vA e : ^E
RoE   vA  oX t ȗ LA KwAoA  (|) LA B Sz k
SdU lG  RBBvM (|) woA B kM ϧl ( kBw ȮM w ) B VAkeE
Swn We  m ovM SAU B oA  BLE B ]U ȗ VAkeA ϦU
.dA ϧl m wA kA ov  M  A A SC B ^BdA ^AnBv
kM  BYE ϧl 孼vA nE Bp hA (1) (BA) T E mkM MAo 
. vA VAkeA ȗ B\A ϦT L \T B M BX i
kM dA Fv  vA  qM  AkT nB~A T]A kBw ȮM w Ȗ
pB {oA  o k TU BM  e  ϧl E AEn We (|) LA
G A jB  dBM k E kM A nB  (|) LA FM A   dA 
BzA : B oX JBLw vA VAkeE ȗ oTz  mA () KB ME M Ȧ
G jB mA nB\A VAkeA nBU An nAo\A k  j  (|) woA q\U oFM
wBvA TA MBvU   nB\A VAkeA nBU B ϧl 髰  o S ȗ vA
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. (2) () KB ME M Ȧ G (|) LA k wBU
tBL MA M  M Ro] RAnBd k ȗ A Am ooLU Ti ȗ o U k
|) kd kM  񫱛 鮫B nkUE : tBL M B E : B TA   ( A oLe)
? (
! Ȯnk ƪA oE B njE E  G : S L]E E So : tBL MA B
񫱛   AohTA E  Ad\LT  hA  LA  A\ E Ao : o B
. S  SMBF Bv yo RnBTiB  ^Bd\M ^Bd\M
: B  SU KA Ȯ U   A ȗ ȧ lFU G  ƪA oE B : S
  S  SMBB Bv yo RnBTiA : ƪA oE B ϧ BE : S  U
jvd   jjo o BkM JA~A B B A nBTiA e Bv RnBTiA ^Bzo E
B AoBM ^BAE  A B  hA  LA B U E AME G : ϧ BE  
. (3)  BE LeF A qE B Ao FM ϧl :
oE E oE S B{E Ϯ ȮLU SB k ! tBL MA B A  RB : o B
. Ȯ Tq qT B
^BM ^Akve  () Ȧ BA  E   Bo BG : U ϯE ȮM : o B Y
 q ^Akve G {B ȮMB M A SME ! RB RB : o B ..  ^B
^AoU o   u]oA  A KlE  J ~UE ƪA oE B ^ :S
.(4) {B ȮM J  (|) A wn K B yA kvdBM
: njB~A

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. ( 227 : |  10 Z JoA Bv ) Bw MF
 6  RoM  nBTA nAj  kA u{ k kdɫ gzA  vdA nY  2
. 25|  ɷ 1401
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d kk] 1 RoM MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA gnBTA ȗ BA  4
219. 218| 2Z 1989ɷ 1408
vA VjAe B : BBY
 o]BA M nBv  (|) LA B kM kBw ȮM w ȗ ^BBT]A nB~A k
o nB~A B   oA U  Te M BdT  BT]A AmM A B
  kL ME  o  oM ME oe B   ZnqhA p ( jBL MA kw) BL
G BA B ȗ oA C Te nB~A   RAjBz  Aq ~e  o]BA
. v i oM M o BL
w ȗ nB~A BT]A   o]BA AowA FM oA ϧl inƪA  oX noL
. (1) un G ]BdBM (|) woA B k vA n{ G ]An kBw ȮM
vA LE X  o]BA  nB~A  ^Ao E ooLU Am  miƽ B 
  vA G k  ^B ^Bo E  ^  ϧl  vA  keE 籖  
 SB  (|) A wn C  {B M    BUAnAo BUAnBd ȗ oTz
 wA ȗ MBvA  A    A  UnBzTwA G kU uBA
ȗ Bz MA    vA JoA ȗ  MBw   TM E woA C 
woA SM  ]oiE   ^\ oM BME UE vA BT]BM  B o E :  Uow
M  ^AoɃBe () Ȧ BA B   B `oE G Bj   o oLh E j (|)
? ϧmM  ^AkeE oz    ^BE ne {B
oM ME i A " : e kM JBhA M o hA B AlB  ? TTA Am AlB
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: njB~A

1406  ȫwA A KT  kd M Ȧ  jnBA  BvA BeA  1
. 2|  ɷ
( gnFU kM ) RoM  ȪA vwƫ A nAj  oLA  αA  A gnFU  2
. ^BMBw }A [ohU U k   ɷ 11 B VAkeA  2Z  1 
(|) woA B kM vA BvA : ^BXBY
vA Fv Be MnA BvA G LA B kM vA vA A eBA 
BdA RBo\ ɗ oYƽ kT E BvA Am KT k  (|) woA ɗi 
: ȷ BvA m   oiFT j G wA wBvA
. jBL M kw wBoM nB~A  1
:  o]BA M  2
.  pBdA    bAo\A M kL ME   JBhA M o   oM ME  E
woA MBd M   KA kL M tBLA   () KB ME M Ȧ BA  J
. kA ȗ MBvA ǰl  (|)
. o  cT kM AwA mA A B]   Bw ME  Z
hnFTA hA o ȚLTA AA
TA oA k BG : B A  B A  ȚLTA AA ȗ  hA o A
. A oBM (|) A woA BdTA K (1) ȫwA T\A BM o
: hA o nLU RBE AoTwA i  ϧl o  

: njB~A

 jAkM  A nAkA  kd ȟp B . j  ȫwA MoA wBvA oA  1
. 168|   1971
nB~A : ^E
B\A B FTU SB mA voA oA keE    nB~A M njBM k
eU   ( kBw ȮM ) w ȗ BT]A k G  nA kA ȗ wA
L   (|) A wn  ȗU mA A u ȗ BT]A k AowBM UnjBL
k BMn BT]A L oA Am ȗ Ao FM  kA 鼼zTA  q\TA wAo BA
KB] G oiC oBhM SB] k oA m E  kU Ŀj B .  AkE
. (1) nB~A
kBw ȮM w ȗ nB~A  o]BA M nAj mA nAdA i  oA Am kFT
( kd Bw  BhTA RAnBd LA Fz ) A  kA oB : ]An
. 

: njB~A

 o~A \A LT  uoA kA B kd . j  wA wBvA RBoA  1
. 24  22|   1960  3  oBA
o]BA : ^BBY
M BnBw o  oM ME  A kBw ȮM w ȗ nB~A BT]A FL M Be 
k  RB~hzA nBL M  JB  ne G  kL MF  o]BA
kk B]  wA A  A o~ ȗ ^BwBwE B B~B MB~  BT]A
. BvA m Te nBYC kU  B  (1) e
oX B{E ȗ (|) L kM tBA TiA )) : M ϧl o{A vdA ME n k
B E    Tz \ wA E A TTzT BMAqeA BLT Bo AnB~ 
cTA MA ϧl kE  (2) (( BA ȗ TiA (|) L kM TiA  Vke
wA ȗ w aw B lG BA i A ȗ i A )) :  ɧM ȯBTwozA
.(3)(( Bp  ȗ BA  aw B X j kB 

: njB~A

o~ \A LT  uoA kA BɃ kd . j ɫwA wBvA RBoA  1
. 24  22 | 1960    : oBA
 o{A BwA M Ȧ vdA ME  ~A TiA wA RBɫ  2
2. 1 |  1Z  3 jBLvM qBT{ qAo ozA nAj
 1981  1  RoM  BX oB vwƫ ȯBTwozA cTA ME  dA A  3
. 6 | 
{B M  Ȧ BA : ^BXBY
BT]A S AB   o]BA  (|) LA MBd  B] A pBdA k 
B BM BL oɓ  j  U  vɓ  (|) LA q\U ȗ z vA
LA k j]A keE B oM BME E : ǰo gnFTA E Te  vA ȗ ~d
(1) nB~A BT]BM oLiE   Bj   B] k ^Ao E o  RA pB   (|)
LA nBTeA e ^BLB B oM BMA A oiA An ȗ  kBw ȮM w G BLm 
nB~BM bAo\A M kL MA JBhA M o  dTB BA YY kM B] Y (|)
(2) vA ȗ T\A

: njB~A

gnBU kM  A nAj RoM  BL  oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. 2Z ɷ 11 B VAkeA
gnBU kM 1 A nAj  RoM  BL  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A  2
. 233 : |  2 Z
E M  Bw ME : ^BMAn
woA BM  B  (|) woA oE  BM  RBk~A \ Bw ME B
E  nk B B  B kL ȮM ke nB{ n  i cLE oM BME E  (|)
. (1) oM M nBA E  {B ȮM  ^B
kL C B  kA A BÖ  ]B\ n ȯG ))... : Bw ME B nBA Am ȗ 
Am BM B ? tBLA  Ȧ lA E ? BTvA E ! nE  oM ME  B
Bݫ S{ ç A   BME k vMA : Ȧ  B Y ? yo  e E ȗ oA
RjnE B ϯA A   B A A   ( vA  ) Ȧ MF . ^]n ^i 
(2) (( Td~M B ]Be   ^Ao{ w SM BB A ϯA  TA A AmM
ȗ B  k  ao{ F  BG   k k Bw BME A )) : B oM BME  ^Ao G 
(3) ((  ȃo oT  RBk~A   k
: njB~A

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. 176|  gnFU kM
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. 237 |  2 Z  oLA ϧm 
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: vA M G RjE TA VAkeA
: BTA BBM BkkdU VAkeA m nB~TiA 񪽰
. (1) BwA WLM BdTA  MBd~A M oiFU  hU  1
. kM TA U  Te TMBT  pE mA JBTA  (|) LA 鮫  2
RB mA o (|) LBM kT{A B )) ɗ  (|) LA k MBd~A M TiA k
wn A : o B  kM AU  BMBT  KTA tBo AkM ȯTA : B 
Ȯ A : (|) LA B  A oX . A JBT BLve  ]A L k (|) A
(2) ? ! ((pBTA k ȒL
Ȧ  e Lv BUA  k oL S ȗ vA G o]BA M AowG  3
. (3)inƪA  keA o ϧl G nB{E k   (|) woA kM dA
We  (|) woA Be ȗ MBd~A M k RAmA hU   jBT]A boA  4
 woA B K ~e mA AoA kM  kT\ MBd~A M B\TwA G BjE
woBM k~U SB boA m X A lG  ȫwA T\A BwoA LTv ooTM
鮪 kw BBA   RAnAo  RAjBT]A üM Ro\A k MB ȗ BE yU kUoT
wBA oiC (|) woA   kBw ȮM w  SdU Lh  mA Bok 
. o ȗ ^BiBw j q   ozA
o{   (|) woA en JB~M {BA  () Ȧ BA BzA  5
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? !! BwoA LTv B\U v Bov A L e k  . TBLA ovA mM 
. 
kB k kM B AoU TA vA k~A   B zM vA    6
vTv kM B   vA ȗ ~d B YoT o m ] (|) A
B   oM M TM  MBd~A M G kM AA oA dM cLE 郱
We  B SB TA oBM  LA oE ȚU ȗ oL oYE ȦLA oBzA Vn
. MoA BT]A BdA ȗ ^BF oA ϧl B

: njB~A

30|   1988  AoA  dA SM nkA qqA kL . j  wA A  1
.
 1  BX oB vwƫ : RoM  BL  ȯBTwozA cTA MA  dA A  2
. 6 |  1981
 1988  dA SM  jAkM  AoA  nkA qqA kL  wA A ]An  3
. 30 |
: ! (1) ( (|) kd Bw )  BhTA RAnBd  LA Fz
: njB~A

wBvA BA  243 : |  2 Z  oLA gnBU oA  JBhA M o A  1
. 25 : |  1 Z 
nB~A : ^E
A wn G :  AB  jBL M kw G nB~A M T]A (|) woA L B
   ȃo ȫ tBA wA E 鼅TwA  ȯG : u M B  L k (|)
. wF ȧ Ȯ U
woA  wA o~ ȗ nj   B B  nB~A  e   kM 
k E : ^B] MB]F  M E  tBA eE B oA AmM kE Akz :B (|)
Bn ƪA cB~  鮚 SF  oA Am TU SEn B k  EoA ȗ S
.(1)

: njB~A

 1     ɃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LTɛ MA  wBvA  BA  1
. 22  21|  ɷ 1413
o oM MA : o]BA ^BBY
BX] jAkA ȗ z    o {B ȮM  (|) LA SM ȗ oM MA B
. BA ZoiA E : o  wnF  k (|) woA
k G : oM M  wn o jo  A z ȯG : o wo oM ME B
BME B  kBw ȮM w G ov B]oh  (1) ne  ϧ akM oE Vke
 A EkL E o jAnF  (2) kBw ȮM w Aij Te AB  bAo\A M kL
.BTA TLi Kh A Tv Ϧwn  : o B  oM ME kzT
: njB~A

 o~  A LT  L{ keE . j  ȫwA oTA ȗ jB~TA  wBvA  1
. 98|
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. 208
: vA ȗ oM ME Li
A miF  wA G Bk  dA j  kBM (|) ^Akd WM BY ] A A "
 tBA  ^BwG tBA E o]BA oz B A Bj B G BM  BAM BU
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ȗ BBo{   A JBT ȗ BAiG TE   (|) A wn Anp  kA ȗ BAnp
Am  aE tBA eE TE  ... (1) Ao  Aow   B B  ]q A j
A BU A Bw oi  AiG AkvdU  E kME  kE  TiA oA
...
: kL ME E o BL nB~A oM ME j
  !! oA Am   SɃn k B   o E kL ME G jA BG  ...
oM BMA B ϛ  E tBA  ke ȒLB : kL ME  o B  E  B
. (2)" ... YA ȯBY  nBA KeB SE
: njB~A

 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  1
. 23|  ɷ 1413
 ɷ 1413  1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  2
23|
: o]BA keE oFU B\U nB~A 
: ^B jBL M kw nB~A p oM ME   K
  kdA  oM BME B S B BG   A A Bw oi  kvd B A "
  E   nE    o]BA E   BA KeE BU A i  keE  
     B u  oA Am  K E nmd   A kM B z B
AlB  nB~A  oiC BoTiA Ϧ AlA E  Bn  BBM  ^]n A T]
E ȗ k E nk]E ϧl B 幫A m SM B ^AkME o]BA  oiC BoTiA Ϧ
. (1)^BM LT BM  E  (|) kd
: njB~A

 ɷ 1413  1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
. 24  23 |
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o]BA KB om jB Y    yo jBL vU  (|) woA  oL
o]BA A }h " : B Y  o]BA Bh    ȗ kzA ^BkhTv
  oL~A    BwAA   M BA   k~TM   A ȃn  A
    BT]A  M tBA AnpA  LmU  lA    kzA
BE    (|) wn  BU BM C  E   nA ȗ A kL  E
nB~A KB om jB Y  B G  pB  kM  oBM tBA eE  Uoz
j ȂU   nzM j RBT   AnpA TE   AoɫA d : Bɗ 
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ü ȗ tBA BB  kE  AA : nB~A oz B " : Bɗ  JBLdA Bɗ
qA E TE  En  G tBA nk~    i  o\ o\    
AThU   ~U B tBA o BG  Mo\TA A k\A jkA E 帰oXA
o\A SB A   o~A  AA E TE  nE 酚U  En  kv 
A   L  BA  nAkA JBdE TE   B X A MBvA ȗ   
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. 25|  ɷ 1413
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E JoA o  A  G  keA k ȗ Bw T\  RB " : B  o B
LA SB  G oA Am ȧU E ȒL JoA    o  BL  oU
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: njB~A

 ɷ 1413  1 ɃoA ozA RAnBzTɯA  ɛ  AoA  nkA LTɛ MA  1
. 25|
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M JBLdA B ȫA A  kzA Ϧv o  oM ME L  nAdA mhUA E kL
MBdE  Am B AvU    kA  AA : nB~A oz B " : B nmA
AU   jM  ]F TFw B  AME B  oA Am  L~M ALm
oA Am Aj B  o oM ME E   oA AmM E A  TF   oA Am
G E B keE Ȧ jo  A   m] Bk A BE  BBwFM  k  B
. (1) " vBM E Se
: njB~A


 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
. 25|  ɷ 1413
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 E AU   C  o~  E TE : nB~A oz B " : B kL ME B
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.
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keE ȗ  cB ȯG " :  nB~  B   YE  BU A kd  oM ME B
" : o B  " B T{  ABL  o E  bAo\A M kL ME : ]oA m
wo Ld BkE   oA AmM BeE SE  BoE M SE  ϧl  E A lB
  Ti   YA ȯBY   o]BA E SE   BA ȗ B E (|)  A
 ϼ oA Am T  ϫkT E ȒL Al   wA BnE E ~A  ~A
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A  T B BU JnBU  BMB  Bo AoA m X A : KU
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oM MA B LB] A u] A  }U B oM MA ~ BdA RBAoA A ...
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nk~A ȷ zB kvA A A BBM Am . ϧl pA\M qT ^AkeE A   keA
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 ɷ 1413  1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  1
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? S B G oA B B Ϛ  kw M ozM B :nmA
(1) ? nBA   jBL M kw E  Ϫ MA Rkve

: njB~A

 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
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M JBLdA B Y    (1) "BL AB  oM BME ABL A  ^AkME B ^BL~ 
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: LA   ZnqhA p  jBL M kw hU
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. ^Akw Å AjB Te ^B] tBA BL  " qq o ^Bi  LT o
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: njB~A

 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
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. 24
hA : oM ME
A wn kM v i oM ME M SU VAkeA BA mM   Am 
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: vA ZnBi LA
M o BM E kL  ( BA LA ) M vA ZnBi SU TA LA  cA
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k Ak k  L aG keFM o  ))  oM ME Ld~M kL ME  o
. ? ! (1) (( ME E ϧl B{ BL oM ME k  Bdv
: UA dA  ( kBw ȮM w ) ZnBi LA SU k 

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Z  ɷ 1415  RBL ȪA vwƫ  RoM  BL  LA [ bo{  1
. 219 |  2
k\vA ȗ  1
AA M oMqA    KB ME M Ȧ G  nB~A M SU B  {B M T]A
kL  kw G op M ST]A   B M BX G E M ST]A  ... 
LE B  T\  ǱLA k\vA  ozA k\vA ȗ AB   M eoA
T\ AnE ȧB : o  B  kL ME    tBA BM k   oM ME 
  B M BX B  nB~A BM  TBM k  oM BME ABL A  T{ ^Be
op ȮM  B    M eoA kL  kw B   BL E ȮM  
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: njB~A

 1Z  1413  1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  wBvA  BA  1
kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU   28|
. ɷ 11 B VAkeA  2Z  gnFU
: AA M oMqA AoG  2
o  B o]BA  B]n  oMqA  d   " Ȧ q " JBhA M o UE
BL Te ^Bw kE  : oMqA B   LA G ]ohT E  oe A  : 
  nAk\A M Jo w miF  (1) o\dA M AMoA  w Ami : o B  Ȧ
. (2) BL M AA

: njB~A

 A KTA nAj : RoM  BL  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. 223|  2Z  gnBU kM
 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  2
. 28|  1Z  ɷ 1413
: LA  () Ȧ BA BTA  3
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ȧ LBM E SE  BME   oA AmM eE BE : B  oM BME BM :  
B miFU   (|) LA  MAoBM  T\\TeA   nB~A  oA Am UmiE
... ? ^BL~ SLA E
... nB~A  M T\\TeA B XM  [TeA BE 
... BLU Te ^BoT Sv ϯG : o B
. (1) " BME    ϧ LE  o B A  : vA  Ȧ BA B
oM ME M  () Ȧ BTA e   Ti BE ȗ  JBhA M o kE k 
. (2) (( nB~A B ShU   B SM ȗ B AhU oMqA  ^B G  )) : B
 eE FM  ]B\TeA   oM ME BL  () Ȧ BA BTA SLX ϧmM 
. oA AmM

: njB~A

 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
. 29|  1Z  ɷ 1413
 1  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  RoM  BL  oYE MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  2
. 11|  2Z  ɷ 1418
: oM M () Ȧ BA M SB 
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:B  KdBM Bk  A]oh E AMF  Ȧ nAj ȗ   AjB B\  o A
B G }e BMA B :   B   Boe E ]ohT kM o u mA
?B
E    ZoiE  E Se : B E p B  ^B aG ABL A]oh G  : B
 : SB  BMBM  ( vA B) B S  CoA ]E Te ȚUB  MY
T텛  BkE M pB] (|) A wn ToU   od EwE Aoe M ȧ k
  Ȧ nAj G TB]  o UE B vA B AoqA B E  ...M oE
MA  kM B AlB A wn B SME B : BU FM RjB " UAE Sw
o ȚM ...  BM Ao~A BBM  BU A w B  Bd ME MA  JBhA
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?  E
wn BiE  A kL TU ^AlA : B  Ϛ Jo  A A  mA A ^AlA : AB
B  T  SBw oM ME    wn iE BE    A kL BE : o B 
? oFM  oFU A : o
(|) A wn oLM Ȧ d  L] G B SB B {  oE  : B
. " (2) ȮT AjB  ȯTwA A G E MB :B
BM   (3) o{E Tw kM aG BL  vA  B BA E : ^BE gnFTA ȗ B] 
. {B M 

: njB~A

ɷ 1413  1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  1
. 30|  1Z 
. 31|  1Z  MBvA nk~A  wBvA  BA  2
 2Z  ɷ 1418  1  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYE MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  3
kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU   10|
.\ohU Lw k mA  11 B VAkeA  2Z  gnBU
: JBhA M o i
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. JBhA M o kA  vM  BX F   ȪE k oM ME B
LT B E   ^E B S ϪwA SLT  : (1) BX B oM MA BA B 
  z   M ȃn  oM ME kM  JBhA M o hBM kA  BX
Lɓ ) :        RA pB B hA E Be ȗ ϧl KT
TA (|) LA K Be Al   o  ϧl B B  ( o\ )  : E  ( ]A
. ^AkME kM  U  M SvU G B ^BMBT T KT AkA 
A wn i iB M AjB  v i JBhA M o ϧl kM nB Y
vdTwB  ƪA oE B :  B   L{ M oA B\  ϧmM o   (|)
vE AL lG  wBLA  A TkA α ϧl  o\  M K 劖A Am
?!! ƪA AoBM
: AB tBA BM Bk  M v w  KA khTwA mA  o E M " :  
aS AlB oX Am A : o B  w  C   A  A wn i iB
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. (2)
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nBA M oA lB ϦA   hA oɓ  oɫA   BUj oLA BBɫ
   oAA nk~ oBɗ . (3) nBA T  oɫA  AoɫE \A nBɫA
( ϧl tBwA  ) ...h dU  RBe ȷ  nAjA o  nAjA ozTBM
B k~A o  jAvA vU 鮫   M ƪA G AA j o E
E Ȯ B  (cAoTA  o{  TA 鮫) ... q\A  ^kM KU nB~ 
A Bd SeE  Bw AM A SE ozU RBe v c k ]oA
. (4) " kk]
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. ^B  ^BUBLYA RBozTA
k o~U  tnB  AoA cT kM SvUA k wA kA n E  ^B~i
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. () ~A BA RBB~TiA  BG  UBB~TiA  akU  Be E
mA ɄvA  AoA  BhA RBe  Eq\T  Aq] SvA ^ ȷ G 
. eA jA ȗ wA kA Ae
Ȧ BA K j~ nBTwA ( ƪA oA ) KM hA K AkLTwA  k
 ƪA oA Ȫw : () jB~A BA  S~A M BMA   M o }TiA mA
  BA A ϧl  d ov \ B텧A : oA  A oɫ ɫ  BA
. ^BBA tBA A  ƪA oA Ȫw BA tBL MA B  ATwA Uo  AnBTA
(5 )
: njB~A

gnFU   ɷ 13 B VAkeA  αA  A gnFU  nk~A  }A [ohU Lw  1
 KɷmA Zoɫ   161|   1988  RoM  \A nAj  ɄvA  BhA
B  320|  2Z  ɷ 1411  ( 1 )   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  jvA
. BkM
 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  2
.  209  208|  2Z  gnBU kM
 4 Z 1415 kk]   MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  n MA  JoA Bv ]Ao  3
. 26 : |  1 Z wA \A  31 : |
 v Bn . j  A kA w Te wA B m wBvA MqdA  4
. 59|   1992  ɷ 1412  zj
 2  AA nAj  RoM  BL  J{C o{ MA  KB MA C KB  5
. 67 : |  3 Z  ɷ 1412
: JBhA M o BTA
  L{ M oA A KT Te kA ij ȗ BBLvA  Lv lF  o B
ik E lFTv   B ]  ( ƧƧ ME  )  k ^B  om A 
E  lF  nB\ xB jAke G  tB B B oX ^BE k G :  kA
 ~ E o k k   ozA ȗ nj B oA  Jo  kA G wo
? coBM dU ^en
B  B  BM tBA VkdT ^en ϧ a U ϯA :  B  o Bj B 
  wEn l o\i  T{A ƧƧ BME G Y  ^BC kLA ȯkE : MBd o
. (1) RB VY   A u ȗ o
 An  BM n L{ M oA E :  wBvA oA e ȗ  Bo{E k 
eoA kL U  o T kM SYke oiE Ao G Bo AlA ^B~i m BTA
Ro] TA nBdA G   v i BX wAkvA nzA i   M
. (2) EoA Am pqU  wBvA oA ȗ B Lw   MA eoA kL oA M

: njB~A

. 156|   1988 RoM  \A nAj  ȄvA  BhA gnFU  1
oA  wBvA oA ) B M BX M  nzA  ȗ ϧl ]Ao  2
.. ( MAoA
: B M BX i
E Ti SB   vA nA ȗ h  JBhTA Bo  T i o 郰
   M eoA kL   mA oA d]oU  |Bh{A Tw ȗ oA ]
. keE A Te  BE YY  nBzTA BpB\T  ^k jke k
M BX   M eoA kL BM  wBvA oA ]An  kk{ RAk kM 
MBvA l  vA Ao kE k KB ME M Ȧ )) BE  o kM i B
yo  AoTwnA owA RkE e ȗ  jwA M jAkA  owB M nB X 
 qh M E k  B M BX   M eoA kL wEn     
o k  M eoA kL E eAo M Ȧ E  ǱA c{o kFU
Te E M BvU G B vA B ϧmM  .. {B ȮM ȗ oTvU  Te  hA
RnBw  Am B  k  .. Aj zM UowA ȗ BBMA  A  BM AvU
nBTiBM U   M eoA kL nBTiA JBLwE nzA RBBT]A iAj nA
We  AoTwnA G JoE  MA B k   BX E Ȧ : YA  keA
. (1) (( MAoA  ȚLA BTA oXA
: njB~A

. 158  64|  ɷ 1412  zj Bnw  v Bn . j  wBvA MqdA  1
: B M BX wBw
kL ozM  hzA ow  (|) LA w  ov E  hA BX U
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^BBTvM  AoA  jAvA cLE Te vA nE Bp vU  S 誽  E kM
oA ui nB   ǱA |BA M kw A  A ϧmM bo B  yo
BɛA AoE   A vE    ME C G  dA M Ao G 
K  wBvA m    A  wA A BTwA ȗ KLvU B . wA
LB G K\Tv   A BA bG   A Ʒ oU hA  X
(1). q ȗ T Y    nB~A nY G jE B 
: njB~A

 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
.BkM B  263 |  29  23 RAvA VAkeA  3 Z  gnBU kM
: BX  BA nY
kA ȗ Bo  A  o~  wA kA BE  MBTA  MBd~A T]A
AkvE  A mA U q e oX RAk WBXA hA M  M Ro] 
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^BAn owB M nB ij Bk M  nAXA KB MB\TwA hA MF  BA SM
. od ȗ E  Jo hA G KBA ϦU
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.(1) T Y 
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: B We  BjBME ȗ A q]A nBLA mM
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. (2) " .. ^Ao A
: njB~A

