: U  k
B A   RAnBdA o\ m A  JzA k BM FM gnFTA Ȃe k
   YAkdA ) M Ȫw B d qA ] jAkT{A  A ]BdA kTzTw oBdA
BTBY o BdU TA   BA  A kA A L  eoA ( BXA
  o o qM cLE BA A BjA M  BXA B nB{ SdU oiA 
]TA  ȪA kTA Bo\ɗ TA RBA   RB~UA nY dM ϧl
. WkdA
E G ( ȗBXA AkA ) M ɗkTvA JzA BA |B ɗ  BdA m  BE 
   nBdA BT  BdA i  ϧl   RAkA ϦT BTMB\ AU
Ao E  RBBXA nAe ) M A Ȫw B i ȗ BLA ɗ oTvU  BA 
. ( RAnBdA
jqU TA oAmA   A  gnFTA  BdA i  G oA Am dT  
ak   UB nBXTwA   BTwA i  ~hzA oBM  婼BM B]A
 Bw B d BvA  qdA ] A ^  MBTw oBdA  nv]
. cB  jz k 
MAo m A ȫwA BA BB dM  vA d  Bk kFT B Am 
 wA nBdA  zTA  gvA RB BTTɟA TA BqA  oA
oBA kM  L wA BUBT\ KoU Bd AozTwA  ozLTA RB] M
 TwA u]AM vA MoA BvA B o{E  B TA nBTwA
. 킧A JzA e njB~  ovA  JTwA
BTBY B\U MnA BvA BwnB TA okTA Bw poME  kTA  MBTA SB 
oz wBTA oA 馅  oTA ȗ : E  RAB~eA omU   wA BUnBe 
wA   ozTvA BLT TA KTA  VBdMA SM ozA oA ~T A
 M  zTA  tkA B kTA k   JBT E Tw ( 60000 ) d hnFU 
. kTA BhnFU Ao ȗ FhA kU
 wA hnFTA RBkA oX  oA    oXM L   ϧl  ^ 
qA ) M  A B dM  ȫwA BhnFU  kT n~ ȗ SLT  TA MoA
n{ dM   vA JoA BM ~T B TA  hnFTA qoA E  ( hnFTA
B E G  Bom B B\  oX JBLw hnFU kU A ]BdBM vA
SB   k [BM SLT BA RBkA ϦU  B ~d  \v E 
 tkA B oX   vA  WA RTeA k   oɓ A AkTU  o̼vA  ^Ad
o SB  BdA wBvA RBvA KB] A pBdA B K   RBA
uA B  oYƪA A  YAkeE  ȫwA T\A B ApG jBe    jo\T
. \A  A eBA  RBkA ϦU   BLw ϧl
  wBvA B\A ȗ B~i   oBA hnFTA MBTA \ B Am 
]A ȗ ikU w noBM B \A  A RBM~A  oXA BTU
kA    ]   MoA ( oiA )  kAA gnFTA  ( jnBM Joe E ) TB
  oiE nBU yLA   nBU AoA M FLA  vA M  kAA hnFTA
.BY ]  ϧm Te \T odTA
Bd   jBdA  AoTwA BG   WdLA ȗ jo\TA w ]AA m Sv 
 hnFTA AodA Bij  X RBL i LA dd~A BA  BA AqTA
RB]Be   ]  oBA BBvA RB]Be L Wke  JwBM BT jBA Y
E  cd hnFU  BL BiT mA kA BY ]  oULA [BoLA
. XBY ]  jB 
v  ȗ BkTA mA B\   gnFT BvU B  wBwA    ϧmM 
jB o ^Aj]  BmM BE  kM KBA ϦU dU iU [  ke 
. BU  nBLU k  LA B]n   ]oA kBA dU  ϧl An   C
BA Jn  kdA 
: B\A ȗ wBvA BdA oB
n L RjBw TA kA   A   RBT\A oA CoA (  ) w k
}B~i  c nBA k\ qA LdA ϦU gnFT FT AoM   B\BM wA
BwB  keA  o ]o  nk~U BF JzA A ϦU \U
vT \ E  ohvU   T  dA BvA Ao BTA B oTzA
BAkA  BdB~ ki RB{ We A TvA  odA RBLA k\U mT 
 BvA oTv BdA  mTA LA UoU KLw  zU JodA SB 
ovA ȷ Moe  UAnB AkA SB   B  o  j bBL  M  kLTv
B ɃnBA nj BA   iAkA RBɃBTA  B E  ɃAnA TA 
. JodA ϦTM B{A  Bjke ZnBi jBMBM
   BA   BoA   tnBɗ jM  gnFTA B Bj k KBwA m 
BU TA RAnkA ϦU ϦTU  keT o BL AB mA oq\A Jo i Ap
 TA tnBU   M  BM RAnBA zU SB BLA m E kM  ϧmM B
A   wA L ke j  \ E  ke  We  KvA  LvA
. wBw ke ȗ ] kA E  nA   gnFTA    Uke
wA  B\A
 kA eAA  BA JoA gnFU ȗ BA kdA ɗozA LA XLA oLTU
 ȦB\A o~BM XLA Lw mA kA v  ... BXA  wBvA   BT]A
. ȫwA o~BM U mA
BG   A k  mA  oA BM \A  liF B\A  Sv 
B~UA   UjBL   BdLw A o ȚdA KLvA JoA ] B j~A
jBvA oB {   oA zi BMA T  RBLA jE mA RAjBA  oXM
  nB\eA jBL    nBA k Uk] BMA BoTwA  KvA  BT]A
RAl SB RAjBA  BAqA m B B zM   \TA  odvA  BBM jBTA
S B   B\A  SA ϧm  A RBLTA ȗ nB  B L
(1) .  Ao] ȗ o~e Bj wA n SLw TA oTA A ~M

: njB~A
1406  3   RoM  oA nAj  BoA nA    UnBe ȗ wA   1
. 60  59 |  ɷ
: wnBA dA B
YA RAkTA  To{ kTv BYAn B B tnB ȗ dA B { A
]E  wk RAkTA ϦU  ȖU We  Ϧ A BdA  w\A
k oTv ȷ M  Uk jkdU  ϦB ϧm BLU   Tw gwoU  BM AjA
kw   A MA E   A  Bw kTv G :  ϦA E   B  UBe
(1).nA o   nA Ϧ   αA Ϧ   A
wU  U TA kA oBzA M TU tnB T\ ȗ αA w SB 
M Ao~A ke KLw q ϧl A   oB\A  αA M BT]A kLA 
  BT]A BdA RBBU B ϧmM  A ȮYA BhnFU ȗ KzA RB×
M  Bi BA BdA ] B BUAkTM kA jBv ȗ  wBvA JAoA
.vA ȗ B 
RB ) M Sw Am  ȦiAj TwBM TTU TA RBA BM kA nAkU SB 
ohvU  ȚLA qBTBM vT wnBA T\A ] mA oɫA  (AA αɫ
BAj ȷ   wBvA dA  odA LTvɫ ȴɗ ϧm  ϦA Ak oB\A
(2). BAo]  tnB M TzA Jod j
α  ov E αA L BT ȗ UFU RBL Lw A wnBA T\A v
Ϧ AA  TzU TA  pBTA LA Y  BA L BU 峧 MBTA BA
Be  T{jAnqA kA L     AkM ) BXE  Tw nBA ȗ BA 
 TU TA LA BU Y   jBA  {] ȗ MnBdA  (   RBA
LA    oɓ   RBB~A B  eɗ  KzA ɫ A LBA
. wBvA  BT]A dA   RApBTA B  odA
 M  w\A RAkTA tG A m vTA  oA  jBLTwA o RjA k 
 ȮkA bA RBoe B햯 k\U  We  wnBA T\A ȗ BoYFU AkA
. RBBTA ϦU  \T dA B hi A ϧl  jA B BT]A
αA  BdA ȗ kLU    oT (  632  628 ) B  oTA SB k
 ke qT BLLw ϧl B  B oz BYA tnB xo  u] We owBA
LɄ k  e nk B   q  Km  oX Ŀ   KzA oBz
(3).  AoTw kA A] mA BdA

: njB~A
|  12 / 11 k\   1988  oA nAj  SnAj   nBdA ~ɛ   2  1
. 284
  1974  RoM  \A nAj   oMB . j  wBvA RzA  wA  3
. 18  15 |
ȯBoA dA B
: VY eAo ȗ TU YY B{E ȯBoA dA B B
jkd RBü kBvU A tEn  ϦA We  YAn  : A eoA
RBL BE  kA B]n  Ao{A A nBL  oLA owA Bwn  ]
. wBvA dA oB ȗ AoT{BM  cv  BUBTv Th  BLA KzA
: BXA eoA
M  U Bn SB We  oTv  mA n\A o~ B EkM TA ȷ
( o~ t ) BTwA Al kM   - oLTA Am pB] AlA - RBvA pAU 
k n\A BA  M  ov e BG ȯBoA y\A  ovA
kA KB wBoA SB  (1)^BB ^AnɄAoLA v B ( uvE ) ɧ oA
vɫ SB B Bn fzA u\ aU TA YXA BLA Bwn kFM o~d
 AoTA RBLA m o d   oXA  ϦUB tBwE  RBL ui A
vTA AA vA ȯBU SB BkA RBLA BE  BA KBA A 汧A Y 
(2) . wBvA BT]A Be  Soe k jBA
: XBXA eoA
 SB B veFM Bn ȗ oB\A Be   lA nAoLA dA eo ȷ
BT]A wBvA BA SB k - n\A 񦪧A - MBvA Bo~ ȗ
 KzA oB]  BUow nAoLA T\A w SeA lG BwF joT
ȯBoA T\A kL B ^X 幼wB B BU SB  BdBM wBveA  ST
SdU ^ A ȗ M  wvBM L RBBA ȗ ^AnB  mA
k\A M bAoTU  雱U TA RBMA SB  JA  Ak{A tAoe wAoe
jBv vU  jwA UB  dM zeA RApnBLA BG   K~A
XTA wBvA oA kA k  BA .  B~~i BU Re ȗ  nAoeA
. MBvA kA ȗ  B B `Be veFM   o~A Am ȗ MBA

: njB~A
|  1974  RoM  \A nAj   oMB .j  wBvA RzA wA  1
. 21 - 20
- 57 |  12  11 k\   1988  oA nAj  SnAj   nBdA ~  2
. 58
: ȯBoA T\A L
BL  A BT]A TLoU ȗ AjBe BL BUBU kz ȯBoA T\A B
nAjA Bp BkM   fzA u\ B aT TA ȷ  nAoLA jB qTU VY
ȗ BnBzU  BT]A Bd BA nAjA   w  Joe  Bn ȗ nA
. BA B]n L ȷ  oiA pBTA LA ϧl
 eA  BkA RBLA BMB T\A  ÂA LvA BaU BTLA BUB 
e A  mA BMoA A BBM  KzA   o   BnA  BA
Aj ȴ BoA nAoLA w JodA SB We JodA owA  ɄAA
~dA  ɃAnA  TwA ]E  B nB\A BA  kA  nBA
VXA BLA BME  A ( AA) K    Am  owA i  oA 
B   ) RBêA B B  BLA m keA TLU mA E  Bn ȗ A
ui A KzA vTM wBvA BdA ȗ kTA k ( joA 񦪦 ǱêA vTA
eA Bod JwA Am mhUA k ϧm   oY  񦪽 B tBwA  RBL
 KAoA  jƽ B nk BA Am tBwE    wBvA dA  vA 
(1). ovA khA jFU

: njB~A
 1974  RoM  \A nAj   oMB .j  wBvA RzA wA  1
. 23 |
B\A ȗ AoA Jo
 AoA  BzB MoA oq\BM dU TA BA Aw mA  AoA Jo
YBU B wBvA BdA oB SB TA   oA B{  o~ Roe A
o~  oq\A AoA   ϧl   BoA  tnB BTTeA TA kA oB u
 qLA B  BA ȗ AmC UoLA TvA ow SdU SB oA B{ 
(1). wnBA
 B \ B   TkA UB ȗ wBvA  BT]A BdA oB SB Am
j ȗ BUAl ȷ BkA RBL TwA   o   vU   jBA  ȚL qU
( ȧBhA MoA  k\  pB\dA ) MoA oq\A hU  e ȗ oq\A AoA Jo
SdU LA XLA kM SAj We  AoA ϦU i  L]A ovA  l
wA Bwn Bj JoA cLA AqA  BoodU kM ϧl  B] JoA wA An
(2). jkdA An B A

: njB~A
| ɷ 1417  ȃoA ozA RAnz  cB~A dL . j  wA A 1
. BkMB 32
ɷ1406  3   RoM  oA nAj  BoA nA    UnBe ȗ wA  2
.   10 - 9 | 
oq\A Jo
α   k  e  We  ^en ^AkM B\A ȗ pB\dA Jo B
ȗ dA BjAo  kA MAn \U BL AB BG   M  M kU 
   BkM LBA    BBj MB  BM fAo~TwA   BTBdM TTA
. Bj Bo hA   B jmA
jBvA m  T  TL jAoA  B jBvA KeB  g{ L  B 
B wA RBe B   Te E  w oL E  wBoA SM  Uj
EoA  l   U gzA kTv  oiA BLA  ]nBhA BUB ȗ BXU
. ϧl d  j]  y]   BM  TL BA
TA BzA  RBAqA e ȗ  BA ]oU kBU  o L  B k BA 
(1). k RBozU E  A BnBT ϧl  BjAoA M E  Bo  ~dU
jB~TA jnAA  uBT BG  Bk\ B\A Jo k JodA JBLwA BLTU AlA
BhA AoA UAkT kBTM TU JBLw BE  BA oA B
(2).
Am B dTwA TA  ( nB\A Joe ) M BvA JodA nzA Moe 
   AodA ozA oe AT  婴M nBdA  AoX  u  B  BdA
(3) . BkA ϖw  nB~TA  LBM oiBTA nBwA ȗ JodA bAkTA oYD

: njB~A
. 225 |  1987  14   o~  A LT  A keA  wA o\  1
. 10 |   1987  14   o~  A LT  A keA  wA o\  2
. 290  289 |  2 Z  RoM  njB nAj  oYA MA  BA  AkLA  3
nAjA  TA 
nB\TA Am k]F BBeA  e ȗ L  U We {oA BL Ao  SB
 ~oe BLA SM   ( A vU )  B   jBdUA  B BM B
eo A UoU  ϧm   LM BM [k E MFU BT~hzM qT   BTwA
ȪT (1) (  ) FM B ]oA o    B v hU    XkdA kA
L SB oiBA  B  B L A BTA i  o B BG    A
A Tv  BqA  AkeE   S~A l  { BqA L KT BMn  
  ! BoL  yo gzM L   Te  B   BL  TwBn o
BT]A TA    kU  ȗ RpoM nAjA RBU oB Y B ϧl
: B wBvA

: njB~A
1988  RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL 1
. 27 |  2   
A e
M k T]B  w  oz Bk] M A kL nAj A SAkU yo  ̥BL G
) : o M U   J M op   qA kL M kwA   KA M   {B
 Bij  o   BA  B M Ak\ E  AkBU   AkBT
ϧl Sw   T  joU Te    AB    AB A tBA oBw
A e C   A  LA k{ k   (A e ) M kBTA  kBTA
. Am
kA nAj
nAj ) ȗ BhA  BA nA ȗ ( woA ) nBzA  oAm T\U yo SB
ȷ   B ozA  oh T\ E  BM kT AB  ϧmM Sw ( kA
ȂU yo SB Am LA k\v A BMBM ]  BBM  J M ~ nAj
A k    M q oE ȗ nBzT  AB We  ~ oFM BU B BnA
 M nAj A kA nAj SB k   ~ k  k B A o   Jod
(1). TwA B nkA  AL ϧl kM tBA MBTU Y

: njB~A
汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd : ]Ao  1
nAj ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  111 - 110 | 1 Z   1981  AoA 
. 28 - 27 |  ɷ 1409  (2)   RoM  uBA
 KB
BA ABɟ   BAkA  nmA ɫk  LBM oLT ɫ A \d JoA Bɟ
 ZB\dA Bn   BA ki   LBM BA SB ϧm  (SLA) 
 vBTA ϧm BLU oX JoA M BA  ozA B BA KvU TA nA
Am . BM BA 
BM B SpU yo  M vi E  (1) hnFTA  MjA njB~A \U 
: ȧBTA dA    kA BA m
: njB~A
. 29 - 28 |  ɷ1409  (2)   RoM  uBA nAj  wA oL  1
: nBA  BvA
{B ȮL SB  AodA SLA ȗ JAjA  BA  BdA   ZB\dA Bw E
.
. kA BA BU nAkA kL ȮL SB SLA ki E : MB\dA  AkvA
. ȮL SB  ZBdA 酚 M koU  BAA  yo ]ohU B ȷ  : jBoA
SB  RA ɗ BEn Fv  RBA ɗ BA q TA pA ȷ  : nBvA
. ] ȮL
E ( dA ) BA BU  T Bw TA BɛA ȷ  : o\dA AɫA
. w ȮL SB  (BA) K~
 {oA B lG BA Lz RB~hA ȗ ~A  B dA m SB k 
 M 隽 B ( w ȮM ) Bp A Td JoA    k   o
: B\A ȗ JoA M - BE  - BA U  G  Am RB~hA  RBhA
. Ȗ M XA   B kL M {B
SA ȗ RAnApA oi    oi BLA o ȗ B B j vi KB m
. oBdA
BTA nFM U BA SB BG   Bke  kA nBM  U  JoA  
KBA m KB] A k\ ϧm   Ak  BUpe  k~U  BUnB\U ȪdT
: B Moe L~ ϧB vhA kA
 nBTiA  JoA UA AlB JodA Se AlA B]oh j An ȷ  : JBA  1
. wBoA d  BLeB Ak AT  AlA   jBA  Bd
ȮL SB  hA  y\A q]E BTdU 郱U TA hA E : A  LA  2
. qh
A
j] AnqA B RojpA k   MoA oq\A  MoA M\A oA ȗ A U
tBA nAoTwA  U ȗ BLLw B B wA nBA  \TA vA  RAoA
 ( kA A gnBU ȗ }iB{ oYE  JnF kw  ) 孪A ȗ kA  kA z 
A jM Bi oiA AkLA  BUnB\U nBjpA   BA  AnqA RkBw k 
. BUB]T  nk~U SB We  wTA odLA AkM  K~hA
  ( SvAoTA ) nB\T BB Aqo B] ȗ kBw kA oɄ  B A B
BA AA m  A   oeA odLA  MoA odLA e  BUnBdM ow
(1). oA  xBLeA  BwBvA L  B ovA  BTeA JBLwE qU

: njB~A
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  1
. 27 |  1981 
:  A ȗ kA  dA B
A ȗ dA vU     A ȗ kA z AkM e XeBLA TiA
  ( Jo ) K A oTA ȗ Bwn  B  B qT RAoT VY A
( FLw α ) B BwoA v cLE oiE oT BTU Y  tkA ȮU j  ȷ
(1) . ( Akn ) M FLw Ϧ B L AB TA   XBXA oTA Y 
owE  TU   Se  BM B    owE ui j] nBYA E om 
. vvTA αA  jk  B
w d oq\A AoE Jo  ȗ j SBE k  BdA owA m A A
B TA   AmC kBvA  kA oA ϧl  BkBw We ( . 1110)
oq\A { ȗ ikTA  ϧl  We  o~ α 탰  MBM α 
(2) . Be B  幼MoA
RBeT   LvA kM AB] mA  odA α JoA inƪA M Kv 
( yo o{ ) E   BMnA  BBLwA S ( A o{B ) bT E : o wA
TA kow M E   BTvoU A S Te AoA  AoA Sz UBeT RkTA
BA  SMBXA  G   vA B\MnlC cT ( Jo kwA ) E   wBM Sw
B Y  (3) jA L A oA ȗ zLdA jM  ATwA k odA A 
mA A α keE jBA KLvM  qLA kA  pBBM  xBLeA TeA
. odA kA  BA ȗ BLLw ϧl B We jA TA
cLE k  ( Ao{A ) k\F  tnB  BwBvA kBM Ak\TwA A A A Y
k   (4) B ȗ U BwBvA A SB  B BBe ( q l M w )
VAkeA m SB   ȯBwBvA BdA ( q l M w ) T kM A nAjA U
) k  ȯBwBvA BdA  A  Y    zLdA oMA e kM
vA jwA TA We   k  oA Am   LA k ( vA jwA
(5)ϧm BLU SdLF  vA L  kA Am ȗ A SdT   nB L 
. nBLA wA kA  Aq]

: njB~A
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd  1
.  21 |   1981 
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd  2
. 19 |   1981 
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  3
. 27 |   1981 
 3   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  4
. 115 |  2 Z  1988
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  5
. 31 |  1981 
:  ȮA T\A L
LA B  BL BT\ Bo  A owA e BMG ȮA T\A B k
A  . tnB T\ ȗ pBTA LA BMBU  kLA khTvU  TA AoTwnA
  wA oe ȮA T\A ȗ Eo   oL A kA B]n o kT
Bɟ   dA ɗ ^BA MA ɯB kɛ   ϦA B nBzTwA u\A Bɟ
nBz  ov M odA e BMG A RpBTA k  Bi RApBTA ov
E  αA {Ae   BA owA kM UFU T\A ȗ B  joA B B
. nBzTwA u\A
Am    Bi RApBTA RAl L  aƽ  qAo dM  kA B]n A B
 A o SdU  eA  BA  BnA M p KzA   LB BM 
MBzU   A { ɗ dTA  BA RBLA ϦU Lɛ  oA  vTA
XLA L B Bi SB k tnB ȗ AkBw B B A ȗ BT]A BA
(1). nBLA LA

: njB~A
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  1
. 31  17 |   1981 
okU
]  RAoA M BLoU BvA ~T ȗ 隽 B L e BzA jBM ȗ okU RFz
. oiE ]  }e  zj M  
k Te nBLiE B j Bk ϧl  ( ow RU ) x ȗ Bol jn k 
(1). (  .  1115 ) w ȗ nA
okU Si   BoA  LA BUB oL UAl TwBM okU STU k 
. wnBA ov i  AoA TeA BMG BwBvA ov
okU ȗ B We  oL ]nj A toBM AoYFT BYAn B okU ȗ dA B k
. KB]F  kA E  F B  AoTwnA  oLT toA  jk
 oz |Bi un k    Bi jB ȗ jB L]A RBB\A U 
  M : ȷ YY BE MnA  kqU C kL Y okU E B  {
. oA G ( eoM ) Y  BvA A  w M T
AB   YAn  o{ B SB   k  L A k kA B]n BE
AFM  kAA B kU  nhA B JozU jBA M ȗ h j Re 
(2). B텧A
  kA ( T ) k Ɉ   BUnAjA T ( iAnE ) un k B 
kA ȗ KvTdA Ɉ TɈ LzU AwA  v oiC  ȧB Ɉ
y\ oiC  Bd kB   BA zA RBpBA  v    wA
.
A   oBzA u\ w BA A ϧl jA iAnA k ȗ vA SB B 
(3). AoTwnA l BA

: njB~A
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  1
.  47  46 |   1981 
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd  2
. 53 - 50 |  1981 
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd  3
. 53 - 50 |  1981 
:  wBvA
 v ȗ qU SB TA kLA BLA   kTU wBvA AoE w SB
 ov B    kB \BM MB\A SB   BzA AoE jnA 
. o
BdA owA SB   e Ȯw    jk ȗ JoA inƪA TiA 
keA   ( L] ) E qLA njB~A omU   oLA k]   ] A ]oU
(1). (  497 ) w v Aq k Bv ȮM α
o~TA  odA Ϧ BvA B M nmA JnBe mA   VnBdA MA Am L] U k 
m oYG    oBvA nY (  529 ) B ȗ 骛 E B  (  528) ȗ 
 MoA BLA  kTU Tw SB   ( n ) K BTv] d RBkhA
M BA RBodU  kd  nw AoE ȗ  qLA k BwnBe Bnj  
. odA oE BvA B
k   nBU oA M  M SYke TA JodA oX wBvA Ϧ oTv  
jBMA ]E  AT Joe wBvA α B Y  oiE nBU odA α  toA
Moe ȗ AkhTwA   ovA Be jkTA UBd     oA
A  ϧl oYA   oA F\TB  AoA  BzA AoE BvA JoA  toA k
. wBvA  ovA Be MA   ( L] M VnBdA ) BTA ȗ khA
nAp B   (  578 ) B TdB~  TB  oA oL]E VnBdA M nmA E kM
tnBL o~A ϦA  E   \LU  AoTeA  BdM LTwA vA nmA
. ZBTBM
Zo ) ȗ vA M 雰E Te AnAo oA KB] A vA wBvA JnBe k 
(2). zj M] ( o~A

: njB~A
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  1
. 57  56 |   1981 
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd  2
. 63  59 |   1981 
:  nlBA
Aod~A  Lo vL w  ɗ AoA AoɄA ɗ kTU nlBA j SB
odA SB   AoA ȃAnE K~iE  BA ϦU SB   RAoA o  JoBM
. ( odA o ) M v RAoA  o  U   B
BE A oz B BA  ovA BB    BUoe AnA A  Tz odA 
(1).  Aov AkLA ȗ SB
(2). xoMA m]    M o    M ϧB   G 
TA A kA Ak v Fɗ BwBvA  Be k k B Am m] 
 ϧmM B\  o YY  oXE k ozA ȗ j E SA ϧl m SdLE
TA B BwBvA e SB TA MoA BLA E  odA A SC mA o~A
jAnE We  M dA BBM oYFU k B Am m] E kL   AoA  S]oiE
v k]E  hnFU ȗ oLA ǰo B  U  FLT j L~M  L~ E
. BqA B 
C owA uwƫ oLT mA  o~ M k M o TiA MA A ϦA TA UM 
   keE E nBYC   nlBA α B nkdA TA  o~ C E  h
. wBLA o~A Te  mA okvA nhA  o~ M BA
BBi TA JodA ȗ  AoT{A   tnB A Bi AB ϧm nlBA 
E kM  odLA  A BA k ȗ Bw kTA k   oA  wBvA k
 ... odA ȗ nlBA e TA ϧmM   \w BA  LA A ov
nBA  U JoA BA U SB  wA BwBvA k  BA  ϧmM
. BwBvA nAoLA 
AmiA  nAoLA ϦU BA ] B] MoA BLA S q]BdA Am Ap B
 iAkA RBMAoA ϧl  kBw AoA jkdA AoE  RAqM 
M T owBA    xoA  RBvBA  T A  jkTA JodA
. AoA iAj A
ȮM  JoA M  toA M S훰 TA ( nB l ) Joe ȷ JodA ϦU E  
wnBA y\A nBvA BT\T B TA   ȯBLzA jv M B jBM BL{ oM
bT k SB We  wnBA y\A  JoA B o~TA o E ȷ  
B k B (| ) LA E o   BwBvA nAoLA SdvTA TA  wA
(3) .\A  JoA  ~TA  Am : B

: njB~A
AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  1
. 73 |   1981 
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  2
. 29  28 |  1988 
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnFU  3
. 147 |  1988 
:  k
 RBBdBM B j]A BLA  Bl SvM   MoA oq\A ȗ k RFz
kTB  vA  A oz  BLA m keU SBe k   BM E RAoB~A
AoA AoA  odLA  MoA oq\A  pB\dA { E kM Bv odA A Be
.
AoT kBvA LA wBvA A Ao E wBvA U ȗ kA Bd 
BA TwBoM AoTBM T BBwoM  M  BkBU  BUBTM TdU L 
k  ( A ü ) u\ A JoE  wBvA jBdUA  B A ϧmM   
ɗ eBA JodA  RBɫ~hA ɫ kdA  vA  ɫA oz A BA Am jE
. MoA oq\A
kLA BLA SU  o~ kM BdA kM Bd nlBA j Se A kM  
oA  BA  A JAoA A ϧl jE B iAkA B{ ȗ B  STwA 
(1). keTA A SdU BkeU  oq\A  TBd ȗ wA kBw mA

: njB~A
 AoA  汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keA cB . j JoA gnBU ȗ RAoBd  1
. 92 |  1981
: kA
We   keTA A tBA k  ȗ ( C   A  ) oA woA o
 mA  ) yo  ( ݪA ) kM vA U FM : ȂU wBvA  kBU SB
Bɟ mA  BA A JBdE   lA E  AA Bwn  T u\ɫ
MnA w   A ( ݪA)  c{o     ( |Bh{E oz jk
  E X B (|) LA B ϧl     (1) ( | ) LA k] ~ BMA  BXTwBM
wA gnFU ȗ BdT BA kA A Uo\ SB   BA 郱A ϧm nB [E
 TA kA U   kk\A A U A ( | ) w lG (2)wBvA  ȮkA
. kk\A  ȗ A e   T vA Be A k B

: njB~A
. 204  203 |  2 Z   1913 oBA  Mn kL MA  koA kA  1
ozTv A ) 20 |  jAkM B]  nkA qqA kL  wA A  2
. ( pB
:  A ȗ dA
E oE M e    E e  Be M e   oBM  e
A   A  BA 鮪  BBe Ȫw kɛ   dA m BdA d
. A  ]oA jn dA
:  wA bA ȗ dA
oMkU  BA nAjB ]TA  oMkTA  nAjA : wA bA ȗ dA ȮU
. BTwBw ]U  幧kA {
: B  d G  Am
}hz 
jo\ 
{ oMkTM  mA jAoA  ƪA üA ȷ : }hzA BM dB 
üA m vU   ɈA oBw  AnpA  AnpA un  kA uo kA
B vT Kve   ȴA  oA w  Ǳ }h{ ȷ   mTA üBM
: VY RBdA
d }hzA A Am A nB{A  n\A   jAkLTwA   񦪧A dA
: 
. ozTA   BA  mTA kA RBw 鼪] M j~A    B  1
. Bke mTA vA M k~   |Bi   2
ȗ B  wBvA  oMkTA  nAjA  E  dA ȷ  jo\A BM dA -
e   AA cB~ Bn   KzA KB dU dA ȗ A : B
(1). e

