
UBB\UA 鼪\M BA RB]nj dU TA vA oA RAnBvA  jkd E ȒL
ȗ 隼w F odA RAnBvA BvA Ϧv Bk ϧl hM  jBA A
vA  ϧBTA oLTA TwB  TBvG  kLU RBAodA RBBT Aq
. ... nA
ɗ LɓoA  nzA oBA m  nk~A A A B汽 ϧl  ɗ FTA
BvA ϽodT wBwA AkA   BvA RAl ȗ B { LoA m  BA
. BA  A KUAo A 汦 bA n ȗ BA o 
: A eM dT BA - 2
Ak   A dT nzA UjAnA i  BvA A v mA BA A
. UAjB{nG A
oA UBLn jkdTU ]    RBBA  o oTU }B~hM qT BvB
i   We A  ϦT oiA ]  幼LA RB]BdA jkdM
pB\TU RAqA m ]  wA  jke A UB ȗ w E A RABdA
. jkdM jkdTU LA jke UjAnG
M  Uq TA ȷ qA m A eM A  BA d BvA αv
. dA RBBA
RBA  A UBLA A wAM FzU BA RBLBM ~ThA RBA A B
RBA ϧmɗ  vdA RBɟAnjA qAoA ɫ XLA jAnA ɫ ~dU AdA
UjAnA i  BA T BA  eoA UBM AA ȗ XTU TA BvBM ~ThA
RBB\UA Th  oT mA  UAjB{nA A RB]U   nzA
. B A nBTh B eAqTU jB~TU Be  MA RBTvA
: oA uwA  ȮTvU  A BeA - 3
ȗ h MA \TA A Bi  T w nBTiA BvA BA A
nBTiA 햧A A B  eoA BU ȗ BoYFU k Bkz TA BA \d T
. oi Lw UBwBA T eoA B Ak A jE 
RB  ^B    BLmU nBTiA B헿A  dA 񪽿 B lA
.BUBTv BvA
.Bj]  kA BvA jBMBM d A ȒL B
dA 郰  dd  oM A T A kA vA oA A TB
uwA m  vA RAnBvA jkd A 鼅Tv kA JBL  BUBB\UA BBv
.A o wBwA BvA zU TA ȷ oA
: \TA
oA A T .kA  WdLA vA noɃ SLX A  kUB Ƀ 
i  Bd BA B\UBM ^Bo ^BwBveA ϦT BvA A : ϧl vA A
. ȚdA BA ﱦM B헿A L TwnB
o E  kM jzA BA A U TA RBwnBA B헿A  oT 
.o~ TAkM j] e  oTBM A ϧl T  BA B ^E
A 汧A  T Te jkTA BA M LvA E MB\A A jkd A  Y
nBA RBnkA A T Bk  ȯBvA BA A jƪA cd~A nBvA
. ^Bdd ^B ^BB LaT A  ^AnjB  oA
: A oA Bv \B
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E  mA oA B : L  ]AU jk~A AmM jkT wE X kA A
 TA oA o ȷB ?dd wBwA RBnk T  ? B] v
v BM T 鼃AA m A wAnkA ? RBnkA ϦU A T Bw
:  B]E  BU BvA oA AA ȗ WdL mA vA  oA
 AnjA oTA  AE v ȗ jkTU  UBe ȗ kk B{A  BvA A
MBw oM Tv  M  BM Fz BvA nBA  AoX A ȗ {
  oT A hA  BkE 邯 A ȷ FvA  kk] o U 
. B n~M Anj BA LA
: A vn n~M v AnjA A {  L o A K\
. R~A E nA E nAodA  AnjB  B{ ZlBvA AnjA  : n~TA  1
ɛBɄ BBM nAodA  dB  e  ǱA AnjA  : k~TA  2
. nB\ MB nmA A  oA  An oXA uzA A  uzA  jnTv
RAn~TB 幽BY RAn~U A RAn~U A vU BnkM mA RAn~TA A Y
tBveA ɫ RAn~TA mɷ kTU  ozLA ɷm n~TA tBwA ɷ A
A n~T  uBM BBnjE B nAodA n~T d  o{BL n~M BUBTdM
B dAoA n~T  mBM BBɟnjA B dA n~Tɯ  o~LBM BɟnjA Bɯ
keA M tBveA B  BwAdM Bnk TA ȯBA 鼪] Am . zBM BBnjE
ȯBA m  zU  ozLA mA ȗ  o j] n~U ȗ KLvA  B
EkL  BXA RAn~TA kBA m  BM mA z  n~T A kBA
m  A ȯBA ϦU  kk] B mA k  AqTA nBTMA nj ϧmM
TA ȯBA  ]ohTv LTv SB A udA B  ]nBi kk\A ȯBA
(1) . oA mA A udA Bk
.......
: njB~A
----------
68  57 |  1981  10  ȫwA JBTA nAj  BTv : nk~A oBM kd  1
.
: A Lo\TA oA
njB~ keE ȷ TA Mo\TA udA i  BvA B ~d TA oA ȷ
Fi qU  BU vdA RBnkA ko\U kkdU ȗ nj    oA
. BA  BdA  BMA  tAdA
M  BeA  BA BqA X Lo\TA A ȗ oA m  jBTv
. B BwBwA Mo\TA  mhTU TA A
: A oA
nj    BM A Bnk TA RBkLA BdA BA  ɗoA m FTU
AqT Fz Mo\TA vdA RBA  jBTv k B A .BA TA ȗ vn
vA A A ȷ ɗoA m jBɫ .RBɫkA M KUoU BA
.RBBoA
: kLTA oA
ȷ  Lv o A BdU ȗ kTvU B  ǱBY nj B TA TA oA ȷ
. jB~A oLhA o   kTA nk~BM oA
Bp UjB WjBeA  BjA BLUA BBT TA RBA nBA m 
udA  {BA RAkTA  ^Biwn k{E oA mM BA  BMn . kA
. Mo\TA
: BoA oA
LA RB]TA U  jBA RAmA  kdA tA BU  {BA oA ȷ
zU BX  KB~A tkdA A bA KUAo A k~U oA m F  
. (1)  BA |iA nM LA AnB z ϧm  BA Mo\TBM LA
.......