 1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  1
. BkM B  62|  1Z  ɷ 1413
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. 246|  1Z 
: () B BA BLU oBXA oB\A
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M dM SB k  MBvA RBLA MBzU  BE ȗ B oB\A M RqU Am 
ABM () Ȧ ^B nk ȗ d AB mA Te BdAo{  BUB× M E
ȷ TA BT]A AkA G jBM KBA  njBA ozLA vA Am  SdU
. wA bn
BE  o ȗ  vA  o] B TM  AkeE oE G () BA  oYƽ  
孼B ȯBTBM BT B " : ^B ( oMqA  d ) () B k  αA  BhA
B ȧ BT] k nB ȯBTBM BT G   Ko  A G BMU  B]nB
. (2) " ~A BnAowG BA  BnBBM  LvA
BX kM LB    LA zB  d   oMqA W B () B BA G B
L G   ^B~ M  ȮM A]    ^Ao aȦ AoE B A  " :  B
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. (4) " T 
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^B BX T  dɄ B   " ^Ak Ao~A  \ BX G  j kM k
. (6) BvBM nAkA ȫo tBA E  M oTTwA k JXM

: njB~A

109 |  A LT  L{ keE . j  ȫwA oTA ȗ jB~TA wBvA  1
.
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. 95|  17Z
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. 2|  2Z  kkdA MA MA  LA [ bo{  4
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. 12 |  3
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: hBM () vdA BA BL
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BE   vM   (|) A wn  kB\ B k  M oiA nk  
cT Te ]o   nBv  B񼫰   AoL] B (|) A wn ]
... (2) ((  A
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lG MBT ȗ Uj A oTA mA   ^AoU o u]oA  A KlE mA
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. (4) oLA  q Y 岱BL  hBM eE  BA LeA B : AB

: njB~A

1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA    AoA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  1
. 183|  ɷ 1413 
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. 23 : A  nzA  3
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: () vdA BA i
Y ... d Ti Ȧ   BX  o  oM ME : MnA BhA " : oX MA B
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. (1)
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: njB~A

 6 Z  gnFU kM  A KTA nAj : RoM  BL  oX MA  BA  AkLA 1
. 249|
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: ǱA AodA  () vdA BA 
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B Bo  o~LA  A G B]oA tk v SA ȗ B B   ϧl 
. vA  w kA ȗ To  k  ^Ank TA  LohTA BBM
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k   A B{ G 훱T  ϧl ȗ {E B   BA KdU ϯF  B]oA aȧG Svwj
.(1) ( A A : B\dA ) \dA l M Sz  BM aS{ ϯE ȮM

: njB~A

gnBU kM ȫwA JBTA nAj    AoA  ȯBA ZoA MA  LBA UB  1
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. 165 : |  14
: AkA  JBLwA () vdA BA c
T nBdTwA  kM B  d Y    () vdA BA   G
: B   T  () BA M BTU TwBwE
. A A ȗ B BA kv\TA   wA BwoA jBL w  BdA  1
AodA k ~dTA ϧl FT kBA y\A jAkA   wA A ~dU  2
]A BA B B zM  BLT AkM G k oX AoE A Sw mA
:(1) ȷ RBTeA YY
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. B cB~ w A FM () vdA BA   (2) A
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dBM eBA  ]A LwBA oA oTU BXn ^BTƫ cvA Ao~A  hT
. kwBA
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: njB~A

RBL nBTA nAj  : RoM BL  kA u{ k kd  vdA nY  1
. 142|  ɷ 1401  6 
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. 142|  vdA nY  kA u{ k kd  3
: ( c~ ) o{BLA JBLwA
m  B  c~A AoM () BA RoA o{BL BMBLwA Y B ϧl 髰
: ȷ JBLwA
: Jod tBA Ao ( 1 )
Ao  c~A ȗ tBA   SEn ȯG " : k M o\d () vdA BA 
 (( Bi )) BT{  ^BM SdB~ o B  eA E KeE   JodA
.(1)" TA

: njB~A

 1   oBA  MoA KTA BeA nAj  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  1
. ɷ 1415  3     ȃoA ozA RAnz  220|   1960
: JodA ]FU ( 2 )
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. B S o ȗ B jAkA
aG B TdB~M RjnE B " :  M Bv () vdA BA  ϧl kƽ B
" BTA     JodA  MBdE ƄBLU  SEn Bk TA  jA E
. (2)

: njB~A

 MoA KTA BeA nAj  oBA  o~  nkA jAj M keE  AA nBLiA  1
. 221|  vdA nY  ɷ 1916  1
.  221 |  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  2
: ȮkA pAA  ( 3 )
: oYA MA ol k Li keE ȗ () vdA BA n~ B A BA  
BzA A  BXB A BA : B Ki A oA vU ȗ vdA B wAn B )
 AkBM vA SLzɗ  oL~A vBM BzA A UB B BA k  {
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AoBM T   LU ~M T : T M TdLA k A j BE Bj
(1) . oBX ȟBLA BA  lBh țBLA BA  nFXM LU

: njB~A

 kk] 1 MoA VAoTA BeA nAj : RoM  BL gnBTA ȗ BA  oYA MA  1
. 406 : |  3 Z  ɷ 1408
: () vdA BA y]
BUA  B BT M FU mA () vdA BA y] jAkU ȗ inƪA TiA
 ȗ B y] STA TA ȷ   ^BA oz YA SB Tk E  M
  kw M u : vdA BA y] jB BTwA B Be B TA (v)
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B B  Jod q\TA ȗ FɄBLTU tBA     Ad~  BG AnpAƽ E tBA
mA oA  AkA ȗ ov ȗ   BTA Bd   () BA Bv JBTA 
. B  c~ ( vA  ) BA nAoA kƽ
: c~A kB jM
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.(1)BM B

: njB~A

 8Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj : RoM  BL  oX MA  BA  AkLA  1
. 41|
: A jBA
ovM   (1) (|) wn vM  A JBTM  E   B G oA vU
. (2) dB~A BhA

: njB~A

ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ : RoM  BL  kkdA MA MA  LA [ bo{  1
 1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA   8|  4Z 
. 185|  ɷ 1331
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. 194|  \A nAj ȄvA  BhA gnBU  ( 156|  1 )  BA cB~A
: BXA jBA
iݗ Vke M Vke Bɗ  B E  (1) kM  () vd oA  E
. (3) keE G M k E B u   (2) ()vdA

: njB~A

 8Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj : RoM  BL oX MA  BA  AkLA  1
. 41|
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. 8|
: XBXA jBA
(1) ohM aG ^B om  E   ~BM  RA  ƪA oE Kw oT E

: njB~A

UB   43|  4Z  RoM  nBTA nAj  ɫA vdɫ  zA BE  1
. Bo   26|  LBA
: MAoA jBA
{B ȮM  E B    oA vU z   A B SM ȗ B BXTwA
ƪA oE  T  jE ȗ o E   u{ kL ȮM  R~A  BA ȗ
. (1) ( jo\MA nAj ) ZAoi  ϧl \ E  nj A A   \A 

: njB~A

ozA  RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA ȗ oT |~A m  1
 oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU   200|  ɷ 1413  1 ȃoA
 8Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oX MA  BA  AkLA  96|  6Z
1    ȃoA ozA RAnz  wB C ȃAo  vdA BA c )  14|
. (  260 |  ɷ 1414 
: vBhA jBA
E     pB\e  Ao B{ ȗ  A nE  AB We C tBA E
BM ^AkeE LT  E   UA  B B Td E   oeA  jwA ƽ
 Ȧ JBdA E   (1)  nk~A ȗ kdA E  eBM AoA E miF  E  
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Ȧ JBdE JBE B   e e l  G 汽   vM  ke oT
. (2) ... AB We
B A wn SM E  ke   vdA i   Ȧ M vd ȒL  E 
. (3) BA  A ȗ  ^AkeE h   ^Ao]  ^Aow 
 " :  BM BM BA   A YA B kBA BTi ȗ B KT k 
 BBM i  keE  A miE B   BX  A k  ϧmM Bw ME MA B
.(4)" v  A E BM 
. (5) BdTwA oM  BU  G SE k hA U AmM 

: njB~A

 ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ RoM  BL  kkdA MA MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 8 : |  13 Z JoA Bv  15 |  2 Z
o{A \A  nkdA LTA RAnz  ȯBA ZoA MA  LBA UB  2
. 15|  4Z  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{   26|  ɷ 1385 
oBM kd  nAA nBdM   156 | kA  1   MA  BA cB~A  3
. 115|  10Z  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  v\A
MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  RoM  BL  v\A oBM kd gzA  nAA nBdM  4
. 115|  10Z  ɷ 1403  2 
|  3 Z RoM  oA nAj  k] ko kd  ozA oA nB oAj  5
231.
: () vdA BA c RB  [BT
 (|) woA B  wA BwoA gnFU ȗ A VkdA U  c~A Fv G
AmC    Bzoɛ cB kɛ B  B v Y    ()  wA
() B BA G Am   më ozA  ȗ MnBE  ME  B B   oz
  B cB  z\M SBeA TA üvA o  dTA  ^AkM k\  e
.A TA BM dTA TA
 (|) wo ozA ovA  Zoh  Bw ME M B  vdA BA c~
.B LA jAkTA   BXn   ƪA oE
: c~A RB  [BT E SB
   BBɃA B Be mA ȮkA MBA  qA ozA z ( 1 )
.T~h{
B Am   vA B k AkA z   B Jm   MBeE nBɈG ( 2 )
oXE  aG B RB B " : M ( M  Ȧ ) : MBT ȗ ve Ʉ A nB{E
^Bj ϧl oLT   SLA E Ld  Bɫ L ɫB AoA ɷE vA
. (1) " v
B BG oBA  mA Ao{   BTeA B  ȗ B k E BM  bBA  3
. aG u BvA  ϦA Lw ȗ
So k A U We  B R kM () vdA nX jAkA  kTA  4
. BLA ]A AjAkTwA oXA Tw  A BLA  A dA
odA BA RAjBA p  z BFU   dA jBA  A U  5
M Te   z A FM ^BLi B  Te S  誽   ^B
T G  AqT   A\dT   A~T   A~T TUB B A ȯG " : 
. (2) " nB TE ϧl A ȯBA k    oFU TUB BG   ϧl

: njB~A

. 295 |  o~  nBA nAj  ve  岱M  Ȧ  oLA TA  1
1385  nkdA LTA  \A  AoA  ȯBA ZoA MA  LBA UB  2
. 45|  ɷ
: ( dU n ) () vdA BA c AlB
TwAnj  oaU BA Be ȗ Vke oiE B  () vdA BA c oLT
ȗ A  KT B   LA     dA  U ȗ ATiA   XeBLA
e TA VAkeA Be ȗ JnBU  JAoA  dU B  A |~A jke
. wBL E E mM SLT TA  ȫwA gnFTA BM
 VjAdA ϦTM TU TA R~TA  oX inƪA M BA ϧl \T B 
 oA  LA Bw xkh B oXA BM  oiA VjAe }h B B]ߧ AB
 JA T "  A ~dU kA e  aA BwoA  Bwo o~T
. " JBA
E   " vdA BA c " B   () ĿA A ȗ WdLA E wAnkA G 
o wAnkA  WdLA ȗ zA oA k B AlA BM vT E BM 汽
BdA  BM ^E BwoA B\U ĿA nkM XU k   B Bo{E E Lw B
 B~dTM  A B\U BBY   Bı  AA B~ odTA  w B
. ~A BA AkA d mA kBA y\A BM Bd AodA
. () vdA BA c wAnj TU oA m   
Am ~U Lw k  BwoA  BdBM U B    A oݧ LvBM BF
G  ... " : B We  A ȗ () vdA BA Li ϧl G  KA
tBA E d  B Jm  ^E B v nE   ^E h TEn ȯE p B
. (1) " L Bv   ]q A JBT ȗ tBBM
ȗ wA kA wBn  wBvA  AqTA  () BA |oe kƽ }A 
. oLA oTA UBv nBA
 ȧBwoA TvA A BM BUnA  A ~dU    ȯBXA o LvBM BE 
: B TYA T i  ϧl B cT

: njB~A

 3  RoM  AoqA nAj  A ɗ jA] kd  () vdA BA c  1
. 135|  ɷ 1408
: A A
M STMA mA (( zA o )) M nk~A oBM kd kzA kvA B oL B ȷ 
vdA BA M Ao~A kL ȗ zU SB We  () vdA BA p ȗ A
TeA BA o{ M ^BAo u   ϦA  Bw M UoLTA lG B  ()
. n]    AodA  B M 
Fi  TvA AmM ȷ B ]A BM 籴A BA  BdA  B 
oU    Te  zA oM B  c~A B j mA oA  A
. Bw ME MA M  () M nAA A
Be A So  c~A o{ B W Bk e kM ko B B ~e ^ 
. () vdA BG p oiC 郰 BLTw RFU   BA eE
: BXA A
  lG ()BA BM 贮 TA ovA BM T B ȷ : A oA
uBA  T bB\ ȖU nk  k oATU Bk A UB  贮 E 
E Ȗ M  jBA eBA  kA   oLE U E B oTz    A
. oiA A ozA  oAT U
() BA j B (1) jA kdBM Te A m  ~d  () vdA BA 
. c~ ^Ao  ^Bo

: njB~A

 171| ɷ 1416    1  oBdA B kvA  T\A jB  BA  1
. 172
: () vdA BA k ȗ eA  wBw RAAo]A
  BjAnE  j  B knE B k L   TL Bi  Ƀ  1
BF   mɷ . (1) Bw  vA JnBe  JodA  BA  vA
() vdA BA p ȗ Y  () Ȧ BA i p ȗ G mT ȫwA T\A
.
LT  hTwA e YkeE { E ϧl B   ^B ^B UBA jAp E  2
. (2)  kM  BhA
 TA  KzA AoX  B BwnE   k Bvv\T BB ]n TM oE  3
TA BoT dTv BMoe wwB\A AoLT  (3) o~LA  A ȗ vA JBnG
. ȫwA T\A w A  BBe
 AkA  c~ B nBYG   (4) BwoBM jBLTA o  B ]AnkTwA  4
. vA  wA BwoA cB ȗ K~U  SB TA BC

: njB~A

 3  AoqA nAj : RoM  BL  A  jA] kd  vdA BA c  1
. 75|  1408
ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  RoM  BL  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  2
. 12|  4Z 
. 76| 峦A  jA] kd  vdA BA c  3
. 77| 峦A  kd  vdA BA c  4
: ( k{AoA dA oT ) kA K{ A
BTw BUBe B tnBU E kA 鼅TvU TA nA oA  : A
.(BUjBw)
kA A{ nB\ mA ȪA odLA G kT BG   nA  A o~T  
. (1) vMBA  mA ȪA \A 
. kA  wBvA oA KvdM  E  vT k kA E E LA  

: njB~A

( L jBA )  SA B]  BLA nB kd . j  wA ȗ dA B  1
. 23|   1987 
: A z oB
: LLw keFM  Bj] jAkTA  wA kA E BvUA z G
. w AnAj ϧmM cL~T  B   nE E v A  1
BBeE B LU   wA kA e B A  BnE vA cT E  2
.(1)
. k{AoA oTA ȗ wA kA A n BvUA ȗ ^Bvn ^B RBeTA SB 

: njB~A

  1987  ȫwA A  nBL kdɫ  kA  dA  wA B  1
. 145|
: A jke
MoA oq\A L{  l vM k wA  G (|) A woA eo 
 k{AoA dA oT ȗ ( A ) wA kA n SvUA Y  jkTA BAoFM
.. oA  tnB  AoA o~  BzA S{ We
 ]nBhA  BLA joM Bz () Ȧ BA i p ȗ RBeTA SU k 
T\A B  hA K~ vU k () B BA A We  iAkA TA BA
^BBA nBLTBM BwoA Tv SB  RBMAoɃA RBAodA AA TzM [
LA k dd~A wA BA Ƀ  T\A BM jBA ȷ  ^B~
ȧBTA ModA MBA  K A ^Bwk ^AoA UAl kdM oA Am B  AA oBM
. odA 
: A B
BhA e   ǱLA kA BMG wA k BA ȷ nA kA SB
() KB ME M Ȧ ƪA oE k ȗ A G STA Y  YXA k{AoA
 oMqA   zB LA Zp Zoi  k ȗ S~e TA RBvMA  o
BM mA ozA hA TBL k  Bw ME MA B B\]E TA JodA  d
() Ȧ BA - oYD ϧm .(1) BzA i BA B  M  nB~A  o]BA
^Ao A nBTiB - \A A T   A kM - B  Mo   A -
.(2) (BzA AoA)  kLA M ~U TA jkdA  BMo ovA Bqo

: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. ɷ 37  36  35 AA VAkeE  3Z  2Z
ȃoA ozA RAnz  ȮvdA o {B  oz YA ĿA ow : ]An  2
. 422 - 420|  A vA  ɷ 1409  1  
: A nAjA ȗ qoA  qoA
TiA KvdM BTw ȗ ThU  jkd RBe RBA B BhA c k
AoA jB A nBTiA   dA wnB ȗ   BhA n BA BA
. qoA nAjBM L{A A nAjG SB ϧmM UB  BkA  x\A
: B~A RBodA
v odɟ  (|) LA k ɗ S~e TA ( LTA ) RBɟoe nBLTA 
p G RkTA TA B~A RBodA   Boɓ   dɄ   bB\w JAmA
. kA jBw G BUjBA   ^B] B  U k  oM ME A hA
kA w  TM  zA   nB o E () Ȧ BA k ȗ ~e 
d  AA M oMqA oe ȗ B   Bi RBB uwFU Bd   B~BM 
. \A Joe ȗ  BA nB~TA KLvM ϧl  AT   o~LA ȗ
w  ]oi   Bw ME M B jBM BzA BzA ϧl  Ak~ poME G 
B oDTA  BTMnBd   BBL ȗ oiE k vwFU  M  wA kA jBw 
.
B ȗ    kT E  KTɗ  k{AoA oTA B G ɃA Am oTwA k 
i m UnmM S mA  ǱA kA   ^Akk] ^Ak ϧl kM a  BA
.B M BX
wBvA A  3
: ( k{AoA  dA B ) zA  wA
hA B)M  nBLA LA dA SLE TA oTA ȗ dA B  ɄE
M (|) A wn kM  wA A jB  oA AU mA  cA (k{AoA
REkM ^BB YY Bp k{AoA dA oT ȮqA oA B   ( k{AoA BhA )
ME M B  () vdA BA A oA mA c~BM STA  oM ME hM
.  k{AoA BhA oT SLE TA A kA α E  Bw
gnFTA  qA LdA ϦU  eA ȗ wnAkA   XeBLA Znj k 
(( hA ))  A B A 񪽰 )) (1)" BA E hA " wBM ȫwA wBvA
B] Uk{ AA A  Zoi mA A hnFTA BA  ^B cLA k
un oM MA L]M cLA nB JBhT \T .. (|) woA B kM vA
(2)  (( A wn hM K BBA wA B\A

: njB~A

 1987  L jBA  SA B]  BLA kd . j  wA ȗ dA B  1
. 429| 
TA nAp  o nB  .j  AoMA kL .j  k{AoA hA  LA o~  2
. 255 |  254 |   1986  ozA   jAkM B]  ȪA WdLA ȧBA
: hA 
CoA ȗ   i ] hTwA   Ti B AlA  ^B  i :  hA
. (2) nBA hA   (1)  ȫ ȗ ȮiA nB i w B  : oA

: njB~A

. 142 : A  AoA  1
  1995  kk] L  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  n MA  JoA Bv  2
. 183  182|  4Z
: hA bA
 (1) Tj wBn vA { U   E ( i )  E  bA A
ϧl Uo   A iB : oM M  k Am   } j (|) A wn kM
. (|) A wn i B ) : M jB nB   (|) A wn i BE :B
 E   BXTwB (|) A wn i i B ) M jB k ȯBXA hA BE 
. (2) ϧl vdTwB  (1) (ƪA oE) K
: njB~A

u{ o{  RoM  BL  J ve keA  wA ȗ wBvA BA  1
. 17|  gnBU kM ozA
 32 ~  ( gnFU kM )  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  ki MA  kA  2
. 189|
 ɷ 1410  1  RoM  A KTA nAj  kw M kd  oLA RBLA  3
. 202|  2Z
: BA
(|) kd Bkw   vA BG CoA    c~A   a  {  BA : 
. (1) kB k\A BG   oA BG hA   ĿA BG
  (2) " kA ȗ M kT   " : G  vA M k : bA ɗ 
) M ~A BG Sw B (A E oLA BA ) M Sw A jB ϧm
.(o~A BA
kM ~A BA z mA ȴA K~A :  SLA E { k  BA ȮU 
. ( vA  ) SLA E A  oz ȯBXA BA A   ^BLUoU (|) LA B
B A  Ti p m () Ȧ BBM B vA k " BA "  }TiA 
SLA E { k    Ti K~  aj  :  LBA k   Am
k  BA   wBvA A  oA o~M  ȮkA K~A  k  : ()
woA B kM A  BwoA  aA    LA  ȚdA VnAA   zA
. (|)
 UBo~U  w ȗ ^B~  E  Bp E cE  E K\ ϧm
ȯA  : () AoM BU  ϧl pq mA   BwoA LU ȗ A FhA
A Ro~d  (3)  BA k B  B Tnl  B ^BBG tB ϦB]
A nBTh mA G  keA  ϧl vT   A AE   BA oM BA
. (|) woA  }   BdLw
: njB~A

 kk] L  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  RoM  BL  n MA  JoA Bv  1
. 298|  14Z  ɷ 1415
1Z ɷ 1415   kk]   VAoTA BeA nAj  pAoA ohA  oLA ovTA  2
. 710| 
. 124 : A  oLA  3
: k{AoA hA B TA  FzA
SwE TA AA  oA  ] qA LdA ϦU gnFT tnAkA WeBLA k\
woA BdTA SAp TA   vA M BwEn   hA B U Fz ȗ
wBvA BdA ȗ tBwA  A oBA ȷ TA  A oBM (|) A
d SeE  (|) woA  } mA ~A BA B SE B  wA
JnB\U ȗ S~e TA RBAodA TA oBw An KLvA B Akk] BwBw BB
BT]A jB wBvA ȧBwoA [A k  Sj k  LBTA ȫwA dA
 ( ! kd Bw ) pBe  UBBh UAnBd kM l jBM Tv  vA
ȗ  ϧl B] k   vA BT]A ȗ JBhA M o hA oLU ke 
 oBM E    Uoz  (|) LA   o]BA A  ]B\TeA o
.nB~A
: k{AoA h ȮqA oA
oM ME :  Bi vi B hA U  ^BB YY k{AoA hA oT RkTA
mA vdA BA   Ȧ BA   B M BX   JBhA M o  噽k~A
    BM oLA c~A 蚯 E kM  hA Bw ME M B K~TA
B] E G BXA vA B Te AkT  hA wA A n .  ozM
BA kM   hA wA G Ao A ALl Le M keA  vA 
(1). () Ȧ M vdA

: njB~A

 ɷ 1409  1   SA B]  XeBLA  \  wA BXA  1
SA L  hA B ȗ BA oYD ȗ kzA    462 |   1989
 ( 1 ) Z  1964 
.  ZAo nBTvA kL dU  12 |
: k{AoA h AqA A
: G AqA A vU 
o{BL o A  E
o{BL A  J
: o{BLA o AA  1
TA VAkeA RBo\ ȗ BoYFU  o{BLA AA n G Rk TA AA ȷ 
T\A ȗ A  jBA RAnBA  oX G RjF wA Mo\TBM S~
BvUB  ȫwA T\A ȗ j] SB B RBe poM G RjA B  ȫwA
ȗ ȮkA  UAmA pAA nj JB MB wBvA d~A n  pBTA L
A JwA jBTA G   T\A ϧl ȗ E XU SB ×  aG T\A Be
AodA BA ^BwA B\A cv   AkTA RBe to vA  A ϦU k
. wA Mo\TA  dA
ϦU k ȷ BG   wA k wA wBvA BdA ȗ A oB U 
]nkA G ȫwA T\A BwA ȗ wBvA A oB SBU k  RBAkTA
.BTA T ( k{AoA dA oT ) oTA m ȗ BhA  YY  B S TA
B\U vA k tBveA  A nB   ^Bo  oLU oBA m SB 
vA k] }B~hA  RAqA  oXA BM ~U (wA  B\A) UBe
dA RBwnB ȗ B\A d AjAkUnA   (|) woA B kM ~e B Y E
 ~hA   () SLA E Lh ȗ   oB ȗ e wA B  wBvA 
jBG AkFM ^d Al A nB  oLU JwB A o ϧmM   MBd~A
BdA ȗ A dT E BdA LM B   jA BMA A wA Mo\TA
k U  TA  TA oA BUAB BUBv B oB G wA wBvA
. MB E `ke
JwB BM wTA  vA ȗ dBA JAqeA  oA Aj B]G  
: () Ȧ B nz   BzTv B\UA G A ȗ
. FiA mA dA J  1
. MBA mA BLA J  2
 wA wBvA BdA ȗ YnB G A B\UA  B : BA ~dA ȗ 
AB MBE BLA AL mA   oA M Ap  AoE FiE dA AL mB
. wA  a  B   T\A  EwE oYE p  
: ȷ o{BLA AA  2
jnA ov }e ȷ ) MnA jB]A  BzA  Bw ME M B   E
BdU Y    B M BX T kM  hA  TwA   (1) ( v
 wA eBw  cTU  TA A BA ȗ YAn e  籂 Ϧ G
. en
  BA B~ {    A BL kM  () Ȧ BA BL  B BTA  J
. k  ȗ JodA B{G   ozA hA  ]oi
RAnBTA JAqeA  oA L  () Ȧ BA p ȗ SYke TA JodA  Z
JodA m   wBvA BTwnB SodA   B  Ap TA   vA G dBA
: ȷ
\A 훰  1
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ȫwA T\A ȗ B{E TA TA   ZnAhA  3
. Bw ME M B  () vdA BA  oB o To mA c~A  j
. B L   avA tkM  () vdA BA BTA  ɷ

: njB~A

. 216 : |  7 Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj BA AkLA  oX MA  1
: [BT |hTwA  U
~hzA ȗ pATA k   JAoɃA \e  vA VAkeA Sj k ( 1 )
aG kd B   : BU  ^BAk~ ϧmM AB  vA  LBA k wA
 K   MBA  TLA T E RB BE woA L  Si k wn
. (1)  oBzA A q\w  ^Bü{ A o  L
 dA  vA wnB ȗ YXA BhA A   RAjBT]A TiA G ( 2 )
 UAnk TiA  k VAkeA BA  BTA ȗ  M B  UBU
SYkdTwA TA hA E  kƽ mA oA  A  BwoA B\U UBv Tn
VAoU   vA   ozA  BTo{ RkTwA j vwƫ Sv vA M kM
kBvA BT]A oA  S\ wBw vwƫ ȷ BA   (|) kBA woA
mA |Bh{A E   BBXLA oT ȗ wBvA A Tv   Sj ϧmM  mT
RkE B  wA L B oT RBi  oA ϦU RB~i Ae B AwA
. BG SC TA [BTA B S~e TA RAnBdA  vA VAkeE ϧl
   ȧBwoA [A k  oLU BG vA oɈ BvU TA BdA A ( 3 )
  t ȗ YnA MoA B\A Be BUpoE TA LA KwAoA BdTwA
BwoA o~ ȗ TBv E  (|) woA  TMAo M oLTA Am   nBdTA
B A B\UA Am ȗ A A B B B   M wE B ^B dA vT ^B
o  bM vA \T  oaL k  " oE   oE B AME B " : keA
! (2) " Bo{ A  T oM ME M " G : JBhA M
L~A RAoA SeE lG  (3) A hA JBhTA ɗ LA kBTA dU ( 4 )
ç A  " : B B lG   tA kve  nB~A  ZnqhA  nBYE k  LA
 (4) " oM BME ABM A . . A   SAp  o  ZnqhA BT
. oM ME BLM kw M ozM  oe M kwE owF
   vA   Y L  MBhTA kTU  hA ao{ E n  ( 5 )
" : B (|) woA E  ozT ^Ank~ hA  kTA k  Ao  L uwA
Ȧ Ajo Te BoT  BG   TM E UoT  A JBT XA  h ȯG
 Ȯ oi   hTwA k hTwA G" : o B k ϧl n  (5) " dA
^BoT  "  ( |) woA E  Ȯ oi   j k jE G   oM BME Ȯ
E  wBvA wnBA i  SLY     A hA (|) woA FM
\TA   wBvA FvA ȗ ^B~i ozTBM hA nj Ȓ  A ȗ KUAoTA
 e vA BhA L  wBvA RAjBT]A  kqA SB qA noM 
" ! kd Bw " S] vA E B 幼wBvA vA AkU E  hA AkU
 o G  BvA E  M k v oM BME B  oM ME k ȗ o M S~TM
c{oU G SA MBd~A  Tw ȗ n{ BvA BTA \  oiA Am kT]A
. o  oM ME hzA w  ovA ozM L mA B M BX
uM BM  cv  lG  ozA Am o hA  ~E k () Ȧ BA BE
M eoA kL () Ȧ BA B k   ȯBXA  A hA oE mA jBT]A EkL
  (6) " ȽEn  (|) woA w  A JBT  BME " : FvA m e 
jBT]A ( ~E  )  B  wBvA A  woA w S~E ϧm \T
. hzA aw BLUA oM Ȧ BA

