   1 
*1
: oTA
A Le M keA BA AnC  ȮLT  ^AnBzTA w wA KAmA E 
o\A WBXA oA oiAE ȗ ^BLm nLU  wBvA kBA
B G BdA  ZohA q\U k  jBT]A JBM G nBA A
.^AoB] ^BɪB

$
*2
: zA A
] Bh mA  kk\A KmA Am wBLA BdA kM XTA wBvA BA 
X z Ak k  oB\A BdA  T{ () SLA E A A ^~U
.qTA Km ^BBU Bh B  d ^Bo{ ^AnoL U TA [BA m
 BA dA RB]U  \vU TA  Le M keA BM UA TA AnA BTA 
kL M tBLA E ȗ wBLA k ^Bj  A MA E SLA j Vo A FM 
.(|) LA Vn mA  KA
j mA oA  zA j]A ]A ȗ  Y jB\A ȗ wBLA dA Bd 
wA Am A omBM ok]  zA MB ȗ vA A c~ [oU A wBLBM
.A wBLA o~A ȗ A j]A qe A o   kk\A
Ƀ ȗ Rkv\U TA wBLA  BkTA TA ozA ȫA [oTA o 
.Le M keA BM kzU TA TA RBBA BU MlBA WjBeA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
ϧl  wBLA ~TA BA ȗ \vA  ]oi kM Lm Le M keA uwE 
.kM  mU kE  KmA Am B RnU Y CoA i  oYA 
AnC AkMA ȗ odA  BA  ^AoX Le M keA Jo d TA B]
M   BA  kB  wBLA dA B ki ȗ B K~ TA
.ϧl KLvM jk oX mA
.Lm ZAn  kBw wA kA  jk M Le M keA Ren 
.kk\A KmA nBA oz ȗ Bw B  BLE ȗ BA cB MA U 
ZAoiBM Bo kA  UB oE  qTA z wBLA TA Joe 
.AnC ozM Le M ke \A h  k\vA  BzA e MA JBdA
oE Bk ϧl  dA B A  ^BLm AnC RnLU ( ɷ 381 ) B ȗ  
.Lm  ^Ao~Th   ~ E MnA KAmA B  MnE wBLA BM njBA
AkT  FM o~TvA wnkA mUBw ~TvA  oE nk ( ɷ 645 ) B ȗ 
.MBvA 
 jBT]A JBM M o~M ϼBA α keE oBA ϦA oE (ɷ 665 ) B ȗ 
.dA ϧl m k jBT]A T
BzA ȗ oz  mA  U MA k  oL zM KmA Am n SvUA 
.o~
.MoA oq\A k\ ȗ JBAkL M kd k  kk]  ȦLdA KmA k 

$
*4
RAkTA nBA
.B] ^]n ^Ak BU  E k  v\TBM  
.ϧl ȗ RBAoA  RBA ȖU M  RAjBTA ȗ A A ]BdA kM  
.A ȗ k A 񪦧 ApB]A 
.h o oA CoA FM kT 
AlA  BA  ZnBi o ȗ oLA KUo    A BA v 
.BA A jB JBU
.^Ake AjB oLA KUo o  
Bj Bz  BL  eoA MBE  LA M jBLA J FM kT 
.jAnEB
.^BwB ^BB B A {oA ȗ A o ȗ BA p\U 
.hA ȗ LɼUoU Kve A ȗ LUo k{AoA BhA 
.zB Kw  ϧm  oB  k{AoA BhA Kw  
.oB\A BdA  ZohA pA] k 