: njB~A
|  1 Z  RoM  ȯBLA JBTA nAj  BL ] . j  ȖvA \A   1
. 494  493
: wBvA bA ȗ dA
wBTA q]A   kAA  \  : FM dA B E  wBvA BA o
)) A ( joM Zn]) o .  d BdA vA wnB o   dA U TA
(1) (( wBvA ooTA C pTU TA RBvwƪA \
wBwA dA kA  S탰 BozU BL BB B A ȫwA o~A ȗ  
T A  ( | ) kd woA jBM gnFTA ȗ wA j A SXLA i   
tBwA   E  jAo BT]A  wBw B  keA ]oA qU   SB
.wA

: njB~A
. 58 |   1977  RoM   A nAj  K ve . j . wBvA   1
:  wA dA
e     A BA ȗ j] e   wA dA ThU
qUoU kB B BTwBw ȗ qT  (1) B ȗ ko e ȴ L  Rk]
jB ȗ wA dTM nA ȗ A e BG Bk  wA BwoA jBL 
AqTA   A o RBjLA AA ɫ ozLA oodU   BɫB  B\ɫ ThA BdA
. Boz  BLU  BTBe  wA Bwn jBL

: njB~A
kM  RoM  BwoA vwƫ  j njBAkL  wBvA BBA wA   1
. 88 |  gnFU
:  dA B {  wA
BzA   vA wnBM  ( | ) oA woA EkM mA kA   oTA  
: wA kA ȗ nBLA LA o\A kM B mA   wA kA
ǱLA dA 
nBLA LA dA 
(1). ( | ) LA k ȗ wA kA 
We  Am B Te  M  AmC kBvA A BL jAo   dA { BE
  B ^X jAkTA  ozLA gnFTA o  ~ jBM w cd~A LTA
jAnA AoTeA  vA  kA pA  pBUnBM pBTA ȫwA e  BE  
. wA BwoA  To{ jAkTw dA BeG BvA

: njB~A
|  1 Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
 dA B   ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL BE   100
. kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA
:  ȫwA dA B
LA vA BTɃo  CoA BɃo TA A jBLA   A ϦU M k~ 
 BwoA KM 贮T wA A Bn  nAjA   dA { U ȗ oA
kA ( | ) oA woA jB{A jBL  A ȷ   ozLA RBT\A BLU
. A wA nk ȗ B nBLA wA
Y  o~A ϧl RBT   üLA o   BTv BA BLU SL k 
 oA Am uLTB  E ȗ BTwA  oXE ȗ AodA M LTA Am nBw E Vke
k wA M B Ake A킽  We ȫwA dA B wnAkA M
鉗FM jAkLTwA  oA  vT Ao B ȚLU A M   Bd B{ B
 fmLA oB S~ A kM nj AjE  kLA jBA  ~A We n
e  Ro L~ p oT nBv   wA A M BTwA  oL\TA
(1). ɼkLA BUjB  BwoA
gwAn A M  Bi E B u vA  CoA  XL mA  wBvA BA G
 lB cB wBw ZB ] Ajke B wo E We   BA cA BkA
(2). ozLA BdA o    pA  ȗ LTA

: njB~A
. BkM B  23 |  RoM  oA nAj  MoA A kL kd . j  dA B  1
1978  5   RoM   A nAj  kwA kd  dA ȗ wA ZB  2
. 54 |  
: k hnBTA FzA  d
En  AT  We k hnBTA FzA ovU e wBvA oA B TiA
B G kM  jkT n B SB kA oA UBB\UA TiA KLvM ke
qE   nm  ozL LA A WLɗ keA E tBA Bɟ  : ȯCoA 
hTwA o Kve  (1)  ATiA B tBA M Ad dBM JBTA 
kzA kv  - ( wBwA wBw B ) wBvA oA : ]An oA m e -
ȗ TiA k SAp BT]A noɃ  L oBɈ kA B ( n ) nk~A
. nA  BvA gnFU  BXA eoA
: njB~A
. 213 : A  oLA  1
:  kA 
M |BhA oU   k\ lA  kA  ke oU  BA B T 
.
B\ U   kA  A pA] : o ( \j ) wBvA o񖪧B 
B] j] oAT BAkM T\A Am B    RBT\A  T\ E ȗ wBvA
. BdA B\A oA Bi d oiE  Be
ɄG p\  E AEn mA   oiA BA  oX M v  EoA Am E o
WdM kA  oL ]nj A S k TA wBvA B\A  G (kA ) wA
.  uwA  kT B wBvA TA cLE
oTv jAoɗA  \ ) : BFM kA ( oL j nB ) voA BA o  
 oC B w jAoA ]A ȗ B\ \ B TA  B 孼 A 
. (oB
~M z jAoA  Tv B] ) : BFM ovvA BA ( ȦzTM ) Bo  
. ( d oiA  Be L M  nE  oTv
wnB e B BT]A ü j] TU Aj B ke : BFM ( nBM ) Bo 
jBvA e B kA o{BLU   jkd A  oTv E ]A ȗ B RBw
(1). ( BoTdU TA jBA A AkhTwA o  joA BUnAjBM
: YY kA BnA E B o RBoTA m Ao jBBM 
. KzA 
A 
. ( dA ) vA  
. kA  K BnA m keE Ak B UAAo  탱A oA [B Kve

: njB~A
SA B] RBL  BLA nBɗ kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 22  21  |   1987
: A eoA
  kA E   nB~BM XT B nBLAo\A kM wA kA K{ G
AɫC mA    o]BA  BdA  o~A  ( | ) woA ABM mA
. kA A L E woA  Ao]B  BwoBM
: BXA eoA
MoA BLA j RB] We Bo   oLi   cT SLE TA eoA ȷ 
wA kA A vUA ϧmM   o~A  ( | )  woA kBU   BwA T
. Bo   A  Roe  MoA oq\A z
jA  幫mA E  nB~A o]BA A BG   kA K{ B k BE
M BBUA k A  kA ij Bk (|) woA M B  A A lA )) nB~A
(1)  .((oiA ]  jA M Ʒ M 年]  nB~A o]BA

: njB~A
  BL - RoM  JBT BA ozA  AoA ~ . j  JoA nBe  1
. 95 |  1988  4
:  wBvA ̮A oU
BA    A ]   BvUA   KUoTA )) : Ȯ A E k BA 
k  u E B o u B )   (1)( ƧƦA M T mA hA  E
(2). (( BTwA  T   
 B TA   RBvA  oTA q]A  A \ : ȷ wBvA A 
.  T\A  kA nAj AqA

: njB~A
 RoM  BL LT  pAoA njBA kL M oM ME M kd  bBd~A nBTh  1
. 278 |   1995  kk] L
. 677 |  3 Z  RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  n MA  JoA Bv  2
:  wA ̮A oU
z mA  TA BdA A Ƀ  oLU )) : TA A \ ȷ 
nAjA  wBvA BBM XTU TA   (1)(( UBozTM  kAM  UB\BM  wA
wA kA A kTvU B\ ȗ ȷ  jB~TA  BT]A  BA 
T\A wBw  kA nAjA ȗ BdTM TA   (2)ȫwA oT qo kB
. B wA j  ȫwA T\ A k~ 

: njB~A
|  1411  1  RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  1
. 6
 4  RoM  oA nAj  (  n )  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BjB~TɛA  2
. 270 |  1 Z  1973
kA ȗ ( | ) woA RBU
We oz  wA SLXU ȗ B B SB RBU vvM ( | ) woA EkM k
: M B
: BTA BA  tnBU SB mA   ǱLA k\vA BM : E
. nBLA LA d Aqo  Ao cLE 
. BA zA  AkT vA B 
. wA BeA  CoA ƪA T Aqo 
. RAqA  VLA  woU 
mA o]BA M (|) woA iC We : nB~A o]BA M BiAƪA : BBY
  BXA  A LA TM ABM mA nB~A    ȗ E AE AoU
(1). vA M BTA Y   o]BA BG z ( | ) woA e ϧmM

: njB~A
. 152 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
: kA E ȗ ( | ) LA JBT : BXBY
 ϧl   nBLA wA k ]nBhA  iAkA RBA U T B 
: BTA RAoA
. tBA j  E E We  vA vA M RBA  1
. ( | ) LA  e ȗ Aij mA jA  RBA  2
B  ȗ oiA  A ]oA  ( | ) woA nBLTA   jBA kkdU  3
jB BA    B ~A A    RBi E RBpB  ƪA M ~d
. T\A  kA
B LU   q\U  keA A   keA kBA   keA ozA E nAoA  4
(1).
 e BM  BA - kA E ȗ (|) LA JBT - JBTA T{A   5
. o  vA RBL]A

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nBɗ kd . j  wA ɗ dA B 1
. 20 |  1987
AovA WM : BMAn
MoA oq\A ȗ BLA Bwn  αA A  ( AovA ) YLA  woA wnA We
. BAoE 
. JodA   RAqA   RBAoA nAoG : BvBi
. dA RBTA  RBozTA w : BwjBw
}A  RBT kA : kA Y
Uo\ kM kA ȗ ( | ) kd woA BLT wA ȗ wBw Y E ȷ 
T\A B ȮTL TA kAA Bi  wo - o\ A vA ȗ E - BA
k wBwA BA ] jke mA kA nTwj BA T   ȫwA wBvA
 iAkA RBɛA   jBA  ɄAA   KzA   A ɟ wA
. gA  ]nBhA
( kA nTwj ) ( LA JBT ) ( kA Y ) : YA }  RBT
eoA eoA A vM ))
M d LU   JoX   yo  vA  ƪA M LA kd JBT Am
: kB] 
. tBA j  keA A A 
 oBM (1)B k  M BT TMn  yo  o]BA 
.ƪA M vA
B    A B BT : ( | ) B   nB~A A 鼪] jk Y  
. ƪA M vA   oBM BB kU
E  YA E   wj TMA E   M    kA TA ƪA E  
. keE k B   B]  kE E   ƪA M jBv E  Ak
tBA j M ȧA M ƪA E   BjE  o\ keA tBA l E  
.
ȧ o E G  M j B M  T Bƫ  B] M T  LTA  E  
.  BA  d    B  ƪA E   TBM TA
BYkd o~ E oiA A  BM C   d~A m ȗ BM oE ƪ d  E  
 miƽ    BA  L  A   B AC E  o~  A  ƽ  
. k  o
 A  j v   j j  ƪA  ɫE  ȮM j E  
. TM E v G  Ϧ E  U  B  YA    A vE
A jo B jBv Bh nB\T{A E  Vke  d~A m E M B B E  
. oME  d~A m ȗ B UA  A E   ( | ) A wn kd A  A
(2). (( gA .... YC E  B j JBTA Am d  E  
wA kA uwFU eo ȗ   BA hnBTA YA m ȗ ( | ) LA jke k
vA ȗ ϧl B We  vA oɓ  RBA  nAjA  d BA nBɄA
. o\A  A
LA kA  SvwA mA wBvA ozA ȷ ( ( | ) LA JBT E ) YB
ozA RBA uU TA RA  BA SU kɛ   nA kA ɗ
: BA m    ȫwA wBvA

: njB~A
RBLA o{  B{BLA i kd  Wke Mo \ ȗBA . owA : ȯBA  1
. 672 |  1994  (3)   RoM  ozA pT
BkM B  147 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA - 2
.
: ɚYA ȗ wBvA BA
m ȗ B nTwkA ȯBA oLTA Rk] TA ( vA A ) ȷ   A  1
ȗ Aqe BBA   wA BM oTA TA LA  owA MAoA E We  YA
E oLTA   wBvA T\A U ȗ  wBvA ozTA ȗ BpB\U k ozU
wBvA ozA A BTɯA  kA tBwA   wBvA T\A TA
(1). BXA  A BiAƪA  SB B Am   w
aƽ ƪA Ʒ  AoA  AovA ɗ BTɫ wBTɫ ɫA m E   2
(2). keAA BM BA ke  kA ke Bnk~ ke
  ( | ) woA  YA |~ ovU   AqA  TiA ȗ ]oA A  3
A  Vke  d~A m A M BB  A ))  BdLw A A ϧl  ȗ joA
((... (|) A wn kd A A A jo B jBv Bh nB\T{A
. ( d oA YF  ) o  joU   ~h{ MA  4
YE    G kBM C k    C Zoi  G ) : ȧBTA }A i   5
jBvA We kA    YA m BeE ɗ ovU mA BA jkdT ( ...
  wA kA nE ȷ kBɗ ( | ) wo jBɛ LA vBM dT
(3). kA m K{  o vA
  wA kA ȗ  AA E ( YA ) |~ wAnj kU  AA  6
B wBvA T\A  e  oTU E  M  BAj ȮkA BTA BvU
(4) T Ȯj BTA RB× 
lG kA ȗ wA kA T\ ȗ vA K] A  ϧm BLU  jA B
.RBL]A   B S   e YA  RoE

: njB~A
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  1
. 532  531 |   ɷ 1412  3
ɷ 1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  2
.
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  3
. 538 |  ɷ1412  3
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  4
. 535 |   ɷ1412  3
: ( | ) LA k ȗ wA kA nAjA
 KwBT B BM  kA  ȫwA T\ nAjA  ȪTA 郱A nU k
 BA TA jBp   BAo] kA n BvUA  T\A B]A TA VAkeA
(1). BA  BkA RBvA ȫBU   kBA  vA
 VAkeA ]     wA kA nAjA ȗ eAo VY q A  Am
jB BMG nAjA BA nU   eAoA m L Bi  cTU TA BA
: Ȧ B ȷ   wA k ( | ) A woA


: njB~A
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  1
. 527 : |  ɷ1412  3
: A eoA
BdU z kM E  o\ MAoA vA A nBLA LA o\A AkM  kTU 
  (1) kA ȗ vA k ( khA E ) JAqeA q ȗ jA  ozA
: Ȧ B  eoA m ȗ LA nAjA M pBTU B E G
BA 鼪] T B We  o{BL n~M B kA ok B ( | ) LA G *
(2). vM vBM TA
kM Bjke vTU  lG kA A XU kA   Bv kA  nAjA nB~TA *
.
: X jkd RB  |Bh{E  jBTA *
AlA 
BwoA  eA MBT 
RAqA ȗ B ( | ) ow Be ȗ kA  MBd~A M hTwA  MBG 
(3). ovA
  ȫwA T\A  k jB    qo eoA m ȗ k\vA B  
(4). kA ȗ wA vwƫ E    nAjA  dA
) o]BM kA Bw jk ȫBU Rk{ k SB eoA m B ϧl A B 
ϧm BLU  o]B  wA ik BBMA M B TA BLA oBw  o  ( 
(5). ozA JAm  B\ kA A 


: njB~A
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  1
. 527 : |   ɷ1412  3
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B   2
. 527 : |  ɷ1412  3
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  3
. 527 : |  ɷ1412  3
 AoA   BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  4
. 527 : |  ɷ1412  3
99 : |  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnBU  5
.
: BXA eoA
BXA vA E ) cTA B A khA q SLE TA oTA  eoA m fnƽ 
. (  SdT We  o\
cUA   wA ȗ BLA M ikM wA kA n B SvUA k TA 
ϧmM   (1) ozA  Tzi JBLwE Aq B ȗ BLA B v
.eoA m ȗ kA A o]BA
wA ȗ Sij TA BLA  |Bh{A jBTBM eoA m ȗ nAjA SXU *
. B BqA B]A ǰl  BBwn  BLB AB mA  (|) LA  X
BLA m TM B  nB~A  o]BA    X ( | ) LA wnA *
(2).wA BeA CoA

: njB~A
 AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  1
. 528 : |  ɷ1412  3
 AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  2
528. : |  ɷ1412  3
: XBXA eoA
We  ( | ) A woA B e A (  ) cT kM  eoA m kTU
鼪] S{ TA  wA kA n BvUA   A j ȗ B]AE tBA ij
 BA SdU  oe RAoTv  k RA E kM  MoA oq\A L{ ȃAnE
. TA kLA RBB\A BTB ȗ Sij B
Ao\A BToM wA kA ȗ nAjA B  c RpoM eoA m ɗ 
(1). ( | ) wo o{BLA ]oA  jBA SdU k RB\ ȗ wAA

: njB~A
 AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ɗ nAjA dA B  1
. 527 |  ɷ1412  3
:  nAjA BA
( | ) wo wBvA 郱A KTTwA   jBA A RoekA   wA o B
SɫC TA oA  jLA A BA  A woɽ ( | ) miE nA ɽkA ɗ
(1). wBM
B ( | ) woA oE ( AlBM ) A  ov B wE E kM   A Ȗ 
B BA wnE   MBdE   ( | ) LA v - AlBM - RB E kM  
.A  BB (  )
  ( o{A w BME ) JnF    ( AlBM M o{ ) B  ]  
) o{A     ( oz M oB ) Ak    (2) (E MA  ) k\A
   ( |BA M kw M kBi ) kMp  p  Ao\   ( B ME M oBA
M o]BA ) k    ( kL M jBp) Roe    ( Aqe M o ) Ao\
( kwE M JBT)     (3)( ȫodA M A ) odLA    ( E ME
(5) .  nBLA LA o\A  BXA vA ȗ SdT k    (4)
Bo E  oq\A B   A MBdE keE WM B AlA ( | ) woA B  Am
. Bjƽ E  TA  wBvA  nAjA B  UBL]A T BMBT L E 汽

: njB~A
 3   RoM  nBTA nAj  {oA o{ oBM  wA ȗ wBvA BA  1
. 157 |  ɷ 1403
2 Z  RoM B] vwƫ  ki M kd M eoA kL  ki MA gnFU  2
. 60  59 | 
|  RoM  B] vwƫ  ki M kd M eoAkL  ki MA gnBU  3
. 60
|  ɷ 1406  RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  ~A ow  4
. 596
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  5
. 152 |  1988 
: B B] k   L] M lB  T
. dB~A iA  MjE veE   A JBT  .. )) *
. ( o{  oi )  pB tBA qE  *
. AkeE B  oE ȗ xBdU     A oE mE *
. ϧB    T Sv BG *
. oX    ȗ BA jE *
. dA oU o ȗ A   oBM ϼ *
. wA w B G B\A oE SE *
kM wA tEn BB ~A ɪ  oXE   ...  wA oE oɈE  *
. kBM nAoA
. Ŀ  A ȗ hU    ]oU A mA kLA   A  WM *
... A TM ϼA *
.. WkdA k  *
.. kBM BA  *
.. BhA oU  *
... vA mM   A   *
. A ve  TA en   nB\A e *
. Bv TzU E BG *
.. jB BBG ~U E BG  *
.. BMlB k~U E BjB JmU E BG  *
. MU Kl  VkeE   ... Mn olA *
(1). ((  B ȮnB TA BdA X  ȯB  G LeE E lB B A Y *
~   dA  BqA BL\M  ( | ) LA B   B k BA  
. BwoA tBA MG   kA A kA A BG ~hA
]n TwA k ]   LwBd   B MBT  BE  ( | ) LA B  
 (( ȧ Am    Am )) : jpA B ( | ) LwBe B   RBk~A  jpA 
.. A  Tv ]oA BM B )) :  A    ( | ) LA FTɗ
(2). ((  E A kE o ME  E SM ȗ k E ? ȧ kE Am : 

: njB~A
|  ɷ 1404  2   AoA  ȫwA ozA vwƫ  L{ MA  A dU  1
. 26 - 25
  RoM  nBTA nAj  {oA o{ oBM  wA ȗ wBvA BA    2
. 161 |  ɷ1403  3
:  BA  A KUAn
B   tBA AA  ABT  Te  B U ( | ) woA o k
We  B텧A  AnAk oiA LA E k   nj nAk B BLUAn : LA ȅ
Ai KMp  B TB   nBvU nl  B TB  Ak L  A A
(1).

: njB~A
 nq\A kd M Ȧ vdA MA oYA M kA q  MBd~A o ȗ MBA kwA  1
. 224 |  4 Z
:  ǱLA kA ȗ MBTA
B SB ϧm BLA Bwn  α KT  j] noɃ B SB B
MBT ϧm   o  vA M oLU TA YAA  RAkBA oodT no
n BvUA  LTA A ]BdA RjAjpA k  幼BA RAkBA oodU  oA CoA
 e    RBB~TiA  e B SB BUBv U  wA kA
(1).  }h{ ϦU MBTA e

: njB~A
 ɷ 1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 273 |
: woA YAA  RAkBA JBaT
M LkdA c kB RAkBA MBT ȗ (  ) KB ME M Ȧ BA }TiA k
. ozA  (|)woA
: eA JBT
B mA   SMBY M kp A BBM eA KT ( vA  ) Ȧ BA B
. MoA oBzA Bwo ( | ) woA KT BA KT
: αA JBT
woA oFM α BwoA KT  ( | ) LA Bi    nA M A kL B
A KT A oF B E  - (|) woA k E - k TɯBA  M )) (|)
 Bo Y  BTh  (1) (( k TB Eo Th KT αA M
.( | ) A wn

: njB~A
RoM   oA nAj  ȯvA o\e M Ȧ M keA   MBd~A qɼU ȗ MBA  1
. 273 |  2 Z  1989 - ɷ 1409 
: BA SM JBaTɟ
ϧB  (|) LA ] k   (1) pB\dA nBY |oi KT BA M me B k 
(2) .  RBk  o M


: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 274 |
. 62 |   1993  RoM  oA nAj  o~A  Bi M i gnBU  2
: A  oTA
 BT{A  A T ))   (1)A  B : oA  npAƫ npC : A
  wBvA BLA  d hA  opA  BA ȷ  npAƪA  nApA
kM A Am   nApA T  (2)((noA k UnBzTwA  En A ]o
U mA ȯCoA }A ]Ao E kM  (3)nAjA  wBvA BTE We  hA
nAmG C q Ap mA ( | ) A woA  ozA WkdA    op  
 ȅ -  (5) A kA ȗ ow SB E kM  kBM o\A  (4)ozA
. ǱLA kA kM B TwA TA kA  {E  A   j nApA
B A hA A ( | ) woA B SLA TA wBvA  qA oTA Ȗ
: nB~ݧ B Bk ϧl  wBLA kA ȗ  cA B A Tj ȗ JoE nAp
:  Bv vA ȗ SMBY M kp  ȗ jn B (6)((AnpA TE  AoA d))
. (( (|)A wn Anp  A nB~E d ))
 ϧl  KUoT B  oA kM BU eoM UF opA E A hA  Kvd
E   wA BwoA  A  A kM e  UBe jkd
B ( | ) woA   LA  oT BE A ozU nAkA Wke } ȗ nApA
woA hU TA BA  ^BjAo UF mA |BhA BB B BwoA  
. A jB ȗ (|)

: njB~A
. 898 |  ( np )  AoA  ZAo L  u  A ȗ k\A  1
MoA vwƪA  AoA MoTA nAp \  wA MoA nBdA gnFU  2
. 60 |   1980  RoM  RBwAnk
 gnFU kM ) o~ LɄ  p  jBLA kdA kL . j  wA kA  3
. 17 |  ( L
. 214 : A  AozA .  MoA Uoz nmE  :  BU    4
 (3)  RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnFU  5
. 543 - 542 | 1 Z  1988
 (3)  RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnFU  -6
198.  3 Z   1988
ȯCoA }A : A
oE ȗ o{E  npE M jk{A iE nB ȦA  Aop ȧ ]A   : BU B
(1)
dA M vB ovBM npA   opA )) (2) AqA ovU ȗ B] k
M TdTɖM npA  :   ϦA e Y d  ^Aop opA Ȫw XA
 w (( BeA AnC ȗ A \T ϦA  M Ȏaw A F\T mA L\A
oXɟ oA  ϧl Fv BG)) nB  A  ^Aop  \ A A Fv vA
B nBz op A ZBTd M ke M  A w v AoA kBLT KA\A
. ((w M 
M }ThB oBw Mn  A eB M LTM  A ))  oA ȗ Ao{A  BA
(( A \e BA AoTB A k 
oA ȗ Ao{BM hA  opA B - omA C - ȯCoA }A kM  ϧmM
oBw A \e BA AoTA BwoA LU k   eA iB LA
.RBv B  woBM }ThB
. UB kM  i  woA Be ȗ op 

: njB~A
. 32 - 29 : RBA    1
vwƫ RAnz  BLBLA ve kd kvA  A  CoA ovU ȗ AqA  2
146 | 14 Z   1997 - ɷ 1417  1  BL  RoM  RBL ȪA
.
oA vA : BBY
TA oTA ȗ (  ) Ȧ BA F{ ȗ WjBeA  oXA ( | ) woA  jn k
 : ] kM ] vA BBU k TA  BkM B  ovA kA SAp
A wn  A m Sq B )) : B (  ) Ȧ BA   tBL MA   1
: ȧ B ( | ) A wn ȯBj (1)  MoA Uoz nmE   C   A 
B ݫA   B  BB B B... MoA Uoz nmE E ȯoE A A Ȧ B ))
B S햗 M RoE B ME   E Te KA kL ȮM ȧ ]A Y  L  Bv
. M ȯoE
FM  B] JoA ȗ BMB{ E B A  ȯG KA kL ȮM B : ( | ) LA B
oA Am  ȯnpAƽ F  A jA E BU A ȯoE k   M T] k B
 S   B] B A \eB : B ?  Ti  ȼ氰 iE  E 
 iE Am G : B Y TLoM miF  op E  A LB BE .. Bw Yke ȯE
. AE   AwB   Ti  ȼ
ϮM vU E oE k:( A w) KB M  嬱d A B :B
(2).((鼅U
 A kM KA kL ȮM (|) woA ] A m Sq B A An MA  -
TA MoA Uoz nmA A ȯoA BU A A )) : (|) B  AMo{  AF AmA 
i ^B氰 ^BYnA ^Aop ^BiA A   ] A BL WL  A A ȅn Uoz
qM Ȯ  aɼ氰 op YnA iA  E  ȮBL  F  E ȗ
(3)  (( MB]A BL () Ȧ B... A Sv kM L  A A w  nB
B BA i k αLU A kA  Zoi Bk (|) woA B :αLU q  2
E ȒL  E LM Sv ϯE A w  nB qM Ȯ SE )): B  (vA )
(4). (( ..Ti SE  A KlA
  ȯAoLA ZoiE k : ( | ) woA jBzM ( vA  ) Ȧ BA E  3
k BE )) : ( | ) woA B : B E o MA  Mo MA   nMBvA BdA
(5).((BMBM Ȧ  A
(6). (( Ȧ BE )) :( | ) A wn B 
(7). (( ƪA Jv   vA kv ϯG ȦB )) : B E ( | )  ǰn 
UBU ϯG )) : Ȧ B ( C   A  ) A wn E  nkhA kw ME 
(8). (( qU  SUB B CoA FU 

: njB~A
. 214 : A  AozA ( 1 )
  RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU ( 2 )
543.  542 |  1 Z   1988  (3)
nAj  woLA vdA M A Ȧ MA gzA  CoA ovU ȗ BLA \ ( 3 )
. 206 |  8 - 7 Z  ɷ1379  BL - RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA
 RoM  oA nAj  ȯvA o\e M Ȧ M keA  MBd~A qU ȗ MBA (4 )
. 509 |  2 Z  1989 - ɷ1409
KTA nAj ȯ\A kd M BwA gzA  tBLTA q  BhA z ( 5 )
. 186 |  2 Z ɷ 1408  3 幼A
KTA nAj  ȯ\A kd M BwA gzA  tBLTA q BhA z (6 )
. 189 |  2 Z  ɷ1408  3  A
KTA nAj  ȯ\A kd M BwA gzA  tBLTA q BhA z ( 7 )
.  384 | 2 Z  ɷ1408  3  A
KTA nAj  ȯ\A kd M BwA gzA  tBLTA q BhA z ( 8 )
.  190 |  ɷ1408  3  A
:  ZBTTwA  i
WjBeA M  BM \A   kTA nBLA RBA ȗ oA BA   FTA A
:ɧA jƽ ozA
kM kBM o\A  EkM ( | ) woA kM Be  BwoA d uwFTA A  1
KA kL ȮM ȗ ( | ) woA Wke    MoA Uoz nmE  : BU 
. ol MBvA
K dU ȮU nApA E   ( | ) LA op  ( vA  ) B BA A  2
ȗ FTA i  Am c k   UB kM  UBe ȗ ( | ) woA  BwoA
)  B Be ϧl   αLU q ȗ ( | ) LA Wke (34  31RBA)  nw
(  ) Ȧ E E (( ... LM Sv ϯE A w  nB qM Ȯ SE )) : ( |
. A AmM  kA mM nApA  hA
m   BA  kw  vA A   ( vA  ) ^B BA A  3
  A BhA ZBTeBM    ( | ) woA jBzM o B oAT  RB~A
. A  BTwA
BA  AjA  TdA   dA  )) : B oX B    BA : oTA
(1). (( ...
M E (2) (( B K]A  tBA M dA )) :   BA G : BeA BE 
AA RBq\M TA E   Bo{ dA   )) : ~U oXE  cE
(3). (( dTv BBTwA  dA RBLYBM  |Bh{E  ozA
dA  BhTA M ~hA ~ )) FM ( tk) ıhA wBA MA kvA o
(4) ((  kA   e kM A kA j RLXM

: njB~A
|   1995  RoM  BL LT  pAoA oM MA M kd  bBd~A nBTh  1
. 226
nAj  ȦBA ȮɼeoU ve kd kvA  LA oA bo{ ȗ A kMqA  2
. 70 - 69 | 4 Z  ɷ 1415  1   RoM  jBA
 ɷ 1392  o{A \A  BA L  pAozA A kL  BA JBT  3
. 6  5 |
 A k oz  (n) ıhA wBA MA kvA A A C  dB~A ZB  4
. 5 | ZBA U 1Z  ɷ 1410  28  
: BA  ( | ) woA
 (1) o  vA M RBpBA  RB~hA ȗ ~A ( | ) woA U
B] k  jA  kA A ȗ ( | ) LA JBT RAo  jM  ϧl LT B
: JBTA Am ȗ
A A jo B jBv Bh nB\{ E Vke  d~A m E M B B G  ))
kA ȗ     (2) C   A   (( A wn kd A  ] q
B (|) We tBA M dA  B k\vA ȗ u\ B   Aw `B 
MBd  B B BE   (3) (( oAovA T A  oBBM eE E RoE )) : 
M u] AlA )) : B A A BB wnE Bk (  ) Ȧ B T Ȗ ~hA
E oeA B  A  Sw B oiA  vU Te U   B~hA Ͻk
A   jA   LA )) :  ( | ) B    (4). (( BA ] ϧ LT
(5). ((  oE  
pB\A Am E  kU BA  vM A woA dU A [TTv B 
jB\A   dA d ϧl   wBvA  kA TeBA  wA kA ȗ
vwFU oT ǱLA kA oT SB k  BT]A RBA ȗ pATA  Be
BBM ( | ) woA kM AoA BhA BTA Bɟ Am   pB\A Am RB
. Bi Bn  ( | ) woA A B   BLA nk AoL BBTA
: \vA
 uLdA B lG nBLA ǱLA kA ɗ Aj] A oA BM \vA  
p   k\vA ȗ E SM ȗ 탱M ϧl   oM TiA  TA 鮫 kT
(6).  L  E ~i