: njB~A

. 144 : A  Ao C  1
 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  2
. ɷ 11 B VAkeE  2Z
 1988  dA SM : jAkM  AoA nkA qqA kL . j  wA A  3
. 28|
 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  4
. 209|  2Z
1385  2  o~  oBA LT  ȪTA o\e MA keE  odA A~A  5
227.|  ɷ
. ɷ 23 B VAkeA  2Z  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  6
: wBoA K~A RBvwƫ
 x\A jB   kA nAj ^Ao k{AoA dA oTɗ i ǱLA k\vA B
B STA B   BA uB\ kU    BB汧A  oAA  RAnAoA nAkA
wBn  h ^Ao " A k\v " cLA () Ȧ BA k ȗ AoA G hA
. BA  x\A jB   kA
: (1) ( k{AoA dA oT ) wBoA qA j
k{AoA dA 
( 634  632 ) ɷ ( 13  11 )  oM MA  1
( 634  632 )  ɷ ( 23  13 )  JBhA M o  2
( 644  634 ) ɷ ( 35  23 ) B M BX  3
( 656  644 )  ɷ ( 40  35 ) () KB ME M Ȧ BA  4
( 661  656 )  ɷ ( 41  40 ) () Ȧ M vdA BA  5

: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. ( ɷ 41  11 ) vA VAkeA  3Z  2Z
: nApA K~
kA p nApA SYkdTwA We  k{AoA BhA p ȗ j] K~A Am  
. vwƪA ȫdA BM wBLA
UnBzTw  kA nA AnjG ȗ  Mo |Bh{BM Tv BhA B  
Anp qM \ BM MoA çA L RB~i RpoM k   BhA nBM
h |BhA nBzTvA qM JBhA M o B k  nBzTv E  Bi
BMoA B  (1)L] M lB d BX () B BA ozTv o B A
. (2) nBzTv Anp  TBi  BX

: njB~A

 RoM   A nAj  cB~A dL .j  BnU  BUFz wA A  1
. 346 |   1965 - ɷ 1385  1 
  gnBU kM A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  2
.ɷ 13 B VAkeA  oLA gnFU
: MBTA
k Ȧ BA i ȗ BA (1) B M BX  SMBY M kp oM M KT B k
. BA SM KUB An M A kL B
UAj E A kL B " : LUB B k   MBTBM Bi B  () B BA G 
B B zM . (2) " odA M o   nvA M Zo   Ϫ BL{ E 
B hA M iAkA RBLUBA ȗ  BLB  Ro~dA k k{AoA o~A ȗ MBTA
.  AoA RBA 

: njB~A

1400  1   RoM  kk\A BA nAj 峯B B]  ȫwA ozTA gnBU  1
. 40|  ɷ
  oBA  o~A A LT  ve AoMA ve  wBvA wA gnFU  2
. 441|  1Z   1967  1
: kTA
E " kTA " M v  ^BMBT ϧmM  KT  jM  ^AoE hA  AlA B
TA wBvA   BM \TA  ȒL TA JAjBM 汽   T   jkd "kA"
XL TA jLA wA  BA wA omM j cTT (|) LA B k   BBLUA q
. 햽 E  K\ B  om Y  nBA E A G Lv A o  B
kLA  BA wA B om AB  A  AoA G  k{AoA BhA j BE
. BB汧A  oX Y  Bw }hU RB   BA wnE TA
ϧB o~  A  () Ȧ BA k  hA gnFU ȗ KT k poME B
VodA M ϧB ƪA oE Ȧ M oE B Am " : RBA mM cTTA k oT{A
b~TwA   Bk jB]   B]Aoi BL] : o~  e  A k ȗ oT{A
 MBT ȗ M oE B BLUA   TB nBXA   A TM oE  BjM nB   BE
. (1) gA " ... BBLUBM A keE kv  TA w  Ao

: njB~A

 2   RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 220|  ɷ 1409
: qA
 oiC B G  E khA  o MG  oA G MBTBM ^BBeA T qA B
vU  TU JBT oE nBA qo G  AlB  kk\A oA TM ^BBeE
njB~ qA An BMn  Am  MBvA oݧ ^BɃ ^q Ȯ ϧl B  BA
. B  oA AE
q k ( vA  ) Ȧ BA G   (1) B ^q BhA oXE  o B 
. BA  M  LA  TA mA B  BM BX  B

: njB~A

 2 RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 226  225|  ɷ 1409
: A nBTiA
k oiC  Y  ǱLA kA BMG RBA  AB mA A oM ME MA k
o~M  kp  BE  M ~T B tBwA  nBTh A B   BzA cT
kq ) U L  A M nBTiA ȗ Bv So oiE uwA Y   (1) BM
! oM ME  " en  " Bw ME BoLTA TA   A hA p ( Bw ME M
ȗ RBA LB  nBG  B Y  B  o aoE B\UA Am ȗ 
BA BE TA  BA  kA ȗ MBvA E nBTiA B Y  B M BX k
. ( vA  ) Ȧ

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 227|  ɷ 1409  2
: nBA u\
k\vA " E " k\vA " M vA nBA k]Bv oLE ȗ d u\ oA B
AoA B k     ^BLo  k\vBM ~T ^BTM oA v BMn  " B\A
nAjA  wBvA eBA  k\vA B Am   k\vA ȗ " BA SM " \
. (1) oA oA M 汧A 

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 228|  ɷ 1409  2
: AoA KUAn
SB TA BA oA Kve  T]Be nkM BA  ( ȧA ) oE  o B
aG ApnA nk  JBhA M o G : B   k{ E Bin  kA ϧl ȗ kBw
 ozA ȗ nj BTw  o We  A oE ( n ) owB M nB  ȗ
 UB{ o~LA oE o{A w M o     Ko] ~  B{ ~
Ao]E mA E : BX G KT B G : ( oBv MA gnFU ) ȗ   (1) Lo]
   BAoE wn  jB]A j   k  ƪM    ȗ poA  
Jo TA  " B~A nAqA " MBT ȗ    Bj  oA wn   k
BX 텛F ol B  BM  BBG 텚 E Fw    BBw   oA B
. (2) ^AoX KUAoA  E pn jn  LUAn G BA  B B Am   BBG

: njB~A

uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 230|  ɷ 1409  2
. 230|  ȯ\A . j  wA oL  2
: AoA w
jM ȗ oA E : ȗ RBA  kA AoE RBB~TiA  RBw }h E 鼅Tv
. (1) A ȗ B RBA A    BA M h KB  nBA
oA BE  q  TLwBd     BTA E  { M oF E h E 
M ~A ȗ M Tv BB hA A  k   BA wnB  ~A  E 
. BhTA
: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 231|  2
: k{AoA dA oT ȗ wA jLA nAjG
 AoA B   kTA  ^BBi  M  ^BvM BhA k ȗ nAjA BA B
T E zM oA ȗ  hA B    " A " E " BA " M v
.  hA oT{A B G . (1) RBB~Ti vU j

: njB~A

jBA  SA B] SA  BLA nB kd . j  wA ȗ dA B  1
. 570|  . 1987  LA
: kM B  oM ME k ȗ RBA
BG T  ^AoE    ]   RB oz G JoA oq] oM ME v
. jkdA Ao]A   BBA ȗ ~A  ~A
G ^B B  AoA wnA k ȯBXA hA E e ɗ  AoA oɓ B   
.RBA
: B ^AoE  keA  nB TA RB\A   AoA BwA m 
. UB L B (|) woA  mA kwE M JBT BoE :   1
. ^BA  (|) woA B k   |BA ME M BX BoA  : BA  2
. joA kM BdT mA    E ME M o]BA BoE  : B  3
. kL M jBp BA  : Roe  4
. A M  BA  : i  5
. o{A w ME BA  : oMp  6
. L] M lB BoE  : k\A  7
. Ȧ\LA A kL M oo] BA  : Ao\  8
. nY M A kL BA  : xo]  9
. (1)( kUoA BT wnA oM ME B  ) ȫodA M A BA  : odLA  10
 vA  k\A AoA Bɟ   Bɗ Bɛ JodA SBɗ BzA AoA BE 
 SdT B  tnB jM AoA cT JBhA M o hA BE ȗ    B
  A UoBe : BkeE : v G AoA v k   (1) tkA SM }e
}e UoBe : BkeE : v G ^BE BzA jM Sv   o~LA UoBe : ȯBXA
VY G oA Sv   UAmM ^BB ^Bv v S]  zj UoBe : ȯBXA  
(2) BL Aod  o~ Mo   vA o~  BA o~ : RB

: njB~A

 1  kk\A BA nAj  RoM  BL  B B]  ȫwA ozTA gnBU  1
. 76 |  . ɷ 1400
. 84  77|  B B]  ȫwA ozTA gnFU  2
1358  1   o~A A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wA A  3
. 154|  ɷ
: oTA
 vA dM T B d  AkA  " : Ak oU ȗ jnBA 
. (1) " BA  x\A  BM     AA  BA

: njB~A

 gnBU kM  ȫwA A    AoA  jnBA  BvA BeA  1
. 199|
: A
BwA  kU mA   \vA E oTkA  d mA BA  AkA wA E
. o E  k\A  UBA
 tBA ALTA": B Bi R\w ȗ tBA BwE kTM ȯBXA hA oE k
  ϧm 텫 M oL]    M oh   KB ME M  Bk  "pB
. (1) yo JBv  AB

: njB~A

 RoM  A KTA nAj  nlLA oMB] M d M keA AkLA bT  1
. 354  353|  ɷ 1398
: zA A
 탰 KLw ȗ tBA TiA   JBhA M o  wA ȗ AkA 郰  E
oXɟ  x\BM T B nE  BpBɫ  bTA kM Ƀ E SMBXA  
kU ȗ vA nBzTwA o E : ǰn   hA  joU TA AA UBA
 BA  ϼA T]A B w  vU : () KB ME M Ȧ BA  B AkA
. (1) ^Bü{  vU 
. (2) ϧl ȗ inƪA  TiA  oA E tnB  BA AkA E E 
 ^BAj v ^Bü{ owBݧ G : h B  wnB    BMpoA E  
 KUAo  LUo BA E   {  mz   L ]oi ij 鼪]
. (3)  BMpoA 汗 ȧ  : hA  B  i B oT
Aj   BA    }h B   k\A BwE kT k\A Aj o FzE 
. (4) BA  v  o B  BA SM G jo B kT BL\A E ZAohA

: njB~A

 gnBU kM  ȫwA A    AoA  jnBA  BvA BeA  1
. 199|
. 200  199|  jnBA  BvA BeA  2
 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  BLBL M Ȧ M kd  BvA JAjA ȗ ohA  3
. 83|  ɷ 1414  
 MoA A  LT  o~  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  4
. 447|  1Z  1967 1
: wA vA Jo
w o~LA ȗ () Ȧ BA A  wA vA JoɃ  A G : 
(1). jA  ë Sw Tw v AA o\A  MnE

: njB~A

. 904 |  oz XBXA LA  oz MBvA k\A  BoLA nBA oAj  1
: BA
ȗ jkzT BhA B   KB\A oTd ^Tv k{AoA BhA k ȗ BA B
    ozA BeA mU   dA e ȗ ϧl  BA nBTiA
. B SLA n mU SB B BeA  kU \w E KUB ȃB
cLA Y  ^E q ȗ d u\ ȃBA B   vM BmTM ȃBA  
.(1) k\vA ȗ u\

: njB~A

1  MoA A LT  o~  ve AoMA ve . j wBvA wA gnFU  1
. ( BA oU Lw k  ) 487|  1Z  1967 
: (1) LvdA
RBpBA  ɃBA   KvTdA M  M p ɃBA w SB 
ȗ   BA BBM T B oA KvTdA Ɉ   B ]M kBM LUoA
. (2) ovA G B ~A ZBTd B ^BBeE RBB\A
o   A  JAjA  Bd   o񮪧A    oBM oF KvTdA 
. (3) AwA B  oz   ozA BeE BAo ȗ
 oF   AwA ȗ \T ^BBeE vFM LvdA  wnB BhA B 
. () Ȧ BA  ȯBXA hA  ϧl oT{A k   

: njB~A

. KvTdA   oTA BM Lw  1
1  MoA A LT  o~  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  2
. 489|  1Z  1067
. 489|  1Z  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  3
: BA 
BTwA d qM ȷ   KvTdA  ȃBA w  E B w ȷ 
LB E B k vA { ȗ oBM BA ȧA  We  Bo~ ȗ
BA d  v hA Te E  ^AoA E ^BA B Aw A    e
. KvdA  B\A ǰl kU  Bk B vwƫ
 Bo k\vA ȗ   J  E ȧAA E hA wBoM dA m kU 
. (1) BA Bk TA BdA

: njB~A

 MoA A  LT o~  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  149
. 491|  1Z   1967  1
: BA 
: v G BA  vU 鼅Tv k 
vM LTT oA ȧ E  A  A BA  BL\A  A  : A
. (1) q   z
e  jAoA  B\A ǰl vU    oiA L M jAoA  : ȯBXA
  BA G Ae AlB ^BAk  ^BYG oT E Tɗo  AA  B킧A
BA ȧA G B킧A T{A  BA e mU  ATA   Ak  AoE
. (2)    ~i  ~

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 260|  ɷ 1409  2
. 261|  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  2
: ( uvA ) ozA
BA e   A JBLTTwA ȗ ȧAA E hA  kT mA k\A ȷ ozA 
w U TA nAjA BA  ϧl G B   kvA  B\A  LA
BM o Bi RBM vE Ao{E  ϧmM Aw k   TF n\A
. (1)
B   ϧm jkdA BG BLeB T   BA BeA mU  ozA U 
E  JodA ȧA E  VAkeA   A KeB ) M ^BBeE v ozA KeB
( vA  ) Ȧ BA i k ȗ   (2) ( ... gA   BdA E  kA ȧA
. (3) ozA KeB Bvn  E  ozA S
: njB~A

1  MoA A LT o~  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
. 460  459|  1Z   1967
uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  2
. 321|  ɷ 1409  2
. 460|  1Z  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  3
: \vA
ȗ \v AB BG   oM ME k ȗ    ǱLA kA ȗ ^Bo \vA  
Te \w Y   E  hnFTA |~A kU   RLA ȗ E ǱLA k\vA
. ^BBi ^BB \v L  (1) () Ȧ BA k B] E G BX  o k ȗ
M  E : Ȧ B ( BwA ) MBT ȗ  oLA BdA  ȄvA kA ]  
ǰn   nBMA ȗ L vLd BhA B   () KB ME M Ȧ wA ȗ ^B\w
:  FzE   vLe  o ^BnBw ^BMAoE uLe E :
(2) M g{ G ȯo\    E M SM ȯE  
. vA  ^B M Ȯ  gzA
: njB~A

 RoM  BL  ȦAA keE gzA  ɯBA  ozA M \vA BeE  1
. 45|  gnFU kM  SLA C vwƫ
BeE )  164|  ɷ 1311  1  ɛozA L  AA RAoɃBdɫ  2
. 45|  ( \vA
: \vA Fz hnFTA A ȗ dU
^BB mhT  (|) A wn E  A  A E   inƪA  SUA k
Te AA YXA BhA k ȗ oA Am    LmA  o\A \v ^BBi
( BA ) Bw   A ȗ eA \vA BzBM B Be () ƪA oE k
E  ϧm  uhA kM   BA B  ( uhA ) Bw oɓ M Y 
. wA ȗ eA \w
^B\w BmhUA    ȗ E M A  ^AnAj BTMA k JBhA M o G :  k 
woA k ȗ uLdA E  A]A M  AoA m Ak  inƪA oXE  
. qkA E k\vA ȗ B BX  o oM ME 
A mA   JBhA M o k : B k M jjo \v hnFTA B lA
  A Km mA   () KB ME M Ȧ BA k  inƪA M Km
. (1) oLA n]  inƪA

: njB~A

kM  RoM  BL  ȦAA keA gzA  BA ozA M \vA BeE  1
. 56|  gnBU
: k{AoA dA oT ȗ y\A
BjB TA UAq jk SB   UBA jB ^BBeE vM T (|) woA B
. hnFTA A ȗ TiA  q ( 28 -  27)
B   A~ E  ȒL BM 汽  AoE B nBTh   BXL (|) B BAovA BE
kz " : vA  B ~A l G y] tEn  Zoi oM ME i SB
k{A ϫB  B tB   SLA G ϯB v oU E A wn i B A
E Be B JBhA M o ȯBXA hA Am   (1) " ... ^]n WMB  kA 
k\A  AoA BwnA   kA ȗ BLBM () Ȧ BA  nB{E toA BT Km
k  AoA wo AB Be ϧl  BhA    ϧl  o  햗 
nAjA y\A jB k\A A jB\A o BhA pB]A k  A ]BTd B  k\BM
 RBe~A m M hA XTwA AlA  kA A c~A k BA v BTA
. (2) aB jke ȗ A ^Bü{  A o q\
ȗ z] jB E o  RBeTA SE k ( vA  ) Ȧ BA k ȗ BA
.  AoA ȗ ZnAhA    \A ȗ BLA k BBi TA nBA
A w ^BjAn A ^BdUB ^Bz] wnA () BA A A hnFTA njB~A ozU  We
vA nE ko Ko A ȗ ɷ 35 w nBw ( o M v ) oA Ϧ
(3) (( oA  v B\  o coA  ^BB  A v

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 239|  ɷ 1409  2
. 239|  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  2
A KTA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯAoLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  3
( ɷ 35 w VAkeA oiC )  462 |  3 Z  gnBU kM 
( k\A ) jB\A BeA
: BTA nA ȗ o A  B   SB AlA o
. y\A  E
. BTA  J
. kA  c~A k  BA v  Z
(1).B jke ȗ A ^Bü{  A  q\  RBe~A m M hA XTwA AlA

: njB~A

 uBA nAj RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 239 : | 1409  2
: j\A o : ^E
l E  BTA   VAkeE  B B  ^AkeA ^AkeA d~T FM ϧl 
. ]oiE RBB
: oA JoA  bvA c~U : ^BBY
鮪  킧A B Zoh  Bo  lAoM  MG i  A Bw  ȗ o lG
j\ o   BBE  Bj]E nBTh dwA ȗ o   U B  BdU 
. (1) A oA Mo 

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 240|  ɷ 1409  2
y\A KUoU : ^BXBY
 x\A \ ^Bk AB k  A  pA TiBM y\A KUoU Th
Y  oA  oA kB kT BTA B   Tv o L  T  BLA tBwA
 x\A LU ȗ LBwE vA kL  kk] RB]Be SYke   eqA BT Fz
 ^Bƫ y\A  E  ^AoiE nA RoTwA   " ujAoA " o AoTiA 
. (1) Bw   K   ov     k : ȷ BvE vi

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 241|  ɷ 1409  2
TwAoe  y\A ovU : ^BMAn
u M  A () Ȧ BA KT k  ^Bn ^Aow y\BM ov E oݧ ȒL
tBBM na  ɽjoLA ow̰  ϦUB  A UBU  ... )) BzA A mE e eBoA
(( ... ^B  ^BB ̲nak  ^Bw ] A B  A A ovU   ovA  ȗ an 
^Aow z\U    ov ȗ vBM aoU " : AoE M G o KT   (1)
pBA  ohT  kA  z] tod E  ^BA  oA  K\   " ... LT
. (2) ~h j] G wAodA oE  AB  q dB~A nA E 

: njB~A

ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  RoM  BL  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 65 |  BXA k\A 
uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ  wA oL  2
. 244|  ɷ 1409 : 2 
: oAA AqTA : ^BvBi
 q  ow ȗ A E ȗ 汽   kA oAFM j] oA  miF We
. (1) BA  LA ȫwA hBM dT BT
: njB~A

uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 245|  ɷ 1409 2 
: nBA B : ^BwjBw
    oE oTA   ϧl ɗ hA G KT B JkTA TA A oA E T
B{ ok   BTBL]    kA jM TeA  oTA m i  oA E
. (1)

: njB~A

 uBA nAj  BL  RoM  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 251|  ɷ 1409  2
: wBA B
  nAjA RApB\TA o~e A AE L JBhA M o o{ B 
AA ~ kM q q kM  U L UBT j \vU tBwA 
{ SUnA E kM BA Am o{ k o B  nAjA JBve  B] TA
(1). v kA AFM AoYFTwA mA ZAohA B A k vA

: njB~A

1398  A KTA nAj RoM  BL  nlLA d M keA  AkLA bT  1
MoA ovA JBT A ik  nBA A kA   378  377 |  ɷ
 ( 2 )  RoM  RBwAnk B\A vwƪA  Tɗ Bɗ kA ozTv
. 88 |   1985  ɷ 1405
A : iAkA RBA
LUo G M  kBLT q  z   ȯBvA T\ E  T\A jAoE A
 BTeA  BU    BT]A L  FzU B o~e MAn  oAFM
BT]A w U TA RBYnA nBA  kA  ϧm   M
. wBvA jB~TA
wBvBM B c~   ( iAkA ) BT]A RBA wA B  ^B] m
ȗ dA wnB KBwE " : ȷ   A BT]A LA  BA An A
: AE  ȷ   (1) " AeE  { oMkU  tBA cB~ Bo kA
jAoA E joBM vA  ( 1 )
. vA  T   LM M jAoA  ( 2 )
n~TA   A m ȮTLU E K\  ȫwA T\A  BXke B B 
. wA ozA LU E  T\A ȗ nj  BvA    ȫwA
: njB~A

 2Z  ɷ 1414  JBT BA ɟozA  BL ]  ȖvA \A  1
. 680|
: mA E  vA
ɛA iAj Aj BɛA  mA JBTA E M jAo   c~ mA E A
. TBe MB q\A B k   wA kA
(|) woA wn B  mA E ApA  ȗ (|) woA kM BhA nBw k 
: wA kA  e 
.  BkA e  1
. T\A iAj A  BdA e  2
. kA oBzA AjA   jBTA B e  3
. A  ZAqA BB ȗ odA B  4
. vA  RBMA ȗ UABv  5
. BA  ϦTA  TA e B  6
(1) . M B RBA Ao]A e B  7
: njB~A

 nBA nAj  UE MA \ki .j  JodA vA ȗ kA RBA wA  1
. 132  128 |   1983  1   o~
: vA d UBL]A
. wA kA Bv i   wA ozA BeE AoTeA  1
: v BA nzA BAo  2
^Bew vL  - E
. oqhA E  ohA JozM vA BA oBTA k  J
. BMoBM BTA k  Z
. (1) q\A BA  3

: njB~A

 1  o~  nBTA nAj  UE ME \ki . j  kA RBɛA  wA  1
. 133|   1983
: iAkA JodA JBLwA
BE inƪA oXE o oX iAj Jod ^Beov oM ME d A oTA SB
: LLw ke qU
 wBvA JBLwA B  oX JBLw ϧl   (1) BqA AjA  BTA - 1
. o M ϧB MBd~A  ϧl ~e B vA o{ kM jBTA
: njB~A

kM  o~  oA nAj  ohA kd gzA  wA A gnFU RAoBd  1
. 174  1Z  gnBU
  (|) woA BM oE TA  BwA WM oM ME UE E kL (1) LA BjA -  2
ȷ   (2) ( ɷ 11 ) B ϧl B   ^AoE oz ke A k  BzA G  mU
: Ȧ B
. Te Ȅ   kwA ki M d BT  1
. JAmA v BT  2
. vA jwA BT  3
. BM BMj E BT  4
. o E BT  5
. A BU BT  6
. odLA E BT  7
. pA  w ȮM BT  8
. (3) B BT  9
: ȗ XTU iAkA JodA JBLwA E B  oM ME i kM eA RAoTA ȗ BE 

: njB~A

kM  oA nAj  o~  ohA kd gzA  wA A gnBU RAoBd  1
. 174  1Z  gnBU
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. ɷ 11 w VAkeA  BkM B  260|  2Z
175  174 |  1Z  ohA kd gzA  wA A gnFU RAoBd  3
.
WBXA hA  wA nB~A nY ϧl Zl  : wBvA  ȧBA A ( 3)
. jBA o BA TwBw  A  BMA  nAoG KLvM
hA  Moe  B B~ : ϧl Zl  : hA o{  B~A ( 4 )
oAE B~   \A E L  LA W    ȗ ( () Ȧ BA) MAoA
. AoA Joe   ZnAhA L  hA
: iAkA JodA [BT
UBe M k M B B ϧl B   d npAƫ  jBMA   Ȅ kdU  1
^Bv ϧl kM B] Y  ] BA   Mo  d y\M qA 雰F BA
. (1)
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. (2)hA G ^Ak  wnE  kA
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. (3) oM ME G M AXM   TA Bp AowE We  kUoA Be
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  z]  kA M kBi  ATT  Te Mo M ao k ϧB B   U M
miF  Aa  AlE  ^BB E :  kBi  B     jBT ME d
hA  JBhA M o K k   T]p ꄰ  ^BB T  o e  kBi
. (5) k E  e : oM ME B  (4) ^Bv T  ^AkBi q E  oM ME 
TA We  k{AoA hA oBe ȗ BT]A  wBvA BA JAoA  5
hA k G RBMAoA nAoTwA   MBd~A M BjB nB nXM WBXA hA
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B \ iAj Joe VY  G jA mA oA  () Ȧ BA  joU
Ϧ G wA hA dTU  A RBBnA AkM () Ȧ BA BTA
. E ȮM BL T 籂
: njB~A

kM  oA nAj  o~  ohA kd gzA  wA A gnFU RAoBd  1
. 176|  1Z  gnBU
. 178|  1Z  ohA kd gzA RAoBd  2
. 180  179|  1Z  ohA kd gzA RAoBd  3
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. ɷ 11 w VAkeE  BkM B   290|  2Z
. 178|  1Z  ohA kd gzA  wA A gnFU RAoBd  5
: joA E Joe zB
kM S~e joA FM :  cT JodA m  oLA B TA |~ nBA G
m u ȗ dTA E oɓ   zA   A oE ȷ   (|) woA B
B ooLTA L  B JAoA  SBTA o  BTd ȗ zA   RBAoA
i   oiA M ȗ 텧A  MBd~A  M αw ooLU BdU B ^BLB ȷ lG
M oLA ol k  o M ϧB A : ϧl  ^X miF  RBLwBA TiA
: BM jn TB]  o M ϧB k kA M kBi BjB TA AA m  n~A
^Bzo A L  ȗ Bi  LB JoA E  nA S jAkUnA oB G  1
. A Am oLA gnFU ȗ |~ ui ST{A k  Am . (1) ^BY
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.  Lw  JB]E AlB ~A
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. d
ϧB 郱  v FM : TB]  ^BB ALBi kA M kBi JBdA A  5
A  ABE  AlA   ^BE v BFM : AB   ew  ϧm ^BLU  TB]
B mA  kBi ow  B mA MoA VnBdA M jBT ME jBzM ϧl   (2)
. kBh ow ȗ Zoh aFM jBT ME vE Y  ϧm kBi   Ϧ  Am : kBh
  akdA    kA M kBi q FM oM ME  cE JBhA M o G  6
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. (4)
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: njB~A

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. 274  272|  2Z  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  3
 326 |  3Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oX MA  BA  AkLA  4
. 327
: KU
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kTA   nBBM oe Y  M owE   UB  TB]  ϧBM nk ^AkBi 
kdA BBM oM ME  K Bk o ȯBXA hA ϧmM bo k   ϧB ]p 
. " T]qM Aq  ^Bv EoE T " :  B kBi 
Ak SoTA B oM AkBi A    BnA  BA m  ^Be ^AkUo ^BB B 
? ... AA m ȗ BYC 
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: njB~A