: njB~A
----------
1 Z ȫwA A   wA kA ȗ tnj : jq bBL~ ȚU kd  1
. 50 /
MBvA vTA tBwE  A oA
: BTA BvA A A oA vU 
: A A oA- 1
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----------
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. A ϦU k 
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----------
. 53  44 |  ȫwA ozA vwƫ  dA AkM : BLBLA ve kd  1
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.
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----------
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.......
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----------
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m ]A ȗ . UoLA   E ZBT B U  A Fz m vA 
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A o M A B   BA ȗ o  B BM B  nBU ]nkM o\dA
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.......
: njB~A
----------
. 14  12 : ƪA  1
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.oTz R
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.......
: njB~A
----------
A oe jAjqU Am ȗ  BLA RBL v  Bv]FM A Lɽ A L]  1
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BT]A B  ovU B  vA ZBTBM TA   B AkA hA
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A A BBLUA  XM bqU E  oiA  AkeA ȂU Te  BBw hA
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BE jnA BE M T ^BMAowA ^Aop Zoh lA  oA KɄ ȗ dA Zoi
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: oA - 3
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? B mU iAoA AE ȗ - jAnjpE
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BA A Bo ȗ o]BA nA JAowE FM qA   oT jBTA jBw k
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k ? jU E ȒL T eoU A K\ BA So  . BnBA B SM TA
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BA  A  nA m jU TA qoA BA : vM noA BBvA  wA m
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.......
: njB~A
----------
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: ϪvA - 4
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. oMkU jB\G e BhA j]  j ϧl
: () jB~A kd M o] BA
. jL  Ȯj  kd M o]B : ȯB~kA A kL B
AkL MA B  BM K M  ȗ o   AlB  u]A A kL MA  B
~e Am  ȯB~jB AkL MA B  BBA B LA ȮB B : () jB~A
 B Ll oA k\A SdU  n k] A k\A SdU   k]  
LmBM ThU LAmA A   LAmA BM ThU BA LmA   LAl 
B ij   Be  oLh c~ ZnBi B Zoh  BBe  ȴ  BA
AE X  U  X A BTi omE nk BjBv  oLhɗ kv iAj
. (1) ^AoMk B oUE  uAA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. A A JBT - ȗBA : ȮA J M kd  1
: () BoA w M Ȧ BA
j  A oA ɗ  B~ jBp ɗ Ȯ  kv] A Ro B ȯA
. (1)  . M RnoB ^BBM BLA Am A S A 햮A o]   nBA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 54 : A o~ ȗ \T A  1
: B [oA
A k  ȚdA B hA { kA M BM SB A SkU B
. (1)  .BM BA jBp
.......
: njB~A
----------
. A A JBT - ȗBA : ȮA J M kd  1
: uU B ]
ϧmM ȷ kA A Am oA okU  jBp  BUkBw k A A {
. (1) . j]M BBA  BM BTo  kqU
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 48 : A o~ ȗ \T A  1
: oTzU KB RoLA
RAw BM ST{A ThA A Swnj A kM  A L ݪU LBM o{ ȮA
BM ȯBA j k BM ȧBT{A A M  BM ȯBA qqB ϧl ȗ    kk
(1) . L   B B ^BwBwE TA  k{E nB Te
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 106: A o~ ȗ \T A  1
: ( 1650  1596 ) RnBj
. dTA wk oTLA  wnA v jk\A voA vA
BA lA BnjA TA BA RB oBw BTA k A  vM UAl iA  ȯA
A BA RB 鼪] qBe U A K\ RAmA ϦU  oiA RAmM h
(1) . v  TL mA TA B LA A RnoA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. G jB : ozA oA nB  oAj : k] ko kd  1
: ( 1727  1642 ) U
. MlB\A B KeB  oLA q\A 񦖧A
 BA MlB\A  jo\  FzU A 񪽿 KA BdA RBodA A dA 
e KAA m nkU A ] K\  uzA d KAA kU A m 
... BUAnAk tBA hA  BkU A k k]U A uzA
BMAU KAA 鼪] ] A BTwA L KLw E k] A cAA Ȧ\A 
Am oB  om oU E Vke kM keA Tv  keA ] ȗ Ank
.  (1)  . Row  e j]  k KUoTA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. G jB : ozA oA nB  oAj : k] ko kd 1
: {o
. q\A 񦖧A
Unk ke ȧpE Bi j]  A AkA AoLA RjAjpA  A B vUA B
kzU  ABU ABU k LA 񦖧A BoA ]\B  B
(1) .ke A  bo AA ȗ  A bo
.......