.A vBM  oT{A  Te MBd~A AkM ƽ 
BA ȗ U~A M \A pA\M AB Jn\A   BA  cvA Ap] 
.oB d ƽB Ȯ ȫjA Ȯ A AB nz
.^BB A B B  B vB M A Ap] 

oTiA ATiA G  MBd~A T B]A }A A ozA BLTwA ȗ ]o 
tBA kT  woA  킧A WjBeBM miF  .vA JBTA AB
ȗ kM nBA E  ^B Zoh BU A FM kT .RBdA M ȗ BvdTwA
.BA 
.nBA \A M BA  cMm RA FM kT 
.BM Moz C   (|) kd E joU e dA FM kT 
.BBM wTA nLA nBp Aoe 
.AqA L \A  q\ 
oMB ȗ k oz FM kT   B keB] o ^BBU ~A oU  T q\ 
.ozA
.B {  Bo Be AA B  AlG qB] BdA A 
BA B AlA  BA  q\ k  ~A ɗ FɪA t] p\
.BA  Unk k KLvM ^BvB]

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
( ɷ 241  164 ) poA ȯBLzA Le M keA  1
( 266  203 ) Le M keA M cB  2
Le M keA M AkL  3
( ɷ 728  661 ) U MA  4
( ɷ 751  691 ) p\A  MA  5
( ɷ 458  380 ) AoA M  ME ȃBA  6

$
*6
:  lA A nBzTA
YXA KAmA SeBT]A E kM o   KAmA  o ȦLdA KmA ozT 
A ^BB Am .KmA oz \dU ȗ oL nj UB  B  nB~A  oiA
.MBdA BLUA TA A KBwA
Km BY n dA ȗ  mA MBA M pB\dA ȗ A KmA ozT
.BvA Mn MBdA ƽ BzA jM ɗ  BvA ~ɯ ɽ ɗ  ȦLdA
.o~ [hA AoA AoA ȗ  BLUA Km
(3) opA ɗ ȦLdA KmA BLUE  B E (  1906 ) B~eG ɗ B] k
.^BLB ( 9069)  ^Bh{ ( 312) \   ^BLB (28)   f{

$
*7
: B VAkeE
ȗ l ATwB  w l o\A MAoA oA ȗ jAkM ȗ MBd B  1
A B ȗ AowB AnC Bh   M oT AdLA  Lm oB
BdA nk oE B BdA BL{ jAkM ȗ AYkeA AmA k{A tBA AlC A ]nj
)  w ȗ  B nBTwBM BM ȃAoA wBLA hA ]  鼛TA Zoh
K~ oYA  ϧl oX i B T MBdA zA M JodA S훰 ( ɷ 443
JodA SLz ϧl MBdA oB ( ozLA oi Ȧ  kd ) B ALT B]AoMA zA
ko  A\  j  `]n 鼼zU  AjB k MBdA B  ȗ .M
 BB Aow BL ( vA B ) jA\A kd o] M w BA
.A KmA jB
. mA zA  MBdA {A A kM BYAoM k\v BM nkTA k B   2
^BB Mn XL A v ) BU  ovU ȗ BA  B  MBdA TiA  3
 jAoA M ) : oiA B ( xoA   v\ ) : MBdA B  ( ^Ajd
.ϧl KLvM ATTB ( A BzA ȷ ϧl
MA AoA M  MA nBA oYE   jAkM ȗ T BzA MBdA M S훰  4
ȗ RA  AlA ȗ ]oTA A  ( eoA eoA A vM) M o\ ȪTA
^Bd~  ZoiF 幦vLBM o\A  BG A  ozA JBM A MBdA B\  o\A
.( BUE  Te d~A  BpE ) : B
 ȖdA KmA A BTA  A ϦA \{ o\A BXA oA ɗ  5
 p\A M ZoA MA Lw Ȧo M w   Lm MBdA  v oT
.Ϧ MoA  cLF

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
jAjpA Y BM AnC BLUA A tBA RmiE qTA oB ȗ wBLA kA SikU
CoA hM  BA  YkdA B YAA ~TA FA BA Bz
TA k B] Te TA  TA B JB]A  JB]A  B d S~d  k
F  kzA A  Bke ~A A TA SM We BA EoA KTv E jAnF
LB\M  Ykd A oA BnBYA  jk  ɷ 234 w ȗ ϧl BMA
k Tq S wA o keA \ o SA ϧl ȗ LA MBd SB
kz  AoBM kBT B B kA ȧ U T A  K A Mo TA
.To zT omM