: njB~A
|  1 Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve .j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
. 414
. 98  94 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  2
KTA nAj  ȯ\A kd M BwA gzA  tBLTA q BhA zɟ  3
. 192 | 1 Z  ɷ1408  3   A
Z  RoM  oA nAj   ȯBTv\vA W{A M Bw jAj MA  jAj ME w  4
. 72 |  2
- 484 |  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve .j  wBvA wA gnFU  5
.  485
485. |  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve .j  wBvA wA gnFU  6
: RBA B U  ( | ) LA
BA M B L] M lB   ( vA  ) ^B BA ( | ) LA wnA k
B u   RBA ȗ BA ]  E  ( | )  ϧmM   (1)A A
kA  oiFTA jA M A q RBA ȗ BA E A inƪA M Km
FT  B We   o{   BA nBTh (|) LA B  (2)  ǱLA
(3). BA UB  BA oLA v ϧl   keE  
: njB~A
Z ɷ1410  (1)   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj kw M kd  oLA RBLA  1
oA nAj  ȯBTv\vA W{A M Bw jAj ME   jAj MA w    296 |  2
. 72 |  2 Z   RoM 
|  1 Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve .j  wBvA wA gnFU  2
. 486
 ɷ 1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  3
.  365 |
:  wA ȗ RBMA
 kU  E L AB BA   keA B] B A wA L JoA h 
 jBTA B BM BkBU  BAoA B]  L  E We  (1)~dU 
\A ow  k BM  nFXA A BTeA  pBM BvTwA  AoA  BA
k mA   MA  B TA j ȗ KA kL w B Ak (2)  AohA 
 FM nkU SB We B\A ȗ qA j X ȗ B Aw B ME  wA oE
(3). MA
: njB~A
|  ɷ 1409  2   RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  1
. 444  443
ɷ 1409  2   RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  3  2
.  445 - 444 | 
: RBMA vU
m  ǱLA kA ȗ BmU  BozU U BvE k A RBMA wA v k
:ȷ BvA
.  AoA   uA  RBB\A ȗ  |B~A  1
MA E We  ohA Jo{   ovA   mA   BqA Bv ȗ  jkdA  2
. Bo{ nk B
BA  - E woA En A A M nkA o RBMA ȷ : RAoqTA  3
(1). J  E - ~A
[dA wB ȗ iA RAnB kA ~A B KU M ȷ : RAnBA  4
A KT ȗ ~TBM VdL  B ϧl o   Bn o{ ȗ kTA nBA  
(2). ȫwA

: njB~A
|  ɷ 1409  2   RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL - 1
. 445
. ( A e ) B A BwoA  2
nBLA ǱLA kA ȗ LvdA Fz
 Lve   oMkU vd oA ȗ LvdA ve  B  : JBvdA  LvdA
oz un  wA kA ȗ T B K~  LvdA   A k o]E Aoik
(1). JAjA Bn  nBwA  vA LAo  BA zA 

: njB~A
1972 oBA ȗ MoA A \  Bn  RBqA ve keA  wA \A  1
. 171 |  1 Z  
~A ZBTd B BBeE RBB\A ȗ   BA BBM T B oA  KvTdA 
(1).ow A B

: njB~A
489 |  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve .j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
.
: LvdA B  woA
kA ȗ wA kA jB BMG A m tnB  E ( | ) woA B 
| ) LA o )) : B E ( vA  ) oBLA BA   vA ȗ \T B We
eF  ow  Fw  BL A ϫB nE B LeB~ B BM kA w ȗ (
A AnE B : LeB~ B Býjn BB ZoiF 햗 B텧A ȗ k tk E A ] q A
ȚU  ( | ) woA 鮫 k ϧm   (1)((v Bz  Bi S] k
 RnU k  Am  ovBM B\   (3) jBL oBdA M   (2) BLoA
TA jA ȗ ϧl   wA kA ȗ wAA q]A  SdLE Te LvdA
(4). wA nk k SLE

: njB~A
. 209 |  12 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA  nAj  ȦBA odA  zA Bw  1
kd kA B] A ME  JoA Bv . Bi oL KAoA  ] : BLoA  2
Z  ɷ 1405  AoA -   pdA JjE oz  o~A ȚoA n MA o M
. 429 |  1
 JoA Bv . BhA JnBA vɫ ɽjBLA ɗ ɽ mA ɷ : jBLA - 3
. 68 |  14 Z  MBvA nk~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  4
318. |
: ( | ) woA k wBvA TA
: Ȧ B TA Am o 
 k A uoA wA BwoA dM ( | ) woA cLE : kA wBn  E
 BA  ozTA  RBvA 鼪] kM SB We  RBe~A 鼪] tnB
(1) . j nE U   vA BA A BB mTA
kA nA i  nAkU Ao k\vA ( | ) woA mhUA : k ^Ao k\vA  J
B k . ( k\vA ) vwƫ ȷ BBzBM ( |) LA Ȯ vwƫ E E We  B
(|) LA B kM ^ ^Bp ϧm ȚM  nAjA  dA  TA  jBL ^Aqo
(2).
ɗ oLA Ao\A M  ɃoA RBMA ȷ jkdA  : jkdA BG  Z
BBM  ohA Jo{  e oM tBA  AoTA  mA ovA BqB T\A
. |B~A   kTA U A
AkE L  Ak oT vA B B AoX : U y\A uwFU  j
y\A jBM  ϧm BLU  ( C   A  ) woA   wA BwoA
kA jk AkA Am B Aw  wA kA  BA AkA k ȫwA
ȗ B(3)kT kBv  E  vA  BBBn keE jk E o{BL wA
 kA (|) woA Ƀ k ( | ) LA kɃ BMoe ȗ yo jA BG
o U  TA JodA z ȫwA y\A T oiA kA  ModA LT
.  ovA LT ^Ao k\vA B  mTɛ

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 96 |  1987
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  2
546. |  1987
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  3
. 97  1987
: kA jBw 
: oBdA o~A ȗ kA jBw  ȧkA BA B E
ϧl   E   oiE j  kTv o  E  kA Bw E M
ȃAnA n SvUA  RBA RjkU B kA Aq]E   BvL  BvA
. B hU TA
j Bw  u   ke UAmA BBw  kTv BoM BT U E 
: Ao kA jBv  ϧl    (1) oiA
k  LU  mA TwA  tBwE  kA RBA U  : ]nBi  1
(2). oiC
 ȷ dU B G BA Bi kA BBn 鼪]  E   : ȦiAj  2
(3). AA L BhA RBA M

: njB~A
nBA nAj  UE ME \ki . j  JodA  vA ȗ kA RBA   wA   1
. 87 |   1983  1   o~ 
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ  kA RBA wA  2
. 87 |  1983  1   o~
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  3
87. |   1983  1   o~
kA cB~ Bn JwA ȷ E  ]nBhA RBA nAjA  ȷ : wBMkA oU
BUB U ȗ kA BLTU TA KBwA lG ȴ  oiA kA k  ZnBhA ȗ
(1). oiA kBM

: njB~A
25  24 |  o~  ȧMk LT  MBTA ovA kd  wA ȗ RAnBvA  1
.
: wA wBMkA
BA kA  Aw ]nBhA BUB ȗ wA kA BTLUA TA KBwA ȷ 
 A   BA ɗ Y  yoɟ MoA BLA  E  toA  oBɟ AmC
) woA o~ BMG  nBLA wA kA nBi  Bij  BwA L Bo
. ( |
: ( | ) woA o~ ȗ wBMkA
L{ Aq]E  ȗ ZnkTBM Bl jAkTA   kA ȗ wA kA BzA B k
 ozU  Moe RAj\ oY ( C   A  ) woA Be ȗ JoA oq]
\ ( | ) A L wBMkA  wBvA BzA ~e SB  wBw
M  qoA vA M RBA jkdU TA RAkBA  α~A  BwoA  oL
(1) B]nBi BwoA  αA oq\A ȗ JoA BL

: njB~A
. 31 |  o~  ȧMk LT  MBTA ovA kd  wA ȗ RAnBvA  1
: ( | ) wo wBMkA αvA
:   nB\A kA α  JoA AoA A BwoA ( | ) woA wnE k
. o : oA nAoLA
. ov : tnB Ϧ
.{B\A : zLdA Ϧ
.nkwA Be
. ȯBvA VnBdA : odA Ϧ
(1)odA VnBdA : A Ϧ

: njB~A
. 33 |  o~  ȧMk LT  MBTA ovA kd   wA ȗ RAnBvA  1
: o A TBwn
vA  oA o~ o A wn  A kL M kd  : eoA eoA A vM ))
YA B SU B  Uo o]E A Uƽ vU wE kM BE  kA LUA  
A kL A M  BM Aw  A ABU JBTA F   (2)ϼ (1) nBA
Ak{A A AU B A j  BMBMnA BM BM mhT    Bü{ M oz   A
(3).  v BFM

: njB~A
26 |  4 Z  MBvA nk~A  JoA Bv  AanqA : nBaA  ] : nBaA  1
.
|  2 Z  RoM  wA LTA  LdA BoM M Ȧ  LdA ovA  2
. 275
. 64 : A  Ao C  3
: ov A TBwn
  w  tnB  ov A A wn kd  : eoA eoA A vM ))
Akd E    Ͻo{  ke A A A  E k{  wn  BM C  kA LUA
 Be B  nm  B tBA A A wn BA ȯB A BkM αjA  wn  kL
(1). (( t\A YG ϼ SME B vU wA  oBA  A d

: njB~A
. 269 |  4 Z    RoM  njB nAj  oYA MA  BA  AkLA  1
: ( | ) woA A uA Bwn
 ϼ w  LA  uA  A kL M kd : eoA eoA A vM ))
k BL E S k   A kU B    Rol B S   MBT REo k kM BA
TnB\M ϼA SXM   ϧwn SoE k   BzBM Zoh E E S k   ȚM
(( ϼ vA   BLoT M ϼA SkA   JBXM    LA ȗ B B
(1).

: njB~A
ɷ 1410  (1)   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  kw M kd  oLA RBLA  1
. 26 |  1 Z 
: ( o{ ME M VnBdA ) Bv Ϧ A ( | ) TBwn
  w o{ ME M VnBdA A A wn kd  : eoA eoA A vM ))
 L  Ͻo{ ke BM U E αjA ȯG   k  M C   kA LUA
(1). ((

: njB~A
. 83 |  3 Z  RoM  njB nAj  oYA MA  BA  AkLA  1
: KTA  BwoA AkA
(( ke A jBL tBA j )) ȷ   Bwn wA k E  kFTA  1
(1).
. wA BwoA B AkFU wA A BwoA  αA j  2
. AmC BA kA MB BU   wA kA jBw kFU  - 3

: njB~A
. 40 |  o~  ȧMk LT  MBTA ovA kd  wA ȗ RAnBvA  1
: mA E
E BG   ȫwA dA  ȗ vA  z mA nB~A  jA  
woA B We  TBE  Tl BA k B ( | ) LA  mA E K 
A E Fv BA   {  o  n B  wA  o ( | )
AkA Joe  BG  lA   vA Be Y ȷ   q\A
(1).

: njB~A
  BL - RoM  JBT BA ozA  AoA ~ . j  JoA nBe  1
. 112 |  1988  4
: mA E  A
veE ȷ TBM TjB\   JBTA E AoTeBM CoA E k
 A A kL E M BM Aw  A ABU JBTA E B  )) : BU B
v BFM Ak{E A AU B A j  ^BMBMnE ^BM BM mhT  ^Bü{ M oz
 E  e ~TA E  AkB Ɉ  )) :B E ( | ) LA  ǰn  (1) 
: B E   (2) ((BA  \\e BF  v K oM Bü{  miE E  TB 
Bv Jo    lBM G JBTA E RM AikU E  d  BU A A ))
(3). ((  mA AA AlA nBY E   


: njB~A
. 64 : A Ao C nw - 1
  BL - RoM  JBT BA ozA  AoA ~ . j  JoA nBe  2
. 113 |  1988  4
  BL - RoM  JBT BA ozA  AoA ~ . j  JoA nBe  3
. 113 |   1988  4
: jA  vA 
vBM  BwoBM k k ϧl  k] nB~A  vA  SB B 
E o   k ^B ( | ) woA BBG BA TA dA BM ATU k
 ( | ) woA BTA ABe  B AkA AA 幼wA kA AB B jA
BL M ]A A ( | ) woA oA  BA mA ϧmM A  vA tj
oLi ȗ TMnBd A BA oA B  BeA  kA  oA ȮM  B ȮL
(1).

: njB~A
 ɷ 1409  3   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kAA o M kd  pBA  1
. BkMB 364 |  1 Z
: nB~A  vA 
E Mm E E  v   - ^Bl A -  BAo~ Tɛ E ( | ) LA  v 
 M E v k E BA ( | )      To  kLTA   E \w
cBvTA EkL tBwA    (1)  kA ɗ AoA   BAj ( | ) nB{ B M
. A UBe ȗ L  M  M jB mA ȮkA
B A  We  wA kA  YA  jM nB~A qTA k BE 
nB~A  ( | ) LA j Zl  ϧl jA  B  AdB~U  AUA
: Ao\ nB~  ( | ) k jn

: njB~A
. 255 : A  oLA  1
: Ao\ nB~ ( | ) LA k
T vA  A wn LA kd l A nA] BT{Be Ao\ .. ))
SdU B ) kB{ LB ( TɛBwA TBLn M) AA nA
 e o  .  ABB o TXA XM o ( oX A   kA
nA] d~A m ȗB    oiC M ]n  miF  ... TXA e
^Bü{  o  B AdA Ad~B  A oE UF Te ^AkMA LA l A
(1) ((.. M


: njB~A
318 |  RoM  o]BA nAj  keA Ȧ ve M Ȧ  woA KUB  1
. 321 
:  mA E e
: BTA dA mA E  ( | ) woA j RoA k
. kA oB{ AjA oe
. kA Bwn A ~hzA AeE ȗ  ]oA oe
. Bz TA BA  odA  A Aq oe
 BM oB\ o  UAkT Kve eBL ȷ TA  BhA BA wnB oe
. M ƽB  vA RAkT  oBz BAoTeA ϧl
(1).  q\A vU ϧl oM  q\A j MB   wA kA Be
miF    T E A ToT ȫmA RB AlA ))  ɗ. ϦTA  TA   vA oe
(2). (( Bü{ B vA B SM

: njB~A
  BL - RoM  JBT BA ozA  AoA ~ . j  JoA  nBe  1
.  114 |  1988  4
. MBvA nk~A  2
: oA M
Bk ϧl B  ( | ) woA T  oDU A ]o Moe ȗ KLvA G We
B We   (1) Fi vA BT T j ȗ Tv (|) woA  B]
- (2)oA keE  L]AA kA j  BTBM Ȃ e vA M  M
B] k  jA ozB : KiE M a̼e B  A]BT M A M h ))
mA SLA Am   nB\e  AeoB  oz L MBdA  o ȗ kd
: AB (3) (( MBdA oU T A B  BvA  iA k\U   TɛB TdU 
Y  ϧm BE : xBd] M o B ?  Bdo oh  Ț SLA Am A 
. MBdE  o ȗ uB]   ( |) A wn  o\dBM Ț k
oE  keE  E o  kA A woA jB A jAnE BM BvA  oLhA UF
. BE Tw oBe   A nBw Y  婴Mod ƼTBM
 AmiF E  Bj     \ E   ϧl kM  ( | ) woA AFv
A A]oh  ϧl A ( | ) woA MB]F  nkA A BA  MA dU B
(4).BzA A M nBw   oLi

: njB~A
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. 35 | 5 Z  1988 
| 1Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  2
. 115
 ɷ 1409  3   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kAA o M kd  pBA  3
. 364 | 1 Z
.  193 |  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  4
: o M
ϧl   vA k yo  o ȮM BdU BAn k TA   JAqeA q kM
tBA ȗ lƽ E M ( | ) woA oE  vA  k o M 蚯 Bk
(( o ȮLM G o~A ~  B Bw B  )) : B  ( | ) woA Kh
 vA J eE B  (1)AoBM (  ) Ȧ BA Zoi   vA eT 
 nB~MA SAp  Te  AkA B  kA  o ȮM  Ake Bݫ
(2) o]BdA JA SM
屖A woA AFw A AE  A RnBi vA y] o M En B
v k .e  Aq Te B oz vi nB~e jk{  ϧl MF
(3). BBLw o ȮM AE woA


: njB~A
258. - 257 |  3 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
. 10 : A  JAqeA  2
|  1 Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  3
. 121 - 120
: oLi j
 B nAkM A LB  MnBe E k A AlA jBM o ( | ) woA B
En B    vFM nBTh  ɗ d BA Bɟ   vA  kE
 BA jA cB~ 鼪] E   ozT wA  oYBTU vA B] E jA
Bd Lw  Ao    jk SdLE BLeE  A BMA nBThA A K{ E
B   BLUE ( | ) woA  BBMA BêA BɃ  cB~A m 
 BMAqeE AMqdU  { jA ]  ( | ) woA BT ThA UBd Sz
ϧl   ]B ( | ) woA    B vA AAk  kA  nBߧ
A   oMkA tEoA   BqA LeB  dA Am k oLi A nBw Bk
AoA  )) : ( | ) woA B ~dA cT  vA q\ kM   (1)
) Ȧ B AoA k Y . (( ... wn  A Ld   wn  A Kd ]n Ak
. k  cTA T ( vA 
We BT  Joe kM ( k ) j ( | ) LA cB oLh vA cT kM 
oA jA j G ( BU ) j   ϧm  kM B () AoqA B Bd
(2). vTA A oA  ( | ) woA ]B Te AME  AvU k


: njB~A
 1 Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
. 133  132 |
. 137 |   1 Z  MBvA nk~A  2
: JodA BG kA
BA M BBw kk [BT jB\A o jFU  E  wA JodA  KUoT
 (2)RBo~U  oMAkU  A  JodA m A ȴTU E  B ȷ   (1)MATBM
: ȷ kAA m 

: njB~A
189 |  ɷ 1413  1    XLA vwƫ ȦdA dA  BA o~ThA  1
.
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  2
. 267 |
: kA  1
) BA B  k TA   vA o  vA M kA k wA pB]E k
. ( c~A k
d~ BdU ( LkdA c E ) yoɛ  woA Bk TB Tɛƫ kA
. kA oz E jB\A BT
oz ȷ TA  LkdA cBU TA kB jkd kM  BAoTA oT ϧm
(1).RAw
ϧl   kA k noL j] no A vA o oA CoA S k BE 
. (2) A TE  vA A AkU  AU  : M

: njB~A
ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A   1
. 267 | 
. 35 : A  kd  2
: LɽkdA c
 o M w yo  A  A kL M kd  cAB Am  A ϪwBM
A  . M  M  A  : w oz M JodA 郰  AdA
k ȗ ik A KeA  A .  L M  BɼM A  A  wA 
 UA  A   Bk yo k ȗ ik A KeA  A   k kd
 kd JBdA  Bzo UA  A  A jo  lA oM kd JBdA A yo
A  o̽ lƽ  j  keA o M AoB wA  A  A jo
  MBA BA ȗ ( Am ) B ik Y  MBdA Am B  ]o Akd
Ȧ KT JAoA ȗ vA : oBvA bw A bvM B ik . BA YY B
(1). nB~A o]BA JBTA  k{ KB MA M

: njB~A
. 275 |  RoM  o]BA nAj  keA Ȧ ve M Ȧ  woA KUB  1
: RAkBA  2
BwBw B o  vA o  RAkBA k wA kA e  
BTU o{ j] k wA d~ B ozM Bov A BjB~TA A B
. BnA kA FM hU kBA
 jA A nA] ve RAkB vA o M LA wA kA M SB k
. AkA MnBd vA y] Bv TA oA aƼ [k ȮM woA kB k
(1)
q\A  A KeB Mn M Be αLU A o ȗ   (|) woA cB B
. ^BMBT  KT
B A  q\A  BMo] A  nk BA  L  bnlE A cB ϧm
(2).nBY Mn 
: njB~A
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  1
. 268 |
1408  1   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  2
280. | 2 Z  ɷ
: A A Mn M Be kBA }
ȗ  UAnBw v A A Mn M Be A wn LA kd A  A Am
A A BzA A   B  A wn kd l A l   odLA oLA
A tBA  miA  L A v j B d B ^BYke VkeA  odLA A
(1) . S~A M ] KT odM oM  ko Bo jo B A A d

: njB~A
. 300 |  RoM  o]BA nAj  keA Ȧ ve M Ȧ  woA KUB  1
kA : A
BTA KvdM ~U  YY LU B A A LTTM  ( kA ) jo ȯB A
Ak vi ȗ  Bo~e    keA nBA  M  BM RBTd B
:
j :    B{ keA  BT ȯBA m   oA  ozA  BA  1
(1). [  B  k :  EkLB (EkLA) 
: ɷ  keA ɫ BT  LA  oɫA  oA  dA  ϦA : BvA  2
. A jAo BM kA Am   dA  A
ɗ jBLA  ( BXTA ) jo j ɗ TU ȷ   mA  BA : jBLA  3
 mA B\BT ɫ TA   BA Amɟ   hA  jBA ȷ (2)ǱA BBɫ
.BU BdLw
αvA ) jo j :  B A ȗ TU   nA  kTA  ovA  jBA  4
. (
( 3). ( jBA ) jo j ȗ T\U   FBA  Aq\A  BA  JBvdA  5

: njB~A
   1965  \A  JAjA L  ȦA jBA kL  BwBwA  Bd~  1
 SA  A nAj  pAnj A kL kd  VdM kA   BkM B   10 |  1
. 31  30 |
. 169 |  13 Z  RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  n MA  JoA Bv  2
.  MBvA nk~A pAnj  ȦA ]Ao  ( kA )  ȯB keU e  3
wA  : BBY
BE    RBBA jFU wA   BE  A o vTA    vA E 
woA M B] mA RALA  RBwo UBhA BwoA  wA  (1)k~TA
KA]  BzA ozA  kA Bn ]E B  (|) A kL M kd oA
. w zM vA oA RBT Lz AkA d BM BdA

: njB~A
nAj  oLA vdA M A Ȧ MA gzA  CoA ovU ȗ  BLA \  1
. 421 |  2  1 Z  ɷ1379  BL - RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA
kA  : BXBY
: oU BeA   dA u kA  BG oA  KA  k B :  ȷ 
(1). BTB  BTAkM BvA  BdA  A  nBA  BA \ BFM
. wA BwoA  oA KB\A   oA A XU kA
kkdT BU A Bo{ TA A ȴ ȧBTBM   k ȪTA KB\A ȷ ozA 
. LA  T\A   (2)BvA  vA iFM   BM vA 

: njB~A
. 10 |  \A  JAjA L  ozA o{ ȮA kL  BUk m  1
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd .j  wA A  2
. 88 |
: wA kA BnE
BB U A m   ( kA A ) M BTvU  BA  BA nBU
UB  A j]  BA  B k   BwBwE B  k]̽ BwBT BT
BdA ϦU jAkTA BA  BdA AkM LB ))  BA   LA  kA  AkeB
w B A Bv u E  : We  Aq\BM BA   oiA A   (1)(( ...
  kA  wA  kA oU ȚT ȧBTBM   (2)  o w w E  
  jkdU TA UBo~U w kT̪A BvA BM a TA BA B ȗ keTU
BTA  TA  w ȧzA n~TA We  VAkeA  oAA ApA A
. n~TA ϧl   jkdTU TA RB B B

: njB~A
1970  ɷ 1390  RoM  T ve  BA zA k kA ]oA   1
9.  8 |  
. 40  39 : RBA  \A  2
]kA : BMAn
BA e jAoA A  oL mA BzA ȖBA  oA BA )) BFM : oU 
MoA oA n~U ɫ kA ɽoU kdTɽ  Amɷ  (1)(( BvɯA  T\A 
 BdA wnB   wo mA Bv oA ]oA BE ȗ ]kݧ
. ( T\A  owA ) d  BTA  jkdU jBL  MA 
 T\A  BT dA jke wn ȗ oiA jBLA  kBA wA oB 
ȗ  k  We JoA nBe ȗ BTA  BT kU TA vM BvA  
ȗ oiA jAoA RBLɓn  RBoe  k~ E A jo LvBM odTA  BTA
. T\A

: njB~A
|   1981  AoA  k{oA nAj  z nvɗoLA  BT]A  \  1
. 169
BA  : BvBi
m Ƀ  kB  ( BdA T  BA BTA  BeA \ ) :  
(1). (( Bd B B B XL A k )) : ɷ jBLA
: njB~A
  1965  \A  JAjA L  ȦA jBAkL  BwBwA  Bd~  1
. 10 | 1
[A  : BwjBw
wnBɫ   odTA C E   A BdA ɗ Bk  nBv TA oA ɷ  
woA w  k  ovA  AkTA  i   UBdA AA ȗ kA A
çA  : BU  BAk~ kA XA   ()~A ĿA  ( | ) oA
k wA E B cT A RBA mM   (1) kTA AkL A k mA
ȷ   B] keM BM B BvA RB Mo BvA Be jB Th B 
.BdLw A keU
RAjBLA B i  TU Bv UBdA ɛAA ɗ kA A wnB A
.wA ȗ RBA
A  BhA  UB jkdU   v kLTA αvA U TA kAA ȷ RAjBLB
 (2)A kAA   woA jkdA  UAjBL wnB  BdLw
 LUoA BT]A  BA  joA dA kkdU  TzU ȴ RBA  BA
B  Bı  jkdT TA jBLA  BeA B   T\A ȗ BvA j]M
  |B~A  dA e  TA  MBoA  vA  dA  nAjBM T
. kA RBA
: njB~A
. 90 A : BA nw  1
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  2
. 97 |
wA ȗ kA dA  RAn~U n
SB ozLA oA RB Kve dA kA z e jkT RBo S k
oiA kBTA A jB~TA AA A nBU KvU BT]A oB B  kA
. ȴA 轱TA A Bız A ȗ owA A KvU
.()BLA k  RFz k BT]A L oB ȷ ȫwA A Kve kA
ɯCoA |~A ɷ ϧl  M kTv mA ( oA ) ɫwA tBwA A
BM ( BdA ) o~dU TA RBA ϧm  (1) (BA hA) M TAnBLA
U A A A vA  B SB B u\ A \ A ü  u lA BdLw
.(2) BdA B
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LB X B\UA Am  BA k WjBeA An A ]oA  }U TA
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dA kA BG oz tBwA LA nzA kA LA ȗ AEo (|) woA
.ȫwA

: njB~A
j wA : BMBT ȗ B  j njBA kL kzA nk~A kzA AnC ȷ  1
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kw kzA  ( k wA o ) MBT ȗ jjA  A MA AnC ȷ  2
ve kd kvA  (ȫwA n~TA }B~i) ( oA ȗ B ) MBT ȗ K
A ovU ȗ (AqA ovU)(wA ȗ dA wBvA o) MBT ȗ BLBLA
WdLA  FvA  (A)  M BLBLA kvA cA  oLA nw  30
.
kA dA ȗ wA RBoA
d uwFTA ȗ vA o񖪧A BA BA kTwA TA oA RAn~TA ȷ
M  dA oz noɃ  B k wA kA BG ȫwA
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: ȷ o RBB\UA YXM RAn~TA m pB\A 񪽰
A BdA o - 1
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: T]  A cd
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: njB~A
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. 251
|  gnFU kM  RoM   oA nAj  jjA A MA  k wA o  2
. 78 - 77
| gnFU kM  RoM   oA nAj  jjA A MA  k wA o  2
. 259
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: A BdA  ȫwA tBwA
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: (5)ɼCoA
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: njB~A
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.
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: njB~A
wA nAkA  BLBLA ve kd kvA  wA ȗ dA wBvA o  1
. 25 - 24 |  ɷ 1402  1   RoM 
. 24 |   MBvA nk~A  2
. 23 |  MBvA nk~A  3
. 24 |  MBvA nk~A  4
. 30 : A  oA  5
oT SMBY M ~ 郱A Am o ȗ  BA FM TB RBLXBM Ȯ  6
.BvA BdM T BeA ȗ
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. 32 - 30 |  ɷ 1402  1   RoM 
: hTwA AA
B hTwA (1) B CoA |~A Ƀ  nA ȗ ozLA hTwA A
oTv nBLTBM nA ȗ ozLA hTwA  BA hTwB |Bi hTwA
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. (3) nA
kA hTwA : Bɯ   dA ɗ hTwA ɷ |BhA hTwA
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ATwA mA   A ko  nA ȗ hTwA M B]  a A kM
.(4) YnAA \ A \ nA ȗ
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- hTwA o ȗ TeoA ȷ - nk~A kzA n  ozLA  ~  
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jjA A MA BM  TA BA o  ȚTU ^BA  ϧmM j bo~
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B . BU BdLw A  B] \M BA ^AlA )) B U A m A ^AjBTwB
BA RAohBM MBw k~T ozLA  v B oU A kM  k 
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(6) (( 