: njB~A
----------
. G jB : ozA oA nB  oAj : k] ko kd 1
: 
. voA ]qA
AkLM ȧ \U k {   nkTA  { M BA  oLA ȧpA A A
ȗ Aw  k RB~ jA AkMA A nk B ^AodT ^Bzj Ro Te B
A en M kzU RBBA m  BkTv TA BA A  BoLA A B{A oE
 Be ϧm Te wAM L BwBU BB] A B  B Bohw mA
(1)  . T T\M o BjkdU {TA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. G jB : ozA oA nB  oAj : k] ko kd 1
:  oY jnAjA
]A m hTU  kA A jA  ] oiA RAvA ȗ BjM ȗ S k
A j] no A ozU TA XkdA A zA A {  Bk A kB
(1) . A B\UA A JBen A jA m ȗ ^AoL ^Anj SL k  A Am
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 28 : A o~ ȗ \T A  1
: ABYB j
M ovM d A 鼅Tv  ȯoTA A ~TM kk RAw m ST{A k
pB\A Am AoTiBM ȧBT{A kM ( B\UA ȗ kzA ) oM TA kA RjBA
A S氰  ~U BLU TA RzA  ^AoX S]A A kM  Tw A w
FM  U pB\A Am X A Ȧ n~T A ȧA LvBM dTvA  nB  Be
. ~TA BmA A AkhTwA k oiA o
TwA oM  TA AkMA ~TA  B \ A Be  BA u
RAnl  nl  ȗ ^AkU oXA B  iAkT MBzT BB  M  BM
E ~U A ZBTd pB\A Am B AlB : T mA ȯoTA A ϧl  BLoU
nkM u mA  Ȫv]  mA ]LA ȪA ]vA pB\A ϧl ZBTd
(1) . kL kL A AkMA BvUA ȗ BA A Am RAnl  nl A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 28 : A o~ ȗ \T A  1
: kU
: vn v e ndT A o ȗ WdLA [ A
. A RAm A j]A RBLYA : A vA
. A RAm A BA RBLYA : ȯBXA vA
A oA BM ȗ Bk mA ~A B  A vA BM SU kTA VdLA
. A RAm A j]A RBLYBM ^ A
. A B{ G UA VBdMA TLXTw B Am A RAm A BA RBLYA BA
: BA vn v e ndT nkM vA Am
. BA j] ȂT B  RBLYA   E
. BA k ȂT B  Ȗ   J
UFw  LvA RB~A ULXA RB~BM TA vE  AoT{A BvA Am
. keTA  A kM cU kq
: RB~A WdM E
qTA oB{A  TA M k\ BUnBYA nBLTBM RB~A  WdLA E UFU
 kTwA ȗ ALE ABE  B kdT E UAl o { BU UB A ȗ
. BdA e  ϖU UA VdLA TdU B  BM LAm
: AkTMA 
BA We   jA Ro  keAA A j] RBLYA WeBLA  ^Ak] vA  A
... nBdLA Bn RBLe o\zA AnA hA tBE jkM
keA ɯE  kU        ɽC  { ɟ ɗ
pA tBwA ozA   BU A RB  BXdM B\ ȗ ϧm u oA A A
Ȧ ƪA oA Am B SLY B   AwB RB Ȗ  B\A Am ȗ oU
(1) ( RB~A Ȗ keU B ) : ()
o   UB~M oT  jkd ve M o tBU B B BM dB  A 
. B A Bo~U A Bn~U ko
 BM d M  BA BqA  ȷ  A RB~ BUB AnjA  
jkd   jkd \TBM ȷ lG ! BA BqBM d RAj] RB oL
. ] ] A j]  UB UAl ȗ  jkd  j] vB Co 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. LA [  A LhA  1
: Bd u z oE
 jo\ A RB n~U  ovA   RBwvdBM Lz ozLA l A We
 BvA jo]B AlA  \ n~M  BTo BA BdA  u A A   ϧl
  qA FTM RAnmdA RBwvdA  kM q A M BvU  d 
. tvd jB B
: A o  A 汧A BdTwA
  B ~U o  B zU BA A  dd SB B BM BTo
ȷ  BnAk  jkd B o   BA ȗ ȷ B UB BU UAl
. B wA B KTvU BTLM
: BU A o  ȗ |A  BTE o  ȴ jn nmA nmdA ]A 
(1) ( Ϧ nk  A  nkU ) () Ȧ B
( ^BU A kq A RAl ȗ oTA B  A ȗ oTA BA ) : () jB~A BA B
(2)
: ()  dA M Bz 
 n濰  v] A o  üzA dM { G ... B{A hM {  )
 nkA ~U  BA ɟnkU  uhA tAdBM nk u\ ud
(3) (BpA oU
RAl n~U  BM oYFT  RAjkdA RBwvdBM Mz BvA nAk E ]A 
TMAj BMo A T A A ) k~A Am  LzU oLhA ȗ jn  A RB
. ( BTMAm
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 257 | keTA JBT  nAA nBdM : v\A oBM kd  1
. 260 - 259 : 3 Z : MBvA nk~A  2
.258 : 3 Z nAA nBdM  150 | keTA JBT A ȗBA A  3
: () Bp BA  kB o ȮvdA A kL
FhA AodA  q Ƀo UAl A RB~  B\ ȗ BvA o AjB
B  kB d   BE B n n ]Ao  BA B]oA JEj
o B We () jBA B oBA oLA BA ȮvdA AkL JEj B
. (1) BTd BMA  ê   kB nBE
.......
: njB~A
----------
 1991  1 RoM wA nAkA  RB\A RBn : nBvAhA oBM kd  1
. 202 / 4
: bjB Fi RBhA  RB~A tB
LLvM SLzU  AkA M Sp q  bjB Fi UBh  A RB vB A
 UB A RAl  ȗ AnA STiA  T{ KAm ^Ajk Ao RnB~  nBA
!! }B~i RBA  ozLA M ~TB uM BU LzU A LM oA C Te
.
: keTA A B]A  kA gzA
 { YB A p\ { Lz pA A ȗ keA - ] q A A : A
A B]A Am   JBLwA B ]A  B  ȯBY  jLA ȗ jo A
. B ȗ ABi BA AA B LzTA A  m{  A keTA
keA 鼪] BA  Bi  o{BM o o~LA A  ]n VkeA
 ȷ BM q  A k RB ] q  A p  B B B
 A p  ko o~M 鼪w njB e B BM 汦 BdTv B B]A  o
Bk pA B m A  Tk k Bk Ao~M Bk Bw Bk B] ] q
(1) .wA A   keTA ȦdT  keA A Lv   Am 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 51 |  kA gzA RB~  RBA AA : kA BA M kd  1
: LzTA
B  BU  UBh RB Ȗ  T A RB o BM A B kU
 RB~A Ȗ keU B ) . ϧl  q BU UAl  KA }BM h
(1) (
 dM  A KAmA M A A  UBh RBAM A LzT   
A BzA  k TwAnj  UFwB   UBh RB~M A RB SL{  BdA
. BU
.......