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. 32|  2Z  1408
: jAkUnA e RAo{ƫ
AjA  BTA A     " ϧB " ȗ k~  ȫwA BM jAkUnA A ( E )
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k B   ^BE MBd BB E ^B   JBE E FiA Aw ^BA ^AjBT]A  ȗ
.  RBk  (|) woA oaE
oe noL   ϧB ȗ inƪA  U    oLA  B c   ( j )
kM EoLTvU  ȷ   ϧB ]qM Aq  kBi  kdA     M ? ^Bo{ Ʒ
hA K AlB  oLA p  ϧB E  jAkUnBM SBM U G  B]p 
? " ϧB ]p  Aq "  kBi  kdA BA oM ME  JBhA M o ȯBXA
? kBi B EoT]A TA BqA Fv kBi  kdA BG  o nAoA k E Y  
JoA S{ BE  jAkUnA Fv e oLA jnE BM vTA A o  A 
kA Bz AdU M   vA mM  jn  ϧl   BY E  ^Bzo G LB
. Bkƽ B gnFTA B ȗ u   k~U  ^B wA B woA XM 
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. wBw d ȷ JBLw   o M ϧB  kA M kBi
A : ( ]nBhA wBvA ) ]nBhA RBA
k   odA   jBLTA AoTeA  uwA  ]nBhA kA RB kTvU
B ϧm   (|) woA o{ B B ϧl ȗ k{AoA BhA MBU k  AkTA
(1) B JzA M RB ^Aqn  E c~ nB\A jLA  A hnFU
.
: B{E YY miFU RBA E k\ k{AoA dA oT gnFU AoTwA i  
: njB~A

 207|  RoM  BdA LT nAj  AoA ~ . j  ȯBvA B wA  1
. 209
: A zA
LvBM B~A  k  dU B nAk  qUoU TA ȷ  : vA RBA
kA wA kA Be  B  TB vA  k d BM  鼪\
. (1) () Ȧ BA e BMG BoA
: njB~A

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. ɷ 35 w VAkeA  3
: ȯBXA zA
j  n] e  vBM d B nAk  qUoU TA ȷ  ModA RBA
kA BM ]nBhA A Be wA kA RAno BLTU TA ȷ E  oiE
BwA jBTwA kM UFU ȴ  wA ȗ ^A Sv ModA A FM ^B  wA
. (1) Aj Sv  BXTwA Be ȴ ϧm   ^AnBTiA  ^AnAoA cL~U   vA
: njB~A

 1964  o~  A nAkA  op ME kd  wA ɗ kA RBA  1
.JodA  ȗ ϧl ~U UFw  52|
: WBXA zA
BM oB oiA j wA kA M U TA A ȷ  (1) jBdA A
 Al   oA Am   AkBd B wA kA B U  Joe E Aq
UAnkM  ]  ȫwA BA FM LUoU T RAno U Ao]A Am  k
B   SƪA A ( jBA jBdA ) M jBdA  A Am v  oiE ] 
kA  odU kB TM  (( AkA jBdA )) M v jBdA  oiC 
(2) .  oiA j k Joe ȗ AoT{A
 BX hA k ȗ |oL MA jL vA nB~e k{AoA kA ȗ ϧl BX
(3) . BM jBdA A Bow jAA c~A ȗ Bij Y
: njB~A

2  汪A B]  ~ kL nBL\A kL  WkdA  wA wBvA oA  1
. 99|  ɷ 1402 
 4   Bnw  oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  2
. 202 |  ɷ 1412
. 211  209 |  ȦeqA L . j  JodA nBYC  3
: k{AoA kA ȗ wBMkA αvA oB
kA  BU ȗ (|) woA  nBw B d  k{AoA BhA nBw k
M jjoTU woA SB   BAkA AjBLU  o o M RBLUB SYkd oiA
. (1)
JodA A   kA G kA k~M  B zM  wBLkA SkhTwA k 
: wBLkA αvA oB  .(2) RAkBBM  TA   wA nBl  ^BBj
: njB~A

 4   oA nAj Bnw  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ɗ JodA nBYC  1
. 322|  ɷ 1412
. 330|  ȦeqA L . j  JodA nBYC  2
: wBLkA RBLBhA : ^E
A BvUA BoYA  B   wA RBeTA A k{AoA dA oT Rk{
RBLɄBhA oX   oɗA B{  BzA  AoA  tnBɗ z wA kA
woA JwA u BhA LUA k   oiA kA jB  BhA M B wBvA
: Ȧ BM oTA m ȗ RBLBhA }B~i \ E 񪽰  UBLBh ȗ (|)
. RBLBhA  RAkBA B ȗ bA  pB\A  E
U m  ) vA o  q\A o   jLA vU ȗ wA kA LU  J
. ( RAkBA 
. (1) kA G BA ȗ ^AnAoeA tBA oU  ]
: njB~A

. 45  43|  o~  ȧMk LT  MBTA ovA  wA ȗ RAnBvA  1
AovA  woA : ^BBY
wA x\A AoE  jBA x\A E kA jB Aow  BhA wn B
BA   BT RBe~A y\A oݗ  jBA AkLA  nB~A B\U kTA
. RAkBA
wBMkA XTA : ^BXBY
. oTA m ȗ j]  u
: RBBdTA : ^BMAn
Bol nBA  k  vA BA T TA BTA BA ~A u ȷ
vA B]B lA  qL Bi SB TA |oL oq] BX Ȗ  jBdA ȗ
nAoA miA BA  L  BE dB~ ( ɷ 28 ) w BX hA k  ȗ
( ɷ 32 ) w ȗ   oA MnBd A ov k vA AoTA kM 
. d  oA Y  |oL AdT vA Aq oA ABA dA AX
(1)
: njB~A

 4  oA nAj  Bnw  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  1
. 211 |  ɷ 1412
JodA : ^E
  wA kA jBw  BkA G   ohA G jBA ȫwA jB\A ȷ 
. BLTv B   BE
 (1) ^BM ^AnBTwA E  ^BA ^BwU E  ^BjB ^BdT ȫwA jB\A oLT  ϧmM 
dA oT ɗ ]nBhA Jod ( A nB{A UFTw mA  ) qA j E 
. ]nBhA ModA wBvA ZlB ^Ao kL k{AoA
: njB~A

1412  4 oA nAj  Bnw ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  1
138.|  ɷ
  kA M BvA RBA A  A E  vA wA no vA : ^BBY
iAkA B{ ȗ ikTU   oiA kA    BTU ^EkL kA UmhUA k
. ȫwA T\A E jak E  wA ȚT  AkTA aU AlG G
kA jBv ^BUBLYA oA RB{odU  jo (1) ɷ 11 B kp M BwE WM B 
.wA
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. ɷ 11 B VAkeA  2Z
RAkBA : ^BXBY
  dA kA  cd~A BA RBqTv  RAkBBM BA wA ] k
k\   oA  Ao ^BwBw ^AoMkU u   oA  A RBBE  BE ]
oT{ݧ Ȧ BA k ȗ B] k  (1) YAA o   jA  ^AnTwj wB
TvLE E  k ΰk M  ϮM Rk G  " : Ȧ B o~   mA hA
SA B j a] v ]A   BBM Tl nA   BBM k d l Ϯ
AnC STzU  AE oU  ^BBT]A  k{E tBA  { A Ao  u B 
. (2) " BA U 
: ƪA ^BA BU B  (3) ^E vA F{  u RAkBA 蚯 oLTA k 
ɗA   : ]q    (4)  BXA    A kM ɗ mA 
.(5)  AkB AlA kM
: njB~A

 ɷ 1408  o~  L LT  nk w kd  ȫwA  ikA  1
. 58|
ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ RoM  BL  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  2
. 140|  2Z
 4   oA nAj  Bnw  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  3
. 350|  ɷ 1412
. 20 : A  koA  4
. 177 : A  oLA  5
: BA E  c~A Zl
E  woM  BM BA G k A WM ( BA ) bAo\A kL ME oBe B
JBT  E AL Y  oE ȗ Ao  q\A j  vA B ȗ ikA
LBi k   kA o ^BYU  Bݧ ^AkU JBhA M o hA  o{BL c~A
 k{E ^BMBT BA  KT   MB\A G UE  o  ϧmM  o E  AoA
. (1) vA jA
: njB~A

 MoA  A LT  o~  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
. 231|  1Z   1967  1
: JBTA }
 ( BA ) E ƪA oE o A kL E B Am  eoA eoA A vM "
oBw  BýoM  Bw  BL  vB  AE  v ^BBE BE  BA
 L    Bqe    B }T   kU   vB vU  E  BT
) v     keE anB    j  o    AE  {   
AkA E ȅ B q\A A E ( BA ) E    jA  keE  ( BBM
B  v  C B  Zoi   |~A  oA B A]oh E   
q\A  ( BA ) E  B X  C   BE    F AL Te
AE AlA ƪA l  BhA l  wn l A k JBTA Am ȗ B   ...
eoA kL  |BA M o  kA MA kBi ϧl  k{  q\A   mA
. (1) " oz ui w oe KT   Bw ME M B   M
: njB~A

 A KTA nAj  RoM  BL  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. 449|  2Z  gnBU kM
: odA E  c~A Zl
Te ( BA u ) KeB ( Bv M BM ) Zoi ^AkBi odA E cB B 
  B B     ( BvM  BBM )  dB~  ov kBi  ij
. ^B] RAoA B{  BnE
: JBTA }
   ( Bv M BM~ ) kA M kBi  JBT Am  eoA eoA A vM
  ^B] ( BvM  BBM )  k l    A  q\A  UkB ȯBM
ȗ ( G  nk  A   U nk  ǱA )  apohA w nBj C oz
    SL k  M An k ϫ G   ϫ  SL k ϯG   w 
G   q\A B B B  A  mA Ϧ ϫ Ƀn SɃn  vA
odA A kL M oo]   o M B횧A  kA M Bz k{   Te 
.(1 ) o ȗ oz TYA w KT   MoA M e  
: kA
B B   : BU B  A Uj M AlA G kA BTM EkL E o p\  lG ))
wo Bk BAovA Ao  (|) woA B   (1)  ^wn WL Te Mm
: B~i VY G jB ΰk S AlA  :AkA BT
. wA G jA  1
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: njB~A

. 15  A  AowA  1
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. 246|  1409  2
: JodA JAjC
: T  k\A   k\A AoE  BhA B
fzA  1
BL~A  2
BvA  3
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LA  ojA B]n  5
. (1) JodA ȗ oTz  
RBAdA cMl    hA AoeG   nB\{A 酛   TBM XTA  A 
. ( 2) BTA jo\
:  B]n oA d 
. ϧl K AlA k pAoLA  1
. BTA  oL~A  2
. " oLE A " oLTA  3
E  XBXA  oLTA i ȗ B BMn kLA Am   oLTBM EkL B ^AoX BTA B lG
. (3) BA eqBM ^BAmA ϧl   MAoA
: njB~A

 2  uBA nAj  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 247  246|  1409
. 247  246|  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  2
. 249|  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  3
: oM ME k ȗ
BzA  kp M BwE
nBLA + odA  kA M kBi
JAmA v  bB\w  kA M kBi
. o M ϧB  Ȅ   kA M kBi
: JBhA M o k ȗ
AoA  |B  ME M kw
kB  ȯqA o M BA
BLE  kM M A kL
oA  BA kp M o
B\MnlC  L{ M oA
(1) oTA jM  nE  Mn M eoA kL  Aow
: njB~A

1  MoA A LT  o~  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  1
. 220  212|  1Z   1967 
: B M BX k ȗ
Ak cT  L{ M oA
nkwA   |BA M o
oE  bow ME M kw M A kL
MA  kw M A kL
BwAoi  oB M A kL
poA o  Ao   u M eA
uiow  ȪvA pBi M A kL
BTwnBh cT  XA M u
nE M cT  v M KLe
(1) vA   Bw ME M B
: njB~A

169  164|  2Z  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnFU  1
.
: ( vA  ) Ȧ BA k ȗ
^Ao ]nBhA bTA BA G RjA iAj Joe S훰 k () Ȧ BA BE ȗ BE
JodA j () BA B We  nBA  XBA  BLA BTM    Bz
: ȷ BA  JodA m  vM
 훰  1
\A 훰  2
(1) AoA 훰  3
훰 gnFU ȗ Ti ɷ 38 E  ɷ 37  36 ȫB M BA m S훰 k 
.(2) AoA
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
125 - 20|  3Z
. 51|  6Z  3 Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
: ( vA  ) vdA BA k ȗ
ɗhBM 齱M mA () vdA BA BL B\A ɗ ik  B A We
o{  Zoi M mA B ]A ^Bz] () vdA BA kB (ɷ40)B
: kLA ȗ z] oA B  BA i
Y  B  AA BA LM () vdA BA Bi k . tBL M A kL -
: BA 
() BA y] oT T FM  {A k BA ~h  B  kw M u -
(1) . B dB~ oA B
: njB~A

Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 165  164 | 3
: BA v  c~A
: RBB MnE  B G ȴT Te UB ( k\ ) oA B
B B B  M  B  v ϧmM ~  wA ȗ kA ik E : ^E
. vA
M : nBwA ȗ Aoh oA    AE miT  qT  kA q E : ^BBY
. (1)  A    AjBA   BoTwA  TA
  L G JB\ E p\ mîe  BTA  A E  kA kA K E : ^BXBY
kA 蚯 AlB  ϧl X A   k ^AkU kA  Bn vA miE BMn
vA Bn kA T AlA G T  BoA BE   BT BTwA pB]  ozA
. (2)
: njB~A

 uBA nAj  RoM  BL  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 250 |  ɷ 1409 2
. 250 |  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  2
: BA v
d   UBA \ M vU SB n   Lw   U TA kA AA A
 ȷ   ( A C ) BUol TA B ^BL ϧl   (1 ) h uhA 
BvA BTA  MoA m  wo  vi  F {  T BE  : BU
.(2)  ... LvA MA 
: njB~A

251|  ɷ 1409  2  uBA nAj  BL  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
.
. 41 : A  BA  2
: ɷ 12 B B 
 vA B o~TA k  vA  toA M : (1) ( wvA RAl ) 훰
. toA
.^BA vA B o~TA k  vA  toA M : (2) ( nAmA ) 훰
.BA toA  vA B o~TA k  (3) RAoA  : ( uaE ) 훰
. (4) odA E BL kBi cB lG : odA cT
. (5)  q\A o   Bv M BM kA M kBi cB : ( BvM  BBM )
. (6) ( Jo ^Bw T ^BBE Mo  kBi BE lG ) : Mo nB~e
. (7) ( A RAl 훰 ) : nBLA cT
. (8) ( ~dA cT ) : oTA 
(9) k\A j cT
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU  1
. 310|  2Z
. 311|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 313|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 318  317|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
. 319|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  5
. 322|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  6
. 323|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  7
. 324|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnFU  8
. 325|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnFU  9
: ɷ 13 w B
. (1) oA q αoA cT
(2) zj cT
(3) ( BvM ) cT
(4) jnA c
. toA vA M B\w SB k toA   (5) ( uoA ) 훰
: njB~A

. 335|  2Z  gnBU kM A KTA nAj  oLA  αA  A gnBU  1
. 356|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 360|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 366|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
. 366|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  5
: ɷ 14 B B
kB Twn T kM toA  vA B o~TA k  toA  (1) wjBA 훰
.wnBA y\A
(2) ( VBnE ) 
(3) ( VAE ) 
(4) ( tB ) 
(5) o~LA BM cT
: njB~A

 378|  2Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA  αA  A gnBU  1
. 380
. 406|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 412|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 417|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
. 438|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  5
: ɷ 15 w B
. { AnlU kB T kM oA  vA B o~TA k (1) ( oA Zo ) 훰
(2) }e cT
( c~BM (3)ov ) cT
. BdTM TA mA (4) q nB~e
. BvM cT B U k (5) jB]A 훰
(6) tkA SM cT
B o~TA nAA d ( Aqo ) wnBA y\A kB B q k  (7) MBM 
.vA
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd αA  A gnFU  1
. 443|  2Z
. 444|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 445|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 446|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
. 447|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  5
. 448|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  6
. 455|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  7
: ɷ 16 w B
(1) ( owoM ) k vA ij
(2) AkA cT
. vA BA toA B oekA k  (3) ] 훰
(4) 汪A cT
(5) pAA cT
(6) ( oTvU )   ( tvA )   ( qoAn ) cT
: njB~A

2Z  gnBU kM A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 458| 
. 466  462|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 468|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 474|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
. 494|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  5
. 500|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  6
: ɷ 19 B B
(1) ( L~ )   ( A tEn )   ( Aoe )   ( oq\A ) cT
( B M BX BE cB k  )  (2) o~ cT
: njB~A

2Z  gnBU kM A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 511| 
. 511|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnFU  2
: ɷ 20 B B
(1) nkwA cT
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 512|  2Z
: ɷ 21 B B
. kB B vA cT toA B q We  (1) toA  kB 훰
(2) BLE c
(3)  p c
(4) ( o~ o )   ( BE )   (  ) c
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 518|  2Z
. 532|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 534|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 534|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
: ɷ 22 B B
(1) B\MnlC cT
. (3) oA   (2) B]o]   Am cT
(4) BwAoi cT
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 535|  2Z
. 535|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 537|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
. 549  546|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
: ɷ 23 B B
(1) ( ZaU ) cT
(2) ( ohA ) cT
(3) ( jo\MA nAj )   ( Bv ) cT
(4) ( BTv\w )   ( Bo ) cT
(5) ( Ao ) cT
: njB~A

2Z gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 551| 
. 552|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 553|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnFU  3
. 554|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  4
. 555|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  5
: ɷ 24 B B
(1) ( nE )   ( B\MnlC ) q
:njB~A

2Z  gnBU kM A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 591| 
: ɷ 25 B B
.oA qM  lE Y BdT  (1) JoA G bow ME M kw M A kL ]U
(2) ~dA cT
(3) A ( nMBw ) cT
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 594|  2Z
. 594|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
. 594|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
: ɷ 27 B B
(1) BL]  Bw oA cT
(2) ȯBXA ( ohA ) cT
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 597|  2Z
. 599|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
: ɷ 28 B B
(1) |oL cT
(2) oA nE  Bnw v M KLe q
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. ɷ 33  B SdT E  600|  2Z
. 602 |  2 Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
: ɷ 30 B B
(1) BTwoL |BA M kw q
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 607|  2Z
: ɷ 31 B B
(1) ( nBwA )   ( nA~A ) q
. (2) ( o ) E dB~   ( uiow )   ( t )   ( o{oME ) cT
: njB~A

2Z gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
618 |
. 625|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
: ɷ 32 B B
(1) vA  q
. (2) ( BTwnBh )   ( B]p\A )   ( BBA l )   ( o ) cT
. ( gM ) E  c~A
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 627|  2Z
. 630|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
: ɷ 33 B B
(1) oA nE  ( EoA ~e ) q
(2) BwAoi E TA Bk ( poA o )   ^Bd ( B\BzA o )  oA cT
.
M B ol o TA JodA  VjAdA M gnAU ɗ TiA B  : e
. TA TA Am inƪA
: njB~A

 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  1
. 634|  2Z
. 634|  2Z  oLA  αA  A gnBU  2
: ]nBhA JodA [BT
ȫwA A n BvUA ( 1 )
B] BA ȗ vA nB~TA ( 2 )
wA kA oz ( 3 )
q\A j  c~BM E cTBM BG  kA jBw vM ( 4 )
RBA o~U ( 5 )
BA jnAA  ZAohA jBjpA ( 6 )
MA M B BdB TA oA  keA k w k{AoA kA BA L  ( 7 )
h oT LB] FU ]A  BUG B A j We ɷ 37 B oiAA Bw
(1) . () Ȧ BA k -  - Joe
: njB~A

1398  A KTA nAj  RoM  BL ) AkLA bT  nlLA vdA MA  1
.(164:| ( ɷ
hA oU
 BT]A  oA ȗ RnU   S   SvwE " wBw vwƫ hA
} jo  lG  (|) A wn B kM  (1) " B Rk] TA  LA wBvA
jBT]A wBw njBM ȴ ϧmM  ^BdU   ^Bdo~U   w E Co   B
nA  nA  ^\v q     (|) UB kM woA MBd M BnkM
o] B   (2) vA SAp E SLw TA VAkeA ] G   Am . kM JAoTA
T  VAkeE  o] B ^  ϦU oA ] kU  pqU nAe  B  B
 SwnE B KLvM   E oA pB   uBTA KLvM (3) ȫwA gnFTA Rݫ
wA wBvA Bd ]oA SdLA B    wBvA vwƪA m SvwE
! oBdA B G   hA o~ kM B
: njB~A

 1988  dA SM  jAkM  AoA  nkA qqA kL . j  wA A  1
. 27|
 gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnBU  2
. ɷ 11 B VAkeA  o\A kM B gnFU  2Z
. BkM B  ɷ 35 B VAkeA  oLA  αA  A gnBU  3
: hA B
: B oE ȗ XT o\A kM wA Mo\T UjB BMA (|) LA  SB k
tB BL BdLw A  Be o{ k wBM ~TB ȷ : A A
. B ^BBe ^BA ^B]
: BXA A
BwoA jBL AA kv\TA ȗ XTU TA ( wBvA BdA ) M TB ȷ
BeA LU tnB kM VXA RBvA (|) woA ] We  wA
(1) . wBvA BT]A BA nBM U B jkdA
o k - BdA hTwA o ^B B  (|) woA M B B  
 kM lA  UM ȴTU (|) A woA  B - ǱLA dA  ȗ Bol
BU  M eA i (|) woA }B~hM ~T |Bh{A A }h{ j]
mA hA A BdA RB e vA RAn~U STiA ϧl    T
hnFTA AA Kve To uwE  B  (|) woA kM A BwoA oA T
LA  J  ȗ oTz mA }A  oA M (|) woA kM hA Mo\T
. ~BM B~UA (|)
RnLU (|) woA kM vA nA Ȧ mA BdA RB B ϧl  
: B\UA üM
: njB~A

kA Y  nBLA ǱLA kA : A A ȗ ϧl ]Ao  1
A A    tBA ȗ ] A  k BA FM BA  : A B\UA
. A e A o (|) LA  BUA ȷ T A  () SLA
R ) ǱwA vdA M Ȧ UoA ozA A Kl BM B\UA Am  kTv
  |~A ~A ȧU no (|) woA  nAoTwA  ( ɷ 436
: Ȧ BM (|) woA L
B  텚 o oTv  iv o kMƫ (|) BL o{ A B k )) : B
Be oM BoU   Be  B kM  BvA B AE A a񪦧 p kaLTA
B~ BdA  A hɽ u  B  B BM kaLU  U  Bo BA
-  ϧl pA] ȗ  kLU oU  ƽ  B~   B  ~ o A 
M dU A M o   dA ȗ d o BA A ]n - B BdA 
A jƽ B B lG  ] dU  A M  FhA qA  kLTA oTA  qB]
. ~M u M Be A jƽ Be oU q\TM A
o ȷ BM d U A BdTwA B~  A kM BdA A SLY AlA
kM A  BdA  A M AlA  BTB] BjBeC  qB] FhA  ~
. (1) (( B Be ~ BA 
. (|) LA }h{ RM ȴTU  LA  B ϧl tBwA 
: njB~A

vwƫ RAnz  ǱwA vdA M Ȧ UoA ozA  BA ȗ ȗBzA  1
. 180  179 |  1 Z  ɷ 1407  RoM  SLA A
ɛAA A wBvA vA oA ɟ  }A j] o mA  :ȯBXA B\UA
A  BA K]A  ( wBoA ) hA K~ A ~   ȚLTA
A A  UBM (|) LA  BTA n~U i  nLU B\UA Am   jBA
. A jB wBvA Mo\TA LTv Ano A  B kA dA A A
T  BM qT A K\ TA RB~A  Bo A ~A Bo{ wE Am
. ( vA i ) BA wBoA K~ vT    BkA kA oA
: BTA nBM hA B wBvA B jke k ϧl 
BeA mɮU  1
jkdA BA  2
kA j  3
vA M ȖA v  4
LA Be  5
BA jn  6
Am  (1) (( BkA wBw kA wAoe )) M hA  jnBA }h k
. ~A A B]BTd AoE
{ BM  BA  A A ZBTdU  : AB B .. )) : ȯBLA oM MA 
?   KlB z  j M a}i
. Bw Be ozA  ȗ      :  
? BA B AlB : AB B
miA  BA jn  nXA akw  x\A oMkU L  Bol B ] :  
. q \e ȗ M kA  vA M ȖA v  jkdA BG 
. ] B  mA Am
miA  T  An  A SB  탱  M ̤k A   { ȗ  B
. (2) (( L]AM 
LUA mA [A RAl  A Am e kTwA B k jAkLA KhA BA
. Aw ȯBLA
 {] q  jke   BeA m BA  v kM A ...)) : B
A  BA A BT BeFM ozA Rjn k .... M ȖA v  BA Zq
 jkdA jBvA BA ȗ TiA  nAoeA  jkdA BB  L  Be
ȗ jBA RBB\A BB  A oXA  ȗ B ȧ   [qT  ϼBA
. (3) (( AoA A 
: njB~A

5 |  gnBU kM  ȫwA A    AoA  jnBA  BvA BeA  1
.
kd oM MA  qTA ZnAhA AoA A kdA  joA ȗ kTA  2
. 184 |  ɷ 1366  oBA  ȯBLA KA M
1   kA L 失LBTwA  jAkLA ȪɪTA oB M oBA kL  kA A  3
271. |  ɷ 1346 
: ȫwA T\A ȗ iAkA RBA RB
iAkA RBA B LU  M  kTA uwA BM pqTU TA AA  ] B
: ȷ AA m   wA kA  T\
ABvA EkL  1
: oA A EkLA Am ozA tBwA 
G AnBT BL  ^BM{ B]  XA  ol  Bi BG tBA BF  : BU B
. (1)  BUA A k oE
: nBLA ǱLA oYA 
o j wA E ȗ Ak]   " B 햯E A LeE   A B hA "
. (2) |Bi nBLTA E j i BvA ABv  ozLA tB]A M ABvA
ABvA EkL pq (3) Th B tBA B  ozLA M oTA CoA nBTwA A Y
: BU B  FM  BM ^Ao  oLTA    {FM o CoA  k 
 BMA cMm  BɄ Tv ^B{ BA ]  nA ȗ  o A 
.(4)Bv dTv
E Lm E  Ŀ A  uwA  RBLɄ G T\A vU o CoB
.wBw
: njB~A

. 13 : A  RAo\dA  1
2  BdA LT nAj  RoM  BL  AoA ~ . j  ȯBvA B wA  2
. 66|  gnBU kM 
. 66|  AoA ~ . j  ȯBvA B wA  3
. 4 : A  }~A  4
: iA EkL  2
oXA WjBeA  (1) iG ƪA BA  : BU  EkLA Am ozTA kvA A
    vA iE vA " : (|)   (|) A woA  jnAA
 kA ȗ ϧ fE BG B " tBA G : () Ȧ BA    (2)" od  mh
(3)."hA ȗ ϧ o BA
: njB~A

. 10  : A  RAo\dA  1
1413  1   RoM  AA nAj ȮA J M kd o] MA ȗBA  2
. 52 |  4 Z  ɷ
ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  RoM  BL  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  3
. 24 |  18  17 Z 
: BT]A AkA EkL  3
AkA EkL B AlA   (1) kBM AdU E tBA M Te AlA   : BU B
UBBz wnB ȗ UBodM jAoA oz ϧm  jAoA RBv  e jkd
BdA A  jM LU   kA BG  A wA k B ϧm  ThA
. (2)
: njB~A