$
*9
: WdLA i
WBXA oA AA ɗ RoɈ TA ɫwA KAmA keA  : ȦLdA KmA 
.kBA A Le M kd M keA AnC ȮLTM o\A
TA BTeA  wBLA RBvA j : B pAoMA  oX A RkBw 
S{B ϧl KLvM  ^BjB ^BA ^BwBw  j B  KmA ]o Bq
.vA L  Bko BBLU jnBA A KLvM oiA BUBd qTA o
B ZohU LdA tnAkA ȗ tnj mA U MA k~U kM MBdA L{ SvUA 
LzTA v\TBM  KLvM AnC nBA ȗ B] wA KAmA Bi k
.\A
^]n ^Ak  E AjA v\TBM AB A A AnC AkT nBɗA  
TAkM B AoB MBd~A Kw  Aak  h o CoA FM AkTA ^B]
Ak A B B B w B M A Ap]  vBM  oT{A  Te ^B]
.oiA AnC d ƽB  Ȯ ȫjA Ȯ nBM AB 
ȯBLzA Le M keA : KmA oz Bq Rk~U TA RB~hzA poMA  B 
.BXA p\A  MA U M keA keA M cB MA
BzA o~ AoA AoBɟ ɫwA BA ɫ kk AkM ɗ KmA ozTA 
.pB\dA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
.( oA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA nBA oAj  k{ni  ǰBTzA  1
JBTA nAj  BL  RoM ) MnA KAmA () jB~A BA  nke kwA  2
.(  1969   .ɷ 1390  2   MoA
\Bi o{BA  BL  RoM ) keA BA KB  eoA kL  p\A MA  3
.(2   Ake
  2  AoA  jAkM )  BA TiA JBLwA  AoMA ~  ȪqA  4
.( 1986  {
 1  A KTA nAj  BL  RoM )  MBdA RBL  ȦLdA ɃBA  5
.(   1997
BL  RoM )  U MA KB ȗ nkA jA   jBA kL M keA M kd  6
.(  1938 /   ɷ 1356  A KTA nAj 
 opA RBA LT  o~  oBA )  ɛA A  p\A ɛ MA  7
.(1968   .ɷ 1388

$   2 
*1
: oTA
kBA A AnA  ȮLT  kA ȗ ^AnBzTA wA KAmA wA  
E .o\A ȯBXA oA ȗ ^Tv ^BdA ^BLm nLU .uE M ϧB B wBvA
.oB\A BA BdA  ZohA pA] k  jBT]A JBM G nBE

$
*2
: nA A
ȗ K~U TA RBB\UA nBA  wBLA dA ȮLU ȗ XTA wBvA BA 
.() SLA A ȗ XTA dA KmA  tBA kLU  Tki
jk Kv  kBw B  BdA BA k ϧB BM Ȏe BTA BA kA 
.kƪA JA  oL
BvA Am [BT  B  WkdA wnk EoA wnk A MBd~A wnk BvA 
.pB\dA ȗ ϧB ~h{ Ro A
UBe ȗ e ME AnC \dU ȗ Ao k  kBA RBAqA nBYG wBLA Bd 
.TwnkA M AqA nBYE mA oA  ϧB kB [oTA o 
.wBLA n\A A  ȗ () SLA A E z mA oBA oA 
m BXBM BTA o  ϧl  kBvU L{ kA i wBLA Bd 
.KAmA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
n~A wBLA hBM B~UA kM uE M ϧB k  BA KmA uwFU 
.kM  mU k  B RnU  o\A ȯBXA oA AE ȗ ϧl
Te 嬱wBLA BA E mA jkdA k \T B{ S  nB F{ UnA 
B ϧ LT SM ç .E tBA A A SE))  : ^B  B n~A A
.(( eF BA A M XM   eB~A KTU
 wBLA j KLvM nA kA pB\dA ȗ BA KmA kB SwU 
JBT ϧB  kA n~A KɄ  ^ABM .tBA Kv ȗ BLLw B
BA ϧB c .vA kdM tBA  wBLA o Te  o G B  (FA)
AoX ϧB KB KT Rol k k\ \v B  oiE RBe BA v
.ϧl 
  k\vA  BzA e MA JBdA o~ ȃB ZoiA  (ɷ 237) B ȗ 
KmA oz ȗ BA oYA w M VnBdA ȃB B  ϧB JBdE w L
.B
A k ^BMB cLB  ϧB jAnG  A FM U A oAE n~A nkE 
.AvA  tBA
ȗ B햧A oYA  ϧB mU    (d M d) ɧ B MoA JoA ȗ 
m TwA k  BvA k ^B B k   kƪA Kv B KmA oz
.Lm  B  A BA ȧ  B BA
Aoz ϧB Km ~A JoA ȗ keA j BkM  MAoA j SLU 
.AnC ǱdU TA KTA
AozTA BLm)) : qe MA B   vA j KLvM kA Shwn KmA wU 
.((ukBM BA  ozA ȗ ȖdA  BvA wBoBM BoE kM ȗ
.uE M ϧB kM BTA o~e k{oA k ȗ