: njB~A
----------
. LA [ Ki  A LhA  1
: TA LzTA
. BvA X k  BdLw  A LzA v\A Sp
: ȯBTwozA B
~hA vA A  dB~A vA Mn  ApB]E ... zdA Lz BA )
(1) ( |iA ke A jBT]A BoA ȗ AM AlA oiA BkA ȗ BdLw B
. WdLA BvM  ZnBi   A dM BM v\TA LzTA A BM
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 105 : 1 dA A : ȯBdLw o]  1
: U M LzU
  oA ȗ B njBLTA BM RB~A m o\ LU  o{A gzA A
. ( U  LzU M )  LzTA  nAoA ]
: BdLw B   M B] BdLw  A : BMA MBT ȗ o{A 
(1)  AoA \A l Mn ] L 
: B B   M k  A
(2)  kM Si 
: oA Be
BkB   k ɗ  ozLA ɗ j]Bɟ    BdA m BdLw  A
M \A ȗ - p Kve  - AU ϧmM A   Am BA
. qTA T |~A oAA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 27 : eoA  1
. 75 : | nw  2
: BM BA
BzA  e MA  ol kTA o{A gzA A BB oA mM BA
. oX MA
: oA dU
: RBk  ȮTL oA m dU
  M oA keA u  v M A  BM BA ƫ   K\ A - 1
: BdLw 
(1)  A E A TEE 
 oA  njBLT B jnAA  jn E ȗ BdLw  o~ A ke u - 2
. ϧl K]TvU 텛 o j 
 BMA kTA  vBM v SA ȗ kBM vTU wA kA A - 3
. vA A o MB ] AkLU
.......
: njB~A
----------
.  140 :  oLA nw  1
: U MA k  BnU
B  kM L o{A o~ ȗ \An SB A U M RBLYA o A
vA Km BBwA BnBYE Bjk\  ȯAodA U MA B] A A  ϧl kM Ro\
:  ] ȗ B  LzTA TA M Lm ] 
M  E v M B     i RB~M A RB X  )
. (1) (... BA UB vdA A BwA A  wn
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 489 : oLA BwoA \ ȗ oLA \A  1
: oA k
 B]  ^B] E BkB  ^Ak  BM jBTA G :  kUB  So AlA
BB RBLYA  dA ȯBA ȗ BBTwB  pBBM L{E oLhA RB~A oBw Am
... JB Kh  Kl M   ^AkwA Ae M L{A  M BdLw A 
  T\ oA m ɗ B pBA BA n~M wA kA pAoMG
.ȫwA T\A  kBA o ȗ CoA wA
: oC keA  hU oLhA RB~A JBM ȗ o{A k A LU k
LzTA v\TA - 1
.BvBM  v\ M k Lz M B  籪A kTA - 2
: U M ȧAqA Bh
- : Be  Bk U MA o ȧAqA kBe ME Bi k
ȷ oB B B LA WjBeA CoA RAnBLA ȗ o\U TA BA m A ))
MoA Bo nz pB\ oiA ȯB  BU A  Bd ȷ  BAo TA vdA
A kM jC oai A A (|)  ȗ kA w AlB  ovU Bd  BU j 
 U BA m A  A ȒL  BeoA MBA  LA M ƪA K
k  K~  d  Ko o~  - ȦA 郱A  - BkeA 
) : B B  A v\M A Am u oiC  kA ȮA  A Am nBTv
( oA k ȗ kLA
^B텛 dT A ȫBA oɓ ȫBA ɗ  kA  oA B A   ϧl Bɗ
v] A A BLM oi B  Bd A e ȗ ϧl A  ϧmM jo  woA A B
jBL o hA jBL h v]  B   kMB  BA  Ko
. (( h  ^Ao SB ~A
: 轱TA
轱U  BdLw A  RB~A m Ao]A A o oB{A  ] Kl k
. A B jAoA
]A kA X oLi RB TLX vA  oX B] A ) : ȯBTwozA B
:  X  jnAA A  o BA  A A  ϧl ƽ
(1) TwA xoA  eoA 
:  X
(2) kM Si 
ϧl  Ͻo{ BM jBTBM jn k TA M RBA m ovU oM  Bv
(3) BTLYA k
: B pAoA c] A
BB 轱U K\ B BoA o { B A jAo BM 酚A K\ RBMBzTA m
.BovU ȗ hA p\ BU A A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 5 :   1
. 75 : |  2
. }hTM 93 - 92 / 1 : dA A  ȯBdLw o]  3
: oA m dU
ϦU B BM 轱TA o  AMB ( TMBvA ToA JBdA ) RBLYA A A
. B wn A jAo   o  WkdA CoA BBM BA jo\ oA
:  BU A A 
(1)   L  BvM A wn  BwnA B 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 4 : AoMA nw  1
: oA k
jAk ȗ RB~A  TzA RBA A A KmA Am JBdA  e
MBzTA  Sv RBA ϦU A BdA  B hA  ȴA MBzTA RBA
(1) . RBdA A BB]nA L ϧl B kL B G A
. JA EoA BM ȗ B oTA UFw
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 186 | RBA ȗ RAoBd : ȯBdLw o]  1
: FTA
wBM : ATwA  nkA BM : kA ov We  qTA  nzA 
. nkA nBA
: kA
B K\ TA RB~A  oA 酛   oA CoA |~ FU A  e
JBM cT A jƽ  BU A A BoBM BTLv e }  BTU BM FTA
 oiA Am  nBU dM CoA jnA  jn  BA Ao~  FTA
g{ dA Am d B  oA CoA kB  A BA A jƽ w
ovU A B   (1) ^BjB ^AovU uMA  ovU ȗ  kL kd opA