. 58 : A  BvA  1
 nBTA nAj : RoM  BL  {oA o{ oBM  wA ȗ wBvA BA  2
. 246|  ɷ 1402  RoM
: wA MoTA  4
B  ϦTU BM wA kA ȷ wA kA  T\ oA kBA A
: jBLA  BA m    BT]A nAoTwA  A B{G ]A  jBL
 BM BBM ^Bnm] ^BBLUnA LUoU TA   BdA  A  k~A  BA BA to
 nBA   { j  T\A kLU BA m   TzU joA MoU G
e  e o  joA Mo  ^BA  ϧl   峧 A o~ oaU 
. TwA    AkTA       (1) oiA
 A k ^BXB  A Aod ^dTv ^AoB] ^BBw En  " : B E (|) woA 
   M  o   AkA  YBM A jBL ȗ   A wn v ^BBh
(2). " ik ik E A  B 
: njB~A

 nBTA nAj  RoM  BL  {oA o{ oBM  wA ȗ wBvA BA  1
. 270|  ɷ 1402
 4 Z  ɷ 1408  1  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA gnBTA ȗ BA  2
. 48 |
: ȧB]A U
TA BA jBLA ϦU   T k{AoA dA oT iAkA RBA U G
  Mo\TA ϦU gnFU jAkTA  wA Mo\T Ȧ햧A AA     SkU
: ȗ nkA Am XU
. (1) wA A   joA o  wA Bo TA AkA A ( 1 )
B\ UAmA RBL]AA  dA B\U n{ ȗ BoX TA oA wBvdA ( 2 )
 o~A ȗ LAo mA Bh   BA KvT TA Bv   BBA ɗ y TA
. (2) A\  ow   oLA
" wA bn " BêBM   E c~ BTBkA BUB XU mA nkA Am G 
AA ϦU Aw  AmC kBvA RBA oU SB TA ȷ boA m E   (3)
wA oz iE Aw E  BwoA AkE ]A ȗ wA A Be BUk{ TA
jAoE keE S] TA ȷ boA m  αw  A  LTU B  nA Mn ȗ
B ^B]B]A ϼ Bk]  " :     JBhA MA o h  vA
. ... (4) " Bw kdM
LvA BT]A nAoTwBM ȯBXA  A BThA BB TA oTA SvUA ϧm 
VAkeE  Sj BUke  A  wA B\U vBM  vA n{ pq
Bol jn  kk RBüM SvA TA AA YXA BhA vA M ]AA
 ȫwA T\A e ȗ oLA oYA T{  Ȧ BA nk B  A BBY ȗ
B햧A nBzA  BvA  Bh TnB  ()Ȧ BA E  U   Uke
kU  BhA kkvU M  BTe BnAoTwA BE  BdA   A BM ȗ
. BE  c~A
na k   B M BX WBXA hA k Te oUA m  nA RoTwA 
We ϗo JoA " : M wA A gnBU  ]odA oTA m () Ȧ BA
  (5) " ... ^Ao A  kM ^B E  ^Ao kMB ^Ao G o~LU   tBA  S{
E ȮM B " : ^AoBe oMqA B k   B M BX Bw ME  n~A m kU
G o~T    B]nE SpB Bw ME M d mA  oA U BU ...
 ME C  E ȮM e Bk B M BX  Am   (6)"! YAn BL
Aw  nBA   o    A TwA Bk ϧm   tBA JBn 
 BA SpFU E G 峪Ti  hA wBM ^BLmU E ^B\w E ^B A Am B
BTA  qA BdTA G hA q e o\TA wA BA nAY kB
. hA
B\UA  wA bn G JoE SB B ȗ " : BG nXA ϦU  K kw 
bn BhU  mA E M An   Ao   jBM E  BX  
. (7) " BA   ȗ w kA
BG " : o kM h c{o  mA () B BA ^BA  ^BA  K kw  
G d ȫwA n~TA jo Ȧ B] ! BhA WBY   ^B E dA dA
ME MA Boe ^Ak  B]n  E . tBA BE .. (8) tBA t  BdA t
o (|) A wn JBdE  nB~A  o]BA  ]n BE  E  Be KB
E  A  o]E  MAY  A k ^Ak A B TLd~M Aw   A E
K]TwA k  BTL LTwA  Bj ij  BT k~ 峧wn   JB\TwA ]n BE
    vBM M v A B BA 峦A jBL TF . jke  wA e
. (9) " Aq\A veE A k T   keE  ke 
UB  M q lG JBhA M o ȯBXA hA BEkM k BA ȗ qTA wBw SB
B oL B ( en  ) B BMoA oFU nmM RnmM kM UB  woA 
BUB S  A hA  oFM BzA ȧA cLE k G :   B Bw MA
TA boA ϦU SdA  wA A ȗ jBvA   BX k ȗ BUnmLA
cd~U  BUjBG Bd () Ȧ BA B] Te  ǱLA kA ȗ wA BnmM
" oiC v oiE So BɄ SX oBM S B " : () Bɗ nA
(10).
 ^AkeE o  ϧl    iAkA JodA  TBM e Ȯw ȗ    T{B
. keE  B }    TM  nB
: njB~A

137|  ( gnFU kM )  o~ LT  K kw  wA ȗ BT]A AkA  1
.
. 138  137|  K kw  BT]A AkA  2
. 137|  K kw  BT]A AkA  3
. 157|  K kw  BT]A AkA  4
ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  RoM  BL  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  5
. 246|  1Z 
. 175|  K kw  wA ȗ BT]A AkA  6
. 184|  K kw  wA ȗ BT]A AkA  7
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. 331| 2
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. 364 : |  (  1968
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: KU
k k hA  E : cT B S훰 TA BUBBw MBvA |~A  ɗ
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 B MA BX k ȗ A ȧA  |BA M kw   " ?Uoz  BE d
YAoM E ^AlA ȴ  (|) LBM E yo   " yo BTvM jAvA E " : 
BTwA oM ME  o Bd BATd hA Ak  EoA k B  (hA)
K~ o~e   oTA m  L~ BBM KA kL M tBLA  Bw ME
AA  ^  BAw  m   gnFTA jAkTA  BB  TA  nApBM nB~A
d cd~A A L e ȗ  ϦU oA ] pq  hA Mo\T ȚLTA
~A BA  }A i ȗ ^Akv\  햧A vA Rj o  oiE Rj
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nkA A B  BwoA  ABe We  kM  ĿA  Ȧ BA B
. AodA  BTB  A Ao e ȗ A
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ϧl 햗 ! nB~A   BU M T  : yo  SB  |BA M o k 
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|BA M o  ajn   ohM nB~A om  k\vA ij Te ^BL Ȧ Zoh
Ȧ  ve  B  M ȧBL B : SB   Baow ϧl nB~A S B  
: B   ^B olA : AB SMBY M Bve G nB~A ST]A  
ve MF   B ve BME        ɖM Aq\A  ^Aoi A q]
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: njB~A

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: jB\A   2
() Ȧ BA B~A   BhA j o jAkTA  Tj RoU k hA  
LTA Mo\T \T wA B  Rj oTU A noBM B  nj wnB 
Ȯ B mA jB\B  (|) woA dE   CoA jke mA jB\A  B
.. oiA B{A Ȯ nB A   BTA
]oA   om UB ]oA    UB ]oA : (1) (|) woA MAoA Fw
? A Lw ȗ   B o UB
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. (2)  o~M  BM A B ATA B   kA   T U 
U jBv A zU hA  nB~A j SLFU Bk  WBXA hA p Ȗ
M kw G  bow ME M kw M A kL G  B G BX wnE  B 
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B tBA  k   TY E  Bd~  Anp G   Bd~  Anp oA 
. (3) aȦ Ao{E   En AkT]B ȧB qE E ȧG AL   TEn k
E   Ϯ z jB\M oFU E : ƪA oE B ϧ En : oB M A kL B
oMj    B   v G keA    ϧ Am Te pBA ȗ o\U
. (4) M B]nA  zU   o   TMAj
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BA ɫ oX LvBM ϼAj Am  ɫwA BwoA  BɗkA   o񮪧A
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. 643|  2Z
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: oLA jB\A 
n~TA   dTA  oTA  G   wA BwoA B  k BvA
ϧl  ȦB\A o~A Bi TA oA  vA KwAoA VBXT]A KTU ȫwA
A woA tnB k   BwoBM KBhA  ȴA TA B  mA BvA
Am oTA nkA  T~   BM BLUn BM joU }B~i  ϦTA BM  (|)
 ȫwA T\A  ƪA B\A FzE k   ^BB oz YY jAkTA 
wA A jB vU   ( JA Tɗ ) E oɓ  wA XA  jBLA
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: B   (1)  ve wE A wn ȗ  B k  : BU B  vdA kA
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. Uow 
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: njB~A

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: vdA kA : ^E
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KB\A ȗ BiA Y    L  cd~A A JBTwA  kLA B oU 
. ȚLTA
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(2)  jB ` 
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: A
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. k\A AoE BA  ɼU  6
. KAoA BL\ BA BA U  7
. (1) [dA G  Km  G [dA oE U  8
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. 116  115|
: ozTA |B~TiA  ^E
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: ȷ  YY  MBd~A k ȗ  ozTA njB~ SdLE ϧl SLE TA oTA ȗ B
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. (1) ALTwA  AkT]A  w E Co
k  (|) LA L  B |~ Rjn TA BA ȗ Te AkT]A BhA E M
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. n   akdA BG A hA  o K k B   VjBdA ϧl
o]BA kU   BA ȗ oTA : B oX UAjBT]A SB JBhA M o BE 
   B BA ]   ( cAoTA  ) BijG   TA odU    nB~A 
. gA ...  (|) A wn k  U
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dB  Bj nkM A woA  e  B  ohA MnB{ ake n 
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. kTA wA AkE   wA ȗ BA MBvA E  U   tBA

: njB~A

|  ɷ 1400 1  kk\A BA nAj  B B]  ȫwA ozTA gnFU  1
.  36
mTA |B~TiA : ^BBY
wBoA UBe oAj ȗ 隽 B ^B~i VAkeA  BA ȗ A ]o hA B
ȗ \T BhA B   BT\B  Be ȗ ]o A   nA ɗ SL ɗ 
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. |B~TiA Am ȗ U nE 
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. (3) E
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: njB~A

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. 341|
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. 341|  MBvA nk~A  3
ȧBA |B~TiA : ^BMAn
kA G (|) woA o\ kM zE mA ( BA SM ) ikU BA AoA SB
hA nBv  ǰBvTBM BA  w UB jkd (|) woA B  (1)
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. BA ȗ nB~A  o]BA M o E  o
tBA tBA    tBA M w BA Am Sv ϯA A wn iB " :  AB
BE : B   A   kA  MAvA E Sa   k MAw   
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. (3) "  UB  woA o 
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1411  (1)   RoM  AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  1
. 318|  ɷ
 1409  2  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  2
. 19|
. 19|  ȯ\A o . j  wA oL  3
: vA wBvA B k hA
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.
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.
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.
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: Kz wBvA  kA keA
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. 110|   1987  ȫwA A LT  nBL kd  wA B  1
. 112|  nBL kd . j  wA B  2
: A  AA
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: BT]A A
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 ... o񮪧A  A  oBM AoE  BqA AUC  ~A ABE nA ȗ B
pATA d yA vTA ɫ 鮪U   BA ɫ  ~TU kBɗ  (1)
. T\A ȗ jB~TA  BT]A
k   wA hA ȗ oT ZoeE XU B M BX hA oT SB 
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. ȫwA T\A RBL  jAoA M qTA wBw
dA  k{AoA eoA RqU k wA k iAkA zA k 
p ȗ  joA RBoe S~e A hA p Ȗ  LvA nAoTwBM ȫwA
T Tj () Ȧ BA i p ȗ wA nB~A nY SB WBXA hA
lG  Bw B AoA 훰 L  ZnAhA  () Ȧ BA  B  ZnAhA
AB Te () BA UB   AwA k]Bv ȗ vA nBzM  cw
Ȧ BA  A ϧl B   (2) BvA  B]oA  BoMA T  oA 酚M
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: njB~A

. 41 : A  [dA  1
kM A KTA nAj  oLA oo] M kd  αA  A gnFU : ]An  2
60 |  4 Z  gnBU
: BT]A RBA RB  uwA
:  ȫwA T\A iAj RBA qUoU
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. 59 : A  BvA  1
: joA E BT
A hA p ~e ȦiAkA BT]A A ȗ hA oB keA ϧl B
T\A ȗ iAkA RBA ȗ i E   wBw j TA MBLwA  SB
AA tB  jAkUnA e BM  kM Am  - vA vA M - ȫwA
. Bı  ȦA
: (1) kUoA  
RBno  no oE E  wA  kUnA ]n Y  ^BBM ^B ^Bv B  
.kA
: njB~A

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. 308|
: oA CoA ȗ kUoA
BkA ȗ BE SLe çB oB   S j   jkUo   : BU 
. (1)  kBi B  nBA JBdA çA oiA
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. (2)  oBA  qE ƪA  lE Ld
: njB~A

. 217 : A  oLA  1
. 54 : A  kBA  2
: nBLA LA vA ȗ jAkUnA
BA B   " TB j akM  " : (|) A woA  WkdA ȗ B] k
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.(1) RBAoA  WjBeA
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kM   A nAj  RoM  BL   jA] kd  () jB~A   1
. 309|  6  5Z  gnBU
: jAkUnA e
odTA k~M oz  E  M   M BA kM wA jd\M jAkUnA ~d
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. (1) [dA  BqA  ~A ~A J]
: njB~A

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. 309|  6  5Z  gnBU
q e v BkeA E  v ME  k mA   : oA kUoA  1
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(1) . e oBA A ^Be vA  TA ﱦLA e oA nBTiA E 
: njB~A

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. 310|
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. 312|
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E kA w E  jBvA T   ]nBhA kA wBvM  kA jBv
kA SB ϧl   A jke ZnBi  (1) oiE w  BBw kTvU  E
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. k{AoA dA oT ȗ B v oA
: njB~A

 1412  4  Bnw  ȦeqA L . j  ɫwA A ɗ JodA nBYC  1
. 178|
: ozTA vA : A
ozTA nk~ B k{AoA dA oTɗ ɗ ɗozA LA vA oA CoA Bɟ
E jBT]A  k{AoA hA oT ȗ B A ^Akk] ^Ao~ E kM  wBwA
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ȗ   MBvA  qA Kve vA  BA vU ȗ o kT]A   BMA VnA
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. ȯBXA hA T kM nzA RAk ȗ ϧl ~e B WBXA hA c{oU
: mTA vA : BBY
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BA ȗ BhA L  mTA vA RB M~A BA  BM BTwA Bo
.wA kA
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kA B ȗ vFM BwnB We  BhA RBB~TiA  BA vA SB
TA RBA  nB~ LvBM BE  oiA LBM M BTwA BMn   wA
. B BA   J   BhA E  AXM k . wA A SdU RA
B ȗ ^B vM Ȃ B BG   B keFM () Ȧ BA Tv  
. ( A ) wA kA
: BA vA : BMAn
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m   kM E BhA kM SB k  BA SM ABM o~TA RBe BE
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. B] ȗ 鮪  B ȗ ov  keA
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v]  BTjA Y  kke  SeF  To ^BnB jB LUA   Ȯj ME ȯE 
:  S  Bv  oTd E jB   BE  j l [\Ƀ [ɗ  BM oLT
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? n\BM o~A KA E
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. (2) ... AE ȷ BG    M
: njB~A

 ɷ 1407    wnkA B] LɄ  LA [ B toA \A  1
. 110|
ɷ 1395  Ao  Ȧ nBYC \A RAnBzTA  ȖXA kd M AoMA  RAnBA  2
75.| 
MBoA vA : BvBi
B w BoLTA oiA (1)LA E kM  mTA vA  ^Aq] M Bk 
L RAl w ȷ   o񮪧A  ȴA  oBM oA EkL G kTvU BUAmM
ozA MAA   ȫwA T\A ȗ jAoA RB L BT  BT]A
. B AodA 鮪 wA
e  A B  ozA   BA    LvdA B n : BUBvwƫ  
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. v SA
: njB~A

241 |  RoM  BwoA vwƫ  j njBA kL  wBvA BBA wA  1
. 245 
: BAkU  vA o{ njB~
w oz wBwA njB~A A o ( k{AoA dA oT ) Mo\T ȚLTA AA G
: ȷ oiC G i  TiA  Bi  vA AkU U TA BhA
LA ( 1 )
kA ( 2 )
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kL  o ȗ  ( oM ME ) A hA B B  kƽ  EoA Am k B G 
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. (2) EoM ϼ nB{F  S B o ]n 
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. 36|  ɷ 1413 
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.  619  618 | 2
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. 85| 
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: o kA  nB~A 
B ShTwA Ao :  AB  o hTwA E M e  oM ME  nB~A ij
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? B SE B  ϦBv ]q
. (1) v ȗ oi  ShTwA :  A ȮFw ç : B
: njB~A

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. 619 | 2Z
: o  BzA E 
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. 39  38|
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: o ȗ  M eoA kL En
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 1413  1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
. 39  38|
: o  nB~A jBL M kw 
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? kw B G :  B  kA
? o B G :  B
? ( BA KeB E ) ? LeB SE B KeB SE : o  B
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. (1) nA\ ^BnB
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616|  3Z  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
: o i  A kL M d 
ShTwA A wn i B ϯE ȮM G : B oM ME  A kL M d ij
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Mn S AlA ! ȮhU  BME : B Y  ȯv]A : oM ME B ! Tn  ϧFv
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: njB~A

165|  1Z  ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
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. 46| 
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 : B  B hTwA ƪA oE B :  AB  e o  o]BA ij
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kd E kU  :    ȫw o ME ȮMB : o M A kL SB zB G Y
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L] M lB SnjE   ... T  ThTwA ^BBM bAo\A M kL BME SnjE 
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Y  kM  hA U o ȗ oT h ^BAj ^Aqd  zB  (|) woA
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. 41| 
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. 42|  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  5
: nzA i
B : B An    ȗU (|) LA G :  B mA oA k T]A B 
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 ɷ 1413  1 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
. 42|
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. 43|  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  3
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61|  3 Z  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  5
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: o k h d{oA n
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: |B ME M kw  1
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. 43|  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
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: njB~A

. 43|  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
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: njB~A

. 43|  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
: A kL M d  4
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. 43|  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
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. 43|  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
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: njB~A

. 43|  ɷ 1410  1  A KTA nAj  kw MA  oLA RBLA  1
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. 44|  ɷ 1413  1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  1
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. 582|  2Z
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. 97
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. v
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1409  2  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  1
. 97|  ɷ
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. oiA BM Tv \e MBd~A
: k{AoA kA ȗ ozTA
k B] B Y  ǱLA kA ȗ (|) woA w Co ozTA jBvA SB
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j kM A hA kT]A   o M ϧB T  ȗ kA M kBi FU k
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tBA pB\T    `ke 郰  q Bk ]qA o kkdU ȗ ^BE o kT]A k 
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: njB~A

. 20 : A  BvA  1
 (1)   RoM  kk\A BA nAj Bɓ B]  ȫwA ozTA gnFU  2
. ( opA B]  pB\ JBTA ) 48|  ɷ 1400
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: ozA nBA AkE
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. nBA  A ~dU   wA BwoA  BdA ( 1 )
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. oiC E ȮM  Bw MFM SXU k   B\A bo AjAkTA
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. wA  odA LTA RAoYFU  A
dA ȗ To }ah k   ɃnBA m  oLA qoA  () Ȧ BA B 
w  A JBT  ovBM ȯBXA hA T kM  M eoA kL qE Bk
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A : ^B]l () SLA E A
TA BzA  VAkeA i ɗ ( vA  )  mA BA A  
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: njB~A

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. 143|  RoM
: A ȗ TMB\A
B  A AqT  B  wA kA  jB qo  B~A 髰 () ĿA G
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k dM  B]  odA RBBqA q\U Bz E d A kA wA
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: njB~A

 nBTA nAj  nk~A oɛBM kdɫ kvA  k ke nAjE U SLA E  1
. 143|  RoM
 nBTA nAj  nk~A oɛBM kdɫ kvA  k ke nAjE U SLA E  2
. 144|  RoM
: ozA nBA eAo ȮqA oA
M  "  kM B A RBvM  o ]A ȗ () SLA E A nAjE STiA
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( ɷ 329  ɷ 148 ) : XBXA eoA
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.() vdA
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(( ɷ 50  ɷ 40 )) () Ȧ M vdA BA  2
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: A eoA }B~i  RAq
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.
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: ȗ
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126|  2Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  MA gnFU  3
.
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. B BdA jB ȗ ȫwA A
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: njB~A

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. 246|
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.oA
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KT Bɗ wBvA qoA ɗ  E BL KT oX RBB\UA G dA ϧl
keA d ]  oXE u B   nBA oA ȗ  E oiA L
.
. nB~A BB TA " oE   oE B " :  : ^E
jo\ Bn~U lG  LA i e MBd~A RAn~U A m Sv We
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e   LA BC   wA BwoA oz A m  nj   o]BA
. dA wBvA 햮BM oƪA "wBvA BvA" oz d
: ZnAhA BTB TA "  G e  " :  : ^BBY
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odU   \T  A U Bɗ B oTzU B  kA TdA k
" dA " S] We  cd~A ȫwA wBvA ozA  BTeA  d
jAo e   A E  ȴ ϧmM    G U  wBw " oA " BA BM
 ȷ   BA wA BUj A ^AjBTwA () Ȧ BA B B BM BM
. wBvA dA A oBA wBvA BUkM d Fi  BM
?  wBvA oA U 
e G   BM BM jAo e  " : ozA M ƪA oE  z B ϧl
Bj T A ()Ȧ BA Bj Y  (1) "  G oG   Ʒ     G
Bj  E " : ȫwA T\A  üw nBYC   \ B  Unh nBzA Am
 B BA FM ^B  (2) " m TB SdU B  Te TB  nBzA Am A
wnBA oTA Ȗ ko    oA E dA Ȗ AeA  Be FM k~
TTv  ƪA UoG ȗ  o]B E aoM oE  tB kM " : B We  ÄBhA
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.(3) "o]B  bAoTv  aoM coTv Te ǱA  킦 M miƽ
: njB~A

 RoM  wA nAkA  kL kd L bo{  () Ȧ BA  LA [  1
. 91|  1Z  ɷ 1412  (1) 
 RoM  wA nAkA  kL kd L bo{  () Ȧ BA  LA [  2
. 243|  1Z  ɷ 1412  (1) 
 RoM  wA nAkA  kL kd L bo{  () Ȧ BA  LA [  3
. 91|  1Z  ɷ 1412  1
: U  ZBTTwA
(  G e  :    oE   oE B :  ) TwBvA TA UB A
B  AkM ȗ Bv dBA nB oA TdA  X zM BUoL TA
gnFTA ȗ BdA wBvA RBAkTA 鼪] A BUjB BTA B  k{AoA hA oT
wBvA 햮A EkL BTvwA We  wA hA Ap A  BBXLA m ȫwA
 B  cd~A  A ȫwA wBvA oz  wA i BA
B\UA  \A JBdA B\UB  wBvA RBB\UA n k{AoA o~A ȗ B\BT
 dU mA ǱA B\UA n k{AoA dA SLA TA oTA ȗ   ZnAhA
E ȮM BL kM o wA hA  SB 籂 wBw Ϧ G BA no
. BT
( ZB\TeA ) ȪvA αvA
KB ME M Ȧ (|) A wn  B~G ȗ A A BA vA SB B
LA   (|) woA ov BUG  ȧBwoA nj AjA    hA  ()
KB    cɃ nB nj wnB noɃ ozA dA KeB o E
 nA E  MBd~A BE Ȧ BA e T]A Am   J~A e B]oTwBM
: ȧBTB  BA vA  dA B\U A SB  kqA
( () Ȧ BA BTA ) : LA  ZB\TeA
tBA  LA miE  vA JBdE q  vA ȗ ( BhA ) LA SU We 
JpB M AoLA  o MBd B Bi oM LA ϦU RmiF  (BA LA)
 kL ME  o   LE k oM MFM AlG  WLA   oM ME 齱M " : B We 
 L G keFM o  B~A npBM q\Td    vA JBdE  B]
. (1) " ME E ϧl B{ BL  oM ME k  Bdv  k Ak k
 LA  k e  () Ȧ G JBhA M o WM   woA B hA o{BL
Ȧ BA  B  BM o] BUE B ! A FM M ȮTA :  oM ME  B 
 K  (2) " ^Ak oYƼ G A UnBA  oe B o{ ϧ ^BLe KeA" :()
LBM E TE  BMA    oA AmM eE BE : B  BL E () Ȧ BA
B miFU   (|) LA  MAoBM  T\\TeA  nB~A  oA Am UmiE  ȧ
? ^BL~ SLA E
jBA B   kd B B  oA AmM E E : nB~ Tp TvE
(3) ? nBA A Aw 
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. (4) U TE  BM AűL G   U T G  B~B
: njB~A

 1Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 219|
 RoM  ȪA vwƫ  nlLA  oMB] M d M keA  Ao{A JBvA  2
 ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  587|  1Z  ɷ 1394
. 11|  6Z  ɷ 1415  RoM
 (1)  ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LTɛ MA  wBvA BA  3
. 11|  ɷ 1413
 (1)     ɃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  4
. 11|  ɷ 1413
: () AoqA B ZB\TeA
 hA  B]p Boe KB ME M Ȧ Zp  woA MA  () B RoE
A wn ToU : B SB  A U K  o  oM ME B ij Be
. (1) ^Be B AjoU   AoFTvU  M oE T텛   BkE M pB] (|)
: njB~A

. 343|  2Z   1934  oBA  Ȧ jo kd  MoA nBdA  wA  1
: ( n ) KA kL M tBLA ZB\TeA
Bd SL A woM S B " : a  Tv B] Be oM M tBLA B
oA Am B G  ...  d  hA E  RmiE ƪBM S G  RmiE
 ϼ A E  : ϧ kME B  nB B lA K] B  ƪBM ϧ K]
Ȧi : ϧ  A wn hM TvU kME B   ϼA AB  ΰnBTiA E : ϧ
^Be B B  ȧ \U ϯG : S B BF  ΰnBTiBɗ AnBTh nE tBA 
Ϧwn    M j LM o  B B G    dU E ϧ u ƪ
. (1) " BAo] TE  BB~A d o\{  A wn B  oM BME B 
: njB~A

| 2 Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnBU  1
. 126  125
: tBLA M A ZB\TeA
BE d   TBM hA  Se B A yo oz B " : tBLA M A B
. (1) "  BM E BLeB   j
: njB~A

 2Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnBU  1
. 124|
: kA jwA M jAkA ZB\TeA
E   L SM E  oA Am j  yo ^BL\A " : kA jAkA B 
. (1) " ! ƪA
: njB~A

 2Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnBU  1
. 163|
: wnBA Bw ZB\TeA
 A ^B ABM  "  ... (1) " kA UFiE   ohA TLE " : Bw B
. " (2) ]nE SdU  
: njB~A

 2Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 49|
 RoM  ȪA vwƫ  nlLA oMB] M d M keE  Ao{A JBvE  2
. 591|  1Z  ɷ 1394
: nBA nl ME ZB\TeA
B L SM A ȗ oA Am T]   MAo ToU   B TLE " : nl ME B
A ak  Tak  BE  BL kM odTA A BTA " : B Y (1)"BYA  TiA
  T L SM E ȗ YAnA  A UnoE   A oiE  UoiE 
   A Ao ȗ w xB    A ȧ B B   AkE SdU   wn
AlA BF  L w  A JBT  k ϧl  Uk] A A e ȗ BYA TiA
. (2) " L K E A mA w   oE BM  Am  T B T
: njB~A

 6Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 13|
 2Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnFU  2
. 171|
: K ME M LT ZB\TeA
: LT B
vdA ME  B Y {B         o~ oA A KveE S B
vA  CoɚɧBM tBɮɧA E         MBw  ^BɯBɪɽA tBɮɧA E 
(1)A  vA ȗ   oL]        ɫ  LɮɧBM ^Akɴ tBA oiC 
: njB~A

 2Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnBU  1
. 124|
: ozA nB ModA αvA
 oM ME k i BA dA  cvA Ao~A A ozA nBA F\U 
nXBM ϧl  BX k ȗ AodA jBvA ]M A  ^AakM oU  BE kM  o
. v i kM  () Ȧ BA BL   TM STB  
: A hA k ȗ - E
woA B kM dvA RBodA  \ Bk E ȗ hA j S]A
Bo  bB\w  v LA k BqU B  BMBLwA  BAj ThU  (|)
MBd~A  S B  BUjB ST  BT vA  BAj ȗ ThU oiE  
ABE k :   ^BB E  A h k{  Y E   E  (o M ϧB)
. (1) UEoBM ZqU  ^BB T ^AkBi E kM  U AjE   wA AlE
: njB~A