: njB~A
. 61 : A  j  30 : A  oLA  1
. 61 : A  j  2
kM  RoM  BwoA vwƫ  j njBA kL  wBvA BBA wA  3
. 18 |  gnBU
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. 124 : A  oLA  5
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. 9 - 8 |  ɷ 1417  1
: nk~A kzA kv hTwA o
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h LvBM BA  jBzA i  hA i B ozLA nBv B] i j]M
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: ȷ YY BnA i
BU BdLw A  : hTvA - 1
. B] Bv SA hB ϧmM ozLA B\A  : BvA - 2
. A B Tz TA RAohA 鼪] ȷ : nA - 3
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E MF BL\A nA RAvA  BA BɃo BA  : A ϧm  (2) 
.(3) ^] ^B B A BvA Be Bd
: B ke RAl oL v LTvU hA B ϧl 
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: BM Bnj tnBU BA  nA
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Am  BdLw A ]U  ~A BjBT]BM A BAM dU A h o BA -
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. jM jBL
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.k{oA hA AkA d ]U AodA  hA BvA B ]A
kzM E   B] AlA   BU  X hA Am  oX RBA SYkdU k
AT ^Bw A B] ϧm  BU   (4) ^Ak{ Ʒ  M B]
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. BBeE BwoBM
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:  hA i   ozLA ov KAU YY BA  AkzA
. BvA RBwn Be BLA : ^A
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jBzA i ȗ BA L ^Ak{n ^AjAkTA oLTU TA - BA - kA ]oA : ^BXBY
~A BA  BjAkTA k\U RALA  RFz L oB ȷ TA kA B ϧmM
dM B |B j - BT]A no - A -  LA o~ ȗ ȮkA ]oA
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: njB~A
. 30 : oLA  1
. 69 : AoA  2
. 72 : JAqeA  3
. 41 : BvA  4
. 143 : oLA  5
. 17 : kBA  6
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. 172 - 129 |
: BdA RB
wBn  - vA oA T  B oAT A K\ TA RƪA RB~A Bv G
.wA BwoA jBL LTM BBLUn ϧl  oL A RAl - kA
A A B~i BA K~A ohA A m k~T A keA  u A E
ȮM j k ȗ wA kA w A (|) woA en kM wA Mo\TA
. A m kE BX
.BA B\UA Am ȗ kƫ [BT  hTwA  k A B ϧl A B
A  dB~A jBL  BA  BdLw ~i ȴA ] ȷ oA  BB
m BA   (1)  BA  Ao C AoMA C Be jC A A
.BdLw A o{  T T~ TBM oA ȧA B BdLw o
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oA CoA  B kTv  RB Bi o{ - BA - K~A Am z
.oA vA
.jBA  v BA  cU A oA Am k~U   bBT tBwA Am 
Mo\TA A jBɛ ɗ ( |) woA h  ɗ BA BA TiA ϧm
dM B   (|) woA J  ȗ ~A AoT{A }BM B  wA
ȗ kTv - nBTiA Am o jkU e  - oA Am T  nBTiBM A
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: njB~A
. 33 : Ao C  1
. 59 : BvA  2
: LA kA ȗ : E
TA RB~A Bɗ  v (|) kd LA  LA kA ɗ Ȧ햧A ɟBdA Bɟ B
~ lA  T\ k BBe nBLTBM UB BUAl ȷ wo L  BM  oTU
RBwo L Be kB  mA L LvBM nkA M RB~A ϦU ȗ LU
.BU A
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ϧmM  BkM A LA oTA ȗ SB Aw keA ȷ wA ȗ dA 
. BA ȗ RBdA oBw  ThU
: ȷ oA CoA  B]BTTwA  BdA (|) LA RB A A
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. jBL  Bz  o nBTh mA
jC A A A  BdLw   (1)  TBwn \ We A A  : BU 
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BLT]A  BU  Am (3)  v\A A ɗ vM jAp  BA
. (4)  Tv Ao A Bk
B BA J BvA kM mi wE k BLA  A oiA RBC RnB{E
wn ȗ  B k  BU   (5)  kTA AkL A k mA çA BU
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: njB~A
. 124 : BA  1
. 33 : Ao C  2
. 247 : oLA  3
. 87 : BA  4
. 90 : BA  5
21 : JAqeA  6
ȚTA ȗ () BLA ~ no A Bk{oU BUAl BA Fv G : ~A - 2
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woA WM A BU    tBA  wnBA AA ȗ ϧl u ȧBTBM
. B\A RBAodA TA A  tBA Am nm ozL
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.  (1)  Mn RBwn AMA k A  ^Akn i  k M
Ao A Bk BLT]A AiA UBnl BMC   : A A mM
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A B oU TA cBLA JBUnA  kM ȗ TBE UB iA ȗ  
. (4) TvA BLA  vA
B BTA  miA (|) woA BA J]  oiA nBL RBC BkU B
A  A A  B  BU B BU BdLw A B ȷ TB   
. (5)  e e
Mn   BA  . (6)  ATB  BB mh woA BUCB  BU B
Av S B B]oe vA ȗ Ak\ Y M o\{ B αd Te ƽ
.(7)  BvU
M B U   BU  ȗ (|) wo k~TM bo~ oA CoA A Y
. (8)  q]Be  keA   B UA  B텚 Y BM  Bmi BA
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: njB~A
. 28 - 26 : \A  1
. 87 : BA  2
gnBU kM  AoA  XLA vwƫ  BLBLA ve kd  wA ȗ zA  3
. 123 |
 2   RoM  A nAj  ȯAkA ] eoA kL  BvwE wA kA  4
. 384 |  ɷ 1399
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. 65 : BvA  7
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}  UBwoM tBA  BA k FM oLh  () w BdLw A KBh
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. (3)  oBzA   TUAB

: njB~A
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. 297 |  ɷ 1399
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. 144 : AoA  3
: (|) LA kMB j ȗ : BBY
B kM wA Mo\TA Bp T  RB ȗ vA o񖪧A BA TiA
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m BdA RBA Bı ȗ jkdTU dA z B{A MnA Y B B zM
:ȷ B{A
ϧmM (|) woA L   B~ B~ BdA  A : A zA
. A e A i A BA J]  (|) LB  
A ^AjBTwA  nBLA ǱLA dA kM SB TA ȷ k{AoA hA : ȯBXA zA
SB TA LA Y  jkdA nzA ~M TA kA c{oTA B jkT jBL
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. ( k{AoA dA oT : ȯBXA A ]Ao A Am e ) .
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A YAnA LA oA BwM B mA vA ϦA B  dA B A n
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A  jke BkdU vA αA RBe ȷ BdA RBe SB
. no MA
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. gA... B Ak   Bo{ noA oz B\A A Be 
B TiA jkT jke RBTv  ȫwA T\A nAjA UBe  U lA
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.  1979 B wA kA ( k)
(  wA d~A o~ :  ȗ ϧl BM ȗ oTA T w )
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A lBM B A wn  BwnE B  : BU  vA  ƪBM A A A
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(6)   oA ȧA woA AA A AA  : BU B ~A ĿA 
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. 80 : BvA  2
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. 65 : BvA  4
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.BdA
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k k Fi   ( nzA ) i  kA wBw dA TnBz  ( LA
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.(1)  A  T Sq AlB oA ȗ nB{  BU B
wBvA BT]A BLA ȗ Bv BA BL Be vA BvA B B zM
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: njB~A
. 159 : Ao C  1
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA   2
. 162
: ɧkA 
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. o  Th B BBi BoU
E ȗ wBvA B\ U   kA  A pA] o ( \j ) BB
幪Be B] j] oAT  BAkM T\A Am B   RBT\A  T\
kA Fz U A Am ^B  BdA B\A oA Bi d oiE
h mA qdA vUA Be ϧl   ȗ ( | ) oA woA jBM wA
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AoE  ƪA B\A p  ( | ) woA o\ L kA A o]B oiA
.kk\A BwoA kBM AozLU oq\A jke ZnBi 
B킽 TA oBA Kve ThU nBTM kA o nTwkA BA B BE
.kA 
G  oTv jAoA  \ BFM Bo ( oL j nB ) voA BA B
. oB oC B w jAoA ]A ȗ B\ \ B TA  B  
~M z jAoA  Tv B] )) : BE o ( ȦzTM ) ovvA BA BE
(1). (( d oiE Be L M  nE  oTv
BhA B\A z kA  k  vUoU oiA oTA eM
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]A ȗ  B RBw wnB e B BT]A ü j] TU Aj B
o  joA BUjAnBM jBvA e kA o{BLU  jkd A  oTv E
jBvM kA B jkdT oTA Am ^B  (2)(( BoTdU TA jBA A AkhTwA
 j ɄA c~ ɗ BdA üA E vA L  oTdA A AkhTwA
ow jBw l ( kB ) B iAj BT]A ü E }h{ jB qTU B]
 ȗ ( | ) woA jBM wA B\A ȗ B UjBw jke ZnBi RB
k  B\A Y nBA BwoA hM qTA keTA T\ Ak]E We
(j ) T\   kA  ɄA c~ e ȗ  αvA BeA jBLA
Ao k\vA ( | ) woA mhUA We   BA nBLA LA o\A kM  kA
YLA BwnA JBTA E  YAA jA MBT y\A jB  BA d
. zLdA oA tnB Bwn α A

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ȗ dA B   1
. 21 |  1987
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  2
. 22 |  1987
: j no ȫwA dA
 BdLw BM BLUnA We ( B  k ) j  j wA E B cT ϧmM 
BdLw BM ~A U jBL  BeE  ( | ) woA  qE B  LT  wn
kLTA MBBM UB LT BeA  jBLA ϦU    BvA αw T
n~TA  qTA ȦA tB UBBz  BU  ȗ BvA ov hU We
ϧl  nBLA RBA Ak B \TU AmM   zA wA oA  ȫwA
(2)  wA A k kA G   (1) A kA
jBTA E  k ȷ BUBLzU BjB  ȗ vA BvA Be  B
B ϧm B  oiA KAmA BjA kBBM jBTA BTA  K wBM
[ B k wB  M BM ~A    wA B  q] kA
 ȴU  A qA BM dA K]U TA do~A |~A  BBU  Te  Be
L  Bü{ ϧl o B  CoA |~A  oX BTU TA  ϧl oM dA
B oXE B ϧl A BBM  wA j  ȫwA e B ȂTU TA wA
 RBdA |B~TiA  BG jAoA |B~TiA ȗ mU ik  wA M B]
: BT]A kLA RAl RBA BXA
(3) Be |B~A ȗ   
(4) TA ȗ |B~A  KT  
(5) BkA A텛B nBvA nBvA  
(6) k] BY k]B Ak{ MnFM AUF  Y RB~dA o mA  
 A oBM AoE BqA AUC ~A ABE nA ɗ B A mA  
.(7) nA LB  o񮪧A
B RBMA o Ao] BnBLTA  B헿A L odTA E ȗ BA Ak]  Am
j] K] A A   . kA M U B }iE   dA Bv   BG
. (8) BT]A no B B\A ȗ dA
pAU T\A nAoTwA Ȯ jkdA m BA E k\ omA C nBLA RBܧ FTM
. XkdA kA B SLeB TA TA JAoA BA RBe  jBMA M 

: njB~A
. 30 : A  oA  1
. 19 : A Ao C   2
. 179 : A  oLA  3
. 178 : A  oLA   4
. 38 : A  kBA  5
. 4 : A  nA  6
. 41 : A  [dA   7
gnFU kM  RoM  BwoA vwƫ  j njBAkL  wBvA BBE wA  8
. 132 |  79 | 
: ȫwA dA B
 vA  U mA tBwA i  nBLA ǱLA kA ȗ dA B B cTU
:  mA  wBvA BA
BdLw A Be : E
We    ke aozA BhA   BU BdLw  ȷ BdA A A lG
e cTU   T\A  Bv ȫA BdA o\ ȗ oBe BdA m U
BdA ϦT AkA ndA i  vA  AoLU  TBd jBA  BA
.wA ~hz |BhA  BA αvA RAjo ȗ
) kd woA  T\A ȗ A Bd Ȧ햧A kv\TA A lG woA e : BBY
: (1) qqA JBTA ȗ RBA RAoz dA m  Sj k   ( |
(2).  ATB  B B  mh woA BUC B  : BU B
B B]oe vE ȗ Ak\  Y M o\{ B αd Te ƽ  Mn   
(3). BvU Av  S
wA BdA  kv] We ( | ) A kL M kd woA   BdB
(4). kA  T\A   AkB  BL nBLTBM

: njB~A
AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ   nAjA  dA B   1
. 529 |  ɷ 1412  3  
. 7 : A  ozdA   2
. 65 : A  BvA  3
 AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B   4
. 530 |  ɷ1412  3 
: ȫwA d wBvA RkA
 U ȗ  nAjBM wA k kBA KoTA ȗ wBvA RkA U
 . ȯBvA T\A  (1)BvA kh BU  vA BvA k ohA RBBA
: RkA ϦU 
oodTM B\A RBT\ jvU TA TwA RB  wA kA B~TwA 
. BvA iE TwA  BvA
BLA nBɄA ȗ B]BjA  ̒TvA BvA BɄ  ɎTvA BvA BɄ oU 
. ȫwA nBdA  BT]A
 AkMA   KwBA fBA ϧmM FT TAo jB A  Toe BvA c 
AB  oL jk BTwA k  B  qo  Lv  o  oA 酚M BvA
BMA  BA ozLA jB  A E B\A RBT\ ȗ kL BL{E E  AkL
ɗ joA    ovA oA  wBvA BdA RB\ Th ɗ kLA
(2). UBMB  joA RAnk w nBLTA E jkd  wA kA
)) : oT{A ϧB o~  A ( vA  ~A  ) Ȧ ƪA oA BA B
B j M o~U   o A oA M U  ME B  oA  oA Y
A A oA   Ao B B M  U E A oE o{ ϯk   M
(3). ((B B B M  o~TvU
 BU ɗ wA kA ɗ dA  BdA z mA AA ɃA 
.  iA ƪA BA  wA iA EkL Akv\U UB

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 185
. 186  184 |  MBvA nk~A   2
 ɷ 1415  1   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA MA MA  LA [ bo{  3
. 37 |  17 Z  9 [
: BTA w u dA
BdA oB ȗ oiA  qT AjA    BkA lM BTTw w u dA 
B B mA   A U ϯA A )) : (  ) Ȧ BA B . v  BA  
 Ϯj  BA jo   BdA   { tBTA   Bw ȗ vB
(1) (( jke  A BU  jBL  A F  jM ȗ bA o


: njB~A
 1   RoM  wA nAkA  kL kd |~ L bo{  LA [   1
. 225 - 224 |  124 n LhA  ɷ 1412
: kA eBvA  wA kA BU
|B~TA  TwA tBwA   kA BUB B ȗ wA kA BTU
o~  kA  dA tBwA  M  MoA nBdA ~U Bɟ 킧A JzA
Ak{  A A AC mA B F  :BU  kv\ nA  TvA
A A A AUA  T JoE  AkA AkU aE   D{ o\  vBM
(1).  U BM oLi
A BB jƽ boA mM kA eBvA  wA kA BU E ȗ {  
ȗ Bv odU   dA  kA B  TU   ȯBvA oA BA
. nA  kA ov

: njB~A
. 8 : A  kBA  1
: vA BvA  wA kA BU
RAnkM qTU ϧm kBA BLoU  LU wA k B RAnk k]U B
ȗ ȫwA BA BvA A hnFTA  vA  kBA KoTA  LU 
RBB ȗ kv\T BA  Ao ȗ nj tnB  BT]A B E B  oɃBdA B
LU  Unk eB\ ]nj jkdTU eBA m     M B RB  ozM
 BLw E BMB\A B\vA k BLU jAoE ȗ dB~A RBBA o\U  T\A RBBA
(1). jAoA ƴ hnFTA  vA KoTA

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 191
   oe BvA E dA m ȮU  : B] RBvA nk~  BdLw A A  1
AmM   ke  jBvA BA    \  E  L E  oiC Bv jBw
. BvA  BvA ow  TwA B{E  dTA AE  B ke 郱
BTiA ThU ( A A A  ) nB{ SdU BLA BA Bj TA BU  jBvA m 
ovA  dT qA  Bo oMBL\A  BA TwA mA ȴA dA  BwBwA
 AL~  BA BoTd   BwA jBvA AɃ Ʒ Bɗ oiA 
. nA   Bi vA
  nTwkA  kTv mA nk~A B : ozTA nk~ ȷ wA ozA A  2
 wA ozA BeA A  Am  wA kA ȗ AA ı  ozU
: BdA
. BTMBY Aq] BT]A BdBM BT nkM oLTU  ȴ bM TMBXA ozA BeE 
JB\A E odU  oz wBe  k]  TA VAkeA  oAA  BA 
ozA SoU TA RBdA  zU   B AA w e oA ȧ  BB\U
. oA nT BLU  TMBXA Beݧ B jBT] B\A B
. v ozA }A  To{ kTv wA kA ȗ uoA  3
o~ ȗ     B~ ~A  ȷ MBA  ( | ) LA e kM  4
oA vA ɗ Rjn TA ozBM  B~ kT\A BA  X  LA
(1).

: njB~A
 () Ȧ BA vwƫ  oA Bn kd gzA A  BA kB ]An  1
]An ϧm  ĿA B ȗ BUk  BA ȗ BUk JBM  ɷ 1417   AoA
. A  BB A BwoA :
: wA kA AkA
iAj wBvA  jB~TA BdA RB\ Th ȗ dU  wA LU : A
. wA o kA  RBA ȗ dU ϧm  ȫwA T\A
.  BA A A BwoA m z   wA n e : BBY
. BA  A B   nA ȗ MmA  TvA KB] A A : BXBY
(1) . A JBT M B] mA cB~A BT]A AkA B BA  wA kA k


: njB~A
|   gnBU kM  RoM  oA nAj  jjA A MA  k wA o  1
. 45 - 44
: wA kA 
) A ikTA k Km E  joA KmA o wA B A eB  
ȷ wA kA   ( T\A BE ) E ȟAoT{A KmA  (joA BA
ȧBTBM   (1) T\A  joA M SpA TA (wA BwoA)  BvA o{ LU
wA kA Ujke mA n j AjA  U  jzA BA d BvBM ovA
Ak~ U  A oA U A wA kA   ( BnBA  nA hM )
A oBM AoA BqA AUC ~A ABA nA ȗ B A mA  BU 
(2)  nA LB  o񮪧A 

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 27
. 41 : [dA nw  2
: wA dA {
( nUBTkA ) joA dA BA oU   񦪧A BA oU wA oA A
dA  BdA  ovU ozB n ]FM BBM kTU B BB{A M
A BA vA d  hA d ȷ ȫwA BA ȗ A E   AvA 
nTwkA  TU TA TAk  BU A o{ nTwkA  TMBXA Aq]A E  
   nTwkA jBvA nk~ ȷ ȄAokA BA ȗ A E kM qdU k 
(1). BM oXA dU BX RBd ȗ okU E  X  BvA

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA   1
. 18  17
: (  }M h  E ) BdA  ( | )  LA
E kM  Be L  BM ( | ) LA }h{ ȗ kv\ A wA kA SB
: ȷ  oBA BB VkeE ȗ kA oB dA ϧl m STwA
. LB wA A   : KzA : E
oq\A BdE zT SvUA Y  nA kA SB We : ( nA ) A : BBY
. MoA
: vA BvA RBB o\U wA kA
o\U  mA keA [A B nBe o{ no wA kA wAnj A
nBdA k  LA qo A M BUnA ȫwA BA ȗ BvA RBB
nBvdA SAp TA (1)BA LTA STzTA oB ɫ B Bɫ lBA  BvA
Jo oA wBvA LTA ovA oB SB  wA kA w wA
pnBLA vA ȷ jke woU Tq\U ȫwA B ovA TeA B]U TA
ϧmM o  pBT  dA ȗ B nBA  o  cLA WdM wBvA Bd
k ȧBTBM  vA BvA Be ȗ Bnj wnB  wA jBLA  RkLTwA
UBe KA] { zM o ϧl uA  BdA ȗ oLA k vA BvA
. ThA
TA ȫwA BA AkM M ȗ TA JnB\U z BiA q BA ϧl A
jB  BT]A vA TjB oBU BvA  mT ozA JoA  RjnTwA
. oiA RAn~U

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 175
: wA k kBA KoTA
ȷ  BdU d \TU B B nBe oe   k B A ov  A
  dT odTU d ovU mA kA  BBkA ip Bj kTvU jB B
kM AkMA nTA kTvU jkd odA SB Ajkd kA B B E We
(1).jkdA kA dU
nBvM ~T B z BUAn~U S]A k RBoA kBA  oXA E k\ B 
Be ȗ Bnj AqTiA A jA B BdA ɗ nj BvA ov  ozLA nTA
BAkA BjBL M fnB~A BT AA wnB ȗ Bz BB U  BvA
. BdA BvA L A 탱A ozLA oA BM jkdA BTwn TA
Y  BAkA dU  ȦA B ȗ vnBA Mo\TA BiA  ϧl  jE 
A k AoA TvA jBdUA Ap kM ȪTdA zA A B氰 BoU
.M LUoA AoT{A
BA AkM LBɓ ɗ BBe BdA BA  A k LvBM oA ϧmɟ
. LA oBM BM{  vTA BwBwA {BA ȫwA

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA Anp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 178  177
: wA kA k A
Tɫ A  BdLw A  MB nA ɗ BvA  oɫ ɗhA A ))
 d  MAoTɛA hTv d ɛoU h oLA A  A hTwA
(1) (( hTwA
\ UB BM BA tBwE   mA wA k kBA KoTA B Am
~h{ BM ȗ wE mA    odT B BvA ov Bk UB A 
ꖅU  We kk]  gnBTA ~  A Bk A wA kA BvA
 kTv B M  B ȚdA k BU A B TA oTA Ʉ v ɗ zA
 mA odU ȴTU  TA To jɛ A kA Am X mA A kA
M  Bi Uoq] ȗ  Kvd To ȗ  BA RoL] BA  k kh
BTBvA Bk  nBe j BE We (2) BkA B]nE  ȗ M    jAoE
. wA oA  ȗ BMnA SL  B TA nA J{

: njB~A
o񖦧 ȪBA kA  nB\A nBL\A kL . j  A eA M BvA i   1
. 62 |  ɷ 1413  2  BoA  ȫwA
|  AoA  jB{nA nAnp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA   2
. 179  178
: BkA A jAkzA  BvA oodU
nzA  LU Aj A ]BdM cB~A BLA Bz dU  kA dA BG G 
. K]ABM tBveA vBM
 BeA  oXɟ ɗ BvA k\ BdBM TA  BTp BkA A jAkzA G 
. cB~A BLA  ȗ TBv 
. BA nBXA dTA KT BBin ozLA B\A Lw ȗ dTA A G 
 kB KoU  oLA BL jo  RBB k\  kM  ϧl ]E  
B  RBL BB  B AkL  Bk Akw  E joBM kU Bi iA
 { FM dTA FM Bƫ  nA Be  E wE Be A BT  B
. jBL  T A BkE TA BdA ϦU A LvBM odU ȷ nA
wA  oA CoA BU ȗ X wA kA U mA KoTA Am G
: BU  ȗ B  iA B jkdTU
 çB ϧl 햽  A ol  jE  AA U  AC mA B F 
. (1) owBhA
. (2) T jA AA BA AA 
Bk A B BkBM kkzA TA Am vA joA  wA qT E ]E 
j] BUAoLi nBA ȗ BvA Ȫ AjE E  oiܧ Bo BkA \ LA B\e
B kk\TA AkMA BLA  ȗ A d oTvA w BM T ȚdA
bov A BA  KBTA uBT Beov B  A oA ȗ dTU BkA
: BU B  (3)oTvA AkMA cB~A BL
ϼA A veE B veA BkA  L~ uU  oiA nAkA A BUC B TMA 
(4) kvA Kd  A G nA ȗ jBvA LU 

: njB~A
. 9 : A  BA  1
. 28 : A  BA  2
| AoA  jB{nA nAnp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  3
. 183  182
. 77 : A  }~A  4
kM wA ݧ XBXA ~~hA BM BA ] k We : wBM BA  1
kA  u B ȚdA A E  AkFU o񮪧A  ȴA oBM oA
wA A  oiA  BıM zU kTU TA zA M  KA ȗ dA
A B] ϧm   k{ Bw E B dM  BA  B]nBi v
. (1)...tBA  Ak{ ATɧ Bw
 cd~A BM wA A  TvA UB Tv  vA   B
 ȗ TvA UB wnB oTA jBA Bqo wA kA mhTU  B
k wB lA  (2)cd~A BM BdA A ȗ wA Bwn  BdA KA]
A AqTA oB  G Am  oɓ AnBi BBA k\U  mA BT BBɟ A
: wA kBM
kɃ TwA nodTA RBoe  ȫwA BA nBi S{ TA RAnXA 
.L]A TeA
 BT]A BdA BM ȗ TLn dA j BTM wA A BMA AqTA
.BM ƽ TA kA 
BT]A wBw RBvwƫ üM BnLU ȫwA BA ȗ wA d~A B
.T\A ȗ oYƫ

: njB~A
. 143 : A  oLA  1
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  2
. 183 - 182
:  ȫwA ZlA j]  2
B]lA B \U UBi  BdLw A k  Be oz wA ozA L A
. BA BqA TiA  BkB BUAnBv BjBMA jkd ozLA BdA ~̽
(1)
q\ kM B A BkM bU    ȗ tBBM ovU  wA kB 
kU BA M  RBBTA  \ ȗ M ZqU   bM BnB~MA  vA joA
oBz A  B\k v  BLo uzA bɃ k BdɃA BX vA jo
 v E  BB{A BFU BA BBA hnFU eAo o{E  AkTv A
) BA i ȗ ( | ) woA o~ ȗ ȫwA dA  dA n Ϧ
n~A ϦU jB\E qU  v E  BM kTA oTA  ȗ ( vA  Ȧ
kk]  BkA A k E M ueE AlA pAqTA qBM oz  v E   BTn
. An k BkA Aݫ mA BA ( | ) kd JBdE BE Ȧ kd BE
ȗ UBB jo  LU oLA BLA  BA MB\Tw vA \A 꼴  Am
BB Bnk hA  BA M M  h B ovU C M  LvA Am
(2). BdA A ȗ A BX

: njB~A
 MoA nBA nAj   o~ɯ nB kdɫ  oBA wBvA TA RBoɯ  1
420 |  oBA  ȫwA o񖦧 ȪBA kA RAnAkA
|  AoA  jB{nA nAnp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  2
. 199  197
:  [A BE  3
M  BAkE gnFTM A l ȗ LUo    BM TT ȫwA [A A
SB mA oTvA MBE RB~M d   BTBA  oL UAmA BjB\E gnFTM
vT nBTwA B\U zU |Bi v n{ Bk nLU We  wA A 
 MnA Bv TA RBA  Bk xBA  B h BUA zBM
oTvA jM ȗ BT]A BɃA  kTvA A B\U A  Bü{
nBTwA  Tv  dB SB  Te A ϦU \U Bk kk{ wBve
. BLA o ȗ BUjB A RBB o\U  njB o wBvA eBA 
:  ɪBA  4
ȗ oU ȫwA BA ȗ wBvA RTTA  Ajk S] TA ȷ dA m
T BwBwA nBd kB v ȫwA BA Jz ThA RBA lBhUA
RAnB{ kU   Boe ȫA oA oT oX Aj] SmM  BT]A
RAl k Sv A A o B B~A nBTw oA BA  ~ nY
BT]A KAmA RBvA B\U BTLM jBe M  jBL RAl v  uwA
 BdA A B\U  o ]M miA A ]BdM ϧm ȷ  kA kBA
. BT]A BU BT BUnBe B BwBwE  ~U Bi v
TA nBdA BLA   BeBT Ak] Bh B oLT ϧl M A n{ A
ȗ KwBA  kqA dU ȧBTBM  BLA AmM BTY  wA tBwA  U
(1).hTA k oA

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAnp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 201  199
: kA hnFU
E B RBv pAoMA A kU kk RBo B A oz wBvA oA gnBU G
 kA m w njB~ ov dU  kA z noLU  qA eAo oL dA
: Ȧ BM Bn ȮqA vvTA KvdM kA Fz ovU RBB\UA jkd E 鼅Tv
LA dA  LA BA o  : ^E
 UBo~U  tBA A d BL BB B E  oA m ȮTLU
LA BA ϧm  B B{A dU A no B  ovU LA E B
 jBL  Bɛ  - kA B E - T\A  Aɛ A [v E K\
bn  A Bz LA Bnk~ M  tBA B nBU RAjB kBU  kTvU
(1). uA ȗ BA kA ABvA

: njB~A
. 16 |   1959  3   oBA  ~ bk o  ȯBoA BA   1
ȦBA nTA o : ^BBY
  kA BL A AA oLTU TA MA vA A kA o oA m ]oU
T voA BnA oATU LA F{ T Y  L T U o~A owA
k ȚdA A ȷ owA E A BA M Kl ϧm  j T wBvA
BjAoE h RB k jBdUA ȷ kA E : (AjM) o  B wBwA A
. jBw l Be v
AA XU SB kA JzA KɓE k BA Jn w E : ( ]j ) o
SB kA BA kA  oXɟ ɗ vA A lA  kA ɗ dA v A
(1). RBA JBMnE kFM
BB BɗAkE kA  M BdɃA BɛnBɗ B E oA m  e
B kA E We  ϧl  BB BAkE owA   BAkU BUBvwƫ
AjAkTA Sv ȴ ȧBTBM  jkd B E   owE j]M LUoU  UAmM B Tv
. B BL

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 30 |   1987
BdA FU o : BXBY
LU TA AohA oBwA  dTU SB mA AkLA T\A ȗ oA m SB
. LoA 籪BM ozLA BdA
 A o  MAoA A kT  A vA X RBT\A m ȗ BdA B
.jLA A E
 kA  tnBɗ  o~ ɗ B kA RAnBdA oXE ɗ jBTA Am X k\
(1). ~A

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 31 | 1987
ȴA dA o : ^BMAn
oM miA oU BU SB  (  ) cvA kvA n kM oA m RozTA
kA vA M ~A J] oU SB TA dvA BT B B BdA FU
kA wBM tBA  oBMA Bo B TA vA }U ȧBTBM  qA vA
(1).
oz tjBvA oA ȗ nA RjB k BjBLM  ȴA dA o  oA m 
 Bw  WdL kA w Bn A AkA B We BMnA ȗ jA
 kdU TA BMnA ȗ kA JodA BTi TA RBLTA ] ȗ wBvA BA RBLXM
tBA nE  ϦA FM oA m  jkdT  kA  vA B]n w
kA SBɟ  KzA E tBA BA v oɓ odA  BvA  ! T\ ɗ
oz tjBvA oA ȗ AkTwA Ϧ A B  oA m A BTo{ ȗ kTvU voA
(2). oA BE u A BE   v FM bo~ ( A u] )
 A  u  o{BL A  UBw kTv oA m jBL   BdB
E B E tBA  ke p\   tBA  vA tnB A nBTiA kL BG
 Tw kTv BdA E )) : ( oz WBXA  ) BMBLA B B E  TB o
(3)(( o{BL A