:  ovU ȗ B BA AA Am  B odv
(2) kA ȗ RBYBA o{  
. B Ao  B   B odA  A MAo 텚A BA
ov k  q]B A nkM BA bn Kv G We A wBM FTA  nmd BA
  BoM \e M  Bw  BM A qEB owBTM BLA q]B B\UA Am
: BU  ovU AjAnE Be  BXA Lw
. (3) \w  nB\dM oU *  MBMA ^Ao  wnA 
. !! RBMoA ȷ MBMA oA BM AB
e j   Ʒ BXA g ȗ qTA vA BMBL{ 隽 A Be wƪA 
. [BT   KUoTB  ϧl KA
zU B KUoT B  LzTA d  oi BM u FTA d A  B 
. BA kA ]
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 267 : 1  nBA : Bn k{n kd  1
. 4 : A  2
. 4  3 : A  1
: TA
S훰 BF 奼TA BL{ ȗ oiA B S훰 v\TA nB LzTA   AnAo
BM B  BA UB o BdLw To  A TM Sd  Ro B
A Lw  To A u BeA  zM A EkLA  dA ke u
jnB M AoTA ȗ B\A  B\A A : SB  vA JBTA ȗ jnB AoM
: B A  M Bw   k  xB WdM j  ozA ozA ȗ
(1) (  RvA UU ovT MBT ȗ v M A B  )
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 93 / 1 dA A  1
: LA B  kM ... k] ko kd
BvA ȗ dTA A  kk] zM oɃBdA o~A ȗ TA o RjB k
B~i A BM ) : k] ko kd B LA B i  A 񪽿 A
ȗ BUk B\ Lm A kA ȗ LA A  vdA vA  kT
m A BvA E AmA B B jBTA  B |B M  WeBLA m
(1) ( ȯBeoA kA  ~A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 16 : 1  jBA KmA A  : k] ko kd  1
: dU  k
ȗ oA B k ɗ A A A o B LA B A k CoA A {
: BdLw  X oA CoA Beo TA BvA  oLA ȗ BTwAnj LA
(1)  { X u 
. (2)  A XA  
. (3)  vdA BwA  
. (4)   { M  BLA oBA oiA A   
. (5)  T B A   
ȗ jBA BA B LA wAnj 閮U TA nBA WeBLA  ϧl o A
. uwE  RBk jBL A ZBTdU M  BTe  A Bpn ϗ
 M]A A BkU   ^AnjB BB ^BB  A A BkU LA B A
 oX A keA  VjBe A ȧpA B~A  : ^X  B\A Am ȗ kk RAw
.?  A BA B\A RB 鼪\ B]  Ko A vM
?  A A ȴT ke  
. ?  A Bk U B Unk 
.? BoiC B{A A  
? BBM B{A oB  
nBA  Boɓ RBvTA m  MB]A ȗ k LA B ɗ BBɗ
.CoA ȗ eoA
e WdLA odU TA A nB~ A BA : oA keA αw  |B mk
A BM  nBA m dU A B汽 Ȧ o j]M BlA BA  nBA m
. JA  ȯBXA oA  TB A A co~ Bh TA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 11 : nzA  1
. 60 : dA  2
. 8 :   3
. 3 : kkdA  4
. 4 : kkdA  5
? cd~A ϦvA
oMkTA o  BdLw UB  oTA 񪪧A  A oU XBY B B 
. oA A   jBL  BdLw A BAB  
 A L w MBT ȗ UB BwA  }B BdLw A A ϧl ȗ T\e
qqA JBTA A A k oA Am  񪪧A jke ȗ o M BvA B oMkT
.dd~A vA
: BdLw   kkdA nw AA ȗ jnB oA Am U ȗ Ȗ
ȼd nA RAvA Ϧ  * dA qqA  nA RAvA ȗ B  cLw 
{ M  BLA oBA oiA A  * okX {    S
 
: BdLw   ozdA nw oiC ȗ jn B
oLTA nBL\A qqA A ɫƪA vA tkA ϦA ɷ G A  mA A ɷ 
B  cLv vdA BwA  n~A nBLA BhA A   oz B A BdLw
.  dA qqA  nA RAvA ȗ
.BU BA UAl RB BM ȗ oBTA RBA  ϧl o
  TA AoA jo\ BU A BqA BA oXTA RBA ϦU A B  
? kA ]M A v CoA j mA CoA RBA ȗ oMkTA  B ϧm B
: wA oA A k () Ȧ BA
 B wA oA ϧl A kU ( vA  ) Ȧ B   B
(1) (To K]A  BL\d  T kkdU  A 馅  ) :vA
o B A RB~A kkdU ȗ lF o SB A A A A kU nBLA
. B Kve oTA  M\d
eA We  A vA BdA wAnj WdLA  A nk  j cA
ȗ RAo MnA oMkTA   o oz BY oTA   o MnA Lw TA 
.qqA JBTA
ȗ vA  B  j M }~hU udA A ȗ 雰 BM RBA m }~hU
ȗ RBA ȗ Bi k ( vA  ) KB MA M Ȧ BA Am \e B\A Am
w [TdU AlB nk   o keE w ȗ u BM nB~A UB Bwn Li
BA M [TdU   oB{A MBdA  WkdA A M ȃBA oBdA o~A
. ]A vA i A mU LA BeA KMn ( vA  ) ƪA oA
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 291 LhA : LA [  1
: WdLA Ao
 XdM B\ ȗ |BhA MwBM  WkdA B A B wA vE k
.BU A RB
ȗ j]A BAqA  ^BB] BMwA KBwA M  nBTh A UA BXeBL ȗ F
. B  B  o k B K\U  kTA YXA KBwA
ovT Te kA RBeA KBwA BA nk K\T BA A nB{A BU
vM B BMBTwA vA A  B RBeA  A  u 
.