 2Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. ɷ 11 w VAkeA
: ȯBXA hA k ȗ - J
U jBU JBLw  L{ M oA  ƧƧ ME L  ȯBXA hA TA We
hA     L{ M oA E kU RAo{ƫ Y B   ɹ\
lG S k " : BX BM   M eoA kL  : RAo{ƪA m   ȯBXA
FTU SB ] ƧƧ ME An B   " o BL BLU     BX SBM
T  ƽ B  oU B }hz A]A üT U SB E  hA TvT
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ȗ ȯBXA hA BTA  k \TA m L E A o (1)    oz
? BXM BUA  keE o\  We  wA ȗ MBw A
SBTwA yo T Te JBhA M o T B : B E LzA oB  ǰn
(2).Ti
: njB~A

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. ɷ 13 w VAkeA
 2 Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  2
. 369 |
: WBXA hA k ȗ - Z
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. WBXA hA nAXA T E ϧl
: njB~A

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(1) ɷ 40 B Bn
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MBE  T  B bo]  () BA T  |BA M o Bw ME MA B
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M B )) lG ]  Ȧ B M RLX m BTA  oMkA  |BA M
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}MoU  kT{B  齱M k ^B A L B . ȧA   oA  dA Tvw
]  vA Ke  wBoA  od ϧm  (2) (( !! tBA ~ B o ^BBA
: B B pnBL A - pnBL () BA Bj B - B  nB{E k o oiE
Ao JBE ȗ B] BTA VjBe   nBA E (3) (( kM B S ))
|BA M o BA KvT TA Bw MA M BM XTA BzA w M kTd
. () Ȧ BBM XTA k{AoA hA w M
: njB~A

 2Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. ɷ 40 w VAkeA
| 3 Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
559.
| 3 Z  gnBU kM (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  3
. 94
: uBhA hA k ȗ - ɷ
BA p ȗ hA o{  ]oi B~  Bw MA M B oTwA We
BA Bj mA oA () BA MnBd {] y] M  LA   () vdA
z] ȗ S훰 TA RBBhA KLvM ϧl ȗ c   T]A o y] jAk
(1). B  Bo o{  B dB~ oB 
: njB~A

 3 Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. 165  164 |
: nBBM vA 
A BLU  Ti k{AoA dA oT ȗ nBA B\U vA αw BLU
wA  hA B\U Bi n B ` SB k  vA ApG nBA RBB\A
: AA ϦU M oTv TiA Am ȗ d  
: nB~E  Ȧ BA ( 1 )
nBA  MBd~A  ]  {B M  Ȧ BA  oM ME i p Ȗ
wA  BdA ȗ ^B~oe () Ȧ BA  ϧl    hA B hA 
T k " : ()  ϧl kƽ mA   dA ȗ wA Mo\TA w   
aG n] B    vA nE Sw B w A    o  BM eE ȯE
 (1)" ]oMp  oip  TvBU B ^Akp     ϧl o] ^BwBTA Bi aȦ
.(2)LA  Ȧ BA oE k 
: njB~A

 1Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 124|
2 Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
. ɷ 11 w VAkeA
: E M  Bw ME ( 2 )
B] k  vA  w k  B  cB~ A E M  Bw ME B
B : () B B   lA E : ^BjB  tBLA  A  Ȧ BA A Bw ME
BA ajo  ^B]n  ^i  Bݫ S{   yo  dA E ȗ oA Am
BBM vA TBTwA k   TA koU BG   ^Ao{ w SM BB : M
. B A BA kM    BzA  MA kq oFU   RBk~A
: TB]  jBL M kw ( 3 )
ɗ  o~  C mA (|) woA  kA nB~E E A LvBM oA B 
jAkE  kw RAnBd ϧl  Sj B  ( (|) kd Bw )  K~ ϧmM
T E WLB  BvA ϧl ȗ oTz    BL  mA ^Akw    vA ɗ
TT k \A E {E   BzA A ow BYA `e kM
: cB~A JBdA ( 4 )
A  hA kE BX BA  k    RBBA  酚U  mA
.  ^Bü ZAohA  BA cLE mA
 ~dA ȗ B ɃnB   hA w  A wnB Ʒ B
. BA oYA
: vA nAXA ( 5 )
^BAoTA odU AvwE We   ȫwA A BME  A LBA   mA
WBXA hA p ^B~i  wA Mo\TA M STMA mA jBvA  AodA 
 kA wBw ȗ dTA  A T ȮM  BMoE a mA B M BX
 BM ɃnBA  ~A Am WBXA hA ]A kɗ  wA A RAnk
Ʒ  Y SdTA Bk UB]nj E M mA A A  ^BE  ȷ RF\TB
. kA  dA nBv cd~T  B d~M  ^AjBTA T   nAkA nBA
: hA o{  ]nBhA B] ( 6 )
RmhUA k ( () vdA BA Ȧ BA k E ) k{AoA dA oT oiC ȗ BE
M ~U ^BMo ^B ^BT\ () Ȧ BA ]A ]   oiC ^BMB nBA
wBvA RBodA c  kLBM BA wBw SvUA k BY ]    AzA TA
  VY RBB] Tw  S]oi k   TM  AkeE o   nBA 
: () Ȧ BA B B ȷ
. B ǱA JqdA  B    BLBM BA Aw   : wBA ( 1 )
M  LA BX Y  BA BBM mA oMqA  d : \A E   : XBA ( 2 )
 z\ MAoA hA w  w Zoh zB (|) woA Zp Boe
A jA mA oA  A BA wn  k A khTv  nB~A BLUA
. \A 훰 ~e
  훰 ȗ ( eB~A n ) L A AB~A mA ZnAhA   : nBA  3
M kT B ^AnAoeA BA oU k   BA w  A]oh dTBM ALB
훰 ȗ BA MnBd  BoMA  oXA T   vA  oBM e 
. AoA
 Ti ȗ () vdA BA Ami mA  : BA  lBhTA B] ( 7 )
  () BA BTɓA oMj  kM B c~A W mA B dB~ oɃB
. Ank
M kBi oFU  oM BME hA JBhA M o 鮫 k : y\A jB  jBMA ( 1 )
(1). BL    {B ȮM A B  kw
: njB~A

|  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnBU  1
. 331
A JBhA M o kBvM A hA tnB We : LA  AoA ( 2 )
  TM oBd ake SM Te  LA mi LA  oiFU mA Ȧ BA 
Bv kw  () AoqA ɄB  (|) A wn SM ]p  KoA BijA
. (1)BA
: njB~A

 RoM  ȪA vwƫ  nlLA oMB] M d M keE  Ao{A JBvA  1
589 |  1 Z  ɷ 1349
. WBXA hA k ȗ BM AkMA  RBA B q ( 3 )
kA ɗ BA  RBA ȧU  Aɫ  TA  {B ȮM ɫ ( 4 )
 AkwA BhA A hnBTA njB~A omU  lA  YXA BhA oT i wA
. {B ȮM  `keA A ^AoA A
ME Ȗ ȗ B  MBd~A M k JwA Am khTwA We : ȖA  jBMA ( 5 )
i p BzA G jBp M   AqhA dA M o  mMoA A nBA nl
.B M BX
p ȗ ~e B MBd~A M k JwA Am khTwA We A BTwA  (6)
. owB M nB jv M A kL Jo We BX
BAkTMA ozM  nBA  zA d vA LvA U Be ȗ JodA (  7 )
. o  ZnAhA  MAoA hA p ȗ ϧl ~e   TA A JwBM
BTA KBwA
: ȧBTA zBM BTA KBwA B]A  B  B zM 
: M XU k   TA ( 1 )
. oM ME i ȗ dA q]A L  (1) o M ϧB T  E
. o i p ȗ (2) TM \A BUA  jBL M kw T  J
: njB~A

 2Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. o\A  15  13 RAvA  11 w VAkeA
 2Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
. o\A  15  13 RAvA  11 w VAkeA
: ȖA  TA ( 2 )
BX i p ȗ JoBM BMm   owB M nB  jv M A kLM  k ( E )
. B M
M TA  mMoA A Y  BzA A (|) A wn KeB nBA nl ME Ȗ ( J )
A jBp M   oT{A ϧB  Be M ~ Ȗ  o\U U B  LmU
ƪA oA JBdE }ai    (|) woA  Ld  jBaLA    BzA
. B M BX i ȗ ϧl   KB ME M Ȧ
: ATeA ( 3 )
 RBk~A  Ao{A BE lG  Bw ME  JwA Am A hA LUA k 
. BzA  k a 
. kA ȗ KBA  jBMA ( 4 )
  T{  ƪA oE JBdE   {B ȮM B\U ϧl YXA BhA tnB k 
(1) .  keA E U hnFU nk~ ȗ jo   Mo   ^BL~ 
: njB~A

. A ȗ (( kMB oM MA k ȗ RBA )) A : ]Ao  1
: BA jnAA njB~ ( 5 )
 () AoqA  L  nAkU SB TA   ( k )  A hA TwA U We
E  vA zh  BME VnG AoqA S  BUnjB~M hA B  Bk SdU
.Bk khTv ^BB ^Ajn U
: JodA ( 6 )
: M SXU k 
oM ME i p joA Joe ( 1 )
. B M BX  nXA ( 2 )
XTA ozA vA  Bw MA M B BjB TɧA ( BLA )  Joe ( 3 )
. () ȦM
. () Ȧ BA  ( zB  oMqA  d ) jBM \A Joe ( 4 )
BɫA BqM ozA vA M  ZnAhA M SYke TA   AoA Joe ( 5 )
. ( ) Ȧ
: vA  nB wBvA A
odTA  A AkhTwBM kkTA  k{AoA dA oT ȗ wBvA A kTA
 T  k A AkhTwBM JBhA M o ba k  ZB\TeA wBvA BkA
. ]A E Bd E  AA o h  E  A hA M
. LA  BBT TBM nmA M JBLdA  jBL M kw jk k
. hBM TeBM (|) LA  jnAA oXA |~BM nB~A  Ȧ BA [TeA 
BX k odTA  wBvA BkA JwA zB RkTA WBXA hA p ȗ 
RAoXA ) zB SkhTwA k   LA aw ME FM  U SB k  B M
   woA }M tBA  S]oi We  BkA JwA kU ȗ ( A
.kM L  mA  BM
Bk JwA RAl khTwA B ϧm  ! BoLU ke  Tw MA k BX A 
? TM BG BT () Ȧ BA k BkBM gA BX } nB{ n
KBwA kT  KBwA m X AkhTwA  AkTMA () Ȧ BA nB~A E kM
e  M eoA kL  jwA M jAkA Am  BdA BL iA ozA
M  dBM  mA  G  ToU k A  BE eoA kL B : B M BX BM
  E ^]n E A   A B ^]n AoU E yo  K\ ȯA  k
. (1)  E
nBA KBwE  oB\A nBYG  BwoA  KTA SB k  ϧl A BBM 
: vA  vBTA M wA
: njB~A

( kk] ) (1)   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  1
. 224  223|  2Z  1966  RoM  njB nAj  ɷ 1408 
A ZlA
o~  () Ȧ BA ȧA jBL M kw M u A Bw ME M B KT
 kM BE  w : kw M u A Bw ME M B  " : A TBTwA ^Bd
E  BMo w Mo E BTEn `oYE ȗ B M BX  T T G B
 ȖA BTwA ȗ E  nB k ȖA G oz  oiC ovU ȗ E  ]n T{
]q A A KT oA  ^B TLn k   d   j E T k B
ȮU ƪA T  MTA SB G BX  L\A  S ϯB  kw M u B
 j  v  A  ..  " tBA M oE mA E BLTwA BB LeB BF  ^Bü{
 .. BoE  BMBU .. B BX kM K  U E u B STwA B  ϫ
Aj B pB\dA Bw TM E  SLLeE   SM B Ro AlA AoA Bw ϧ
. (1) "..TUA G ^Bü{ ȮFvU  ϯB  KdU B Am o Ȯw   Bw ȧ
: u A KT
eoA eoA A vM
 M nAoTA  K\A B  kM BE Bw MA M B A kw M u  "
  d E   oBM tBA E B  ZohA ȮvUE ! ȽEn τBvTwA ȗ
B  TB ȗ ikBM ȯoFU   w (|) A wn  MoA  ^Lw AkE
 ]q A  kME   ^Lw E   nq E  oA Am  tBA kME
. (2) " .. uMA SA  RB   B k 幦w (|) wn
EoA ǰl  Bɟ   (|) A wn  nB~A An KeB Am uɛ Bɟ 
.(3)tFLA
: njB~A

 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. 64|
 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
. 65  64|
 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  3
. 65|
: ȯBXA ZlA
A   ȗ KB ME M Ȧ BA k]   BoA LT M {B oLi ȗ B]
^AoL   JoA ae A oU B A  oL  oU B 񮧱   : MBd B
 AoLA B  dA  G  A  G   BqAo k  BUBAn SdU
AolA   AoBU  ATLYA Y  ^Akn jU  Bk A BM AzA AT]A  AoMB
kB]   k AkA   RBTA AoXU   BiE ]oA Fv    A
. BdA oi   M BM A d Te LvTd
: q\Uo    Bw ME M B k]   BzA E  JB{  Zoi 
BX kM A AkA         Bv αA JBMnE MA BE
M {B  B  A oX    Tz Y  vM Jo Te ȮX  kTz Y
A UB  JBvdA kM BTA Am G   B~i kM A Am G A kL B : (1)LT
. M RjnE B  A Am  ϦBv  A A ]An ϯB 
^BE ~U  TE   ȧ ol B Ȧ~  LeB  UBE BF :  ȫBzA  B
. T  UnpC TE  BTi T LeB  UBE 
e tBA Aao  MBdA BMA  kd JBdE T BG BX  SE B : {B  B
M A E  h  M E oA Am E B ... JBTA e Bi  ^BYAkeE VkeE
 Ȧ~  BLeB G ϧ BE  : B  ȧ Sd~ G A  ϮA B : ȫBzA B 
BE   woBM E   A j ȗ A i E   A wn    E 
Ʒ Ϯj  Ϯ   ^Ak\U A B  A JBT nB   oU  
. noA B{A
? MU  ȧ k\U   ^BdB ^EoE AnA ȯG A kL B : TA B
: B  jBL  MTA L B  ϼ KT A A KU A kL B  : {B B
  : B  țAoA ki : BzA E  ]n  B  B]An tBA TA A  oz\
. (2) ... ȧ c~  
: njB~A

 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. 94|
 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
. 95|
wn kM BTB k G : B  oMqA  d BUE () Ȧ BA 齱M B : XBA 
: B ! ΎoE ȗ Bo{F  YXA BhA p nBG  E  ozTv  E  ] A
. jA  q\A  B   BTwA  A ȗ Bo{ BTE
Bk BA j B  odLA  BA oMqA   A d  E : M n
kA joTwA   vA nE M BT BG  : B ! en T :  B
B k Boe  o B  : B ! B RoYC : B   ϧl  BLT  B
A  ^BA oMqA   o~LA  ^BA  E c d B   En B ȧ
B JoE Am    BE UBM   B B () B BA E o 
. (1) TA ȗ BTwA BA AoT{BM () BA  o
oE  tBA KFU ȗ oMqA  d SnB{  SBw TA  zB LvBM BE
Bk Seoɗ k   WBXA hA  tBA SLE TA Bv ȷ  ( ) ƪA
E MA B oA M ȗ RnB     ]An So~A Bk  TM Sw
?BX  B :  SB  J
? tBA BM  : SB ! ^Bdw  ^AkM : SB ! T : B
o] BM BoLiE   oiC B Y  ! ( d E ) LA l BE : SB  d : B
m   BvA E  m U E ȧBME S B A  : SB ^B ABM k tBA G 
. (2)  A S]n Y  nA E 
B B  ZohA ȗ B lF  oA ko BG : B B BUE k oMqA  d B 
BBod  M zB Bd  nkA BUjnE BG   oA BUjnE B : () Ȧ BA
. (3) ZohA 
: njB~A

 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. 180|
3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
. 180|
 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  3
. 180|
: ZBTTwA
BBG B    d  oMqA K  |~A m BdU TA AoA \M 
mA BX hA 郰  BUAnBvTwA  zB RBvU   () Ȧ BA L 
 " o k ^X ATA " TM BoE   (|) woA w ME k E :  oU SB
 o~LA E A  hA  nB~A nY L  oMqA  d Bwn ϧl A B
 oMj k ^AoE E  kU nA m   BA SM cUB d TvU  Aw
  nAXA M  E o  BX kM hA  d  E ]E  i 
  dA M Ao ϧl kE k   ϧl j Be nXA ȗ nA Bp TA
. (1) BX nFXM A kM A  KE  : B  T  vM d n e  \A
]  Ȧ M  ke   ]  ϦA wBoA Ke \A AoE M ] mB
() Ȧ BA  TM XB A]oi Y  BX T  Aoe Am   oiE
 WBXA hA  odA LƪA keE  d  k ?! BX kM LB
RAmBM k~ () BA B  (2)"BX T A  " : () BA  B k 
.UB ȗ jB~A nB~A nAY j
: njB~A

 2Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnBU  1
 gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  182|
. ɷ 36 B VAkeA
 2Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnFU  2
. 182|
: XBA  B
B njE Bw ME M B ϧl M   kA ȗ () Ȧ B LA SU B
Aw    () BA     BzA ȗ T  UnBG 郰 A Ƽw
M oMqA KUB E B j B  AkE kE    MnF w kA AmhUA mA
BzA E ϧ SBM k  kM BE" : () Ȧ BA kɃ ZohA   ^BYBe AA
ME MA BA ϚLv  o~LA  A ϯk  K\A YTv B AYTwA AMB]F
oF  kM  A kL M d SBM k   o~A m kM { B  KB
. (1)"BİB mi峦A BoE BX kM KA
: njB~A

 1Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 231|
B B Y  Moe ȗ () B BA SnB{ B] ZnAhA G : ZnAhA 
BTA kM   "  G e  " : nB{ B   L  BA AoE dTA
 ( Anoe ) ȗ B\A m SqTA vA  Co ȗBA Be A  dA
MU   kM Ao k dTA AL B E q  ( nodA ) M Aw Am 
 KoA AB{E k    AMBU B Ll  JT A () BA  AL  ϧl 
M AoM  ^AoL (( JBLhA M A kL)) AT  vA  oA 酛  TA
LA l ) o : AB  oU ȯAo~A  jA A AlA AB   (1) BdA ]p
.oz B Ʒ ATA : AB vA A AlA   ( (|)
kA BA SLXU  ÖA m e oBwE  }BE inƪA  B~A [v k 
. A wAnkA
BA Li ȗ oU nm]  Fz  T jke k () ƪA oA E kM
A dA  Bk  ! ]B\A  AoA Ak B]oiE TA MB~A BTA ": () B
^Ak A U AdL~U E  om ȯE A KhA ȗ SdLE  !qA 骄 
E  L BoM   Mn  M oM BA Am BFM   jAA Am BYBM o
Av  Mqe  B  A E  k BE UFL  dA  T ȯE AU
B Bd E dA  SYTwA  So{ S B  ȯT~  j JBdFM
BoE BmL  vA  JBTA e BBi BTiB  CoA RBE B BT  CoA BeE
? A oA  d 
? TUE E 
 d SLU B  BLU k  oB ϧmM B   BYA Be B Be BG : AB
. AvA  ΰmMB BB SME G  Ϯ
Uo\  (|) A woM ȯBA kME oMA  ȚM   KBe MBE : Ȧ B
.(2) " kTA  BE B  ^AlG S k ! oBM v  k{E A Lw ȗ jB]
o   () Ȧ BA M ao  ZnAhA  BBM  AoA 훰 STA B 
? ao  ƪA oE B : AB ! o  o k !  ^BwM : B
E UFL  BA  Sp  ȯBBM Uo  vBM nBE uE   BzA : B
.(3) " oB
 u kM ZnAhA AUBU  " : BdUnBM k] oE E kM () ƪA oE B 
.(4) " MBF  B E  BLA K  FiF dA K
n  B MB~A m Fz G : B kFT () Ȧ BA  |~A m i 
nBA poM Y  dTA  () Ȧ BA AoG   MBA MA kM eB~A
. ȫwA T\BM nB B A dU   odA wBvA  jBTA
o B kA  o ]oh  Ȧ BA  (|) woA  B  
.(5) oA  vA
: njB~A

( kk] ) (1)   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  1
. 403|  2Z   1966 RoM  njB nAj  ɷ 1408 
( kk] ) (1)   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  2
. 404|  2Z   1966 RoM  njB nAj  ɷ 1408 
( kk] ) (1)   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  3
. 407|  2Z   1966 RoM  njB nAj  ɷ 1408 
 ɷ 1403  ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  A vd  zA BE  4
. 232|  2Z  3 k\
( kk] ) (1)   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  5
. 407|  2Z   1966 RoM  njB nAj  ɷ 1408 
: BLA 
BA  ZohA )) : ozA ȗ   A  akdA pB\  ȒLA   BM ] BLA
) BXE  "jB BG  Zoi    "BLB 岱d (1) (( vBM jBA
ikA  ATA mA   ( \A ) F Ȧ BA  A]oi mA  ( ZnAhA
a   L A B d ]oA A k ... BzA E  B X TB ȗ
. BT K] AME G   (2) 
 BAkeA SM B BM AdF ATTA ƪA  BTB G   : BU B
AvE  kBM BM AdF RB B A oE G ȖU Te ȒLU TA AUB oiA
  G : (|) A wn B A m Sq Bɗ  (3)  vA Kd A A
?   (|) LA v  qTA  SUB B FTA  kM UB
: owB M nB B     () B ƪA oE Ȯ  A Bi : B
BM AL Te BMo  A   MAoA m   (|) A wn  ^BYY AoA mM SUB
. (4) BLA  E  dA  BE B  o\  RBvA
nB B : nB B k B (|) A wn G    ȗ ( n ) nB T k 
. (5) BLA ÖA ϦTU
B  \A E E : B ~dT (|) woA Xke   nBLA A   
() Ȧ ƪA oE    jBA BA  A]oi k BM AB ZnAhA  k]
 Ao  AFU ZnAhA   TM AX \A E   BBM o  B 
. kA
: njB~A

. 278 | 1 Z  RoM   A nAj   jA] kd  jB~A   1
. 238|  gnFU kM  RoM  A KTA nAj  q] MA  A AA  2
. 9 : A  RAo\dA  3
 11Z  gnFU kM  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  ȦBA odA  zA Bw  4
. 18|
 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  5
. ( \ohU Lw )  Joe  ɷ 37  36 B VAkeA
: ȒLA A  : ^A
^B B uU TA   eB~A n ki  ȒLA  ^B  훰 SB k
AjB AmA Bw ME M B  |BA M o BkTMA TA  jB\A  oiC
^B o Bj ]E  j BM o   ϦA ]E  UB B  ȓBLA y\A
TA kM 킧A aJj k   훱A ϦU ȗ ooA  SB B  B]Aoi  o~ M
B ϧl L  cTA Jo A ^Aoz k\M () Ȧ BA Ki  ǱA y\A ȗ
k ȯG : o Bɗ  ? m BT  Am B  BBɗ  ! oU B " : o Bɗ 
B  AoU jn G   ATiA L B  A Am A UoiE ^AoE TdM RjkE
BM ϯB  M  ϮM ^Be A JBT A kU :o B ? B  :B
!! (1)"B B oA E B   T]Be
" A JBTM " qTwA   Te Lw  w M B  Uow kU B B B
ZodT    BjBMFM B\A SMozU k B bo K\    wA BM  
inƪA M E K\A   cA k  a  Ϧw o E  K Ko E
A  iA JBve     o~T  B  e ^Bj ϧl o
. wA
: njB~A

 3    ȃoA ozA RAnz  nkA jAj M keE  AA nBLiA  1
. 188|  ɷ 1415
: ȒLA E BT  () Ȧ BA  : ^BBY
ȫB{ ]n A    ȒLA E   B Joe  () BA  A o 
A  A wn  o\   ke u wA ȗ ^Bk ϧ G " : () B B
?! BkA m dU E ϧ   ^AjB]  峧C 
Ȯv k]E     oA Am E SMo k ȯG ! Am B : () Ȧ BA  
 nA ȗ ~ E BA  o A G  kd  qE BM oA E BTA A
nB~  E BTA Rk]  o     oM oF   Rw 
ȷ   jB\ () Ȧ BA n M nBA cT ϧmM   (1) " ] ȗ A
u TA Bw MA M B n M   dd~A wA jBLA  qUoU n
. BTwA E  b  K~ B
: njB~A

 ɷ 1415  (3)  ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnz  nkA jAj M keE  1
. 188|
: Bo~
kB  ov E ȮM BA LvA kU ƪ ^AoE BX nB B kM  ...
Bj    RAjn j Vkd  ϧl E   BM dTA  kk\A ݧ vA
n k  Vke mA  Am   (1) kM ɗk E BX  B BM Y
YY  MnE w  keE   B {E  AB  BX  AoX tBA E inƪA
. o\A 
: njB~A

. 32|  1975  ( 2 )   RoM  nBTA nAj  M AoMA  MATA  1
: Bız JBLwA
: UA dA  Bız JBLwA BM  ^B]A  B
]n ȗ B jkdA a Te Ti EkL k  E  BX ~i oE k  1
ȗ Fi () Ȧ BA  cE k   o{E Tv B]p  Rk ]  EoE
. (1) EoA e d  dA
TL ȗ B (|) LA  TvA oA v TBh  vA JB   2
. (2) BvA BTA MoA l   wn A e  Ao  oA ui
JAoTA 鮪 dB   dA e E BX  ϧm vA JB   3
B k A  BA ȗ Aw ] (|) A wn E   vA  (3)  
ȮL   to   _oM dA  ik B  鼚LA ozA mMoA Ȫd BX
M dA M  oM E SB M ozA Ȫd B  BqA oiC B Te A
ȮM i i vA h 鼚LA Ȫd  k~A M mMoA Ȫd  |BA MA
. (4) A
 JodA o ȗ  JodA ȗ B F  k~A AE  miE k BX E   4
. (5) BA AoA
 d~A Am ȗ B]B o od  Y  keA d~  tBA e E   5
B KT TA d~A Am Ak B od  ^Bve oA ve   Kvd AoA
. CoA
B   E  nmA E o B oiE ~i BX  vA oE   6
B ]oiE k LA B  kA A E  |BA ME M dA  ajn E ϧl
. (6) ^B ^B]AoiG
G : AB  qA  TA ȗ Uow  nAjA ȗ TwBw BX  vA    7
d~   B nk   B d~  VAkeA  B] vA nE a
. (7) nB~A  LA JBdE q   wn   ~h  k
  Ƀ B hBM 贯 m BX BA TA BA wBvA   8
BA AA ȗ o~T E ȗ dA v o B   oB mA oXA  nBA
 miF E   vA nE oMkT hA dM 酚A k AjB E  o B Kve
B ϧm   ^BeB]   ^BwFM ϧmM o  en ǰl  E v  v B AA
 dA  E   A A jBT]A Am  MBve ajƫ E  jBT]A e E o
Bɗ   Aoz   Ad~ E  dA  E   A   Av E vA
BM ȗ  k   ME B{ G   VAkeA M ȗ  k   w B{
(8). oiA
B oU  owE k B  nB  kB   BX  vA oE   9
]n JoM oE E Jo k v    ^BvLe  ^B  ^BMo oBM A ȗ ov
A kL ZoiE  oE  TA MBA Te owB M nB Jo : LA JBdE E 
(9) E M ov Te ^B ^B]AoiG LA k\v  jv M
: njB~A

2 Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnFU  1
. 174  171|
2 Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keA  MA gnBU  2
. 50 |  1 Z  wBvA BA  174  171|
pT RBLA o{ : RoM  BL ) Mo \ ȗBA  B{BLA i kd  3
383 : |  (  1994  (3)   ozA
 171| 2 Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J M keA  MA gnFU  4
Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  174
. 30 | 3
 3Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  5
. 30|
. 343|  2 Z  o~  jBvA L  jvA  KmA Zo  6
. 344|  2 Z  o~  jBvA L  jvA  KmA Zo  7
  RBwA  347  2 Z  o~  jBvA L  jvA  KmA Zo  8
 795  973  791 |   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj 孼ve
. 808  804  802  800  796
 RBwA   347|  2 Z  o~  jBvA L  jvA  KmA Zo  9
795  973  791|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve 
. 808  804  802  800  796 
: BUAjB
ϧm   (1) o~LA  A  o~ ȗ wA nB~A BX  nXA SqU
. (2) kBM ABE mA LA JBdA
: njB~A