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 31 | 1987
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  2
. 125 |
. 32 |  MBvA nk~A   3
BT]A kA o  : ^BvBi
 LzA jAnA  oL U E K\ wBvA vA E tBwE  oA m U
\T KzA  oLT BU wBvA vA SA TA ȷ jAnA ϦU  ϧl
kA ) M  A v B   Be w BA M k~ jAoA M țBUA k
. ( BT]A
mA dvA kA B]n kA  oz tjBvA oA A Bn gnBU ]o
M Ao~A \T j ȗ  T  mA Bd A BvA Ak E AjAnA
A o~ ȗ A oA BzM oA m oU   SBTvUoLA ϼYBA
A kU TA jBLA w kE  oz BXA oz MBvA oA i MnA
(1). wn B] B]  qM tBT odA

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 35  33 |  1987
(   1679  qM )
jA B AA jAoA RBLn jB~U kM Ro kA A ]BdA E qM o We
vA FU MB d }h{ nBTiA  tBA UB  JodA Ao~A A
Tw tBA c Am  dA  T  B w B A dU
E qM n SB  keA jAnA A UjAnA  SdU keA jo U UjAnA
(1).  A dA noL jkd o w BdA ̽

:  njB~A
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  1
. 126  125 |
: (   1704  α ] )
EkM Bk ϧl  ozLA gnBU ȗ oiFT eo ȗ RFz kA E ( α ) oLT
j] J] B AqA B jAoA cB~ SkB  nBijA eo BvA
 AA  vA jAoɗA RBoe Ȫd  dA  ~A EoA l BdA
 TiA B  ] B E kM ( qM )  ( α ) T m ȗ   (1)RBkTA
: BE kA z ȗ qM n
. Bd  RBe ȅ  BT]A kA E 
. k B k oLTU BdA RBw 
 qU  RBAqTA T dA BdA M oLA kA A We  ϧl
. oA
BE  p\   TMBY e B Bv LA dA u A Bd d  
. jAo SMBY e  ϧl 񦪧A e  kT E
(2). BA d~A dU  BM U T\A BdM BdA  o~dU 

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 34 |  1987
. 34 |  MBvA nk~A  wA ȗ dA B  2
: (   1770  wn B] B] )
 ( qM ) Tn o ] oBU  (BT]A kA) M nzA JBTA KeB 
 : B  (α)
. BdA BM TT TA A RBvA kU 
. wBvA vA nBTiA ȗ nj jo oU 
 RBvA A 籖U E   dA E kB  oX jM BdA qU 
(1). tBA jAnA KvdM kU E RBvA m  qTU E  ϧmM

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
  RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  35 |  1987
.  127 |  ɷ1411  1
( hnFTA nTA o ) : ^BwjBw
A RjA oX A BU \T RFz wBw oB oA mM BA Kve kA
BUn~M kA Fz E Ȯ Am   WkdA Bo~ ɗ Ao mA zBM Bız
tBA  × n A nkM jA mA L ZnkU hnFU nU \T B XkdA
Bo j vA e Bv \U E   B\A  Bv oU E SBTwA
oiC A kM  A m ThU  Am  BLT   Th A  kT
. UAjAkTwA L{ L Kve
Boɓ  햮A  A o dA  kA Fz ovU ɗ oiE RBo B
RBoA keA  iAkTU BB ȧBTBM   hnBTA nTA A SdU ikU Bk\
A M mA oA nTA  oLU B  BBU ȗ ^B k\  We  MBvA
E   oB kA Fz LA BdA  AoLU  AA wnB ȗ ozLA
. wA oA i  ϧl B cT B
( wA oA ) : ^BMBw
RBwn  BLA k  RFz   BvA Be ȗ A BT]A oB kA A
]U  ȯBvA T\A jB ȗ Bnj SwnB  vA BT RmhUA   BvA
kA  dA tBwA  B BT]A U  B\A Am ȗ BLA e B i 
(1). cd~A BnBv ȗ B oU  ozLA ke  BdA kTv
  KTA  A o wA o BhnBU Bız  kA U eB   
BA  kA nU o   BT]A kA o   nBL]A ȴA 轱TA o
Be   eo ȗ EkM ǱLA  k~U ȷ  L oB kA FM ƽ  
(2). ozLA
: ȧBTA ȯCoA }BM oA m  ( n ) nk~A kzA kvA kTwA k 
 qE  nm  ozL LA A WLɗ keA E tBA Bɟ  : BU Bɛ
B kM  UE mA A  TiA B   ATiA B tBA M d dBM JBTA
k A   lBM dA   ATiA B AC mA A k M BM RBLA UB]
(3).  Tv Ao A Bz 
oA BjvU eo ȗ ( keA A AB tBA E ) A MBvA }A k oz We
  S Y  vM RB]Be  jkd   Bd AkM RAn~U BM keU 
 UBTA RBBA RpoM   RBMBA  KAA  Bd BT]A wnBA i
EkM   TiA Fz RB]BdA RkU  RBTA SU   oA BC SvUA 
dA jkdU pA A ]BdM BT]A BdA SdLA   킧A  ǱA M BTA
 RBMBA ϦU  K~U   w nBA ȗ tBA ke nAoTwA U  kA kv\U 
BioA  ohBM 鼪\A  j MB\A nd ȗ BT]A Mo\TA BT TA RBBA
. TwA  Ao~ BwBwA  BT Ank~  E  kM nAoTwA

: njB~A
3 |  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 4 
. 17 |  MBvA nk~A  2
. 213 : A  oLA  3
:  LA kA o n
B We  BLA k  kA o Ro - TiA eo - eoA m ȗ 
B BkA  BvwE k BU A 郰  幪vA kA BM ȗ nkM BLA
.ȯCoA }A ȗ ϧl cUA
U We  dB~A kA BM ȗ A nj oiDM  zM A BLA  
  Bo  vA B Bw  jAk kA  o{BLA Ao{A  oL jk
 ) w A L Be ȗ B LvA Am ȗ v   UBe  BLA M 
BBM oBA w j] ZT E (|) A kL M kd BLA UBi BTwA   (
Rkv]   BvA gnBU ȗ B B dM Rk]E gnBTA ȗ j oE  E
(1). BAn  B Akv\U dB~A kA jBL

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA   BdA j wA   1
. 5
: kA jBw 
z mA AA 鼪]  햪A mB BoAA U A ȂTU kA jBw A
Bl tnBU   BTw  E oiE w kA iAj k]U A p\   BiAj
(1) . AA 

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 164 |  1987
: ]nBhA jBvA
 BUB ȗ LU ȴ ȧBTBM   ]nBi w  hU  kA E : BB 
wBM  oL B    B oU   BUjBw  \vU jBL  kA oiA kA
. ( wBvA TwA )
jBvA o E : o mA wBvA A B o Fi  A nB{A K\ B 
ɗ oAqA Bk BMG wA kA  ϧl    (1) XkdA kA  RFz k
wBvA A jke mA A  wFM jBvA BM TTU SB nA kA
. oBA


: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 165 |  1987
jBvA  wA kA
 kA  e dɃA j  kA A ȗ ( | ) LA JBT T{A k
k~A bB   oBA BM kA jBv A RAl ȅ mA zBM BUjBw
:  mA  ( | ) woA JBT  RAo  d
. (( d~A m  B] Aoe JoX A ))
 TBM  A  jA M j~A   (( kd lBM A keE  Zoh  E ))
. TBM |~i E
(1). (( YE    A kBM C k    C Zoi  E ... ))
|~A U 
m BeE  ovU Ajkd BB Y E  kFTA ɗ do |~A m G
kA nE   BA Am  ZohA qM BpB\U  jke    d~A
wnE A Am AkFU  . kA jBv  ApB\U ϧm k   (2) LA wA
 Bo{ (3) BTM aM  kA oe jke  BE AL MBdE M ( | ) woA
iAj A jA  J\A ȗ ( o ) L]   BzA ȗ ( nY ) L] M   BMo
(4). odA


: njB~A
. ( h ) kA gnFU   A ke kd  ( | ) wo wBvA BYA  1
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  2
. BkM B  538 |  ɷ1412  3
AkL M RB AkL ME kA JB{  AkLA \  BUaoe : kA TM - 3
 5 Z  ɷ 1410  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  jAkLA ɫoA ǱdA
. 4 |
.( h ) kA gnFU  峦A ke kd  ( | ) wo wBvA BYA  4
: vA  wA kA
T~M woA RB KB] A wBvA BdA   kBA RB ( | ) LA tnB lG
(1). A A o  ȯCoA eA o  BBT TA  BU A Be BL
 wn BL nBLTBM jBA   dA RB ( | ) LA tnB k oiE nBLM 
 qA BTvA ozA ~h{ ȗ ST]A lA  (2)oiC nBLTA FM u   A k
 eA k   A   kA  T\A ~ ( | ) LA    kA
. nBLA UjB SdU T\ ȪTA  BLA BU Te  S 誽  

: njB~A
 1     BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd wA ȗ wBvA BT]A   1
. 159 |  ɷ1414
. 156 |  MBvA nk~A  wA ȗ wBvA BT]A  2
: wA nAj
B Ao E vA BBw 鼅Tv   vA w SdU U TA jLA ȷ 
E  Bw B  ȷ E ϧl    B k]  We   wA BeA
.v LE
(1)

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  1
. 123 |  1983  1   o~
: wA nAj Bw
. wBM C     : vA  1
mA FM Aw   BvA RBBkA JBdA  vA o   : mA  2
(1)

: njB~A
. wA kA K{ ȗ  WkdA U  1
TA  wA BeE B oU  TA wA o AkLA B ȷ  : JodA nAj
. wA kA  BAk B mhTU
: JodA nAj Bw
  k  mA   wBM k  mA JodA nAj Bw  : ModA  1
. wA kA   jA E k
  (1)E wA nAj A Ao]B    JodA nAj v mA : vA  2
. AoA  AA  Bj ~ We  wA nAj ȗ vB 

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA   1
. 145  144 |   1983  1   o~
BkA  vA  kTU    wA kA BU  TA jLA ȷ : kA nAj
k TM  (1) Bz   j o ȗ AnAoeA ToU M   wA A B
. oA k B T o{   vA M  BM
: B c kA nAk
. v BBU Bi hU    e B v u  1
(2). BnE ȗ jBw   oTd k B  2

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA   1
. 149 |   1983  1   o~
. 141 |  MBvA nk~A   2
( kA E ȗ LA JBT E d~A ) : kA nTwj  AA
B  BBT{A   qT MnE BvE   LA JBT E  d~A TU
: ȷ BvA m   oiE
. vBM TA vA  1
. jBM TA vA  2
(1). kA AeFM TU TA BA BeA  3
kA B kTvU TA BA uwA M nTwkA Am ȗ ( | ) woA SLY k BA
: B TA   B{ nAjA ȗ wA
.  wA L T\A tBwA SB TA  LA  d wA  A ]
. BT]A BA tBwA kA iE ]
. T\A { 鼪] ȗ woA Be d~A RoA
. wA A BMA M (2) ABvA  odA kFU

: njB~A
MoA vwƪA 幼AoA MoTA nAp \  wA MoA nBdA gnFU - 1
. 35 - 34 |  1980  RoM  RBwAnk
MoA vwƪA  AoA MoTA nAp \  wA MoA nBdA gnFU  2
35. |  1980  RoM  RBwAnk
 (1)(( tBA j  keA E )) o\A kM vA  k : iAkA RBA
 LA U  Th U B ϧm   wA kA MAoM BBA LUo
U wA B  kA tBwE  u   oA  kA tBwA  B  We
ȷ jBLA m   BvA  iA wA jBL A kTvU B kA MAn 
:
. keA BM ƽ vA *
. keA T]o E E ( | ) woA 
(2). RBL]AA  dA ȗ M B BvT A jAoE
. oiA   Ȫd   BM M kv vA
. oBT   Bj FBTU
(3). oA ȮA    킧A ǱA kBv
: njB~A
. ( }A ) kA d ]An : ( | ) LA JBT RAo keA  1
MoA vwƪA 幼ɛAoA MoTA nAp \  wA MoA nBdA gnFU  2
. 35 |  1980  RoM  RBwAnk
. 37 |  MBvA nk~A   3
: k woA nAjG RAq
: BTA nBM  k ( | ) woA nAjA RqU k 
M odA  ABvA  kA  BwnA tBwA  B UnAjA SB We  kA  1
. wBT dB E BM ]A  kA BMA
MBA ȗ   kA oe ( | ) woA  oU k  JBTA A  A  2
A BTA ȗ  LAoA BE JBLA cT   oDTA k  vA AM qE
(1). wA A
. MoA BLA Bwn  αA A woA  YLA BwnA - 3
MB Be ȗ AoB{ vA qo ( | ) woA oT  We  kA  A  4
M  B K o  ȗ B hTv B M  ov  ȗ kA 
.MBdE
: Ȯ B Ao]A Am E  Am
U E Ao B ~d E   keA wBw ~h{ RAl Rk kA A : A
ȗ Ti i  E vM BwnB kA un w ȷ keA w BTU We 
(2). MB Be
BwoA  A oT E   E   ( | ) en o L A BlE üU : BBY
) woA kM A ke BBe  B Be  BE  AkeE h E j wA
. ( |
( | ) LA i RBe~ ol njB~A ȗ jo  We : 轱TA RBe  5
) Ȧ BA hTwA ȗ jn B w  ϧl A oz B BA B u  kA 
 } ( | ) LA E : jn We  αLU q A (|) LA ]U k B ( 
 (3)kA  hTwA k  RAnAoA  mTA Tv  轱U B RBe
  Bv Bj Y  A mi   JoA  ȦE ȗ ȮiA : ȦB )) : B Bk ϧl
. (4)(( E   Ȧ wA  : ( | ) B
 (5)(( LM Sv ϯE A w  nB qM Ȯ SA ))  Ȧ B  BA  B 
 hTwA  keE A B ( | ) LA E o  B mU RBw m 
. Bo  E (6) kA

: njB~A
MoA vwƪA 幼ɛAoA MoTA nAp \  wA MoA nBdA gnFU  1
. 38 |  1980  RoM  RBwAnk
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  2
575. - 574 |  ɷ 1412  3
.MBvA nk~A  3
gnFU  277 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  tBA kw MA  oYA   4
 3 Z  1988 (3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  oLA
 RoM MoA VAoTA BeA nAj Bz M ϦA kL  LA ovA   104 |
. 520 | 2 Z  (gnFU kM)
. BMBw WkdA [ohU U  5
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  6
. 577 |   ɷ1412  3
: wA ȗ vA 
TA wBwA kBA ȗ ϧl  vA oM vA  bM wA jke
A m ȗ A E no We  ]  bM Bjke  ȫwA ozTA Bo
(1) (( wA A BkA kM ModA BT K\ BA ))   vA 
. RAoTA   ϧl w B BE kBA  lA vB
 UB  UB  T\A  jmA   uA Bd LA 햧A jn ȷ JodA 
A kB cTT o{BL BUBLLv AqM qU no BXTwA Be  BA  ȷ 
oM vA  dU E  (2)( vA ) kB E  ȫwA ozTA Bo TA
.
 G BzA RAi ALTU  B vA ȗ AijA AC mA BE B  : BU B
B] E BX M M  A ~ mA aG  ^BA BU  (3) L k
B UB  v A B{    AUB E UB E nk Ro~e
(4)  ^Lw   A ] B vA A AE UB  qTA

: njB~A
nAj  ȦBA Ȯ]oU ve kd kvA  zkA A bo{ ȗ A kMqA  1
. 633 |  3 Z  ɷ1415  (1)   RoM jBA
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA   2
. 111 |  1983  1   o~
. 208 : A  oLA  3
. 90 : A  BvA nw (4)
: wA ȗ FTvA BA
. wA ȗ wBvA A RBeA  B
ModA j eBLTwA n ) : BA bA ȗ   A ȗ hA k   : BA
(1). ( B k wA e SdU nAoTwA   qA E  BT e B   n

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  1
140. |   1983  1   o~
: FTvA
BTM cL~ k  BM E |Bi BE E lBM wA nAj ij mA ModA 
(1). lBM BA oT  oA  BA  kA ~

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  1
. 140 |  1983  1   o~
: wA ozA ȗ BA BvA
. kMƫ BE   Sƫ BE : B  
  ] wA nAj ikM lB  ]FM Ajkd B B : SƪA BA  1
(1).  o

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  1
. 140 |  1983  1   o~
   mA kM A     A ȴT ]E  u mA   : kMƪA BA  2
(1). wA nFM Aj BG  mA mA A M TT
BzA oB poME keA kU JodA  : WkdA o~A wA B\A ȗ JodA
o~A ȗ B\A ȗ wBvA RBBA k B BM q  ]nBhA wBvA
ozA ɗ ȯBvA BATd BTLɄ  ɛA ]A   WkdA ȫwA
.wA

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  1
. 140 | 1983  1   o~
JodA  BoA
BiA e  oiA JzA  BL{   ApBT Ao~ vE oLT BoA B
MB  dU JzA mM UB SB B    B ovA  JzA m
hU  We  (1)vBM Mz BMoe   Ak RB KBA ȗ SB   B
kBA SB k oiE nBLM   (2)BvA RAnBLTA E B AoU    kA 
(3). AkL ]BA M   MA TU ȷ
BA  Bv Bn B So o oz BoA nAoLA Joe SAj k  ))
(4). (( ( tnB ) A B AL~ Te JodA BoA  k   A  vBM kA
B B ϧl c  nBTeA   JA BnA Bd UAkB ȗ BoA B 
 ɃnE  Tk  v ȯBoA KzA KE ȮA )) : BTA nBLA kjoU  K
B{A  BM T B    YBYA  TTA  kMB  BhA TC  AoA BA
(5). ((  Yo d  B JA d AB k ϧmM 

: njB~A
. 57  49 |  10  9 Z  1988  oA nAj  SnAj   nBdA ~  1
 4   RoM  oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  2
. 41 |   ɷ 1412
18 |   1981  1   RoM  RAk  Y] TwB  JodA ȷ m  3
.
 4   RoM  oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  4
. 42  41 |  ɷ 1412
22 |   1981  1   RoM  RAk  Y] TwB  JodA ȷ m  5
. 23 
JodA  jA
 TeA  okTA  KohTA  BTA BLBM dBɄ A AkTA jA nBwE G
nBThA A K{ E vE jA oLT  )) : Be l  TM dU We  LvA
B n jA oz  BvA owE ȗ Be  wn   BjBi A nBTiA mA
WBXA bBdA ȗ B] k (1)(( A BwoA Lw ȗ BhTwA  BTA  d
BodU  vA kdM kA ϦU JoU BMo )) : kA kA ȗ AoT{A XU 
nBBM odU   BTeBw w A BTTA  \U vA kdM BBM  B B M
(2). (( 16  15 kM LU  kMA A U T ϴG Jo B BTTA   kA
ϴG JoA ϼ TA JzA Ʒ k BE  )) : BE ozA bBdA ȗ B] 
 BA  nA  XdA odU BodU M  B v B LTvU ɗ BL~
(3). (( 18  10 . ϴA JoA oA B wLA  dA  nqA

: njB~A
. 27 |  pM koA . j KoU  uUo . j  jA oA ȗ  1
. 301 |  ozA  L T\ nAj  kA kA  2
. 311  310 |  ozA L T\ nAj  kA kA  3
JodA  dvA
 E : B   ( vA  ) cvA kv Mv RAnBL \A ȗ Rjn k
bBA  BzA dU   oL~A noɃ ϧl K E kA  BdA F{
(1). oA TA AlA jBA  eoA
\A  o{BA bBdA ȗ RB] k TA   cvA kv MvA RAnBLA jn 
BvA o S] ȯB Bw M  nA  Bw Ț S] ȯG AU  )) : T
KeE  TM A BvA AkA  BUBe k A  BA k MA  iE  ME k
ȯBXA bBdA ȗ  BA B \A ȗ B]   (( ȮdTv ɗ Ȯ oXE BE  BME
A  ^Bw ȅ S] ȯA UA ... nA  ^AnB Ț S] )) : (2)oz
(3). (( ^BBvA M 

: njB~A
 4   RoM  oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  1
. 311  310 |  ɷ 1412
. 236 |  kk\A kA  2
 oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j   ȫwA  A ȗ JodA nBYC   |~A  3
. 49  48 |  ɷ 1412  4   RoM
JodA  JoA
jB~TA oA KLvM oTv BhU  kB\U ȗ  B\A ȗ MoA BLA SB
Bo{A  eB M Joe T {A B  AmC JoA M kBvA aA oBA
:
  A ȮMA KU  oM TL M wA L JodA m S훰 : tvLA  1
EoA BU SB B KLvM w MnE SAj BE We  eB JodA m SB
. ( tvLA ) M kU oM  p\
u M Bn  B]B mA KLvA B   u Joe ȷ  : AoLA  ueAj  2
XA ȷ  ) AoLA   (1)( hA  dA   ) ueAj  nkM e  op M
. (
BLvA ȗ q  ueAk k ( e )  d AoLA   oq ueAj SB 
MnE B M WMn M 輒M ȮMA BMl  uL M RoTwA TA   JodA S훱 
. to   B  B [U  w

: njB~A
|  1 Z  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnBU  1
. 66
ϧm  pB\dA Jo  BL M odA o{A ȗ S훰 Joe ȷ : nB\A BE  3
. B BTA vE  JoA oe o{E ȗ B nB\BM Sw
. pA  B M : A nB\A 
. pA  yo M : ȯBXA nB\A 
M BA Tv  B  ]n  j KLvM  p A  B M : WBXA nB\A 
.
  eB  B  yo M S훰 TA  nB\A BE o{E    : MAoA nB\A 
oz  SvM ( w  C   A  ) LA WL L  oiE eB  pA
S : ( | ) B  B   BE  w oz MnE MA  LA Bk{ k   w
(1). LA BE Ȯ  w oz MnE MA BE  nB\A  ȫBE  LE

: njB~A
. BkM B  368 |  3 Z     1913  oBA  Mn kL MA  koA kA  1
wA ȗ JodA 
 kB]  B Am  wA BwoA oz   vA kU wA ȗ JodA G
. e Aoe M ~BM ϧl   BeFM AqTBM tBA eE B kA
: JodA JAjC
: UAq BYE UBAqTA  ȫwA y\A JAjDM TU BB ( | ) LA  jn k 
M ȗ A m A  y] kv B B jBvA  {] AA )) :(|) B k
y]  B B  BhA E  A  {] AA))  : B (1)(( ... KoA
Bp B B  BqA  {] AA)) :    (2)(( ]oA  A w A 
   AU  AqA)) : ( | )  BE  (3) (( BUA  A w A y]
. (4)(( Ak ATU   AXU    AnkU
 ))  ɗ kA ȚT Ʉ  ɗ oF B A () ƪA oE  jn B
oiA \e EkL Te oU \e  A kdM B EkL Te A AUBU
 n AzU  co]  Aq\U  AoMk  ATU  Tq AlB  
(5) (( TM AXU
BA    BA  oMkA  fzA  BvA T  ( | ) LA  k  Am
oF ( | ) B   (6) vA BA nBA kA  BA BwnB üLBM nAoA 
:  L AMB]E TF B~i VY A k A k B k UjB
. wA A kA  E
. o]BA nAj A dTA A kA  J
(7). q\A  BA A kA  Z

: njB~A
 2  AoA  SvA  ȫwA A KT  jnBA  BvA BeA  1
. 44 |   ɷ 1406
o{  B{BLA i kd  Wke Mo \ ȗBA . ]oA ] : ̹̦]oA  2
. 482 |  1994  (3)   RoM  ozA pT RBLA
 2   AoA  SvA  ȫwA A KT  jnBA  BvA BeA   3
ɷ1406
. 44| 
. 46 |  4 Z  RoM  A KTA nAj  ȯdA  vA Lw  4
. 69 |  11 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  ȦBA odA  zA Bw  5
A KT  ȦBA kA B] M kdɫ  A kzA  zɫkA A  6
. 221 - 220 |  1 Z  ȫwA
.BkMB 46 |  RoM  A KTA nAj  ȯdA  vA Lw   7
: wA ȗ BTA WAM
 kM XT v  j] S ȗ A  wA ȗ BTA  jB\A oz 
WdM nBA  vA  k̽  jB] w Bk ozA jB] 
lƽ ozA B  Ȗ  (1) L{A B B miE jM  TwA Bh
( | ) o]B  (|) woA TM A k j  T  ƪA  ( | ) LA
 BwoA BzU TA eBvA kM vTU    A  U  We   kA A
cL  wB  A A kA  vdA A  dA A ozA Be mhT
: Ȧ BM jkdU TA ȷ   noA k A JodA
.o  ATv B B 햧BM vA  AA AkTA j  1
Ak - i A BdLw A Bwn ȴ  dA j B wA  kA FU  2
.(2) wA BT tBA
BdLw  BkLU  wA Bwo BvA MB\TwBM  (3) nA ȗ kA oz  3
. BYA jBL  B~hU  

: njB~A
A KT  ȦBA kA B] M kdɫ  A kzA  zɫkA A  1
. 216 |  1 Z  ȫwA
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  2
.BkM B 180 |  1983  1   o~
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  3
. 196 | 1983  1   o~
: owA B  wA
ϧl   (1) j] owBM o    Bp ȗ owBM oBM wA oE k
: ȗ B

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  1
. 198 |   1983  1   o~
: ȯCoA }A
 BYA Akz ThYA AlA Te JBoA Jo Ao mA T AlB  : BU M
(1).  BnApA JodA U Te Ak BG  kM B BB
Le  B텧A 텽  :BA ɗ jB~A ƪA BE ɗ BU  
(2) AowA BT Bv

: njB~A
. 4 : A  kd  1
. 8 : A  BvA  2
: oA LA vA
nBwBM ATwA ) : ( | ) B lG  (1)owBM 汧A  ( | ) woA |oe k
. ( Aoi
qM ȷ  BTA nA ozA owA  ( |) woA Ϧw  ( nkM ) o ȗ 
: B zM owA  BT kA
(2) kM eAow G  1
(3). MBTA AoA vA A E  2
owE  kA BT B ϧl   (4)BoTwA E  kA  owA jBLU  3
. A ȗ BLwB (  ) BA E ( | ) woA Ao B B E ]  vA

: njB~A
nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  4 3 2 1
200 |  198 |  1983  1   o~  nBA
: jB\A oU
oA  UB kA kB]   BA  k\A   zA M E kB] nk~  jB\A
(1). TAk ȗ wA
  BA  wA ȗ B AoTwA   AkA MnBd  jB\A B BeA BE 
(2). BU  A |iG M   E

: njB~A
  1970  ɷ1389  SA  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  kMqA  toA ZBU  1
. 537 |  7 Z
. 15 |  ɷ 1398  jvA  AA nAj  AkdA cB  wA ȗ jB\A  2
B\A  ( | ) woA Bi Be A kA ȗ Un  : cvA o jB\A
Lw ȗ TA  JAmA AE zME AdU   YA   BAo  ƪA
. ( A A A  )  ȷ   dBM jB~A   jB~A BM  Uk  wA
B vA 郰 oU kM   kA A ( | ) woA o\ kM : cvA jB\A
lE  : BU M jB\A oz uA  Bk nkA  A 郱 ȗ AdLE
. (1) ok o~  A G  A FM UB m
RAw Sw  oXE i BTBM lA jke ȗ oBA kB\ vA  
. kA A Uo\ gnFU 
 ]oiE mA BA jo  BAovA Ak  q oz  oXE AɃBi k
. (2)nBj
M oA eo A lA eo  o\ MBvA vA ȗ jB\A TA ϧl kM Y
  kTA Kd  A A AkTU   񯱦UB mA A Lw ȗ AUB :BU
 (3)  TA  k{E TA  ]oiE We  ]oiE TY We TA
. (4)  o  BTA  KT : A  Am
i vA Bm wA o woA  Ȧ햧A LU jB\A o k  Am
jk B (|) UjB TnBzM BBi TA JodA  RAw vU  oXE
.(5)(q 27  26 ) (|) LA RAq

: njB~A
. 39 : A  [dA  1
45 |  2 Z  RoM   A nAj  J ME M kd  MA gnFU  2
. 54 
. 191  190 : RBA  oLA  3
. 216 : A  oLA  4
ɷ1408  1   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  5
. BkM B  113  111 |  2 Z 
BɃ TA jBLA :  jB\A Jod ( | ) woA BɃ TA ovA jBLA
SB   (1)BA jB\ jBL ȷ ozA  nBA  Moe ȗ ( | ) woA
  jA  ozA q   eTA ȫwA y\A RAnB~TA ȗ pnBM oYE RAl
: ȷ jBLA m

: njB~A
. 251 |  ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   . j  wA A  1
: kA  RBA ]  TwA  1
]E  (1)yo  nBLiA ȚT A q\TM MBdE oF ( | ) woA B k
. nBLiA ϦU  ȗ k JodA k jAkA    B U okU

: njB~A
. 264 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
: Bj oMAkU jBTA  2
C vi  B mA   kA e khA oe ϧl  cA Zl 
joM  B\ B ȗ oe U k   Lw    nlE vU o  () 2310 Anl
(1). BE YXM JAqeA  L ϧl  keA o{ ȗ  kk{ bBn  |nB

: njB~A
50 |  2 Z  RoM   A nAj  J ME M kd  MA gnFU  1
51. 
: jAkA  k\A KnkU  3
  kLA BA JBvTA   BTA  JnkTA A vA k ( | ) woA B
B BME B AnA )) : B ȫoBM oF   hA Lw  Wd   ModA nBA
. (1)(( BAn