ǱUB  oT JBLA BBA cT A RBeA ȯB  A A cd
A ]Be j  BA 汧A  njB BG A  nB B  A 
. RBd~A ϦTM BTwA
: Lw ULY BU A RB
^X  BU  RBA ^BBeA SLX BA A BU  SMBY  B    A
BTLYA B  v\M u A X  BU  }BA Kv oiA ^BBeA  e A
BeA vU RB~A  BLw B  ULXA RB~BM ^BeA vU RB~A 
廧BU F{  Sv v\A jkdA A B v\M u A B LvA RB~BM
RB~ vU  dA ȗ RBLYA B mA LvA RB~ Kw AA ȗ ȴ
. BU  BA B RBLYA  keA jƪB A 廮A Am  oXA ȅ
: ULXA RB~A
   B M A Bi BU A BM - kA oL - Lw B BTE E kM
e A o - { B  } A j  BA AE M  輖A
UB e   SA Be  - {  }   B B M M ko
wn BLE  E  BM v A  i   햧A B UAmA BU
ȗ A jA B kLM FTA i   B RB]BTTwA oL E  BM BU  BA
. KoU wk   j  i
: ULXA RB~A RBLYE
A - ULXA  B zM BA A RB RBLY jBTA  j cA A
 BA  RB]nkM UBh k]E BU A A   |Bi zM - nkA BdA
me    zA kɛBɗ    B ^AkɛBɗ B BdB  A  ɗ
 UBe Unk  A A 婧B njB e B  BU A BTLv k jkdA
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.
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----------
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: keTA A BjA j
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----------
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.......
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----------
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----------
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----------
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.......
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----------
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.......
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----------
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. 103 : BA  3
. 110 :   4
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.......
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----------
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. 436 : 5 CoA  ȗ : K kw 4
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.......
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----------
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. 59 : Ao C 2
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----------
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. 18 : Ao C 2
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. nBLTBM A BoT  keA BB BUnBL B ? 햧A
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. dA  A
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: AB kA A SL B d~M TU A RjnA B
Y odM A oM SB Aw BBA BUA AkTwA RBAdA B{A oLThU A ϼ
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.o odLA ȗ A B B jB~U ϯA k\U
B{A  {  BB{A LzU BwA odLA ȗ k] ) : kBU lBTwA B
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. TA ( BXA odLA ȗ B KA BzA oA jnA ( RBLA
BLT oLA A odLA  BTA ~d jBLTwA RoɈA oA Am ɫ Szj Bɗ
A ȗB\ BTA Am A Y  ϼ  ϧ AB wA TiA TLA
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.
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BA Y . BA k BM keA mA B\A  BUBA SzU BdA m ȗ AoA
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ȗ LwB o oU BA ~e . nA  zBM B Sdw AkA A SBdTwA k
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joA oU BA . vA BM o~A   ɗ zA 鼅TvB B A  M
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\e U   A ko BA A  BTwA oX A AEn B A ϧl ( B
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M LA ]  kA A Am  \T U A Am  owB\T A
. TA ( cozTA
BhA A SLXU BB Sd  ϧl 髰 L\A oA m  A e Am 
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: nA AA ȗ nAj o
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A vM keA B BA Ae UBL  B nA AA A oA m jƫ
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RjAp A \e BM oL BA ϧl ȗ kk] RB AT JBeA ȗ RnB Th
qU  峮 Zoi mA A { BM BM oiC { BTwAM miE A BA B
S Te vA  A RBë dA AA wA oTM oTU RBBA m
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.BvA Fz AdA ϧl   RBodA ȗ oYA   oX
M nB RBBA  zA AeA BwA  L o A ko  
k  jn T\] zU  Un cL  UozM jAw ȗ RTBUA  \
RBBA ȗ AA oYBU L nk MA u\A  BvA M  țoT TMB
ȗ Vke B vA A  oXA RAMoA ϦU o  RjnTwA B nA
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. oA m L ϼ v BA
A B mA   A Am A BɓqM m oA m kT o񖪧A oLA k
A A BT  BhA j]M kA  oYA B c  nAj Km A B 
mA  BAj B  BUAmM k AA A   A A keA A RBBA
m ToT ɃnA AA uAA F AA  RFz mA A ϧl k]A
.oBLA oTA
nk B  jA  jBd jƽ  Am Lm A  B v nAj A 
B ke  nk ȷ om  vM A  B RBBA m k]U TA nkA B A
(1) . BBv B 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 531 - 523 / 1 ozA oA nB oAj  k] ko  1
: BdA
 nkBM B~UA B汪 c~U TA ~A ȷ BdA  dA  BdLw A 
. RB~A m  STLY B Be     o~LA  vA A  jAnA
SLY k  ZBTdA }B B B oYBTA   pA B BdA  u 
 jAnA  nzA  ȧBA BM BdBM jAoA BG   UAmM ȮA  BU A A
. } K   jo\A  kdM jkdA o A
 UBh  BM 輖A  RB񪪦 BdA KA E  BU UBe  jE  
. ... BA  T  zA kB B  UA  A ]  UBe U E kM
: BU B
(1) .  R  mA dA  U  
(2) .  A d ]A S 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 58 : BoA  1
. 111 :   2
: BU A 
BU  ozLA A AnjA 
 BU    BM ȗ A BA vA M B i FvA m A
TA oA mM  ȗ WdLA  鮪 Am   BU  M \BM AoTA
BU   ozLA A AnjA  ȗ lA WdLB  A 汧A  A T
.