 1 k\ɫ  ɷ 1400 RoM  nBTA nAj  ɫA vdɫ  zA BE  1
. 442|
811|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  2
.
: TB  kA BG - E
nXA ȗ AoU mA LA JBdA A kBM ABE mA (|) LA JBdE KT k
LU T]oi G :    hA oE  aZA B T kA A kTv
Ƀo kɗ  TB  kA B kA A A]nBɗ  An jB\A BA jB\A
.(1)  oz BvA
: njB~A

811|   1991   (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
. 812 
: BA  hA oodU - J
B\UA TwBw wA nB~A ȗ BX Ba vd E BAkE  B ϧm 
hA oU B BM B wBvA oU   ϧl oA TA G oU  M 婷BBn
. (2) dA B nBTeB  BA RBA B  hA oodU   (1) v
: njB~A

851|   1991   (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
.
. 38|   1975  (2)   RoM  nBTA nAj  M AoMA  MATA  2
: BA BjBL
o ^AkMA  ]o  E  AvE   MTA G k BX A nAXA KT k
. (1) A e  q B  Te nBU
: njB~A

(6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
. 383|  ɷ 1411
: wBvA BU
? B KT AlB A k oU E : AB  Ȧ A ALE o~ E E Aol  ..
. j A eE k A B 
.  E  A   : Ȧ B
? BA SLT  : AB
.  ^BMBT A SLT B A   : Ȧ B
ME MA LE   ]n E ȗ A  hA oT{A LE Y  M A M o
 ^AnB ^ BX JBLM o~ E  A E BF  ]n BMnE ȗ o~  me
B ȧBL  BX G :  B d G Y  BX  ^B] oA od d
? Uo~e
.  (1)  ik E BA B  JAozA  B텧A A ik  
: njB~A

 (1)     ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  1
. 57  56|  ɷ 1413
: BT]A  BUAoYBU
oA  w BME  ȧ E AL   ^Akw BA  Aajn  A E nBY k
^X A E nY SB   TA E Am B  AjAnE B A L\ E A BX
G WLU  oiA wA nB~A E kM  BX  nXA ȗ nB~A  Bo
B A 汫 o nXA E tB o k ϧm   BUnY ȗ A SLU Te ^
ȗ wo  AlA   A E Km o~A Km E G ȷ B   oBXA ko
   oA ko A o A]oi  ^Bh ^Ak YY ui w  K]n
(1) B wBw  TwBw ȗ BX AoB E ko E AoA  kA  ALA
.
: njB~A

RBwA   346|  2k\  o~  jBvA L  jvA  KmA Zo  1
. 816|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve  
: dA A  BUAoYFU
kqTɗ  nB~A A BAkE ~U   Bv kA ɗ kTzU ɃnBA S] 
nB  kzA 鮅~ E A BX oA Te  AoT]A  k{ BA ȗ nBA
ajn A M  (1) nBA LM yLA  ^BBeA v Ϧ   nm k  vE
AmiF   A e ȗ AjkzT  wBvA Avd E oE   nB~A A BA
. (2) AodA E Z  o  BA A텚  qA A wo  qdBM oA
: AoA VkdT k  BA  { A oE oiC ȗ B BX E o k ϧl  
Te ^B K ^B]oTv Zoi Y   v BX  ij |B ME M kw FM
G  ^AkeE keE M B] B ohM T] k ! vdA BME B a :  B  k\vA ȗ 
Te B]BT BG   o~ ȗ A A LwA  o~A LF BoA E k Ti
. (3) BX TM FLA B]
: njB~A

811|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
.
816|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  2
.
821|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  3

: T\A  BUAoYFU
m  Th YY A S k nB~A  o]BA LA JBdE  a\A SB
:TA
q\  SvT  ^Lw A k\U  bBM aU  oU  oU SB UoX BF
. o~U  BU   n~
. TA AqTA  kdA AqTA  BA AoYD  nA  SaL{  o BE 
BX M Aw BG   AqTA  kdA AoYƽ    q\ Am  WBY o 
  M   oBXA M  M bA Bd  h c~ M  ~i
amhA    E M 汽 B E ^B  E  M o   aod hA
(1).  o񮪧A E oBX
:   oX olB oBXA Ʒ  nmT tBA B ϧm
A    AoA BzA  o~ ȗ B  ^Bi i Tv A  G
(2) B T E  T T   . BA Ʒ  ^Bi M nBTA Tv
.
: njB~A

837 |   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
. 838 
827|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  2
.
: B SLA E A A
 S E  ^UB S M RoE  : BX T  ȗ  Li ȗ () Ȧ B
 mi     oi BE  mi  E 鼅Tv  o~  E o  ^AoB S
  oYA BwF oYFTwA : oE  B] BE   Ȯ oi   o~  E 鼅Tv
. (1) pB\A  oYFTvA ȗ A e    q\A UFwF Tq]
G ]AoT  w  L ȗ jB] A FM aueE B B M BX B ϧm 
k G vdA BME B :  B B] B  () Ȧ A wnE  UBL K  AlA TM
jjnBɗ  ȦT  C Sv   S k B Ȯ B   SEn B tBA  B
B o   v  E E  o B   E E A  B  Ȯ
ϧk  tBA A : () ƪA oE  B  ȫj ϖw ϧl ȗ B G   ko
oA ȗ TA S k  BoBM G o  A nE ȯG   ϦT A  ZeE
 ϧl  zM  U    Ϯ Ujjo A B 鼪]  ]oT A k A
A A B   : B  dA ϼ  ȯB  {  oA m ȮoU 
 dA TL BG tBA BE : B  tBA A () Ȧ Zoh  koU B M  
 oU B   ]An o   v  ~ E p BX E TA k
.  Ak   ALB
:  B   j M o  A  BB   B YTwB  BL k : tBA B
^Ak M  ȮM JoA : BX B   BM oLiE   ij Y   ϧl
BE : () Ȧ  B  keA  ȗ o B ajn  nkE  ȯB    ȧ 
. (2) .. oE  ]F JB B    ]E  kA ȗ tBA  oe 
BX  nB~dA B kT{A TA oiA BA ȗ () ^B FM inƪA oXE kƽ 
ov LTTA     tBA Bɗk () vdA  vdA ɽk wnE B M
 BX RBo~U  M SkeA TA nBiA vvdT vA EkM m VAkeA
BM BdA b k]  mM B k  oBXA  ƪA oE A   UowE
Y  ko B v   BX B   B oA Be   TL h 
. ϧmM MAoE  Ao  nB{E B () Ȧ BM B  蚮 j
B]nBi  nE A Kl  kA qTA T{Bd ^Aoav Cn  uý  B  ^AoiE 
. (3) ^BLoU o{ i Bv 鼪] Sz E kM Vkd B   ^AkM 
: njB~A

 1 k\ɫ  ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  ɫA vdɫ  zA BA  1
. 443|
 (6)  RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  2
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnzɫ  ɷ 1411
. 384 -  383|
 (6)  RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  3
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnzɫ  ɷ 1411
ɷ 1315  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{   387|
. 9|  3Z 
: B MBd~A A
  B]nBi  kA ȗ wA BwA oXE ȗ ve 雰 BX T B k
 jLA jnA tBA JBn  E ȮM dA M Ao vU UBo~T o mA
M kw  zB  oMqA  d  BhA UBLo LU tBA Lƽ AB mA  
.(1) B |B ME
E  ^Ak] A wo E BX  B o k MBd~A A oiC Zl 
 aɃE  : B   BX MF  RBjBA  Ajo kA ȗ   BzA
.(2) k\A  nB\  nA\M A wn JBdE
: njB~A

 (6)  RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnzɫ  ɷ 1411
. 389|
822|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  2
.
: [BTA  RBhA
A eoA SM TA TA m   SYke TA VAkeA m  {   B 
dA Tv BBT Bo BE  vA SoU k  BX TM BeAo 
: ATA   Z B u BA
ad   tFLA  A   qA  qdA  oE  mA ώ̪ɧA o : BAkeA
. BkA BwM BkA Rz
 A  BvA U  TA ȷ   LA Bk TA kk\A oA ȷ : oiA 
   Bw  w   UAjE  AjE A \U   kA  LdA  U BG
.(1)BkA BwM BkA Rz dU
A oA aX  BX T kM LTA Mo\U ȗ AkT E oA  KT k 
oTwA E A  A ȗ Ti ȗ Ȧ BA ȯBXA aX   BzA  UnBG ȗ B
. kLTvA wBvA ϦA [  ovBM () Ȧ BA T kM BA
: njB~A

824|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
.
: Bo~
 YXA  vBhA vA ȗ E  h U AkM ȗ () Ȧ BA c~̯ k
  o  BzBM B Bw   nB~A  qTA 雱BM AoTBM  o\A
 vA keM BBM ^BLz B B  BX BE Vke B b B] k B
 wA kTwA B  (|) LA M B] B o B  o  oXE   nBj
. (1) keA E BzG
? BAn B : SB  zB B   A  kA  oMqA  d k 
^Be o  nBe ^B BnB   JAoA  B  kA  ^BMAo BdU BG : B
. (2) vE    ^BM o 
ϧl   훱A SB B   o\ 36 w o~LA A () ƪA oE ov B 
. B A jB]  i oz uhA  ȗ
: njB~A

. 164|  A kA w Te wA B m wBvA MqdA  1
 3Z gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  2
 1 k\ ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  A vd  zA BA   468|
448.|
: Bız JBLwA
k TA m E  AUB  oUF  zB  oMqA  dɄ  A ] k 
. (1) nFXM KA  akM   ^B  BX  T : ^Aoi ^BYke wA ȗ SYkeE
BE BE   dA ȗ nBzA  Bvý E kM oMqA  d E : inƪA ǰo 
  nXA G  hA AoɃE kk\A dA  ȗ BBE  ^Bü{ Bd 
k BX o~ E BM E kM BA S]n   ȗ BA RnBTiA k zB SB
BE : U tBA  ݫ B T]A B  .. vA  h Ȧ JBhTBM TA
k  oF o~LA E  AiA G AB  o oE   Vke Am E tBA
. (2) nBY v  BX nk ]q A   k B BzA E B
: njB~A

. 856|   1991  (5)   RoM  A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
  oBA  MoA KTA BeA nAj  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  2
. 144 |  1960  (1)
: BUAjB
A A   oM ME SM zB  AA M oMqA  A kL M d B~A Am jB
BX B ȫodA oB M A kL   dA M Ao   E ȮM  kBdA
. (1)  
: njB~A

 854 |   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve  RBwA  1
 (6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow 
. 400 |  A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)     ozA RAnz ɷ 1411
: BAkE
 d  oMqA E Te ^ G AXL  o~LA E E We : BvA ȗ 骅A
: U tBA SLh  B]  zBM ] Y  k\A     zB
? vA  BX K E B~  BX w   BL
 A A JBU  KTF  B BLUB  B{E  BoE  ^B T k Ti G  E
AkA    tBA KT  A A JT E  oXE FiA G vA  K AlB
kLA oe  AodA ozA oe  kA oe : ^BYY ^Boe AdTwA   T  Aw
. (1) AodA
 JodA 郱 B]oi BG : ALT B B ... BzA E A oMqA  d KT 
. (2) nAo{ BBi  o~LA E nBi BBL  A JBT BG
KFTA  zB  BT]A  TM oMqA  d W M B () B Ki 
B  o~LA A RnBw zB G tBA BE : ^B o~LA ko   ow 峼
oMqA BE   B MB d BE  LeB j  oA o B  oMqA  d
kM LeB  BkeE Mo ^AkME ϧl AB  AjAnE BM Ao  A  BTh
ȗ G k dU   L 酚U B oeA \A LAn A A   kk{ B pBU
. (3) 񦴧A jnA B   Bv jnU Te hw  A ~
: njB~A

 3Z  gnFU kM  (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  αA  A gnFU  1
. 861|  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA   468|
 1 k\ɫ  ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  ɫA vdɫ  zA BE  2
. 453|
 1 k\ɫ  ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  ɫA vdɫ  zA BE  3
. 451 - 450|
: BA BjBL
Ȗ  KBTA Mnj ȗ nq bAn  Ȧ k~U  BX  dT  oXA B B
^B AkE k   h bA JBdE  ^E BB   d oMqA EB pB\dA
  K~ B a  E j jk\A BA  U kM  AnBY Y  oA E
 d BqM iBvA o A LA BE m aȦ  kdU SB TA zB SA
SLdvA Y  MBvA hBM RjE TA VAkeA o\  kM o SB  oMqA
TvU   k A 鼪\U  U  hA w ^B FM Bn{ kM  񫻧A
iBvA T]A   BX T  kk\A hA M ϼzTA L SA u ȗ
.. pB\dA ȗ hA q]B M AnjE E kM AoA A BnjB Y   ȗ YXA
. (1)
: njB~A

. 41|   1975  (2)   RoM  nBTA nAj  M AoMA  MATA  1
: wBvA BU
o~LA A JBmA AoYC    A B BM m TA oA ȗ oUF A] Y
k  E   B BE M  E  p oB M A kL    BM oA oX
M  oB M A kL akE   eo kTv A] k   ^BG  j  oX
ov tBA JkTA  AjA   KoU TA RBAdA E  oA  BA  oXM E
zB oYE oMqA  d En k   (1) C YY  ^BLo TB] SB  
? BTBM ȮAoFUE : SB  o~LA A Ld~U E ȗ BA BLo  tBA ȗ BXjBeE
. (2) jjoU oM SL  BX kM KA aodU tBA U     : B
: njB~A

856|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
. 858 
L ɷ 1411  (1)  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  jvA  KmA Zo  2
. 374|  2Z  o~M jBvA
: BT]A BUAjAkTA
Tv A A wn wnE joTA B nBd () Ȧ B TA kA ϦU i
M  nAe   Ak] kM   A oE A ȖU Te BLA ÖA ϦU  BM
owB M nB  Ȧ M vdA M  ]  T{Be  o{A w ME B ȧAA
 BA kBv A E  oL jk U BY ]  A E  B] 
. (1) kA   eAqA y\A A AA joTA  vA
kd B] B   kwE  ȅ B B B B  A M oM () Ȧ  So k
KlA w ME ȗ BLeB SE : oT{ B nB mM w ME oLi AoLiE  o] M
ƪA oE jAnE B w MA BMBM nB{A oT{A B  kvE B cF tBL MA SE
ME     BA  oM  BBTwA   w BME B A BUB  q ()
BA  oi B BA B T m :  ] ȗ B  (2) LXTA o w
M nB  vdA MA wnF  oLhA AoLiF Ȧ A B]o ... kBA  oi BA 
... nBLTA A JoA   tBL MA  oT{A wnE Y ^E BwnE M    owB
 LE  v  k]A M ovA B k\vA ij Te nB  vdA LF
 A vdA   w ME Zoi  ... BX TT  BA BME B : B  nB
B A   Ba tBA LXU  : vdA  B  Lƽ  BX T ȗ ^AnB  ] 
? {  Bh ƪA oE X    bA G BjnE
:  A wn Sw  Uƫ nBzTvA    ȫE  SE MFM Sk : B
 RBC ϧl ȗ U  ... {BA  oi BA   BA  oi B kBA T Tw
Ϯ oi ^AkB B SE Bi  B BG tBA BF : B  Lw  Bw nB K
. ^BB
A  BA  uE SE kLA BA SwA : nB B  U ȮM  ]n B 
. ^B oMqA  d BM  w BME B : ȯAhA ohA kL B ... BoE BvU
? TM 蚯 M Vkd B Ȧ VkeE  B   : B
. (3) .. nkU Te ϟoT d  Snj : B  njE  : B
: njB~A

(1)   oBA  MoA KTA BeA nAj  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  1
145  144|  ɷ 1415  (3)     ɃoA ozA RAnz   1960 
. 409|  A vA  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  
 2 Z   1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnFU  2
. 181|
 1 k\ɫ  ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  ɫA vdɫ  zA BE  3
. 454|
: dA A  BUAoYFU
UovM   zB  oMqA  d AM ^B eE E kM () ƪA oE B 
E B ZAnkTw ]E  h B B k cvA B~A G o~LA A
 nB~A  o]BA ] a y\M o~LA d \UB    ^Ao~ ȚM AlA BT
. (1) JAqeA keE  nkM ȗ (|) LA  AoT{A 
Y  M ALen nB mM () ƪA oE A E TA B : B  M w  
^BLi  ƪA oE B  o~M BoE  nA\M B~i mA  kdA : AB
 ^BU k~E  vA oA  A A F : B    YE A kd
k TmM m M A kM Y T] BG  ... wA ȗ ^Bw E  w kE
BTM  BBG B]AoiG T zBM BBLG   TB Bi  oMqA  d 蚯
  A E E : ȮM k A  BB  BB ATwB  o~LA BBkE Te
 nB~A d : A E Bɗ  B B Ao  AqTA k kA ɗ nBi 
B]n  ohA ϧl ȗ BLvTeA tBA  BE A BUj    ΰk  ϯAA
.(2).. YA   () ƪA oE  Bk
: njB~A

 (6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnzɫ  ɷ 1411
409|
 1 k\ɫ  ɷ 1400  RoM  nBTA nAj ɫA vdɫ  zA BE  2
. 455  454|
: T\A  BUAoYFU
   oMB E vT Ȧ A ]oh   ϧl kM tBA M hA kT{A 
A wn Y Ad oMqA  d A     A A Ȧ k oT
 TA AqT E ko    ( oMqA ) A wn  !?nAe Ao~   (zB)
Av ϧl kM BwoA   ^AnAoA TA G o    AqTA  bBT  
ȗ Ȗi    aM TiA   oB o  Ld WdM oA eAn  BoA 
SB ϧm  BMBdE  o  ȖhTvU Y  BdTwA  oU BE   oBA
. (1) X k]   M Ȧ aE e A Be
: njB~A

863|   1991  (5)   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
.
: B SLA E A A
E kM B  tBA Kh B  o~LA A ovA () Ȧ jAnE B : B LA n
.... :C  A   wn   A ke
Te ^Ao{  ^e Ȧ AoL~  ! LvM oA Am  Bv  oMqA d BM B
 o o B BBM E kM  Lw A B A \  AoA ȯBpB  Bo BLY
. STE k kM Bd  S k ^B̫E BUo
BE  vE  T\e E G    k G LTA B A ! Bp BX jE
 B BvE  ApoeA Bd BMBE AB B     A \dM An
(1)!  BM E
: njB~A

 1 Z  ɷ 1415  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 226 |
: B MBd~A A
o M A kL BA Be ovA   zB  oMqA  d  T ST]A B
Am Si k zB BE G  eoA kL BME B : B   oA  Bo B ovBM
eE SF tBA BBM B  wE BM ϧ B B KlB  tBA M bA B]n oA
? KB ME MA KBh M ȯBU  TM  ȯB]ohU E AkoUE :B B oBM
B B JBmBM B BY Bd ȗ A B]n BA : ϧl A AoA  
BG    BL E o  B E   TM lB o ^B G eoA kL BME B :d
. 񦴧A ȴ G  nA Sd ƪA E   B Row B  n{ Bjo E o
  R\ aoz ^BM  G   T ^  ^Be B񧱛 B G : M B jo
mA  o~LA  B oi kA BTE   B]j  B oi zB SM E BA
A k  nzA BE    ^Aoi B  G ^B UB    vA  B oi
. (1) BvA ȯBB  B Ae mA çA G Bjo    BUoiE ak SB
  o M A kL   |B ME M kw 훱A m ȗ nBzA  qTA B 
  BA tBA Bk    ^BMoe BL~   o   v M kd  kp M BwE
. (2) o񮪧A dA Am  vA Bao 
: njB~A

 (6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ   ɃoA ozA RAnz  ɷ 1411
404|
(1)   oBA  MoA KTA BeA nAj  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  2
 143  142|  ɷ 1415  (3)     ɃoA ozA RAnz  1960 
. 858|  1991  (5)  RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA 
: [BTA  RBhA
E ϧl : A  KB]  [BT B \  ovA Bz oM odA m E 
qo RAl k A BdU  wBw B woA k BTA A RjE \A o
. SdM Ȯj
. dA ȗ Ȧ BB TA o~A oTA i kk\A kA B A SdLE 
. vM i Bj wA ȗ o E \A o SB B
 TA   XBA BUjB  YA TM o~LA o STA k BdA B B 
BdA k  BLA l   khA Bk]  zB BM S TA qA kM {
tBA ]n   ^B\nkU kA A jU LA BdA RmiE   nAoBM TA oMk 
uBM BE  BM k    BM  TM    jk\ ƪA oE A
. (1)
: njB~A

 (6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnzɫ  ɷ 1411
. 417|
: Bo~
 dA TM Ti SoTA TA BzA ϦU 鼪] ]A k ƪA oA E ...
oiA JBLwA A j ϧl jo Ti ȗ bB\A  KT  AlG   k{oA wBvA
ȗ AoT{A E  kA iAj vA  BX kM hA U E : BA 
keA k  AT\  E G   }hTA  M kBw  TwBw  omTA
 dA kAn    TiA k{A UBB  AkA SoU M  keA B 
  kk{ o  `akdU  joU w  dA \A Am ȗ  wA Bwo |iA
鼪]  cB~A  RjBw fB ȗ   Bi n~M A   {oA oXE
B E E o B () ^B G  nB~A  oBA Aoz AA  STwA   A
Td  jBvA  nA KTA  A o{ Ȫd E A wn i  K
. (1) o j o   BdA  Ö  nA RAohM
 ) 37 w ȗ B   A ȃn Ȧ M  훰 SB ϧl tBwA 
. (2) o ao ȗ (o\A
: njB~A

 (6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
 A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)   ɛ  ɃoA ozA RAnzɫ  ɷ 1411
. 399|
 RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  ǱdA A kL M RB  AkLA \  2
. 414|  3Z  ɷ1399
: Bız JBLwA
^BA A kL M oo] BA wnF  BzA  B B~A  () Ȧ BA  Be k
A ]nA : AB TM FLA B   B i ToTA Bjke ij B   B
 ]AoT  B E AE   vA  ]n nBYE  kA A ]o ϦwnA 
k RoBU TA RBBA  B k\   kk\A kA k BzA ȗ L] cTw
  B  oE k  ϧm oA B   B T  S ^BB oz i
mi   UBo~U vM UowE   T  kBw mA BX kM nmU   B~A
dA ajoU B TwA   (1) Uk\ G ]BdA uE ȗ B  dA RBBw ȗ
BvUA  kFT BA AA mM   zB  oMqA  dɄ  ƪA YXA
BzBM  LA BUG  kA AE M o  nBA  Xd   TL]
. (2) BeA 
 B ME e BzA A Zoh akTv E  akM  () Ȧ BA E    
 pB\dA ȗ vA  oXA oXA TBM k  oB B  T\e   LA
B B nAkM BX nFX E ko   B   p TB SdLE  A
. (3) Ȧ  oA o~ E ko
: njB~A

 (6)   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
|  A vA  ɷ 1409  (1)     ȃoA ozA RAnz  ɷ 1411
399
. 400  399|  A vA  ȮvdA o {B kvA ĿA ow  2
. 858|  gnBU kM   A nAj ve   RBwA  3
: BUAjB
. |BA M o  Bw ME M B () Ȧ BA k o{A nBA L] jB
BzA ȗ Unz ȧE  tFM M u ] B e FTA k  {   B 
ȮM  T M  Bw ME ȮM  TM E  BLA f{  jB]A Bwn  
 Jod 籴A  B od AB    |BA M o A A  E
. (1) n~A  q\BM T E M {  ÅLTv
: njB~A

. 883|  gnBU kM  A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
: BAkE
B  Am  k M B  Ȧ BA M SAU BwoA E inƪA k 
BA AqTA K   TT  BX ol  oX  BA EoA U Bwn ȗ Bd
. vFM AnBTh vA M nzA jBG  
F  kE mA y\A     keE  hT U  hA ȗ B BE G
. (1) B  ^BB hA T  JnBd G
: njB~A

 1411 (6)   nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
. 424  423|  A vA
: BA BjBL
WBLB B WBLA B  .. wA ȗ S훰 TA A JodA   SB
. TM E  wo AkA  BkA Ke   \A Joe 
~ mA ]oA Am jB] A αjA ȯA A kL BME B : |BA M o B B
 A : o B  eoA 酛   B\A o   TA oE   hA T  Mn
?
BTv E  ȪM Ȧ SE B B B A  : o  B  Ȧ jB] A : B
    jB]  TLd  TMBw   Uo\ ϧB  oM - kA ȗ BvT
. (1)^Bve A  M  e  ^Be  ^Ajke  ^Ake ϧl   G A  峪 
() Ȧ BA A TBwn ȗ ^BA TA nB B{A  k  B jBL SXU k 
A BM  o  kM BE  KB ME M Ȧ A oh M B  : B We
Ϯ   BX  o  oM MF S BX j  oM SE   αBM mA
 킧A M Ǳ  B\A BF  nB~A  Smi   o]BA BXM SoA
M n{ SB S B  BX T A kU Te ϧBT G BzA E ME k 
BBM B  oMqA  d  \\d Ȧ \\e u o   (2) vA
o~LA E   o~LA E  T\d BzA E  T\e B   BME  
. BzA E 텽   αBE
M oh M B A KB ME M Ȧ ƪA oE  : Am MBT  () Ȧ MB]F
Bj  k{o kB   k o~M  u oA JBT Ϯ ȯBUE B  kM BE  Joe
  BX ȗ Tüi TM ϼ kvE BG Sp  LUB A jB   MB]F A
B   AnkE B RnkE  AjnE B RjnE o]BA  ^]n G S B o
. BM Mo     \ A B
B  Ϯ ϧmM E BX M  E ȮM  ]n SE BG  BX  SE B  kM 
 ϦeA aȧA A Be Y  TB ȗ ijB   ME j  E ϯE Sp
 o~LA E  BzA E  oMqA  d M  ϮM qU BE   \dA  BA
FTv    nBhA B XTv  B{ M B  Aw G B B oA B o
. (3) oA B
: njB~A

|  1 k\  gnBU kM  RoM  BL  A vd kvA  zA BA  1
. 468
. 4|  3Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA  αA  A gnFU  2
. 471 - 470  465|  1 k\  A vd kvA  zA BA  3
: wBvA BU
Am  TwA : Bw ME M LT B  nBzTwB TY E Bj B E : Aol
k{E o    UBe ȗ BX qTA k   So k  B |BA M oM oA
. (1) oU E G ^AqTA
 v  kBM G T]Be o   B A k B |BA M o E : Aol 
. LeB B  kB
? BzB o~ E U E : B  B FT  ^Ao~ ȮE : B o B
 ^B SL AlA ϧ U BG  ϧ SB AlA ȧ U BG B   M : B
. Ȧ G TBM BE WM k AoA
ϧ S G o~M ^Ao oTzU E oU BE : B B  Bw ME M LT ik
?
. BzA  KU  T
o~M o B KT B   o~ BF  o A WM LT  B w B
^Bo{ B 蚮U   : o KT   B o{ }   : JBTA wE ȗ KT
.LeB B keA  kB  
 M ^Anov JBTBM o B] B  o~  B]  fE MA |BA M o  B 
k   yo ȗ yU En FM ȯoLhU E oB : B now  iE MA K\
? o Ϯj SE
? e Ȧ  B A Bk BX T    o~ E oUE
? k mA k\BM miF  B G RnB G BAoU E
Ȯw Ȧ  S  iE MB  Ȧ  B j A o G iE MB : o B
. B  Ȯ   TM
. (2) .. Ϯj ko  Bj koU Ϯ   B joU  ϯG : TA B
: njB~A