: njB~A
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  1
. 253  252 |
: kA TBL  4
. ]B E L kA BLTwA   oLA \A  
BE B  kA ]BU E L k\A j k MnBA BLA ( | ) woA ]A k
 qT E  AkA njBL E JAqeA qɓ kM no k   yo A BA
. (( A ov d Bq   q A )) : B njBLA
AzE   ozA k  njBLA vA BM miE TA RAqA  oX  
(1). iBM

: njB~A
. 223 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
: ovA   ovA jBTA  5
y\A Am oB BE Te y\A ow i BzG k  |od ( | ) woA B
Te BdT  E oE   T Bwn  KT ow  yd] M AkL oE d 
kL ȮMB ) o]BA nB{ ] ( | ) LA E   (1)   jke  B A ~
  ( A kL ȮMB ) tA nB{   ( A kL ȮMB ) ZnqhA nB{   ( eoA
 keE ) nkM    ( SE  keE  nBTA  SB   (2)A i i w
. ( keE
: njB~A
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd .j  wA A  5
. 254 |
 2   AoA  SvA  ȫwA A KT  jnBA  BvA BeA  6
. 37  36 |  ɷ1406
: ǱA o~A jBTA  6
BmiF A oɄ  BkA JAY ȗ KoTBM kA ]A  WdA  
jBL  B kɗ Am   \A   oiA JAY ɗ KɓoTBM   MnBdA
j B X   q  FM   B\A BTA k kA oMB~ wA ovA
. (1)
AL oMB oz   G BTA  ƪA oe LA BF  : BU B
(2) TB

: njB~A
 ɷ1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  1
. 255 |
. 65 : A  BA  2
: BTA KBwE
oA  oA ȷ  kBvA ModA kBTA ( | ) woA k ȗ ȫwA y\A kTA
KUoU ȗ Akk] BB ( | ) woA oTMA   khA  keE  nkM ȗ B pnBLA 
U BoA   K  ov   A v B We  ȫwA y\A U 
 Boɓ A    ujAoA ~A B   (1) kA ȷ  y\A BA
oA oA )) JodA ȗ MwA B JoB  MoA oq\A BkU  TA RBTA
. (2) ((
: njB~A
. 255  253 |  2 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
MoA nAkA  d C kw kA w  (|) A wo ovA RBodA   2
. 26 |  1[  1983  1  RoM  RBw
: JodA oU
 KTA k~M dvA UA nB~TA  khTv oXE E Tj M Ao ȷ
. KBA BBz B JA  ozA o  LA M
We  oXE E Tj M Ak Be ȷ : JodA : ( 탱A ) ȧkA BA ȗ 
(1) . kBdA M  MnBdTA M RBA Bı  U

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  1
. 176 |  1983 1   o~
: ( 탱A ) ȧkA BA  wA M JodA
wBvA UBozTM Bo oz MnE  oXFM ( 탱A ) ȧkA BA wA Lw k
M Ȧ B jnw BB Am   Bo  wA kA M RBA dU TA
) ȧkA BA jA M jn   JodA Be ȗ wA ozA BTAn TA BeA
(1). ( 탱A

: njB~A
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA   1
. 195 - 194 |  1983 1   o~
: wA ozA  ȗ :^A
mLB  BU B nkA   Bh B JodA  BM BTBM kLA L RoE  1
(1)  BhA Kd A A Aw  A
oA  vA fzA BL~A BvA  MnBdA o T  ozA S  2
.(2)BTA qTA    vB ȗ wBvA ϧm  
 BLɄA z mA   ( khTvA ) BvA  kLA T  ozA S  3
(3).eo\A kh mA oA
 (( A  jBL AMmU  )) : B Bk ϧl  XA  nkA  ( | ) woA   4
 nqA jBvG     e E S nBBM AoeA    qA BT   ϧm 
. (4)TA  nkA AoeA   nBXA
h  酚U E j Av Te BwA BM AkA oBd ozA SeBME  5
. (5)B  vU E


: njB~A
. 58 : A  BA  1
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  2
. 195 - 194 |  1983 1   o~
.nk~A u  3
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  4
. 195 -194 |  1983 1   o~
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  5
. 195 - 194 |  1983 1   o~
: ( 탱A  ) ȧkA BA ȗ : ^BBY
鮫 ϧl  oA  JodA jBM B~i U E BTA ȗ kLA L kA   1
.BhA  nkA
 M lA BdA p\ ɗ AkA k  y\A ɗ TA oɓ BBoA  2
.  JnBdA y\A iAj TA jAoA  MnBdA
j\A  oA  BLA  RBzTvA B   eo\A  oBM BA  3
. (1)BA
MBA BTwA    M TA   kA KmU  eo\A  pB]A  odU  4
턿A vU BA ȧkA BA oe   BvA KmU kqU TA dwA  AmA 
. (2)BA 
. (3)vTA A Ao Te q\U   AkA oBd pB]E  5

: njB~A
nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  2  1
. 195 |  1983 1   o~ 
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki .j JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  3
196. |  1983 1   o~
:  vA 
kA oB B oATU  j wA Bv  U E k   lA n A ȷ 
A ȗ v K{   e  vA tnBU wBw ü B TU E kM A
. (1) 
BA Be  mA wBvA TA   vA oM e BAj kA wB
A mU  mA pB\A FT o kA m B ȧBTBM   BA FU
. B njB~A
A 汧A BM SBTwA TA oA   A iAj BA dA { oYƽ  
kM wBvA vA SB B  iAj vA U A A BG   wBvA vA
 WkdA o~A ȗ BTwA L wA nBA Be SB B  ]nBi w
]   wBvA LTA oB  o ȷ BG   Tv kA oLTU  mkɗ
. SB
ozLA ovA i SB TA kA B{A TiA   wBvA A jkU  
SB BTB B vA { jkU G  Te   AkeA KBA ȗ B vA { B
 ]nBhA A  ȦiAkA A Be kTvU wnBe w : keA AeA  ȗ
: vA A lG w oM U  kA E B cT RBMoA mM 
. nAoTw  A ȯBvA T\A B p o{ 
. j  ȗ B oB vA 
. Bo j j  E  o j ȯBvA T\  oB Sv vA 
. (2) dA B\U AqA   A   nkA ȮU vA 


: njB~A
gnBTA om   o~  A nAj  \A d.j  oBA wBvA A  1
.o~TM BkMB 22 |  34 | LA
. nk~A u  2
:  vA jBw 
TwA BU wBvA vA TwA : BB   wBvA vA BM ~TU  ȷ
M E BA  BL{  BBw k  kdU ]nBi RAoYƫ  hU  E 
. (1) oiE w  Bi o e BTw A oiC

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 25 |  1987
vA vU  WkdA o~A ȗ MnA XeBLA o] : kA pB]  RBvA
 BM RBvA m ~ ȗ WdLA ϧl LU   mU   B  幼ozU A
ȗ oA nU   oiA  keA U  Te BM pAT B BA   M
JqdA AjE BnBLTBM RBvA M  mTA vA  A AoT{A A
(1). mTA

: njB~A
 Ao  ȫwA A   nBLA kd  kA  dA  wA B  1
. 87 |  ɷ 1404
BM T{A Be nBzA B AlA Aq]E YY j  ȗ :  We : wnA : A
kA B ve YXA Aq]A m U veE T   B{   {  
  YXA oBA m TiBM A oA e ȗ kA ThU    noBM B
: Ȧ B ȷ TA
. BA zA ȗ AkTU TA A \A : A
. A \A  ozU TA BdA ü : ȯBXA
(1). BA üA : WBXA
BU veE   RBw VY B k]U  wnA En ȗ  kA B AoiE  
vA  mTA vA  ozTA vA ȷ RBvA m   B kA B ve
(2). BA

: njB~A
~A   1952  oBA  A nAkA   tjBvA JBTA  wn  wBvA  1
.( 1 ) oA  A
  1987  SA  bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU  2
. 71 |
o BdA  탱A wBvA o񖦧 wnAkA  oXA Znj : α ] : BBY
. (1) α ] WkdA o񖪧BM VXA RBvA
: BvE YY A vU vA : A A  BUo }hTU 

: njB~A
  1987  SA  bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU  1
. 71 |
e  ȗ k]U )) : ( AA bn ) MBT ȗ vT  : vT : BXBY
  A BM TA BvA ȗ  oA BTɖ  ozU w RBw VY
AA U A vA E   ȯkA BBM TA BvA ȗ oU mU w
dU  jnTvU  nk~U  vA E JodA U BXA vA E   AkA  TA
U   o\A KBU BB XBXA vA BE   ]nBhA qA BU  BA A
wBM oiA vA Ȫv E vdTv Am   AA M U TA RBpBA
. BA vA
vA  BeoM liF RBvA ~  vT o F AA ɗ 
(1). KUoTA  RBvTA BXTwBM ( α ] ) q\A

: njB~A
1987  SA - bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU  1
. 393 | 
RBvA M ~A EkL  wn : BMAn
jBw ȷ TA  ozTA vA ȗ  o~dU jBvA FM : (  wn B] B] ) o
mTA vA FM -  wn  -    BTwAM A tnBU E 񪽿  L{
  Mk  M  Kz MBU ȷ BA  A  jBvA B~B~i  Sv
B ( wn ) k LoE M  BM mTA  ozTA TvA ~ B Am
(1) .BmU  BA  AA aoz  E dA  u A
TA JBLwA u  BTwnBM KzA  E ȗ ( wn ) o   BA vA BE
o B We  mTA v ɃBi BoLTA k   mTA vA  Bol
kAA  AA u  mTA vA Ȗ  o  -  BA i J]
B   Sv  jo  A  BA A wnB dM Kz w k  BA
(2) .

: njB~A
 1973  RoM  bB\A nAj  BMA țwj AoMA . j  wBvA oA gnFU  1
. 249 | 
 2   jAkM  A ozA  LA o{  Ao{ jBe . j  wBvA A  2
. 47 |   1970
ȦX k ɗ U E K\  dA ɗ w E kU : ozTA vA  1
(1). YAnBM E  JBhTBM dA Am  ~d mA  KzA

: njB~A
 1987  SA - bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU - 1
. 381 |
(1). dA B jAoA hU   AA mU TA ȷ  : mTA vA  2
: njB~A
 1987  SA - bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU  1
. 381 |
   ϦA  RBɄBA  k Xɫ ɫ TU  : AnkA vA  3
vT B] Y (1) AoT\A ɗ ȧBdA RAjnA u\ A AA X mA
(2). BBM vA m  cB
~ ȷ wBvA AkA ȗ BM UA ( α ] ) ɧ wBw o A B BA 
. BM  VXA (3)RBvA

: njB~A
1987  SA - bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU  21
. 381 | 
 1987  SA - bA LT  p ȅA Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU - 3
. 384  381 |
: VXA RBvA  oBA 탱A wBvA oA
 vA tnBU TA BT]A q]A )) :  w ] ȷ   RBvBM k~
  BA RBvA   kA RBvA   MoTA RBvA   wBvA RBvB
. (1)(( Bo
. BA  mTA  ozTA RBvA ȗ \ ȷ 

: njB~A
670 |  1 Z  RoM  ȯBLA JBTA nAj  BL ] .j  ȖvA \A  1
.
: ozTA vA 
TA   jAoݧ qA BA kAA nAkG e ϦU TA \A ozTA vBM k~
. (1) AA  BA nTwkA kAA zU
: njB~A
 SA B] RBL   BLA nB kd . j  wA ȗ dA B   1
. 409 |  1987
ϧl   oiE  j M ozTA vA U o ThU : ozTA vA U
. BUAkT BLU  j  BM oU TA hnFTA o BLU
v\A BM miFU oiA j   keAA u\A BM miFU j E k\ ϧm 
.(1)
u\ E  JAA u\M v u\ ȗ XkdA kA ȗ vA m XTU  Am
. nzA u\   (2) ȮA u\A E  KzA
: Ȧ BM ozTA vA B jkdTU : ozTA vA B 
. AA nAkA   ozTA  1
. A nAkA  2
. ( AnpA ) dA  jB~A  3
. RAkBA  jB~A  4
(3) . JodA A  5
BnAoG  AqA wAnj  Bo  BBG  Ao{A  kA AE LAo  6
(4).
: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 409 |   1987
. 90 |   MBvA nk~A  kA dA  wA B  2
. 90 |  MBvA nk~A  3
. 411|  MBvA nk~A  wA ȗ dA B  4
un  kA un WkdA bA ȗ mTA vA XU : mTA vA 
TvA M 汧A e  kA un   RAnApA Ȗ 鼪]  AnpA AnpA
(1). mTA  ozTA

: njB~A
 Ao  ȫwA A   nBLA kd  kA  dA  wA B  1
. 93  ɷ1404
: BA vA 
M E  jAoA M ǰBkA  RBpBA  BA LTM TvU TA vA ȷ 
 G  Am  Aq\A A B  RBMM dU We   vA q]E  jAoA
vA BE ȗ ikTU E  SB ^BE  kA ȗ ]  p\  E BA BpA
(1).   ȗ B Be oU E A  BA
: njB~A
gnBTA om   o~  A nAj  \A d . j  oBA wBvA A   1
. 118  LA
: ȫwA dA  ozTA  d
B  ȫwA ozTA  A vwFTA Teo ȗ ȫwA wBvA oA kTwA
Zl B AliF wA wBvA BdA ȗ Bnj ozTA o  mL BA q
. nBLA LA kA
: ȫwA ozTA 
 CoA B T{A TA  BeA kAA  ( ȫwA ozTA ) ))  U
oM vA    (1)(( M  jAoA RB U TA   oA vA
.
(  610 ) B E   ȗ C   A  LA XM K ozTA EkTMA k 
ȗ jk\TA VjAdA KvdM o ( | ) LA  oA CoA RBC SqU Bk
v oA CoA ȗ jnAA BeA L (|) LA B   kA ȗ Y  
. (2)
: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 261 |  1987
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  2
. 262 |   1987
: ȫwA ozTA njB~
. oA CoA  1 : ȷ 
. ( ooU  ( | ) LA    ) oA vA  2
. ( ooU  (  ) ~A BA 헰  ) LA B kM SdLA Y 
ozT oiC nk~ B]A  A Ank~ cLA (  ) ~A L kM Y 
. (1) vA  CoA A BBM ȫwA
A BɃG oiE njB~  zA KmA B Ak  wA KAmA RkTA 
:ȷ  vA  JBTA
. MBd~A   1
. tBA  2
. BvdTwA  3
. woA cB~A  4
 We  (3) BA B M B]A k TiA A nB{A  (2) Bo 
kTvU BE We   oiA KAmA A SLlB M   ( ) ~A   B{B
 BpB] BB j  \e z BM BXTwA M kT\A 鼪] )) : B]G A
ȷ AlG wA A ~ )): ATLYA k ϧl Ƀ    (4) (( k JA~A
. (5)(( oE  S]A

: njB~A
 ( 2 )   SLA C vwƫ  dA ȚU kd  nBA  BA A   1
. BkM B  99 |   1979
 (2)   SLA C vwƫ  dA ȚU kd  nBA  ɫBA A  2
381.  359  301 |   1979
 (2)   SLA C vwƫ  dA ȚU kd  nBA  ɫBA A  3
.  255 |  1979
 ( 2 )   jnA  ozLA nAj  UBLA ke o  ȫwA wBvA BA  4
. 63  61 |   1994
 (2)   jnA  ozLA nAj  UBLA ke o  ɫwA wBvA BA  5
. 1994
: nBLA ǱLA o~A : ^A
v   ( C   A  ) oA LA B A XLA gnFU  o~A Am kT 
: v A
: (1) o\A L B oT
oTA m ȗ vA B   kA A o\A A nBLA LA XLA  kTU 
 ozA AmG  Bi UjBL nBBM  cv  w ȗ  ȗ z BB
.
Aj BoLA  \dBM TjB\   ozA BG   ȗ ozTA o~TA k 
RBozU  ( | ) woA M M BM vA qTA (2) JA~A  dA A
.  ȗ kBvA oA  eoA BTU
: njB~A
 ( 2 )   jnA  ozLA nAj  UBLA ke o  ȫwA wBvA BA  1
. 263 |   1994
 ( 2 )   jnA  ozLA nAj  UBLA ke o  ȫwA wBvA BA  2
. 263 |   1994
: nBLA LA dA oT
X ( | ) woA B  ( | ) UB A   kA A LA o\A  kTU 
L ȫwA T\A ȗ jB\A BvA 鼪] ɗ A ]o lA  ozTA vA
BBM   CoBM  qT mA ȴA eA  jBTBM ϧl   Be tB
cTA  BLA nkM U SB TA   ( C   A  ) A wn w A
. (1) BeA RB
: B\ ȗ ȫwA T\A U TA BeBM TU RBA m SB 
. owA 
. RBA 
. RBMA 
(2). jB\A BeA 
. owA B   JodA  vA RBe 
. BA  ȖA pU  
(3). mA E  YAA  jA 

: njB~A
|  RoM  oA nAj  i JBA kL gzA  ȫwA ozTA i  1
. 13
 SA B] RBL  BLA nBɗ kd . j  wA ɗ dA B 2
. 263 |  1987
100 |  o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  3
. 107 
: ( k{AoA hA ) MBd~A o~  - : ^BBY
) Ȧ M vdA BA jBzTwA e A   ( | ) woA B  o~A Am kT 
. vhA BhA oiC ( vA 
   Akk] Ank~  LA vA  CoA  ozTA njB~ RjAp )) : nkA Am Ȗ
. (1) (( jBT]A
Ak\  B  A JBT ȗ Ao BvA  Fv  Rjn AlA MBd~A B 
 dA o ȗ AkT]A JA\A Ak\  B  ( | ) woA w ȗ Ao JA\A
 kA ȗ MBd~A nBL B\  BTi BE ȗ  o  oM MA B B AoX  
AnA  En  TA SU AlB  jBT]A BvA M ȗ B] nBzT
(2). Bq EoA Am cLE
Ȧ BA qTA B  vA  Th oz  hzA w  BX qTA k 
.  B~ B~ ^BBA nBLTBM jBT]A  ( | ) wn w  A JBTM

: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. 268 |  1987
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  2
. 269 |   1987
: k{AoA hA kM B o~ - : ^BXBY
 wBLA  A BA ȗ YAnBM T Ϧ A hA dTM o~A Am EkL 
ozTA njB~ɫ  kk\A njB~A ɫ oXɟ SijE We ϧl SU TA jA
. BhA UAjBT]A  njB~ `   KAmA  oA Ro   wBwA
: 탱A ozTA BL ( ~A ) ȫwA ozTA q
BE TwA BA ~A vA  ȴA eA jBTA   ȫwA ozTA Fz A
AkE  vwE ȗ B qBU   wA BwoA o~ SLw TA 탱A AA
ozTA E kM  (1)wB]A  AE TiBM tBA 鼪\ Be [   UBB
   kL  BnE  L A vA RBT\A RBL KvdM Th 탱A
. n~A  jkdBM qT BozM B]BT 
: njB~A
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  1
. BkMB  278 |   1987
: ȫwA wBvA oA  탱A wBvA oA M ozTA vA  TiA
AeA veE ȗ XU  KhTU ü : ȷ 탱A oA ȗ ozTA vA  1
(1) .oXA
 oA CoA U BdLw A nk~ ozTA A ȫwA wBvA oA ȗ  
.( vA ) ~A w
ozTA BM  ozLA oA  탱A wBvA oA ȗ ozTA nk~ B ȧBTBM 
. BdLw A e ȷ TA  wA BwoA nk~ ȫwA
oU   (2) AA  cB~A A ɃA BA jBLA  kAA i  2
ȫwA ozTA BM  kLTv nUBTj E Jqe E L cA zM B pBdA
w B oT  BU A ȷ   keA ]o hM   (3)BM ~T
. ozLA RAoYƪA 鼪]  BT ~ ozU  Am   ~A
u   ȫwA BA ȗ dA  ozTA ɗ qoA kBA  joA u  3
E M  MBvd ozU  kA A oU mA keA zA  oLA BT]A BA
ȧBwEoA BA E kM  (4)B T\A  joA nBLTA  BA Am ȗ oA hA
UBozU uwE mA vnBA KmA i   kA  joA ukU tBwA  B
 joA oe A oA j    BM T\A cB~ FU  Bn  A 
. BA BdA BM ȗ nj  dB~
: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 18
 Ao  ȫwA A   nBLA kd  kA  dA  wA B  2
. 90 |  ɷ1404
 SA B] RBL  BLA nB kd . j  wA ɗ dA B  3
. 282 |  1987
)   AoA  ȫwA JBTA nAj  ( n ) nk~A oBM kd kzA  BTvɗ  4
. 49 |  ɷ 1401 ( 10
:  ozTA vA  LA dA
j] k E  RAw oz ( | ) oA woA Be  qA LdA m kTU 
gnFT EkL BTw vA mhUA TA    nBLA o\A kM kBM ( | ) woA
.  ɷ 11 B ( | ) UB gnFU A  A BM inƽ AB 
RnB   E  SU We  vA jk oX   wA q oTA m ȗ 
A jAoE  T AA w   ozTA A ]BdA Sk  j { 
(1). JodA  vA TBe ȗ oM UB U   LM M {BA
ke B B We  ke ( | ) A wo kA Am ȗ ozTA vA SB 
 kA Y RkE k  Am  (2)o E v A ȗ e ozTM Tv E o
A  BeA  RBpBA  TiA ȗ jAoA  ]oA E :  ( | ) LA JBT
(3). ( | ) woA 

: njB~A
. 9 |  RoM  oA nAj  i JBAkL gzA  ȫwA ozTA i  1
. YA } ]Ao  2
(10)   AoA  ȫwA JBTA nAj  ( n) nk~A oBM kd kzA  BTv  3
. 12  11 |  ɷ1401 
: BvA Be ȗ ozA nj
 e  SM   UBL]A  Swn   Uk{nE   MoM BvA  S k 
)  ~A w BTM TA   oA CoA B T{A TA BeA o  ϧl
. ( vA 
 wBvA  BT]A  kA { ȗ  BvA iFM BvA  S 
ȗ oiA JzA  BM wA kA  vA  SL   jB~TA
. Bov  BwBw B BTA o   JodA  vA TBe
  (1) Bd\E  BT]A A nE  Mo\TM o k ȫwA BA B BE  -
 ȯBqA kLM  jAkTA  ȯBvA gnFTA Bk{ nBe A i ȗ RFz
jBA  AkA i E kM AA ȫwA BBM S~     ȯBA
We   w ȗ wA [  tBE en ȗ Mo\TA SM   jB E kLA
 (2)ȫwA BA 籚T BLA j~A  Rq\ o] eoM eAnE ݪ 
ĿkA  ȴ oBA wA kA B   BUAjAkTA  wA d~A E kM
. BvA jB ȗ TMB  M  wA e 

: njB~A
(10)   AoA  ȫwA JBTA nAj  (n) nk~A oBM kd kzA  BTv  1
. 13 |  ɷ1401 
  AoA  ȫwA JBTA nAj  ( n) nk~A oɛBM kd kzA  BTvɗ   2
. 13 |  ɷ1401  (10)
: vA AkU Lw
L Ao U kA Y    dA  vA A A BU ȗ cUA k
AkU  E   B  oU MA BvA Bwn B ȗ wA BwoA
 oA TvA  oL E   ( |) wo nBLA j]A kM vA
 [TTv E B  Am  B BdA  BwoA kM    BM ȚLTA
oAj ȗ A ikU TA BA  ] i  kM vA  ( | ) woA
. M vTA  |B  mA   ȚA ZBTTwA
:  vA AkU  MoA BA
  BU L dM BUjB qT ( | ) A woA B TA kA A  1
(1). B A  A j] kTvU BT{B TA oA 
 AoA  T\ B{ oU  tnB Uj  TBwo B  ( | ) LA A  2
.B TA
AA jAkTBM  BoɄ B M  Ao~   m oTA  oɄ A  3
) LA tnB E kM AA m     wA  B\A M hA A
: TwnB ȦB\A AA  BvA B\U ( |
mA ȫwA BvA  \ We  Akk] ABzA z B\A BvBM EkL E  E
. BA A kk\A nA d
. (2). BLwAn  B\A nm]   WT\ E kM  J
(3). ( | ) A kBA B kM Bo AU A oTA   A  J
 A ( | ) woA   B : ȧBTA AvA BBE nBX BA m   
? A Am ȗ q] ȷ vA A B  kM BwoA  kA
BA o BoTv RBTeA YY w BBE B u B AvA Am  MB]
: ( | ) L ȧBwoA A  MBT

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  ( n ) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  1
. 15 |  ɷ 1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  2
. 16 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  3
. 16 |   ɷ1397
: A BTeA
nj wnBM ȖT   BLw B BwoA  kA LTv  ( | ) woA  E
jB~A  o BLTv oT   UBe oT B]U  A  kA jB ȗ
(1).
: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  ( n ) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  1
. 17 |  ɷ 1397
: ȯBXA BTeA
 jke  nzA B  BkA  A U M ( | ) kBA woA  E
 Bo AjAkA ȫwA T\A jAkA   Bwk Bj BMB BA  M  BU
U  oBzA  \  Fz k T\A Am E B  (1)BA Am LT Ben
KBA ȗ yU SB BG   nzA tBwA  BwBw B탰 wA L S{B k
(2). oL ke A YAnA B  oXA  A B dTU oBz  L RBBp 郰

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  ( n ) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  1
. 28 |  ɷ 1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM   2
28. |   ɷ1397
: WBXA BTeA
nBTh  BMB\A B UB kM BwoA  kA LTv  ( | ) LA  E  
BBwn AjAkA k  kA B ȗ j]  d{o B~h{ BU  BdLw A oFM
BA kM A   Mo\T wBvA BqA  oA ]oA  XTU BBi BjB 
dT Bƽ mA TvA d nAoTwBM BLoU   BkB BBM   A jB
(1). jBA RBvA
LɄ  B T mA BTeA pAoMA   RBTeA m bBA  kM  Am
jAkTA  ozLA oU  BL  AkB  Bp  ( | ) A woA nj  BwoA
.  X jkTA BMnB\U ȗ   BhnFU

: njB~A
 1  RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  1
. 63 |  ɷ1397
:  ( BɷA  LvA ) A BTeA zB
TA A E   kA LTv  oYU  BA  LvA m FM jBTA  
k   kA Ȫd mA zBM o~TA  njB kA B h w
. (1)AodA
: BTA JBLw ϧl   BA AA  B noL B  u jBTA Am 
LTv B\U BA  LvA BTeA E  i  kU SB B{A L A  1
E BM kTv BMA ^BoU  wA BwoA  dM  BwoA  kA
E ϧl  k mA  (2)B B\A nm]  B~TwA i    dB
. LA woA kM 汧A  A  kU B BvA RBwoA
 MBw hU E j (|) woA kM AoA ]A L  LU TA nBiA  2
: ȗ nBiA m XTU 
  A ]AU v kA o~ hU j eBvA oU AlA ( | ) woA A  E
 ȷ We   kA Bz oiE B\U BkB kM o~TA v - o 
 oBM BC Bow Bo~U A B KT v  jk~A AmM ^BLv ^B ϦU
ɗ ovA o~TA Amɷ  w oTv E   AoA  zA ni
ow qp A Bk oLA BkB BkM ozU ȷ  A BM U TA k~A d
wn E )) : k~A M A Bo BMBd E Te JAoA  BXBM  oTA
. ! (3) ((  S  ae (|)A
BAp ȗ yU AqU  SB TA  ( ȧBwoA [A k )  \U TA nBiA  J
 JoA oBw  yo E  nB~A  o]B A BvA tBwE  vA t 
(4). kA   E
BA ) M oA CoA v B mA BA j] \T FzU TA nBiA  Z
 BeBTA  AA o BvTwA cTA kM wE  oL jk A B   (
AoA ϧl Ɉ ȗ BwoA jk E  mA ohA Bv] kƽ mA oA dA
ȗ BA ϧl Bz oL o oU   (5) kBA Bn  eBvA i  oLA
  { Am   ( | ) LA B kM A ni kƽ B ȫwA T\A
(6). ( | ) BLA UBi   kBA  tnB kB E  h E
B ȗ BMB\A ikU ikT E j eBvA oT E Fz  oM MA A hA X
AlA   JBhA M o A dBM k nݧ BTeA nmM ϧl dA LTv
 (7) Ak Rk  ƪA oE B : B JoɃ e o A Ao k tBA B
BMB\U Tw A mîe o F 幖hA JB oT w mA AoA  Bi ϧl
 ȗ A ni nk B o FM A  Am  ohBM oiA n{ 
 \UoA BzM oM ME i (8)A jU E BBM B B   vA
(9). (( Bo{  A E o T oM ME M G )) : M  oL mA  RBB
dU   dA L ȗ ovU  nmTB ohA AmM o{ k v oM BMA E B
k Xke tBA  L ( | ) A wn A )) : B Be ϧl   RBvA
(10). (( Be MBdE E   ATT E Szh  B\BM
kL M kd  BL  kA kAn  E lA ȴkLA  Bdd ϧl  B AlA
 A L B E  BAnjG oLE   LvA ohM An{ oXE - ( | )A
oM ME oLU ke  B\BM k Xke E ȗ wnB mA oTA A RBLT
(11).