gnBTA   wA  Bv ȖvA oT nmM A m Rk] FvA m
  JBwBM U RBTA JBT ȗ Bw MA A Te  ϧl BM ȗ vA ALUA
. o{BL o E o{BL  M JBTA WY YBdMA S{ BU
: UBhM BU A 
U BdA  d BM  UBhM BU A   BvA m ȗ A
RBhB  ndBM  oL B A BzA d   BU   RBhA
Lw  UBhM  A E  BvBM B UBhM  BU  z
.~TA j B]A
 Bd j] o { ȗ ȗBzA Ȧ~TA A A  RAn~TA m Fz
eAo oL o mA BT z l n RBkM ϧl ~d BA  
. ȧ~dA BM k oLA 
B UBhM BU  Ȧ~U ȗBzA   UBhM BU A  A 
zA ϧl B BA jke kdM Am M A 񪽿 j]A o zA  BvBM
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. oA Am Td  ϧl ~U BwA
A B  UBh oMkU BUA  kM  A  e A TA B
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nkA BM pBT  Twk An  AoL Bwk A  kU zk oAɈ 
. B ȷ TA BTj BUn~M Rk] B ϧm    lG oMkTA
: BU A  ȗ oBdA ȃB  
{  nA ȗ  BvA ȗ nl  Jq A 񪽿 WdM vA  A 
.BA  헰 UBd  d {    k  oBe
BBU BUB~hM VjAe B{A  LTvA ȗ  w BM  A A B
. nk~ w BM A   Bj] ȗ A  
: A en kA B
  Yke L  k A VjBe A   L B M B BU A A
ȗ {  h BdLw A  TdM B  A B  A 񪫰 
oUATA nBLiA nvA JBTA A Ŀj SL AmM  BvA ȗ  nA
(1) . BA 鼪] Km  (|) woA C 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 55 : RBA AA  1
: A BU A  ȗ oA CoA  |~ ϼA 
MAn  G YY \   B  nA ȗ B RAvA ȗ B  A E oU E 
L Y AB BG   G oXE   ϧl  jA   wjBw  G vi  
(1) .  { M A A BA  A BM
G n  vU B  odLA  oLA ȗ B    G B  KA cUB k 
(2)  L JBT ȗ G uMB   Kn  nA RB ȗ Le   B
lG Aj{  B G   U   Co   TU B  F{ ȗ U B  
 oA   BvA ȗ   nA ȗ nl BX  Mn  Jq B   U
(3).L JBT ȗ G  oLE   ϧl
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 7 : jB\A  1
. 59 : BA  2
. 61 : u  3
: nkA
k ABG   jAnBM oTA  햧A  B dA T TA ~A BFM nkA So
. nBThA koA BA RB  nkA A BL jAnA
: nBTiA B헿BM ~Th nkA
 njB BA o\z B  햮A oYFTA B{BM TU  B헿BM TU nkA
k~U B  nkA A M o\A oA  Am  M 햮 oYBT B JAoTA
. B햯A oYFTA Be ȗ Te
ȗ B헿BM TU BA B헿A M T BA B u B헿BM nkA |B~TiA A Y
. 酚A  njB BA v B   AnjA nzA Be
B  햧A ȗ ik  B B AlA nkA BM TU AmA AnjA nzA Am
ik  AnjA nzA Am A A BAnjA BM nzA  ^X BvA ȗ BA
. 햧A ȗ 
jƽ A ȷ MBvA ozA dTM ~dU BA nkA A : ϧl ɟ  ~dTA
A ȗ n~U  A  A AjA ȗ ik  A Am  M A   B ^ BA
(1) . ^BA nBTiA TU nkB   o{ oi  A M
.......
: njB~A
----------
cTM ) 198 |  oz BXA eoA  dA B : BLBLA ve kd   1
.  ( B
: A nkA 
RB񪪧BM ~Th BA A A RAmA ɗ n~TU  B A Lw TA nkA
? RBhA
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BM  oLA  ɗBzA A  dɃU kTA A   |Bi ɯ
. ndA
RB  nA m  햧A A jAnA zA  A Am  LUoTA nA BA
. A wkA RAmA   ȷ RBhA
B{ AlA ϧl   햽  Fz  AlA  B{ AlA BB A nk A :  
Bvߧ cA BBM ȗBzA  jke ȗ A jAnA üzA m  jAnA
]  q UnkM nk   BU UjAnG d  j]A Am ȗ B    A Am ȗ
AmM jnAA RBnBLA RBA G nB{A UFTw   BUA veFM  ] E  
. |~hA
ȗ Beow TA BlA A njBLTU k TA wA  JA\A cT ϧl cUA AlA
. UA WdLA
: BdBM TU nkA
A 񪽿 BG A  B{A dU jB\A ȗ jkdA Unk  oA  A A
oA Am  ? X BA ~ A A nkM  : AvA c~   BdA oBM TU
o 񪽿  A j] o 骗  dU dTv Bd oE   A nk M TU
q  omA A AvA o 髰  k]U TA A  Ȯ A   Bh 
oiA nBL   M BdA  h o UAl ke ȗ  Bh A  A
. A BT]A 
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Bo ]  WdM bkA \e wU   bk Bo ] 񪼧 odLA \e
. !! odLA B
RAmBM Bd B  nkA jke  ]nBi BB LA Am  XA  BdA Am
ȖvA oLTBM  BdU  njB o A A   dT MB o BUAmM BA E 
. BA ȗ  MBA ȗ n~A A : kA
: cLA  K]U A nk
kM  keA o  cLA o  q ȮU nBTiA A nk A M  BMn
jkdA B  BT cL A  E Ʒ RB  nkA  A  k~U
BA Tvi TBk cLA 햽 SA RAl ȗ  A A  {   njB B 
. cB~A 햦 TA Te UAl tk
A  RBo~TA M  AoA B\U   oX XA BvA A ȗ uT ϯA
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:  ϧl  cUA AlG
A Am nk  BvA ȗ   nA ȗ { q\  njB BU BdLw A A
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.AkA    jB\  S  ȗ dB
: ozLA ȮL cA BA AkMA  UjAnG BU Unk  AkA RBA M ϼA 
(1) J  Bv B  BA Tw ȗ BM B  nA  RAvA Bi k 
(2) U E nBA  A TiA  S d mA  
 i  Zoh jA oT BBn \ Y M ƽ Y BMBdw ]q A A oU E 
oM Bw jB Bz  o~  Bz  M K~ joM  B BL]  BvA  q
MAj  i A  nB~MA ȧ oL ϧl ȗ A nBA  A A K nB~MBM KmM
MnE  z    ]n  z    M  z   B 
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.......