 1413  1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  1
. 115|
117|  ( t .  )  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  2
: BT]A BUAjAkTA
 tBA We  A ovBM oF BA ȗ B A () ƪA oE KT 
.  jB\A
BLA  h TwB  Am  BLA  B w M h A KT
.   k{ Te LE     ]n Am
BA : B   () MBT tBL MA  Eo  o~LA A tBL M A kL A KT 
AkB]   ^BY  ^BBi A Lw ɗ AoA  BA A ov AkTwA tBA
o    CoA o  mA wBA dA UBU B  vE  AFM
oA  (|) A wn  MA  ƪA oE  dA j k   JBTA e
 mA  JBTA dM BdA   dBM jB~A   o񮪧A  ȷBA  oBM
.Ŀ  A ȗ miFU    nB\A Ak
ovA  ovA   ]oh   ϮL\ A   : B (1) u M eA B
. o]A  A  F  ohA ϧl ȗ KvTd oA  BoA
. (2) o~LA FM tBL MA  k Te hA Ȧ boL  
E  MBU M  A FM BzA A 贮  ^B E : ^BA om E K\ 
\A      B o~LA E  FM ϧm 贯 BG  ke pB\dA
 oX ϧl   Bɟ   ^BA A ϧl ɗ tBA  qTA   Bɟ  
. (3) oMqA  d T kM AqA mA
: njB~A

 1960  MoA KTA BeA nAj  o~  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  1
. 165|
475|  1 k\  gnBU kM  nBTA nAj  A vd kvA  zA BE  2
.
. 897|  gnBU kM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  3
: dA A  BUAoYFU
k   AM k MBdE  B E o  vA oX    MBdE  Ȧ B
M  M  E AME  Aow Aajo  BzA E     B A Ȧ owE
. (1) vA G
owB M nB kT nB~A  o]BA  ^Be ȚM    ƪA oE kU k 
UB KB ME M Ȧ KB] A nB  B   BzA E d nAoMA woA MBd
 B  nB~E  B jB]  ϼA nA ^ A  :    B  qdM
oɫF oA CoA   A    mA A wn dM BLA ɫ kBv
. (2) CoA dM UB lA   A oE A ȖU Te BLA ÖA BTM vA
: njB~A

. 901|  gnBU kM   A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
  nBTA nAj  RoM  ȮvdA o {B kvA  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  2
. 430  429|  A vA  140  6
: T\A  BUAoYFU
A B eoA kL ȯhA v ME  B JBdE  ^]n G nBLiA ȗ B]
ȗ TMBw  X ϧ u  ^B UBU  :  B  JodA oE ȗ nBzU BYA
? wA
B T BX E U    BM X ȯE jE Sv )) : B B
.(1) (( oA Am A v Te TT B k : B .  :AB?
 UB AB   Bd  tBA Aao  oX B] Ȧ JBdE  T 
.  햽  oYFT ϧl  o tBA B   oB~M
LA  UB F Ȧ  UB e A o AB  () Ȧ JBdE  
BG   B ABT  jBzA AL E ^AlG KoA u  A Lw ȗ ^AjB] v
. (2) AjjoT E AoMk E A\d E KoA
Sw w  K]n oiAE ȗ A ij () ^B E : inƪA  B] o 
B  vA ϦU  BLA o{A i   BM BdM BE LTwB  o\ YY
 A  WL ɗA E  ^BMB\U  ^BwBe k]   B Jod kTv
 o~ G ^Ao~ A E ko XBA Joe ɗ  AoT{A mBɗ  BêɄA
 o~LA ȗ XBA  To ȗ  lBhU  A E ko  AhU mA
. (3) q B odT E L BzA E q  d AB  
: njB~A

 AA nBLiA  884|  gnBU kM  A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
162.|
. 895|  ve   RBwA  2
1411  6  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B kvA  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  3
. 422|  A vA 
: B SLA E A A
 A AjB A L\T A  : ƪA o AB BA   u M W{A G
B  v A Bj  A BTwA k B B   ToM A Ϯk E  dTA
MA  B    A JBT A JB]E  eE BE tBA BA :  () Ȧ BA E 
d ... Co  j JBdFM Av v MA  bow MA   ME MA |BA
k  Bw kAw ȯoA  (1) khA  kA BG  BM BM knE e  BE
. (2) A mA oMAj 酚 E G L   텚 dA M
:     kkdBM  UB E oz  d M BeE E : MA] B 
(3) ko B A L\U  G B햮 A  B MA BT B BT G  A K]E
.
: njB~A

401|  2Z  1411  1  ȪA vwƫ  Ȧ M vdA  KmA Zo  1
.
1960  MoA KTA BeA nAj  o~  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  2
. 188|
 6   nBTA nAj  ȮvdA oɫ {B kvA  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  3
. 435|  A vA  1411
: B MBd~A A
  E A Ț E SEn ȯG : |BA M o B  A ovA B jAnE B
 B A  E BE  BT]Be nk E BB  BX oE   om ^BMBT kA E
: o YY A KT BG :o B
   B  kq  BX  ]n   o~M G Al kq  ȦM `An
.Ȧ  v ȗ YFM Sv qT ]n
B B SE BE ! hA  BTE B : o M A kL BMB]F  BLT  ϧl  : B
. (1) o~   ȧ B u  B E    o B SE BE    
: njB~A

471|  1 k\  gnBU kM  nBTA nAj  A vd kvA  zA BA  1
.
: [BTA  RBhA
wnk oAƪM ƪA oE e mA eBvA nB~TA kM  o STA k
Ȧ jBA BM oA  o{A w ME |BA MA dTM AoA wA
E gnFTA Be B  ýoM dA nBTiA  dTA oT SB  KB ME M
jBi B Bke  BdA BA TA TA \TA SB  JXA Am B kv
. (1) A kB e BM y\A BTA  BMB~ A nA j   TA
     Ʉ oɓ ȗ Th  T AoA E  BzA E B k ^AlG 
- ve  A -kLTwA B Bz BM  M AoUF E   A]BT E ovA
 |BA M oM ~UA k  TAj AoA E oB    u MA W{A  E
 A TT E AoMj   ^AoMkU M oA Am AoMj  TAj  BzA E oB  
A훰F  eB~A An B Ao{E E q ABi G   Am BzA E o B
. ^Akk{ M wFM A] Ȧ JBdE M oA
 B A UpB\U BG   kdA Am k U  oAƪA E ϧm k A oLE 
. (2) dA nBTiA   ^Aoi  k{E
: njB~A

1411  6  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B kvA  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
. 441|  A vA  ɷ
. 897|  gnBU kM  A nAj  ve   RBwA  2
: Bo~
Am \{   o~LA E  nB~TBM \A kM qe ȗ A E [TMA k  ..
.  A A E  nB~TA
RAl keE B] Te 孼e  e M AnDM o\A  ]odT ZnAhA   
SE  A  :  B  Ƨ M Bw k   ȫBvA k{An M SaohA   
 k WU   Mn ~U ^AlA  ϫE TY : Ȧ  B  ϖi S   oE
? ϧl U   v G aoU  
A G Sn   k\A ak] e dA  S   JBTA ȗ Se ϯ " : B
. (1) " B   `nAp ϼ BF  vA A mA
U  Am     W{A E Ȧ i ȗ jBv  : kkdA ME MA B
B \   Bɗ  oTA Ϧv  Ϧv E jAnE Bɗ  AoA Joe
  ndM Fw We co~TA A W{A F\F  BM Ao  ~A BLA
. (2) oMjB TB  co~TA G  
BM  țozA KB\A  wA  jAkM M wA - ~A kA - n AoA 
ȗ ϧl   (3) ZnAhA   A ȃn KB ME M Ȧ ƪA o 훰 SB
. (4) o\A  37 w
: njB~A

. 916|  gnBU kM  A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
521|  1 k\  gnBU kM  nBTA nAj  A vd kvA  zA BA  2
.
 ɷ 1399  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  ǱdA A kL M RB  AkLA \  3
. 325|  5Z
. 52|  4Z  gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oLA  αA  A gnFU  4
: Bız JBLwA
ZoLA M np B ZnAhA  ]n BUE d w BME WL E jAnE B ^B A
.  G e  :  B  kvA op M |oe BA
 T  ]nA   Tüi  KU : |oe  B   G e  : Ȧ B
M  BM BLT k   ȯT~ ϧl  UjnE k : B  Bk A BM ZoiA
: ]q A B k   BYA  Bj B BA   ^Bo{ Bo{  ^BMBT
 A T] k  BkU kM BA AU   UkB AlA A kM AA 
. (1) 
 q\   Kl  B : Ȧ B   JTU E ȒL Kl ϧl : |oe  B
.  T   B B A SkU k   햧A    EoA
TUB ]q A JBT ȗ B]oA dU kU  ç Ȧ B A  BE : np  B
. (2) An  A ] ϧmM KA
oM   |BA M o k ]oi  LzU ȗ KLvA B ϧm 
   oiC ^BC LTA  ^BC kB\A kLA   kA m U  eB~A
ϧl G ɃE  BqA k  TüM ɗ ^FT B KAmA  AnA ɗ KTA
  () Ȧ a]Be  jB A oA  BeBM cBA ]   K\A jB
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. ?! (3)"dA
: njB~A

. 91 : A  dA  1
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. 521|  1Z  zA BE   53
. 83|  1938  Ak  BoA L  qA ve kd  gnFTA ȗ zA  3
: BUAjB
. LwAoA K M A kL RBXA l ZnAhA oe jB
: BAkE
E Tod    AjoU  ƪA oE  A]oi Be  ZnAhA  G
     o  B  oMqA  d  joTA  o  q
... oMqA d  B B B |Bi k
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. (1) Mod ]oA
jB  ^BA oz BYA BM Aq Anoe AUE   ZnAhA nB   Ȧ ]n B 
kM n{ oA   AA M A kL ~A oE   Mn M WL{ BTA oE : jB
. (2) o񮪧A  ȴA  oBM oA ]q  LA  cTA
: njB~A

1411 6  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B kvA  oz ȮYA ĿA ow  1
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.
: BA BjBL
B    G e : AB     雰 mA dTA AoA mA  ZnAhA
() Ȧ UB   Anoe  B BM AT]A oE E ȗ  ^BA nodA 
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. (1) dTA  e A ^B T  VAkeA  e A BX T
: njB~A

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.
: wBvA BU
^BM BM ZnAhA S dA lB  o{A  w BME WM B ^B A
  YE  K M A kL A kd  LwAoA K  M A kL q ȗ AT]B
: B Y
BkA m U E CoA e A L  eoBM ƽ  ȒL B A  kM BE
 oBM oA  k oYC nBLU  B BBA nBXA  BM oA  BM BoA TA
B BkA m ȗ  ao̽  a̪ɽ ̫ B aoɃ a̫ G   dBM A  o񮪧A  ȴA
m  BAiA BM A]oiB  UB] ȗ jhA  ]  q A An BA  MAY
A kLA m o AkA m M A E BL\A n M A BE BA oA
.
ɗ  ϼ{ B AoA G   BkA mM BTA G : op M |oe  Bɗ
B  A nBG  dA K  TU    BM BA A BT\M  BTp kU
. vd  mA  AUA mA  A
kM B   ^]n oE A  TEn B EoA G B : kwA Bw M qe B
. BA ]oU  BM dU An   jBw jB  
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K M A kL  Bo   BMF  vLA E M co{  Bw M qe 
BL  RA  ^Bo BjA   BkA ȗ Ln BmiE  A  BA  BUB : B 
.(1) .. RBXA l  B B   ɷ 37 w  A{  i oz
: njB~A

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. 55  54|  4Z
: BT]A BUAjAkTA
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.
.(1) TB B  k oeF ZohA ko vLA Mn M Bw E ^B M 
: njB~A

337|  3 k\  1966  RoM  njB nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  1
.
: dA A  BUAoYFU
BTA FTv E ȗ dA  E Ȧ o{ njBA dA Am  dTA TA E kM 
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. BzA Jod ov ȗ A B AoA ȗ
L oBM v  kz FM LB   Uk MB\TwA An ZnAhA  
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ȗ A\U  LwAoA K M A kL  A  mA ZnAhA   oA E BzA
ǰl MBd~A keE MA  RnA M JBLi M A kL AT AkA Jo AoA
SB  BM AoM UEoA AT B  AkA  Ȧ B B   wA ȗ MBvA
. B]oA  BvA  Bo AT   ^Be
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.(1)Ao  A B]G
TBA Ti ϧmM AF Ȧ~  () Ȧ BA BTA  ZnAhA BTwA AoiE
. oXM k{AoA dA kM B A RkTA dA A  UAoYFU A   v
BE d : AB   BL T{  MBdE ^B UE A  ZnAhA S]oi B 
. SjB  AkE SA 
B  Xi An     \A  k{ B  ȪXhA jAk{ MA M Mn B\
 : Mn B  w  C   A  A wn w  A JBT  BM : 
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. TU TA n~A ȗ E Ȧ BA o~ ȗ Aw zA wnB BA nBA oz
: njB~A

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. 44
 3 k\   1966  njB~A nAj  RoM  BL  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  2
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: B SLA E E A
AoA Ak B]oiE TA MB~A BTE : () ƪA oE  ZnAhA E   B 
E UoLiE   dA  T ȯG AU E A dA  Bk  ]B\A
ȯG   Co   j JBdFM Av A E UFL  k  BBG A K
TnB G G   (1) nkA  oA E    ^B]n  ^BE To  M oE
 So{ S B  Se FM RnoE AlA Te ȯT~  qdA TLB] ȽEn
BBi  BTiB  RBE B BT  CoA BeE B Bd E dA  RmiF SYTwA
E    M mA B  A BoE  d  BoE BmL  vA  JBTA e
? TUE
BLU B SLU B  BLU k   oB ϧmM B   BYA Be B Be BG : AB
. BhA Kd  A A Aw  ΰmMB BB BqTB SME G    Ϯ d
 (|) A woM ȯBA kME (3) oMC  ȚM    (2) KBe MBE : Ȧ B
 BE B ^AlA S k oBM v  k{A A Lw ȗ jB]  Uo\
.(4) ..  o~A Y 孽kTA
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. 48|  4Z
. BL~dA oXU TA kkzA coA  2
o  d E WkdA oYF mA : oYC o   d E hA oMF mA :   3
. KYAA    qMC o  
  328|  4Z  ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA MA  LA [ bo{  4
. 523|  1 k\  zA BA
: B MBd~A A
u Am A : oA  A B  ZnAhBM ueF n ȗ LE B M A G
. KA  Ao{E k AB   BG  ȯj  AqTB  F{ 
? MBdE  SE B : AB  A Zoh  ϯF{ : AB
kɛ : ABɛ  jke A A  Av M o\Tv oz ɛ : Bɛ
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. F ME Y A  v
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 53|  5Z  ɷ 1415  ȪA vwƫ  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{  1
. 522|  1 k\  zA BE 
: [BTA  RBhA
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Zoh A  M  M oA ȴT E F vE tBA Ʒ B   AnodM
 oB  B Ȧ A j  k AB   AnU mA pFA Am 
: jA çE  jo Ȧ B   BzA E  k  BTA BTwA A k
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. (1) .. BhA  BA  nAoG
L AB   RBXA l vn   oiC  ZnAhA T Te Bw G ȷB 
Lw ȷ Lw o AB   Lw ȗ ^AjB]  Ȧ ^Bd~ tBA k{E  dTA
... A
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. 907|  gnBU kM  A nAj  ve   RBwA  1
. 916|  ve   RBwA  2
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 TB ȗ ( owkA ) M Ȧ  ȯBLzA  M to{E Zoi AoA E T B
ȗ to{E T A  BYY ȗ Bve M xoMA Ȧ A ]  nBLA A nBw Y
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: njB~A

. 372|  3 Z  1966  njB~A nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  1
:  M 
A ]  ( AmLw B ) UF kB\ iE   JBMoA U   M  Zoi Y
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: njB~A

. 372|  3 Z  1966  njB~A nAj oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  1
: ozM M  W{A  K{A
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A a]    nk  j  a~ MBdE   B KE TA oA
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YY  BY w oiA jB] ȗ MBdE  K{A T i] nE  ( BAo]o]
.  o\A   (1)
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373  372 |  3 Z  1966  njB~A nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  1
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. 373|  3 Z 1966  njB~A nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  1
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Ȧ B A nB] Bk  kvA Ak M nB] k M ak   vM Ȧ Zoh
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: njB~A

. 373|  3 Z  1966  njB~A nAj  oYA MA  gnBTA ȗ BA  1
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nAj  RoM  BL  Ao  ȫM kd . j  () Ȧ M vdA BA Be  1
. 43 |  2 Z   1990  MoA A
Bz JBLwA
() vdA BA vA BM A kM  wBvA UBh B BA Sz BkM
A njBL A VAkeA  KT  w oi A En  () MA jBzTwA kM i
A oLA oA RU  A nLT ç  () vdA BA   JodA A
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.
(1) . B TB k U țAoA ȫwA y\A TM   2
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jB TwA M eBA  vT jLA ȗ A oz  BA dA  B~A
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: njB~A

|   1960  MoA KTA BeA nAj  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  1
. 217
ɷ 1413  1  ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA BA  2
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. 58 |   1990  RoM
BUAjB
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: njB~A

. 60 |  Ȧ M vdA BA  1
BAkE
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158. |  1Z   1996 - ɷ 1417
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kA M kBi  12
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A kL M d  15
AA M oMqA   16
dA M Ao  17
L{ M oA  18
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An ME M A kL - 20
oT{A ϧB  21
Bw ME M kq  22
owB M nB  23
o{A w MA  24
kwA M JBT  25
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E ME M o]BA  27
kL M jBp  28
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KB ME M   33
L] M lB  34
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MoA VnBdA M jBT MA  41
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qoAn  79
tvA - 80
oTvU  81
oq\A  82
Aoe  83
A tEn  84
L~  85
p  86
  87
BE  88
o~ o  89
B]o]  91
ZaU  92
ohA  93
Bv  94
jo\MA nAj  95
Bo  96
BTv\w  97
Ao  98
JoA  99
A nMBw - 100
|oL  101
nw  102
~dA  103
BTwoL  104
nA~A  105
nBwA  106
o{oME  107
t  108
o  109
BBA l  110
B]p\A  111
gM  112
 oA nE   EoA ~e  113
B\BzA o  114
mMoA  115
BA  116
BA u  117
Anoe  118
k  119
v - 120
A  121
pB\dA  122
AoA  123
nB l  124
oA  125
A  126
hA  127
wA  128
jAkM  129
owkA - 130
AmLwB  131
BAo]o]  132
i]  133
\kLA  134
B\pnj  135
npo{  136
M  137
Swo
]AoA njB~A
k{AoA dA  ȗ
oA CoA 
LA [ 
ɷ1406  ȫwA A KT  jnBA kd M Ȧ  BvA BeA  1
  kA L  LBTwA  jAkLA ȪTA oB M oBA kL  kA A  2
. ɷ 1346  (1)
 (1)     ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  nkA LT MA  wBvA  BA  3
.  ɷ1413
  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  woLA KB MA M Ȧ M keA  ZB\TeA  4
. ɷ 1403  (2)
1 )   oBA  MoA KTA BeA nAj  nkA jAj M keA  AA nBLiA  5
ɷ1415  ( 3 )     ȃoA ozA RAnz  1960  (
.  ɷ1403  ɷ1400  RoM  nBTA nAj  A vd  zA BE  6
1990 RoM  MoA A nAj  Ao ȫM kd . j  Ȧ M vdA BA  7
. 
  ɷ1416   ( 1 )   oBdA B kvA  T\A jB  BA  8
 SLA C vwɫ  ȦAA keE . j  BA  ozA M \vA BeA  9
gnFU kM  RoM
nBA nAj  UE ME \ki . j  JodA  vA ȗ kA RBA  wA  10
.  1983  ( 1 )   o~ 
( 2 )   RoM  BdA LT nAj  AoA ~ . j  ȯBvA B wA  11
( 4 )   Bnw  oA nAj  ȦeqA L . j  ȫwA A ȗ JodA nBYC  12
ɷ1412 
C vwƫ  jAkLA oLA BA M kd M kd kA gzA  jB{nA  13
. ɷ 1413  (1)     SLA
RoM  BwoA vwƫ  j njBA kL  wBvA BBE  wA  14
AoA  wA LTA  ȦBA odA  AkA RBLYG  15
. gnFU kM  o{A \A  nkdA LA  jvA  汧A RBLYA  16
RoM  nBTA nAj  nk~A oBM kd  k ke  nAjA U SLA E  17
 RoM  ȪA vwƫ  nlLA oMB] M d M keE  Ao{A JBvE  18
.ɷ 1394
.  1934  oBA  Ȧ jo kd  MoA nBdA  wA  19
. \A   ȦdA A  A - 20
1991  ( 5 )   RoM   A nAj  ve   RBwA   21
|  ɷ 1416  5   ȫwA ozA vwɫ  kA gzA  |B~TiA  22
. 341
. gnBU kM  A KTA nAj  oX MA  BA  AkLA  23
RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  v\A oBM kd  nAA nBdM  24
kM  ( 1 )   RoM  A KTA nAj  A nAj αA  A gnFU  25
gnFU
. RoM  \A nAj  ȄvA  BhA gnFU  26
VAoTA BeA nAj  pAoA ohA  oLA ovTA  27
 (1)   RoM  kk\A BA nAj  B B]  ȫwA ozTA gnFU  28
. ɷ 1400
oBA  o~A A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  wBvA wA gnFU  29
.  1967  1  
.  1960  RoM  njB nAj  J ME M keE  MA gnFU - 30
. RoM MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  ki M eoA kL  ki MA gnFU  31
kd oM MA  qTA ZnAhA AoA A kdA  joA ȗ kTA  32
. ɷ 1366  oBA  ȯBLA KA M
 (1)   RoM  A KTA nAj  jnA M kA p  jnA MA gnFU  33
 1996 - ɷ 1417
.  1975  ( 2 )   RoM  nBTA nAj  M AoMA  MATA  34
ɷ1403  ( 4 )   oA nAj  B L . j  E ȮM i gnFU  35
 ɷ 1409  ( 1 )   SA B]  XeBLA  \  wA BXA  36
 SA LɄ  ɗhA B ɗ BA oYD ɗ kzA   )   1989
. ( ZAo nBTvA kL dU  1964
 ( 6 )   RoM  nBTA nAj  kA u{ k kdɫ  vdA nY  37
ɷ1401
 ( 4 )   RoM  BA ɟozA  ɗAoA ~ɫ . j  JoA nBe  38
.  1988
 v Bn . j  A kA w Te wA B m wBvA MqdA  39
. ɷ 1412  ( 1 )   zj
 (1)   RoM  LA nAj  {oA o{ oBM  () vdA BA Be  40
.  1993  ɷ 1413
 ( 1 )   RoM  BA nAkA  ȗd Bw Ȧ  BhA  hA  41
. ɷ1401
. oz XBXA LA  oz MBvA k\A  BoLA nBA oAj  42
. RoM  oA nAj  k] ko kd  ozA oA nB oAj  43
B kA ozTv MoA ovA JBT A ik nBA A kA  44
 ɷ 1405  ( 2 )   RBwAnk B\A vwƪA 嬱M AoMA .j  U
.  1985
.o~  A LT  L{ keE . j  ȫwA oTA ȗ jB~TA  wBvA  45
.o~  ȧMk LT   MBTA ovA  wA ȗ RAnBvA  46
  RoM 幧BwoA vwƫ  LmA BX M keA M kd LA A ow  47
. ɷ 1417  11
( 6 )   RoM  nBTA nAj  ȮvdA o {B  oz ȮYA ĿA ov 48
. ɷ 1409  (1)     ȃoA ozA RAnz ɷ 1411 
1938  Ak  BoA L  qA ve kd  gnFTA ȗ zA  49
ȪA vwƫ  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  kkdA ME MA  LA [ bo{ - 50
. ɷ 1415  RoM 
vwƫ RAnz  ǱwA vdA M Ȧ UoA ozA  BA ȗ ȗBzA  51
. ɷ 1407  RoM  SLA A
ɷ1401  RoM  oA nAj  ozA ZB\dA M v  v cd  52
. ɷ 1414    ȃoA ozA RAnz  wB C ȃAn  vdA c  53
 ( 3 )   RoM  AoqA nAj  A  jA] kd  vdA BA c  54
ɷ 1408
 ( 2 )   o~  oBA LT  ȪTA o\e MA keE  odA A~A  55
ɷ 1385
 ( 1 )   RoM  A KTA nAj  kw MA kdɫ  oLA RBLA  56
.ɷ 1410
TA nAp  o nB .j  AoMA kL . j  k{AoA hA LA o~  57
.  1986  ozA   jAkM B]  ȪA WdLA ȧBA
( gnBU kM )  o~ L  BA MA  KBA k  58
2   RoM  uBA nAj  ȯ\A o . j  dA A ȗ wA oL  59
. ɷ 1409 
.  1964  o~  A nAkA  op ME kd  wA ȗ kA RBA - 60
( gnFU kM )  o~ LT  K kw  wA ȗ BT]A AkA  61
 BX LA nAj  ȯB kL kd . j  (|) LA SM C Ld jA A  62
.ɷ1402  ( 1 )   jvA  k]
ɷ1395  Ao  Ȧ nBYC \A RAnBzTA  ȖXA kd M AoMA  RAnBA  63
 jAkM  A nAkA  kd ȟp B . j  ȫwA MoA wBvA oA  64
.  1971
. o~  nBA nAj  ve   M  Ȧ  oLA TA  65
 RoM  A KTA nAj  nlLA oMB] M d M keE  AkLA bT  66
. ɷ 1398
 ȃoA ozA RAnBzTA  BLBL M Ȧ kd  BvA JAjA ȗ ohA  67
ɷ1414  
  汪A B]  ~ kL nBL\A kL  WkdA  wA wBvA oA  68
ɷ1402  ( 2 )
RoM   A nAj   jA] kd  jB~A   69
( gnFU kM )  RoM  A KTA nAj  q] MA  A AA - 70
) ( 1 )   RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  oYA MA  gnFTA ȗ BA  71
1966  RoM  njB nAj   ɷ 1408  ( kk]
.  1995  ( kk] )   RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  n MA  JoA Bv  72
. RoM  njB nAj  o{A vdA MA  ~A TiA wA RB  73
LTA RAnz  AoA  JBTA nAj  ȯBA ZoA ME  LBA UB  74
. ɷ 1385 o{A \A  nkdA
. \A  JAjA L  tB MA  TA  eA  75
kM )  RoM  ȪA vwƫ  ki M eoA kL  ki MA 幫kA  76
( gnFU
\vA BeE   ɷ 1311  ( 1 )   ozA L  AA RAoBd  77
. ɷ 1408  o~  L LT  nk w kd  ȫwA  ikA  78
RoM  BdA LT  ȪBA o] cB kd  wA ȗ wBvA A   79
1971  RoM  vA \A nAj   1971 
kM  o~  oA nAj  ohA kd  wA A gnFU RAoBd -  80
gnFU
.ɷ1407  wnkA B] L  LA [ B toA \A  81
. JBT BA ozA  BL ]  ȖvA \A  82
. ( 3 )   oBA  o~A A  L{ keE . j  ȫwA T\A  83
  ɷ 1411  ( 1 )   RoM  ȪA vwƫ  jvA  KmA Zo  84
o~  jBvA L
 RoM  MoA VAoTA BeA nAj  ǱdA A kL M RB  AkLA \  85
ɷ 1399
o~A \A LT  uoA kA B kd . j  wA wBvA RBoA  86
.  1960  (3)  oBA 
 RoM  ozA u{ o{  J ve keE  ȫwA wBvA BA  87
( gnFU kM )
.  1988  AoA  dA SM  nkA qqA kL . j  wA A  88
RoM   A nAj  cB~A dL . j  BnU BUFz  wA A  89
. 1965 - ɷ 1385  (1)  
kA  ( 1 )    MA  BA cB~A - 90
 ( L jBA )  SA B]  BLA nB kd  wA ȗ dA B  91
.  1987
.  1987  ȫwA A  nBL kd  kA  dA  wA B  92
 (1)   o~A A LT  ve AoMA ve . j  ɫwA A  93
. ɷ 1358
( 2 )   jnA  ozLA nAj  UBLA ke o . j  ȫwA wBvA BA  94
.  1994 
RoM  wA nAkA  kL kd L bo{  () Ȧ BA  LA [  95
. ɷ 1412 (1)  
    RoM  nBTA nAj  {oA o{ oBM  wA ȗ wBvA BA  96
ɷ1402 
ɷ1411  1   RoM AoqA nAj   B kd . j  wA A  97
( gnFU kM )  RoM  VAoTA BeA nAj  ȦBA odA  zA Bw   98