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  1
17. |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  ( n ) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  2
18. |  ɷ1397
. 232 |  o\ 11 w VAkeA  2 Z   oLA gnFU  3
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  4
20. - 19 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  5
20. - 19 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  6
. 20 - 19 |  ɷ1397
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnFU  7
. 74 |  5 Z   1988 
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A  e WdM  8
. 21 |  ɷ1397
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnBU  9
. 200 |  3 Z  1998 
ɷ1415  1   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME M  LA [ bo{  10
. 42 |  6 Z 
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  ( n) nk~A kzA kvA A e WdM  11
. 22 |  ɷ1397
:  ȯBXA BTeA zB
BMB\A B mhT   UB kM kA LTv ( | ) kBA woA h E  
A kBA B] ȗ nzA B tBwE  ݧ Mo\TA jB A \
kB w mA  ݧ XA \A Am .nB~A o]BA \  mA
(1). B i ȗ kA jB And   d
) LA  E ȖU  M  oA m oU  B{A L E BA e B 
X BM o{BL kM BwoA  kA jB Mn A \UA  oA Am [TA k ( |
(2). nzA B tBwE  nB~A o]BA  A B] ȗ
  kTA   k E  kM oA Am mhUA k (|) woA A  BoTɗA AlG
vM nk E 鼅Tv   B\UA Am  BTB  BMB\U U  A TM ϧl 
E ozTA BU  nzA B  TA  tnB  ( | ) LA E 
: BTA JBLwݧ ϧl  oA B
ɗ kv\TU  uU E LA  B Rq\A kɛ SBɟ  A m   1
nYFA WjBeA ȗ k\  BE  ( C   A  ) LA  nYFA WjBeA
(3). nzA B jkd ozU n E ( | ) 
 o]BA  mA A  A \A l ɗ kv\TU   uU E  2
E  A l ɗ k\  B   nzA B LTM A  M nB~A
(4). LA ϧl  T jkd RBwBA E c E B A \A
: B dTA ȗ B\UA Am kU  pqU hnFU VAkeE ] B G  Am
: vBM kA ȗ hzA o : A
nBTwA k   hTw ȯBXA hA  A hA BwnB TA oA A We
. A E MBd~A l ȗ nzA EkL kv\U k Akƽ (5)oA ϦT vA
)) : KT  k KT E BX oF  o A k A M RkT{A Be oM BME B
vA  ƪA A A wn i oM MA k B Am : eoA eoA A vM
JBhA M o  STwA k ȯB kM BE  A A keE ȯB  w
(6). (( AA   AwB
: B ? A wn i B SdLE  : B  M eoA kL  ik
k ( )  ]n STwA ȯTEn lA M B  ȯUjp k   B SdLE
(7). v BL    E n cLE

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA ɽA e WdM  1
. 27 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  2
. 28 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  3
. 29  28 |  ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  4
. 29  28 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  5
. 34 |  ɷ1397
|  2 Z  RoM   A nAj  J ME M kd  MA gnFU  6
. 127  126
|  2 Z  RoM   A nAj  J ME M kd  MA gnFU  7
. 127  126
: KU
M o   hA A nB nBTwA Am   hTwA Am  cA  
 o TA Am E   hA U e ɫ o Bɟ ɯE  nzA Bɯ
 c{oU jo\ lA  u  (( AA  AwA)) M oE Am   BA vA
(1). K~  AqG  M  LU E
Tw B ȗ o vA  i o e  E BE oiA  En o E 
nj E vA oBv \ E j vE TvA A TA oA E M  |Bh{E
(2). JBhTA ȗ Țe
 o B\TA TA hTwA o ȗ XTU  nzA B  A BA Ȯ Am 
(3). A hA Bw TA oA ȗ L  XTU  B
)) : hTwA tBA  K e B  ȯBXA hA  o E  ϧl A B 
ME   me ME  Bw : M SY A oA Am S\ ]n keE ȮnjE 
(4). (( n{ BT] B Be Bw B  bAo\A kL
ȧBwoA jAkA    B kME  nzA B  B\UA Am A \TA ȗ
^Ajkd ^B 񦪽  AB MBd~A A  ^AkM oXA   (|) woA L  |BhA
  nB~A  o]BA ] E  (|)  LA B kM VAkeA STLYE We 
B]AU E oA  B TA oLA BzA  oX  jkd RBU E Ϧ
(5). ( | ) LA kM BwoA  kA
Ao U SB TA   \A ϧl S]A TA RBdA  VAkeA  ] B 
 wAA eBvA m   LA Am  U E  SLXU  M ȧBwoA [A k
(6) nB~A  o]BA  BA jkA Am zU E dTv o~A oTA ϦU i
:
oT B keA E Te AvBM ( | ) LA AkTMA {BdT AB MBd~A G  1
 E o AB lG   (7) JA\A v Fv kA ZnBi  MAoA \ o
o B ϧl ]E    kM U  BB e  AvA  oTA K\ mA oTA
.  (8) B  B M k A B   B Fw ]n  BM ZoeA : oLA 
ȯB   B FvU  : o MA  B {  Fv o MA A B ]n B] 
(9).   B Fw   JBhA M o Sw
: B   : B ?  ȮTFw mA BE ȮMB : B Fv  K M ME ]n Fw 
(10).  Te Ȯ]F BE
Ake  h  BTp  BL  BL  BLe B BTLF  : A  o ȯBXA hA Eo
! JA B Bo Am  o : B  (11) BME B  BL
E   ȮU Bw E : B  (12) JA   Fw e A hA E e ȗ
. E u B A JBT ȗ S AlA ȮU nE
Te jkd dA RAn~U Ϧ   ( | ) wo oBA \A ϧl A  2
 Eo   RAoA RBë BwnB ( | ) LA B TA (13)kA BBA B\ ȗ
jBL BB  SA  ~A BXA Lw  B om TA   MBd~A  v
 zA  B kz ɗ BAjE  M  RAoA RBë BwnB k ( | ) LA B
B jBLA m n L no k\  AB MBd~A A  kL    ~A
ɛ Am   ~ɗ kM ~ɗ LA Bɗ MBT AAj B   Bjƽ ( | ) LA Aj
ZoiE k  SA  ȗ  RAoLTA jk ȗ ( | ) LA B kM M B hA
 oLTA ȗ Th tBA   ( | ) woA L : B E AoMA  ǰBdA
: oiC   BLw oL ( | ) A wn Sw :   ^]n vU BzU  pB\A
Te ϧl ȗ ATiB  BMnE oL A wn Sw :  oiC   Bvi oL Tw
B A wn JBdA  B]n A wnF Ak]  { o ȧ B  oM ME L
T   kM  Th tBA  ThU T A wn JBdE o{B A :
ȗ  E BF   T\U AoE AoB   tBA T\ oE  T\U
(14).gA ƪA oE B SEn B  : AB  ϧl
) LA }h{  BLB T ( | ) LA Be ȗ AB MBd~A E  k\ Am 
)  ȗ AAj B BA  Be o{BLA JBTwA noM oz    ( |
(15). ( |

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA ɽA e WdM  1
. 31 |  ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  2
. 31 |   ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  3
. 32 |  ɷ 1397
ɷ1410  (1)   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj   kw M kd  oLA RBLA  4
. 248 |  3 Z 
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  5
. 37  35 |  ɷ 1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM   6
. 42 |  ɷ 1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM   7
. 42 |   ɷ 1397
50 |  1 Z   RoM  oA nAj  ȫnAkA eoAkL M AkL  ȫnAkA w  8
.
56 |  1 Z  RoM   oA nAj  ȫnAkA eoAkL M AkL  ȫnAkA w  9
.
Z  RoM  A KTA nAj  nMBvA BdA  dd~A  nkTvA   10
. 514 |  2
.  31 - 27 : A  uL  11
. oA    12
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  13
. 46 |  ɷ1397
nAj  keE M jd  ȮA kA nkM  nBhLA cd bo{ ȗ nBA k  14
. 129|  4 Z  ɷ 1414  RoM  oA
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  15
. 49 |  ɷ1397
:  cd~A WBXA BTeA zB
LTv w  E BBM B mA keA oA   JA BTeA  
 (1) B Am   B i ȗ AodA  Mo\TA B   kA   BwoA
 }A o M  kM oA Ȧ   A  oXE ɗ  } k ( | ) LA E
  (2)  MoA Uoz nmE : BU  q We kA kM  AoL K~TA
.(nAkA Wke ) M LwBA mM ( | ) oA woA Wke  A
: oA Am ( | ) woA kBA αw kU TBTA TA A Am

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
. 64 |   ɷ1397
. nApA WdM ]Ao  2
: A A
BXU  BBwn AjAkG tnB B E  kU TA |~A  ( | ) LA  oUAU B
B  (1) wBvA  oA ]o ü Tv  MBd~A L BBi BkB
 kA  BwoA  A j] ( | ) UM ȴTU E   ( | ) LA 
) woA   wA BwoA Sv  ϧl   BwoA L Bz no A
. B o\   B o] B Lw mA woA  RBwoA  BkM ( |

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n)  nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
. 64 |  ɷ1397
: BXA A
  A kA  BwoA LTvM  }  kE  A k k ( | ) LA E
(1). BwBw  Bo kM A Bp
vT J~A   jBA  ȧBwoA jAk c{oA AA }hzA Am   
mA   ( vA  ) KB ME M Ȧ G BwBw  Bo BqU  kA LTv
kB\A  A vA   BwoA  kA B ȗ j]   ϧm d{n
woA Be ȗ j]  BA  BAkA  k ooA BeB oL BLw ȗ A
|o   RFU  Fz  o\e ȗ  cTɗ mA LMn B  ϧl  ( | )
(2). oiC BvA  oT  B hM ZBkA   BTA
| ) woA BwnB B TA   BA E  hA Ȧ  E oA Am  
: k] zM TBTA TA  E  K\  UBe ȗ (
 k wBM ~TU  : ȷ   dA   LTA   ozTA A : ^A
(3). Bk BozM BU BnBLTBM BM   o{
LU  (4)wBvA T\A  kBM ~TU  : ȷ   wBvA A : BBY
. BdA ȗ wA BeE
 B  UBe ȗ BwnB ( | ) woA B TA TA UB   e ȗ
FM  keE E BkA  kA oE Ȧ E pA] ( | ) woA MBd M no UB kM
gnFTA E  Am ! v E n] E   A oU  E q   B RBA
ϦA kL M kq M kA  qqA CoA q    ZlBA ϦTM Be ȫwA
Vn mA B M kq i ȗ ϧl B  \BM LA n     - (5)
. vBM LA  RmiE  kBM ME  ϦA

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A  kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
64. |  ɷ1397
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  2
65. |  ɷ1397
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  3
. 321 |  ɷ1412  3
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA dA B  4
. 321 |  ɷ1412  3
ɷ 1414  AoA  ȃoA ozA RAnz  BLBL M Ȧ M kd  ohA  5
. 134 |  
( | ) LA B : A o{ƪA
|~ RnB{E k F]B A oBM BdTA  ( | ) woA B YjBe U 
  (1) T A  S ϯG  : BU ɛ B ϧl A oA CoA ɗ nBL
k wn A kd B   : wA q    (2) kBhA  S BE  : 
. (3) ...MBA  TLA T E RB BE woA L  Si
jnA ȗ   v TnB  ]E Jo A RAnB{G ( | ) LA  BA jn k 
: k  vA YkdA  inƪA oXE BAn jkT
kM BE  Ȧ ȧ AwA tBA BE )) : AjA \e ȗ ( | ) woA B 
jE E { tBA BE ))  : ( | )    (4) (( AkME A AmM Am ȫB
BvA  jk Le A JBT  UoT  A JBT XA  nBU ȯE   K]F
Ȧ Ajo Te BoT  BE ȯFLE oLhA A G   TM E UoT   nA A
(5). (( B ȯhU  AoB  dA

: njB~A
. 30 : A  oqA  1
. 34 : A  BLA  2
. 144 : A  Ao C  3
ɷ1408  1   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  4
. 302 |  2 Z 
 ( gnBU kM )  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  5
 3 Z  RoM  A KTA nAj  nMBvA BdA  dd~A  nkTvA
. 148 |
AoM nw LU : ȯBXA o{ƪA
oYE ȗ ( | ) A wn wnE dA mM B B ]n BYY ȗ oM ME [e k
qEE A wnB : B   oM ME jB  ozA  AoM nw AoM oE   B
(1). Ȯ ]n E BE A Ȯ L      : B ? { ȗ

: njB~A
 ( gnBU kM )  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
 2 Z RoM  A KTA nAj  nMBvA BdA  dd~A  nkTvA
. 191 |
kp M BwA WM : WBXA o{ƪA
 oze y]  AA  kp M Bw k  AjA \e  ( | ) LA ]n Bk
) LA M B  y\A  ( BwE ) oFU ȗ   텗  nB~A  o]BA ]
BE )) : B k\vA UE Te d   Zoh Akk{ BL K   ( |
T k BwE oFU ȗ T ç  BwE oFU ȗ M  ȮTM B B tBA
(( BM h kM  MA G   nBBM Bh B G A A   L  BME oFU ȗ
(1).
: njB~A
  RoM  A  KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd   αA A gnFU  1
vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  ɓLA [ bo{  193 |  3 Z  1988  (3)
. 30 |  13 Z   ɷ1415  1   RoM  ȪA
: KU
B B   k\vA A ]oi   z]  BwA WM  ( | ) LA nAoA G
 o]BA  MBdE 鼪]  YXA BhA    tB   o  ȯB
AmE ... BwE WM AmE  ...  BwE WM AmE)) : (  ) Ȧ BA BXTwBM nB~A
. (( BwE WM
: Ȯ G ? oA Am Ȯ AlB
k\  kM hA K~T nBA  \A iA Bd B ( | ) LA G  1
T  Aj nBeBM oE k B ( | ) G  B~i  MnD A Lw ϧl kM keE
B ϧmM T  ]A  K E  ( o\ ) FM (|) LA n MBd~A M E o
~e mA    (1) L~U Y    L] A (  ) Ȧ BM ( | ) LA wn
 poA G )) : tBL MA B B E  T MBT  T  ( | ) LA A 
.(2)(( JBTA ϧl  KT E M  A wn M Be B poA
oL : B RAnBLTA ] e B\A  vA JoA BYn L kBU BA  3
. BLA gBz   E  c{oA w
)) : (  ) Ȧ B B  inƪA ϧl ǰo B  bAo\A M kL BME B ^ 
B uwƽ B lA ( | ) LB  (3) (( ϫ hz Ʒ   vA Vke ϯA
 Bo  LA { ȗ JoA  Znj B  ȧBwoA [A   BA kB
. BU  BdLw A  oFM  Ȧ K~TA E e

: njB~A
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  1
. 313  312 |  ɷ1412  3
nAj  nBhLA Mn loM M oA M AoMA M BwA M kd  nBhLA cd  2
ME MA  LA [ bo{   9 |  7 Z   22 |  1 Z   BL  A KTA
. 52 |  2Z  ɷ1415  1   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA
|   ɷ 1413  AoA  ȃoA ozA RAnz  LT MA  wBvA  BA  3
. 11
i ok : MAoA o{ƪA
A A   Ȧ  S  )) :  () Ȧ BA e ȗ ( | ) LA B k
.(1) (( AjB  jB   A 
B  tBA  () Ȧ B BM A (|) LA E ȗ oB WkdA j 
toU ȫwA T\A jB BUB  TA ~A BA  w A m
. wBvA B

: njB~A
 ( gnBU kM )  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
. 187 |
YY LvA : uBhA o{ƪA
) LA E   tBL MA   jo MA   ȯAoLA   zB  ȪkA ZoiE k
KeB v A MBvA    M { w A MBvB : YY LvA)) : B ( |
(1). (( KB ME M Ȧ kd A MBvA   u
BA B  u KeB Am   Ao M w    M { B B  Am
   (  ) v  w ȼ ol   Lw oM   (vA  ) ^B
. ( | ) LA

: njB~A
 ( gnBU kM)  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
. 192 |
noLA BG Ȧ : tjBvA o{ƪA
 o\A UB  noLA BA Ȧ )) : B ( | ) LA E  oMB]  BdA ZoiE k
(1)(( mi  mh o~   n~
.

: njB~A
 ( gnBU kM)  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
. 194 - 193 |
CoA  Ȧ : MBvA o{ƪA
Bow BL LE E { tBA BE )) : U o ȗ B ( | ) LA E  jn k
q Mn JBT  h ȯG A : A nm A A Sk k   M 
CoA  CoA  Ȧ Am : B  Bo Ȧ kM miE Y  TM E UoT   ]
(1) . (( B Si B BFwF Sh   dA Ȧ Ajo Te BoT  Ȧ 

: njB~A
( gnBU kM)  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
. 194 - 193 |
Ȧ BE : BXA o{ƪA
. (1)(( Ȧ BE )) : ( | ) LA 

: njB~A
( gnBU kM)  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
. 189 |
Ȧ  : wBTA o{ƪA
(1). (( BMBM Ȧ   A k BE )) : ( | ) LA 

: njB~A
( gnBU kM)  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  1
. 189 |
oLi  B ( | ) A wn A tBL MA  wn  A Ld Ȧ : o{BA o{ƪA
wn  A Ld   wn  A Kd  k  A cT ]n Ak AoA  )) :
. ((
 WkdA AmM ZnAhA o   [TeA k U MA E  nB{BM ok]  B  Am
E  :  BA gnFTA E   (  ) Ȧ ULY   ZnAh A Ke RLY k ϧl
L] L]) : BM E M  AqA oLi ȗ vA AjB mA MBd~A M
.o  oLA gnFU ȗ B(ȫwA y\A
BBi AjAkA (  ) B BA k B ( | ) LA E  oX kAzA SB AlG 
hU  (|) woA A  kAzB  kM  wA BwoA jB A
 (  ) Ȧ BA A Bwn wBvA  oA wA BwoA Bp jBwA   Am
(1) MoA Uoz nmA   nAkA Wke ȗ ϧl ] B ϧl   oX B U
LA |~A  RAoz   okA Wke   qA Wke   XA Wke  
(2). oiA

: njB~A
. 214 : A  AozA  1
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  2
. 69 |  ɷ1397
: hTwA  BLA : kA nAjA
An{ AkeA  h  G ^AoE oT B B ( | ) woA A  oiC j nAjB
: ϧl   jkdA nA B\U Te vBM 
: BLA
  BL BM mA B\A  keA  LA  ȗ ( | ) woA ] lG
  BL oz ȮYA AB k   Ao{ ɗo   wA  AmiF
(2) . ZnqhA  vU  tA  YY   (1)nB~A
: kA ȗ ( | ) woA KB 
: Bi B MB k kA  ( | ) woA hTwA
.  o oz VY ( A M kAp M u M o ) B hTwA k 
qM Ȯ SE )) :  B B   αLU A Kl e (  ) ^B BA hTwA  
. (( kM L  A A w  nB
(3) . nkM ȗ MBL BME hTwA  

: njB~A
 1    A nAj  ~ oB{  BB]n  ȫwA BA j w  1
. 36 - 35 |   1 Z   1993
 1    A nAj  ~ oB{  BB]n ȫwA BA j w  2
0  36 |   1993
 1    A nAj  ~ oB{  BB]n ȫwA BA j w  3
. 35 |   1993
LA RAnXA Zl : ^E
Ro TA eoA A  hA kM m nAjE kM A BUov ȗ ozLA Ro k
 BT]A A n   cd~A ȴA nBvA  AodA  TiA njAM B
cB~A oA A BnBvɫ k ɫ A ɯBvɯA S]BTeBɗ  BA  TwA
LA RAnXA  RALA Ro ϧm   BnBA  nA i ȗ Bnj BTw
BM T\A  BvA BM kTv  kBvA BT]A  BvA B nBA
.Bdd
ke T\ i  BTi tnBU ȷ   qA  oT ozLA  Ro E kL
jBvA o   ϦTA  ovA  uBTA   cB~A ȗ BTA  TwA EkM
Sa nA  A wnB  Bv BT]A Mo\TA  ϧl   BkA ϖw 
\   UBMB  LA M RBTA AE RpoL UBBA Sw  jAoA RAoLi
|o ϧl bBUE We   BT]A eBvA  A TiA RBTA Am 
wT  BE A ϧl KLvM T\A vA   A 雱BM ȉe  TwA
BUke ϧmM  ozLA B\A Rk  Tv  Tv A ȧBTBM  B 
.  (1) ] B B G BvA Be   : B BU A  k~   幽oA
  TwA AE ȗ o ))   oAA SdA k keAA A T\ B B 
 AodA noLU v oBz  AA m kv\U BT]A RB  Row
m  ȗ kM B  BMAqeA  B{ T\A qU Y  o oBwA  oA
 kk]  keA T\A ȮLU  cB~A Bo A ovA kU nY  oA
(2) . (( nA i ȗ ȯBMoA Bnj BTw B\A 꼴U  A  A tBwA

: njB~A
. 72 : A  JAqeA nw  1
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  2
. 156  155
: nBvA cd~U ȗ BLA KBwA
nA nBA  hA ȗ nj AjA  Tv dU ]E  BvA BM jB 
 eT MwA BLA mhUA ozLA ov jB  BA  TvA jBMBM
: BvA BL oTA A ȗ BM B iAkT
B B RAmA oU kTU MoU    oLA jB\A : A JwA
vA AL  UA{  Ao~T   A TvA  A ]A   wA
(1). BdB BnY BM

: njB~A
|    AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 160  159
oA jB\A : ȯBXA JwA
 RBjLA  BvA oodU   ɛAɫ  BA  TvA ApG ]A ɫ
M BLA WM  ȯBMoA eA M B] mA vA  kA  dA dU   TwA
  wA oe U TA  B~TwA bB  kdU  X BA   
BAj MBdFM T LA E We  K] A BL] BLA nY ȗ BTA BUB ovU
jB\A wnB G M  oLA A oA jB\A   oA A oLA jB\A 
.(1) JodA RBd ZoeE ȗ   BTA RBeBw h Bk Te  keA S ȗ
 AeA  BdM ~U E    dA nXA FM Ư tBwA Am 
 BMoA BwoA  LA E B  BvA Be ȗ RAjAkTA  BB  LA  eA
LA E We  BA  oTA  TwA  BT]A nXA  BdM ~U
 B\ BBMn AjAkA  BoU    nY Bwn XU   BMn oB XU
BA hA woA LA v E nXA m no oU   cB~A Bnj FTvU
. TwA oB  B\A  BA ȗ BAkE nX d 
\   E \    A ɽ Te dB~A ɽnXA kBA ȮLɽ  
(2). YnAA

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
160. - 159
159  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  2
. 160 
:  ~A BA Zl : ^BBY
 vA Td AoU  Bnm] M B\A  nY BLA nY SB B
E nXA { B Am . Aj  oBz  TwA nm]  T\ oA
w ȗ nXA oT A  wo kM B   kBA wo jBTA oA  jB
   BLA  dA M oA ZAE i ȗ ȷ  A oBM dT oA
oɼTA  B hTv ȯBMn kB ȗ LA nj kT E  kM B ϧl 
kBA woA BM B] TA Bwo BLTv   B~ LA B B B~ 
 B\A KwAn  ^Ao  w  oBz  o  j] M B BMBTwA
B ϧmM   (  ) ~A BA  ( | ) L hTvA ȯBMoA kBA Am  B
: BMn { RmhUA  gnFTA o   BMn oB BA
BLA nBTiA : A zA
LA h BeA  oX ȗ B k kBA LA Bwo MBTA LA {  
.  (1) Be A  BA BwoA BdM  wo o BLA woA
k A B]  dB B]   B J  dwA  BL   : BU B
(2).  ... RAohA  A BeA  BoFM

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  1
. 165
. 73 - 72 : A  BLA   2
汧A nBTiA : ȯBXA zA
kL M kd A wn mhUA k B mA zA  Am   L kM B汧A  
 oz ȮYA BE  BU A  oFM woA UBi ( C   A  ) A
A ȗ (  ) KB ME M Ȧ kM o{BLA   }   () SLA A A
(1) . vA  ݫ

: njB~A
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA   1
. 165
: 汧A ȗ MAoA Fv e cU
^BLB B AB hTwA ȗ BB A () woA BLA gnFU ȗ eA A
BE ȗ  TU  oBA m   ( ^BMAo ) BLv BBLUnA M LUo |Bh{
: BU  BdLw A B woA  oL jk BA ȗ SUA M  ( | ) kd LA
. (1) JBTA  LA BTnl ȗ B]  AoMA  Be BwnE k  
  BwoA KeB  AnkdA mA jAoA M  jB T B lA 汧A nBTiB
 BM MAoA ]E  oA Am u   TMoU nBA ȗ   ȗ A nA Ao
MoT vA nBA jB U BM MAoA ]E  M  VnAT BwBwA U jB
(2 ). ȯBMoA nkM B jAkA  汧A
  B BBG tB ϦB] ȯG B UB RBM Mn AoMA TMA lA   : BU B
(3).  BA k B  B Tnl

: njB~A
. 26 : A  kkdA  1
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA   2
. 167  166
. 124 : A  oLA nw  3
: 汧A oi ȼ  LA oi BA : An
Bw   jpA nw M A kL M K M K   LT M kL  ))
    A L  u G A wnB : B ( | ) A wn Fw G wnBA
o~B  ]o   w   A  Sv ? BLw  ϼ   BLw
?ohA Bw ϧB : AB vA  tB  B B  B :  Bw
 K   E Sh  Ȧ jo  {  ( | ) A wn SFw : 
BM lE :    k \  Bw jA : B oA ( | ) A wn  B
E : ȯBUE k   oE  ȮUF  {  ȮTFw : B A wn K   L 
  Lw C BY   C MnE B   L C MnE WM k ] q A
(( BLwA oi BLw  汧A oh ȼ E   LA oi B kM v mA
(1).

: njB~A
 124 |   1978  RoM  LA BdwA M kd  pBA  ovA  1
. 125
: nj wnB  Boe k ~A BA nj
햧A wnBA  odU E ( | ) A woA B kM ~A B nk k
m U We  ( | ) A woA Bi TA Mo\T BT]A wBvA jB
k   nBTiA  Th B{ B  KBTA  MBd~A  jk B hA
lA ]o 雱M B  oA AkM ȗ  BTeA  Mo\TA jB AA E ABe
 BLA  d BwA   BkB  B]kA BAq ( vA  ) Ȧ BA oLTA
BM lA)) : ^BA  B   (1 )(( o Ϧ Ȧ  )) : kk RAo o B Te
BA nkA Am qTA B Bow    (2)((vdA BME B  Sv  ȗ yE E
i  SAoT  TɼvA   B BA vA Rjo] We -  BA 
(3). BiA LTA
BqA ȗ LA qo  jBMA  oA    (  ) ĿA oT   
nXA dA kv\TA X nAoTwBM  A We  jBA UBv  wA
(4 ). TwA  AodA AE  AoA A   w

: njB~A
 197 |   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA kA Kdɫ  oA BoA  1
2 Z  ɷ 1414  RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj   Le M keE  keE kv
. 352 | 
. 442 |  7 Z  RoM  A KTA nAj   ȚLA  oLA vA  2
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  3
. 168  167
|  AoA  jB{nA nAp  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BdA j wA  4
. 68
: BA oTA
^B ThU BT]A AA B\U Bi o ] B tBA  B] E o nBA
 ϧl ȗ o{ ϦTU nBU ȷ   BdA wBvA pB\A o ]  ^BLv A
. wA RAjkdA   o{ B u oiE
: ǱLA kA ȗ oTA
ȗ oiDM A zM (|) woA j A]A mA jA BA ozA 
.kA 
: wA Bwo nBA Fz
k~ BUBB M YA yo SLFU BdLw keAA  kBM ( | ) woA o] Bk
 jnBA AmA KTA 鮪A AA T{ k SwnB Uj   (|) woA
. ȦB\A A T\A ȗ BoYFU 鮫 Uj BLeA ]A
: {oA nB ]oA nBA
tBwA  qUoU SB UBe  ϧl   BA dA o ]o Y  
G  ȦB\A T\A M ȗ hnFU  B L KUAoU   B\A qoA  oXA
CoA M k hnBTA A ϧl tBwA  Bvwƫ B  ȗ KBA vU
: BYA BA kL \U TA RAnoLA ȗ  oLA ȦA BdA oA
Ʒ  햮 o B A j  kL  ozA ^BA BU B
(1)  A k BB{

: njB~A
. 18 : A  u  1
: nBA αw
ȗ wA BwoA jBL E  yo  A T\A ȗ vA  B\A E k] 
 jBw A v T\  ȮYA T\A }B~i nBU  BiA  ABvA  kA
B  ]A dwA  Bw AkTMA  nBTMA A Ak  BnA  L  kL
jkT eB YA KBwA RmhUA k   BTe  wA kA  ( | ) woA
: ȗ B\
: ( | ) woA B\U nBA : A
kA ȗ ( | ) woA ]A ȗ Th KBwE  Bw ozA mhUA k 
: M XT LBwE SB  ]AA ϦU ȗ jBM Tv ȯkA  A
. ohvA   AqTwA - 1
 TBwn   ( | ) woA B\U A   LBwA M  oA CoA BYkd 
(1)  ToA  ]n  CoA Am q  : BvM 
kk] i Ȗ A q  Tq AlA L ]n  k  Ao mA B  
. (2)
  Ϧ A qE  AwA ȗ z  B텧A F woA Am B AB  
]n A LTU G BA B  B F ]  U E q A  E  Aom
. (3) Andv
 B\A  BA A B oA E  kA  CoA q E ozA En Am 
. ! oXA

: njB~A
. 31 : A  oiqA  1
. 7 : A  FLw  2
. 8  7 : A  BoA  3
BTA Bd  AmA  - 2
B]  Bw AoE B햯 k\U  ohvA  AqTwA A  YA E B 
BE RBAdA R BA E  o ȗ αzA BA   nB\eBM ( | ) LA ȫoM
 LBwA z AnjA A A [BT  A B    ABe BXL  ... Ȧ~  
BwnB L   A m AMk ( | ) LA T BdM BA  AkM Ao 
{B ȮM  K~  BLA M j 鼂   TM ȗ T  nAkA  AnvT
A oF  (1) oBA oi A  A o  o   ... mîe kM LBA
ME M Ȧ ƪA oE h   nA kA A o\BM ( |) wn BdLw
贮  nAkA AnvU e ( B ) BE ozA k\   B (  ) KBɄ
BwoA  ( | ) woA B\   LBi nBMjA Aɗ ( | ) LA xAoɗ  A
A  o]FTwA k kA ȗ BE   ȗ Am (  ) KB ME M kLA BM
kd BTA   kA A Zoh Mk   nkM o kM  ^Aow K M o E M
Fw  ( | ) woA BTA kA M B  B   j  Ȃ E  ( | )
( o ) B ... B T~M woA oLiE   o Jm ( o) B M B] mA B
q B   BvA oLi  M BUFU S BM Mm Bk  峦A wn ϯA k{A )) :
M BUA B E A  ȯA A  ... A  BE G od  oE Am   eA ϼ
dA jB{ k{ Y  BvA Am ȮBw   w ȯAk mA  kdB ... A A
(2). ((
yo oz  ... eA  BwoA  kA LU  o ȗ ( | ) woA oTwA 
KB\A Am Ȗ  MBdA  ( | ) wo T~i  T   ȗ oBw
jA  BE B B   oYFU \dU  失woA ]A jBM yo SBTwA
  A BjA   MBvA A  BvA  ] e jkT RB{A nBYG 
JA\  A nw ϧmM Sq ... boA   A JBdA   oA l 
. oz BBdA  kdTA  Ajn ( | ) LA   RB{A ϦU 