: njB~A
----------
. 38 :   1
. 80 : ƪA  2
. 43 : nA  3
: jAnA
T {  A  A TU ȗ   jAnA A A o\A nkA WdL ȗ
? A A jAn B{ jAn
. TA jAnBM BU BU  jAo {   {  B{ TA jAnB
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A BBM B Mn  Bv MBU B헿A A qT ȯBXA  A jAn MBU {
. BU
nkA  Am (vA ) ĿA A JvA oA M oA  WBY  k]
M  TqA M qA  jAoA B BA  ( vA  ) AA  vA
. oiA KAm  ALl TA ovTM ov wB  Am Kve
BA ȗ nBTiA oL\A BvM LUo B  kA WdL ȗ UF A ~U
. B oA e BM B UFw BvA
Tüz Kve BM o~TA ȗ BU UjAnG oU TA RBA M G B oz BG G
. ozL cA BA nBA  Te UjAnA
(1)      A BjnE AlG z B BA 
(2)    oz B BU A BdLw ohA  B B nBTh Bz B h Mn 
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(3)ok {   ϯA ohA kM BzU  ϧmU
nmA Bz  K  BYBA Bz  K Bz B h nA  RAvA Ϧ  
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.......
: njB~A
----------
. 40: dA  1
. 68 : }~A  2
. 26 : Ao A  3
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: A 
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A nk M ȴA A Bov B AlA RAmA RB  A  U A 񪽰
. A jB\A i 
BhA A  ȗ TA M BB B mA TiA k] k o B 
RAmA RB  B nBLTBM A  A Bo  B  k A YjBe BA  BM
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. A RAl k  k { M ȷ  A
ȗ A ~   A i M E  햧A RB  A  SB AlA BA
CoA  k  A RBh  i `mîe   k Sv YjBe n~A m
: VkdA omBM v A   mA
(1) ... Vkd  Mn  ol  UB B 
BU  ȗ ϧl  VkdA omA  BM BA CoA ȗ jn k
. (2)  Bd  BA omA Bq d BA 
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 2 : BLA  1
. 9 : o\dA  2
oA e
u BU j] A A  nBYC A j]  Bp A B i k  oA 
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BA oBvM E BnB~MFM Tn  Te jkdM jkd jB j]M u BU 
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U   BBw  njB o ozLA B RAA L LvBM BdA Am  A
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. BBw Bv   jjoU  kdA Am B A j B
AlB  jBA B ȗ B{A M Bw A n  ^Aq]B BvA B AlA : A
A  keA  BM z TA RBBzA  BoLT A n k M oTv
BAnjA ȗ lA B񪽿  vhA BwAe  AnjA  nk oXA ȷ TA B
ȷ TA  ^X oBLB B jA  B vT  ɗ  Te A RAl  A
: ȷ B Te nkU A E A oU A vhA BwAe keA
(1)  oLhA A  nB~MA nk  nB~MA nkU  
: A nB~MA  jA JA BA
M S B  o\A {B MA B  B kTA A  U () oBLA Bߧ
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(2) ( ? A
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 103 : BA nw  1
. 85 : 1 ȗAA  2
: A E
A  nBLA t ȗ [Th nB~A jjo mA AvA  JA\A cT Bol BM
j] u  B{B  A A Bü{ B A   Bj]  BU j]  ? A
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ȗ B   jkd A Ȯ BB  BM A   A BT]A  oiC oLU
. LM A d mA  M BTA  Am  Tjkd M kT SA RAl
: CoA AnTA n~U B A
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. TA Aq  B훱
A  BlA ^Ak BB Bv]  n~U BG We  K\A AnT nBA k\ Am
ȗ i Be ȗ Bz  A  oiE q nBU o~T E  Bh B B
.oiC Be
: |~A ϦU M ϼA 
(1)  L\A tEn G Bw L]  JoA q
(2) JBdvA ȗ JoA q
(3) A L{  AU mA tBA  
(4) [XB ME wBL
(5) ȚA ~B wEn o{
(6) BzA npA A   L{ ]n SdU
(7) \A ȗ B{B A JoA R Bw
(8)  Bv BBT{A  nBTiA k JoA 
(9) L ȗ nA ȗ BvA  A JoA qd
|~  Ao{ ϼA  A ~  Co TB k BBU uA k\U ϯA A
:k~A Am 
(10)  nA ȗ RAvA ȗ A  
(11)  A ] X AU BA 
(12)  knA Le  A JoA d 
(13)  T BA   
(14)  k  k  
(15) nA ȗ  RAvA ȗ {  q\ A B B 
.(16) BvA ȗ  nA ȗ nl BX  Mn  Jq B
.......
: njB~A
----------
. 119 | 20 : 19 : ZohA ow  1
. 144  143 | : 6 : 34  143 |  5 : 34 ZohA ow  2
. 26 : 1 : TA ow  3
. 1675 |  9 : 7 : BAj ow  4
. 1675 |  9 : 7 : BAj ow  5
. 125 | 10 : 24 ZohA ow  6
.6 | 8 : 3 : TA ow  7
. 927 | 139 : 132 oAqA  8
10 | 6 : 6 : TA ow  9
. 3 C BA  10
. 115 : oLA  11
. 16 :   12
. 4 : kkdA  13
. 3 : keTA  14
. 44 : oB  15
. 61 : u  16