: njB~A
. 30 : A  BA  1
. 327 |  1 Z   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA   LA ovA  2
: AoA  kdTA - 3
 qoA  BA U E ( | ) woA  yo So k Ao LvBM BE 
M LT ) yo VL  ϧl o k     B oT E  dA  B\A
(1).  Akw B mA  ( Mn
ozA    AA KE M T] BM S] B )) :  ( | ) woA JA] B
E ȯoE   BMBT aȦ qE   wn A ȮXM A     ϦA   
M T] B Ȯ ALU B  Sd~  Mn RBwn TL Aom  AozM  A
 ȮM A d Te A o oLA aȦ joU G   oiA  BkA ȗ e 
(2). (( M

: njB~A
. 313 |  1 Z   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
. 316 |  1 Z   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  2
jB~TA nB~dA  BA - 4
{B\A BLTwA  B B   BLA M M B] B  ( | ) woA oLi ozTA B 
 oYFTA ȗ {oA kA Bd z   ( KB ME M o] ) jBM vA k
  kBT BMBT ALT E ȗ AoUE  ozA jB  yo B] T]A {B\A
AL  Bh  BL   dB  E  KA kL ȮM  {B ȮM
d ϧmM ALT  T A wn Av Te En M miFU   AkMA Bd 
(1).(617)XLA  Lw w od  ȗ LA ] ȗ B  v AkU
 ozA XLA  o{BA vA ȗ TA   w VY vA nB~e oTwA k 
oA ke AM Te   AA ( n ) \ki  KB ME  ( |) woA A E kM
. BA 

: njB~A
|  ɷ 1395  RoM  A KTA nAj  BɃn kd  A wn kdɫ  1
. 109  108
: BA d FU nA
B SE k nA FM oLiE   d~A oA  ( | ) wn BdLw A 馄A Y
( | ) woA oLiE k   BdLw A ol A B L     n]  B B
iE MA A )) : B   ( | ) LA M oLiA  yo A Kl mA KB BMA 
B Svd nA Td  w k A A   ȮMm     ȯoLiA k
Tq BjB iE MA B B  A ol  B B B ȚM  n]    B B
. TdTwA E TT A Tj BMlB B G   En w 
 ( | ) woA B B ȷ AlB BdTɗ d~A A AwnBɗ  BT~E k : AB
(1). (( wn  Av  kE ȗ v

: njB~A
|  ɷ 1395  RoM  A KTA nAj  BɃn kd  A wn kd  1
. 109
: BwoA e B\U nBA : ȯBXA
- A Bk ȗ  wA kA gnFT nBA   tnAkA TvU TA oAA 
Th   M BT]A RBÖA KE XU SB BA  ƪA B\A A
 zLdA  wnBA Ak]  oBz Soe k MoA U SB B RBA
 kA B]   vA oA  oA Ak MB\TwA BA SdU AB  ȫoA
. BM M kz |oA BLB   A ȗ iA
 TMA  JAmA ~ A JBTwA A   ƪA B\A m SoU k
. (|) A kB  BBj   Uk  AnAoA  BUBLY A ϧl jAp B dA
: A AoA
z   \   keE Mo AB )) : M ϦU TBe tBL MA ~ 
(1). ((  qE mA JoA k{  BvB] ǱTv E nk B Te

: njB~A
. 312 | 1 Z   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
: BXA AoA
  o{    wE k ]oBM w AlA ] MA B  )) :  Bz MA  
dL   Ϫe v ! Ϯ oi   ϼME j SoU :  B  AqiE   LE 
B B G   ϧB 񦴮  UnB\U ov :  B Ao]BU B G   ϽEn
(1) . (( M oA   Mo
]A  adU Bo BwB    B{  ȗ ƪA B\A BdTA B Am 
oq\A B ZnBi  M  nA BA Sz  e kM RkTA Bwn LTv
. MoA

: njB~A
. 312 | 1 Z   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  1
: nBLA ǱLA o~A ȗ nBA vU
A wA kA kdT S   ( | ) woA S]A TA nBA vU 
: ȷ BvA YY
B kM (|) wo Ak kTA k Be   A  : ozA - 1
cT ȗ ^Bo oiC wA ( nkM ) ȗ ] MF Bp T k  nBLA kA
(1) . Aw Bw MF 

: njB~A
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnFU  1
. ɷ 8 w VAkeA  1988 
: jA  2
kA   ( | ) woA  jA  E   A RB ȗ  cUA k
( | ) woA BTA Bd   ozA  BdTA  nkA  AkA  wA
 ]G Y   k Joe  RAq k h ( | ) woA oA B
. BTn BvUA kM ϧl  ( wA kA A ) JoA oq]
: BA
 BoAU   wA kA B kM nA kA ȗ BA oe  oB RpoM
]AjpA (1)y JmMmT LA ] B   ozLA  jBA  oA A oB
 YA kFM TA jBA BA d BpB   Tij ȗ oA Be wA Ao
. Tj  ȗ  vA ȯAo M Bd 
(2) Ʒ A   Ʒ A  ϧl M MmMm  : M oA CoA  k 
.
vA   hA  zhA Be  oLU ȷ ϧl A BBM BA oB 
oA qT  Bɗ  BoBɈ (3)vA oBv A  MBA oɃA B BTA
. jBA B  dB~  oLA

: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 353 |
. 143 : A  BvA  2
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  3
. 354 |
: BA oB  ( | ) woA BU
X  ϧl  U   A  BM BA ~U  ( | ) woA  
  ϧl ME  w M MA M A kL  BA tEn T oX o UB] Bk
odU oAj \e k  (1)v BT]A oB BA  BU ( | ) woA
 M  B    vA oU i  T\BM U  BA
.  ]AA Be B{BdT wA kA k BA
: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 355 |
: wA kA k LohTA BA [
 wA kA k Bw kkvU ]E  eBT o  qT BA B
kA nAowA  oTA ȗ oLE Bo ϧl d k vA  j] dM
.BA RBMoA kkvU M  (1) wA
: BTA BBM BA LUA mA [A kkdU   Am

: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( |)  woA j  1
. 357 |
XA qp   vA RB U kM KlBA WM  : RBBzA [oU  1
oA CoA BME k   (1) JodA BE ȗ B~i  ( | ) woA  wBM
 A Bk B o M ȗ mA  BA  lA  : BU M m TBe
ȯB~ )) :  w ME M A kL B keE o Ȗ  (2) Ano A wn
ȗ vA Be E  (3)(( Am A oE S ȯF A   AkA BE   kd
.   yo nB~TA  keE o

: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd   ( |)  woA j  1
. 357 |
. 12 : A  JAqeA  2
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  3
. 358 |
qT AB   j]A  wA Ap BA c k : RAoAƪA oMkU  2
wnA oA ȮL vA nB~e Ȗ  ( | ) woA  BwoBM k o 
  BUB TUB A v  BB AU  ATLYA E )) : SU Bwn  BA
]   oA ȮM  jA RB U Bd   ((  B]oi T]oiE G 
oAƪA m cT CoA A RB] k  oiE ]  Uo~M Ak   
T]oiE ç JBTA E  Ao mA Ai  AB mA A oU A  : (1)
. (2)  ]oh

: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 359 |
. 11 : A  ozdA  2
BTA jAnA STU A kU UBdɫ SBɟ lG : ovA A U  3
 JodA ȗ nBzA kM LA B  RBBkA B{A i   ϧl  v
(1). kTA BYE JBdvA G j E
n~M keE ȗ BkhTwA k AB TA KBwA u BA no αLU q Ȗ
   ( | ) LA ov wA  Aov BA BE k  AqoU oXE wE
nmT o  vA LXT BhA  RAooLTA RBBkA XL AmiE qoA ϧl
ȗ LLA AoX E ϧmM ABTwA  kA M ^An   ƪA M oiE   odBM
Bz MA nk k  Am  oA  hTA A RAozBM j B UBA 
(2). ]n BY  LM jk
: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 360 |
. 175  174 |  3 Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz MA  LA ovA  2
: ȫwA BA BL ȗ B BA  4
noM An{ k k]E ^Ake \TA AmM M   kA ȗ BA jk jAjpA Bk
 A AE  AFM  Ak\v ABF  ȫwA BA MB ɗ B BA
A ǰm Ak\v BM k A wnB )) : AB (|) woA A AB]   vA
) LA nmTB  (( oLBM B kU  Ȧ~U E Kd BA   oA A  ]BdA 
(1). αLU o q\T B  ( |

: njB~A
|  ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vdɫ  woA j  1
. 363
: ( BA Zl ) nBA  ( | ) LA wBw
BoX TA iAkA A \B ȗ SLUA e wBw RBdA gnFU ȗ o 
  k BA oB  dA BU ȗ ( | ) LA B\TA TB ɃnBA
. B A  A AkhTwA j Bw BU
: ȷ  T uwE  BA B\UA ( | ) woA wBw SB k  Am
ȗ BA oBɈ  ( | ) LA BU  : v / BT]A oBɈ BA nBLTA  1
wU M  BwBw B B  Be ϧl B ( v  BT]A) oB AkLA
w M MA M A kL BA   zA \B (BT]A  vA ) BwBM
(1) . vM v  vA ( | ) woA 鮫 lA oA AkM ȗ

: njB~A
|  ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vdɫ  woA j  1
. 364
[B Eq\ n~M ( BA oB ) oBA  ( | ) LA BU : oBA q\U  2
BA z  BT  E E  oiA A  Tv  nBLTBM q] 
. (1) BA B ȗ wBvA kM \TA Am miE E kM A \U  od
: njB~A
|  ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vdɫ  woA j  1
. 365
 zBM ϧl   BA oe RBAoU  nBYC  : ȫwA T\A ~dU  3
nj Co B k  Am  wA  kdU o  Bw    BA 
(1). vA k BA jB\A ȗ   UBh     zA ȗ oL

: njB~A
|  ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vdɫ  woA j  1
. 365
: BA  qA o  4
 BA oe z ( | ) woA BkhTwA TA wBvA  vA KBwA   
M  M nv\A 酛 oiE eB   v\A BiFM o{A eB  
(1) . B ~d T\A  o{BLA oYFU ϧmM 酚B T\A
: njB~A
|  ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vdɫ  woA j  1
. 365
BT]A oB  BA oe SdU Bk lA : BA k A BTwA  5
ZnBi BLUnA  nj pqU KBwFM wA k ]A TU   wBw oBA
ϦU KwB BM A BTwA  AkM ( | ) woA Bk k\  vA oAj
. AmC ȫwA T\A ȗ oYFU   ȷ mA TvA  oBA
tBA Aq LX  jA RM  SM ȗ T\ BA B αLU q Ȗ
BTBM αLU A ȫwA y\A ov o  oDT   oA B  h
( | ) LA oLhA M Bk   wA Bwo kTA AkA  jA B 
qB SLA ȗ nBA A{F MBdA  o ȗ A kL M dɄ SM A wnA
(1). oDTA

: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
. 368 |
: nAo k\v
SB TA   ( k\vA ) wA vwƪA  AmhT A  BE  BA Be 
 wA A  kA jB Aqo   v BwBw  Bo  BkB B
oYFTA ȗ BA  vU ]A  oA  BTBM Ak\v AL  BoDU B훱
MBdE A qE ( | ) woA E kM  i  vA   wA kA 
wBvA MBBM odA BLA j dA  ϧl  kA B k   kM
Bz  kd A dA LBwFM BE ( | ) woA BTwA   Ȯj nBBM A
( w M MA M A kL ) BA tEn R kM B~i Bnj BG  M  odA
B oB k  We   (1) BLBU wA A M jB   ] oU We
. MBvA ȗ B BX ke
: njB~A
 ɷ1410  BL  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  ( | ) woA j  1
369. - 368 |
: ( | ) A woA k ȗ jBT]A  wBvA RBB\UA
A Be AkM   wA BwoA ɫ A LdA gnFT tnAkA   LTTA A
 A z BAn k Th vn B\UA E k\ ( | ) woA o~ ȗ wA
kA A nBG iAj B Bz BB   A RAvA m wA Mo\TA AkM
BvA A B\UA M TiA Am jE k   ( | ) kBA woA BFzE TA
nk  o{ A wA A o{  o{BL ( | ) woA B K kB
ozA ~A BM  vA oXE KTv  kT E BTwB  d E Bke
. BA ȫwA nBA  nB F j] tnB E  nk  dA  oiA
B kLA m ( | ) LA Be ȗ wA A z BAn AmA BB\UA Am 
: (1)

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
. 74 |  ɷ1397
A vTA   dU   kBM kLTBM ƽ mA B\UA   : A B\UA
. BdA KA]  ȗ ȮkA }
B ȗ G kLTA  KT kBM BG A o  mA B\UA   : ȯBXA B\UA
wBwA  o~TA pA]  jBT]A BBM ƽ   RBLA  RAjBLA  |Bi
BdA RB\  BA ϧl o ȗ  cB~ B  ȮkA }A ȗ kTA  oTBM
(1).

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
. 74 |  ɷ1397
LkdA c : A o{ƪA
A oM ME BTwA Be E .. LkdA c~ TnB JBhA M o A We
A wnB )) :  B woA MB  ke o Km ... ϧl  MF En KB]
: B . M : B vBM BvE : B ... M : A wn B .. A woM SvE
. (( Am Bj  kA ȅ  : o B . M : B ... ozBM Av E
 wn  A kL BE )) : woA  B Bk A c~A  o nB SvU  
(1). (( Ȯ   oE BiE

: njB~A
 SA  A nAj  o\A ț{ keA . j  wA ɗ wBvA odA  1
. 239 |  2   ɷ 1403
BwA WM ȗ ( | ) LA oE Bh : ȯBXA o{ƪA
( | ) kTwA   o~A k\vA ȗ UA   oiC A B ( | ) LA B
E )) : ( | ) B Y  vA  k\vA ȗ oe  B]  o  oM BMA
? (( ( BwE ) y] AmU E oC
? oE  UoiFU  : B ! A wnB M : AB
!! Ak M jk] S]n Y  S]oi ȯG : oM MA B
! KoA Ϯ FwE E KeE  ȯ ZoiE  ȯG A wnB : o B 
(( (1). ( RAo VY Bno ) BwE y] AmE )) : ( | ) B
BwA y] ȗ JBmA k   ( | ) LA oE Bh ȮU AlB  Aw B jo  Am
? oA Bh ( | ) woA j]M  jBT]A  !! ?

: njB~A
nAj  nBhLA MnloM M oA M AoMA M BwA M kd  nBhLA cd  1
. 9 |  7 Z    BL  A KTA
! ? A JBT BLve : WBXA o{ƪA
ȗ AT E  M  BwE e  AhU k A E k] E kM ( | ) LA B
 M B  ((AkME kM AU  BMBT KT  T  AkM ȯTA)) : M BdTA
]o (( A JBT BLve o\ B ]nA )) : o B  BT  Aj  uT oe
(1).
) A wn i  B{E k ]An A BG   BG )) : AB   M AU 
 T mA kME : ( | ) B  ? T  AkM ϼUF E : M B BE B  ( |
! (( (2) A A  ]M oE 
E M   LA M Be k B mA E  YkdA  inƪA \ jB BA 
k E  tBL M oTA k v o E  (3). JBhA M o  JBTA KT
ȗ A wn jAnE k  )) : B Be ϧl   o ȗ Ȧ ol  A wn ak
(4). (( wA  e  BB{G ϧl  S wBM bo~ E o
 } E jAnE E  } B MB B\UA Am jBT]A AA  ] m 
nB~A  o]BA  RBB] M B\UA Am jAkTA A oz B ( | ) woA
 k ȗ jAnE B   i B T kA  kL E ( | ) woA Be mA
. LT E j ABe mA MBT
Ao~A  BTA k  M  B\UA   kT B Bke  AA m G 
(5). BM
: njB~A
ɷ1410  (1)   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  kw M kd  oLA RBLA  1
. 190 |  2 Z 
nAj  nBhLA MnloM M oA M AoMA M BwA M kd   nBhLA cd  2
BeA nAj  kw M kd  oLA RBLA   9 |  7 Z   BL  A KTA
. 190 |    2 Z  ɷ1410  (1)   RoM  VAoTA
  AoA  BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  3
. 316 |  ɷ1412  3
 ɷ1415  1   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{   4
. 21 |  12 Z
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  ( n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  5
. 77 |  ɷ1397
BdTBM ( | ) woA oE AXTA We : ( | ) woA oAA BXTA :  A o{ƪA
. BwE y\M
( | ) LA  KT AMo )) : BA  : 汧A  |odA :  ȯBXA o{ƪA
(1)(( .kM AU  BMBT

: njB~A
(3)   RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA A gnBU  1
. 236 |  2 Z  1988 
B nBG ȗ A dA m B\UA Am kv\U k  vA nB : WBXA o{ƪA
o A vA jBwG   (  ) Ȧ BA Bp eo k\U  vA A S\UA
.
 ) Ȧ BA BL kM A ABL  lG : (  ) Ȧ BA BLUE :  MAoA o{ƪA
. ~A B ^BXTA  B vA M  o{E Tw kM E  oM M ( vA
: kLTA B\UA JBE
: oM ME  AoE mA   B\UA Am JBE 
: o]BA  E
|BA ME M kw M kBi  1
wnBA Bw  2
nBA nl MA  3
jwA M jAkA  4
owB M nB  5
ȪwA koM  6
: nB~A  J
BTA M XA ME  1
e M BX  2
( UjBzA l ) SMBY M qi  3
K M ME  4
(1). nB~A JE ME  5
: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
. woL ZB\TeA  : ^  79 |  ɷ1397
: U
Bü{ B wA nk  ^AkM  wA wBvA BdA ȗ B\UA m B G
  eoA   ȗ ThU RBB\UA oU B{ oU Bwn   Ȗ  BL
KwAoA \e Kve tBA ȗ oYFTA  Th RB]nj mhTU  BwoA E  B ϧl
n ovB Am B Ŀ ]nj kk\A BwoA M nB~A k  k LvA
 kM B AnLU k . oBdA B A BwoA oe  AkTA mA B\UA m
jBT]A B\UA  zTA A ("" Ȧ zM ) Ȫw kLTA B\UA : Lm ü
vA BwA ȗ BjAkTA BnLT B k  vA A A ( MBd~A ) M Ȫw
B\UA m poM ȗ ozA   . ^AoL ^Anj B wBvA SL oX JBLwA
 UB kM UBe ȗ (|) woA MBd M SaU TA jBT]A q ȗ qoTU
- \TBM SA TA . oiA oA k tkA ǱLA }BM kLTA q BMBU
ooT MBd~A L  nA B\TwA A - RA xAo  \v woA o{BL
BLUA qTA B  oA ϧl ȗ TeBM  ^AjBT]A kBw ȮM w ȗ BwoA LTv
BM AYoT   ~ BA kB () Ȧ BBM (|) woA BB kLTA [A
. j q\U oiA AX A L jU  oA  jBM vA ȗ ~e
: jBT]A  zA e wBwE RBe
zA E Ȯ  pB\U Bd k   M kLU  M  }BM zA B\UA AqTA G
wnB AB A  kƽ zA gnFT  M v dv   jBT]A o
ȯBXA B oLA LA B S~e TA oTA ȗ B~i ozA ȗ jBT]A 
K]A jBT]A E : zA o ɷ 329 B vA  ( oTA kA E ) oz
n ȗ jBT]A   ozA }A  dA BLTwA  k   BB BM]
. qB] o Am B  Bh d~ E kT\A Ao Eo ozA }A
 ȯBXA B\UA E e ȗ  (1) A AmM jBT] wnB E o zA B\UA 
A vwE B Ak B M  jBT] oz o   ȫwA gnFTA jAkTA  
 bBTA ~e G   ( ɗBzA   BA  ȦLdA  ȖdA )  MnA KAmA
 MnA KAmA vwƫ p  Ak] oiFTA oA ȗ SB BB jBT]BM AjB
jBT]A A   AjBA ϦU  bBTA o mA  UAoT  UAk\TvM AB
. B{ BTBM wA BwoA L \v

: njB~A
 1   RoM  nBTA nAj  (n) nk~A kzA kvA  A e WdM  1
. 80  79 |  ɷ1397
]AoA  njB~A
( ǱLA dA oT )
oA CoA 
LA [ 
. 1974  RoM  \A nAj   oMB . j  wBvA RzA  wA  1
. ɷ 1406  RoM  oA nAj  BoA nA    UnBe ȗ wA  2
 nBA nAj  UE ME \ki . j  JodA  vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  3
.  1983  o~
 1973  RoM  oA nAj  ( n ) nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  BjB~TA  4
.
 nq\A kd M Ȧ vdA MA oYA M kA q  MBd~A o ȗ MBA kwE  5
. ɷ 1414  RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj
. RoM  A KTA nAj  ȯvA o\e M keE  MBd~A qU ȗ MBA  6
. ȫwA A   nk~A oBM kd kzA  BdA j wA  7
. RoM  BwoA vwƫ  j njBA kL  wBvA BBE  wA  8
1414    BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ wBvA BT]A  9
. ɷ
1412  RoM  oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  10
. ɷ
 2   SvɗA  ȫwA A KTɫ  jnBA  BvA BeA  11
. ɷ 1406
. RoM  BdA LT nAj  AoA ~ . j  ȯBvA B wA  12
. o~  A nAj  \A d . j  oBA wBvA A  13
. 1979  SLA C vwƫ  dA ȚU kd  nBA  BA A  14
. AoA  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  LT MA  wBvA  BA  15
. ( gnBU kM )  RoM  A KTA nAj  oX MA  BA  AkLA  16
1397  RoM  nBTA nAj  nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA  A ȗ WdM  17
. ɷ
.  1993  RoM  oA nAj  o~A  Bi M i gnFU - 18
 RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  19
. 1988
 4   o~  A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  20
.  1964
. RoM  B] vwƫ  ki M kd M eoA kL  ki MA gnFU  21
. ɷ 1404  AoA  ȫwA ozA vwƫ  L{ MA  A dU  22
. 1969  RoM   kp  BA gnFU  23
.  1970  SA  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  kMqA  toA ZBU  24
. RoM   A nAj  J ME M kd  MA gnFU  25
 SA  bA LT  p  ȅA kL Ȧ . j  MoA oA nU  26
. 1987
1973  RoM  bB\A nAj  BMA țwj AoMA . j  wBvA oA gnFU  27
.
 ȪA RAnz  B A kL . j  zA  wA  BA gnFU  28
. 395  RoM
MoA vwƪA  AoA MoTA nApM \  wA MoA nBdA gnFU  29
.  1980  RoM  RBwAnk
. ɷ 1398  jvA  AA nAj  AkdA cB  wA ȗ jB\A   30
MoA nAkA  d C kw kA w  A wo ovA RBodA - 31
.  1983  1   RoM  RBw
1  oBA  ȫwA o񖦧 ȪBA kA  ȯAA oMB]   CoA Be - 32
.ɷ 1417 
 SA  A nAj  o\A ț{ keA . j  wA ȗ wBvA odA  33
. ɷ 1403
 4   RoM  JBT BA ozA  AoA ~  . j  JoA nBe  34
. 1988
1406  SA  A nAj  i JBA kL . j  ȫwA ozTA i  35
.  1986 / ɷ
o񖦧 ȪBA kA  nB\A k\A kL  A eA M BvA ɗi - 36
. ɷ 1413  2   BoA  ȫwA
. ɷ 1410  RoM  BLA nAj  ǱwA vd  woA j  37
 gnFU kM ) o~ L  p  jBLA kdA kL . j  wA kA  38
. ( L
. RoM  A KTA nAj  oLA kA Kd  oA BoA  39
 jBA nAj  ȦBA ȮeoU ve kd  LA oA bo{ ȗ A kMqA - 40
. ɷ 1415  1   RoM
kM ) RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  Bz M ϦA kL  LA ovA  41
. ( gnFU
. o~  ȧMk LT  MBTA ovA kd  wA ȗ RAnBvA  42
. RoM  wA LTA  LdA BoM M Ȧ  LdA ovA  43
. ɷ 1406  RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  ~A ow  44
)  RoM  oA nAj  ȯBTv\vA W{A M Bw jAj MA  jAj ME w  45
. ( gnFU kM
. RoM  A KTA nAj  ȯdA  vA Lw  46
. 1952 oBA  A nAkA  tjBvA JBTA  wnE  wBvA  47
nAj ȫnAkA ȪTA AoM M A M eoA kL M A kL  ȫnAkA w  48
. RoM  oA
. 1978  RoM  LA BdwA M kd  pBA  ovA  49
. RoM  A KTA nAj  ȚLA  oLA vA  50
. RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  51
( gnBU kM )  o~  oBA LT  ȪXA o\e M keA  odA A~A  52
. ɷ 1414  RoM 幼A KTA nAj 
nAj  nBhLA Mn loM M oA M AoMA M BwA M kd  nBhLA cd  53
. gnFU kM  BL  RoM  A KTA
ɷ 1410  1   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  kw M kd  oLA RBLA  54
.
 RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  55
.  1988
 AoA     Ȧ BA vwƫ  oA BɃn kd gzA  BA kB - 56
. ɷ 1417
2   RoM  A nAj  ȯAkA ] eoAkL  BvwE wA kA - 57
. ɷ 1399 
.  1913  oBA  Mn kL MA  koA kA  58
. RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  tBA kw MA  oYA   59
. ozA  L T\ nAj  kA kA  60
. kk\A kA  61
nAj  keE M jd ȮA kA nkM  nBhLA cd bo{ ȗ nBA k  62
. ɷ 1414  RoM  oA
.  1987  (14)    o~  A LT  A keA  wA o\  63
 AoA    ɃoA ozA RAnz  BLɄBLɄ M Ȧ M kd  ohA - 64
. ɷ 1414
. ɷ 1415  ozA nAj  K kw  CoA  ȗ  65
. pM koA . j KoU  uUo . j  jA oA ȗ  66
. ɷ1401  AoA  ȫwA JBTA nAj  nk~A oBM kd kzA  BTv  67
.  1959  oBA  ~ bk o  ȯBoA BA  68
.  1988  RoM  oA nAj  SnAj   nBdA ~  69
KTA nAj  ȯ\A kd M BwA gzA  tBLTA q  BhA z  70
. A
. ɷ 1392  \A  BA L  pAozA A kL  BA JBT  71
kk] L )  ɷ 1408  1  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  BA  72
. ( d 
A KT  ȦBA kA B] M kdɫ A kzA  zɫkA A - 73
. ȫwA
(  kk] ) L  RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  n MA  JoA Bv  74
.  1995 
 汪A  KTA nAj  ȦA keE cB . j  JoA gnFU ȗ RAoBd  75
.  1981
ȪA kA  ( 4 ) YXA  jBdA k\A  ɛAoA ȪA \A \ɫ  76
.1980  țAoA
.  1995 RoM  BL LT  pAoA oM ME M kd  bBd~A nBTh  77
. AoA  ZAo L   u  A ȗ k\A  78
  oBA ȗ MoA A \  Bn  RBqA ve keA  wA \A  79
.  1972
. ɷ 1414  RoM  ȯBLA JBTA nAj  BL ] . j  ȖvA \A  80
.  1978  RoM   A nAj  kwE kd  dA ȗ wA ZB  81
.  1965  \A  JAjA L  ȦA jBA kL  BwBwA  Bd~  82
.  1992  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  woLA vdA M A BLA \  83
. ɷ 1390  RoM  T ve  BA zA k kA ]oA  84
.  1981  AoA  k{oA nAj  z nvoLA  BT]A  \  85
. ɷ 1413  1   XLA vwƫ  ȦdA dA  BA o~ThA  86
RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  Le M kd M keE  Le M keA kv  87
.ɷ 1414 
. RoM  A KTA nAj  nMBvA BdA  dd~A  nkTvA   88
  A nAj  ~ oB{ . j  BB]n  ȫwA BA j w  89
.  1993
. ɷ 1409 / RoM  BwoA vwƫ  kA ȚTA  BA q  90
. ɷ 1395  RoM  A KTA nAj  Bn kd  A wn kd  91
  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  BLBLA ve kd  CoA ovU ȗ AqA - 92
. ɷ 1417  1
1410  (28)     A k oz  ıhA wBA MA  dB~A ZB - 93
. ɷ
. RoM  o]BA nAj  keA Ȧ ve M Ȧ  woA KUB - 94
ɷ 1409  3   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kAA o M kd  pBA - 95
.
. ozA nAj  K kw  oA ȗ B - 96
 wA nAkA  BLBLA ve kd  wA ȗ dA wBvA o - 97
. ɷ 1402  1   RoM
1417    ȃoA ozA RAnz  cB~A dL . j  wA A  - 98
. ɷ
. RoM  oA nAj  MoA A kL kd .j  dA B - 99
 MoA nBA nAj  o~ nB kd  oBA wBvA TA RBo - 100
. oBA  ȫwA o񖦧 ȪBA kA RAnAkA
. jAkM B]  nkA qqA kL  wA A  101
 1987  SA B]  BLA nB kd . j  wA ȗ dA B   102
.
1411  1   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A   103
. ɷ
 AoA BXA nAj  kA u{ k kd  wA ȗ nAjA  dA B  104
. ɷ 1412
1403  RoM  nBTA nAj  {oA o{ oBM  wA ȗ wBvA BA  105
. ɷ
ȫwA A   nBLA kd . j   kA  dA ... wA B  106
. ɷ1404  Ao 
 jAkM  A ozA  LA o{  Ao{ jBe . j  wBvA A  107
.  1970
.  1994  jnA  ozLA nAj  UBLA ke o  ȫwA wBvA BA  108
1   RoM  wA nAkA  kL kd |~ L bo{  LA [ - 109
. ɷ 1412 
. \A  JAjA L  ozA o{ ȮA kL  BUk m  110
.  1981  RoM  RAk  U] TwB  JodA ȷ m   111
A ke kd  ( | ) wo wBvA BYA  112
. RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  ȦBA odA  zA Bw - 113