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
.~  ~  G  (|) woBM oTA A ke  BA d~M kT 
]) BU M kTv  BA  ȗ BU A  o~LA oA pA\M 
.(oB BMn A oB më
.yo o ȗ c~U  hA FM  
.B] AA \e MBd~A AkM kT 
.oB\A BdA  ZohA o ȗ p\ 
. B nB KA nB o 
.AodA k\vA Ak k]BvA A ozA ij q\ 
.L]A SB A AoA K] A ~A d~M kT 
Te c~U   (kA ) odA E BM AlG ^Bo{ cL~ hA FM kT 
 JBTA ȷ k ozTA A .odA E BL  AlG BɛA  TBM 
 B]A  jBA   oA   BvdTwA   tBA   MBd~A   vA
ϧl  oXA  woA cB~A

$
*5
: RB~hzA poMA
: (ɷ 179 - 93) uA M ϧB - 1
: (ɷ 191 - 132) ȚTA wBA M eoAkL - 2
: (ɷ 197 - 125) o~A K M AkL - 3
: (ɷ 204 - 145)o~A jAj M qqAkL M K{E - 4
: (ɷ 214 - 155) o~A dA M AkL - 5
: (ɷ 225 - 151) B M kw M ZoA M LA - 6

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
.uE M ϧB  B  ^BwA ^AnBzTA pB\dA ȗ BA KmA ozTA 
 o vi kM o~LA ȗ o   wBLA vA j KLvM jAkM ȗ ozTA 
.pB\dA ȗ nBzTA gnBU
.~A kA k ȗ B 탰  tnB jM ȗ o 
jM  AjvA  SA  oɛ  odLA ɗ KBA  BA KmA oLT 
.^BLoU ^B (45) BA ȗ BLUE jk L  MoA JoA
AT AqTA k  ϧB ȗ B BA B Te ukA ȗ ϧB Km ozTA 
. vA Aq Ao

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
ME : JB]F ? ((- | - A wn kM tBA oi )) : wnj u\ ȗ ϧB w 
B ?  Y : v  BX : B ?  Y : v  o : B ?  Y : v  oM
oM MA nBTiA  ~A  oM BMA oA (|) A wn oi Ʒ  tBA  B :
.?! ((B B tBA   BX AnBTiB Tw A o B]  o
keA Bw MA Kl ME MA k B  uA M ϧBM  kA ȗ n~A T]A
: ^Aw  F  BA
MA enB  JA\A  BTwA k ϧB BF ((? n\A E  E BE kA E E))
RB~M 氰 AoE k Bw MA BE - n\A E  G E - Be AM Kl ME
 Bw MA  ɗ k ϧB B  LA RB  dTA  nAoMA k~A
ϧB MB]A ((nA ]   A A SE)) : ϧB n~A B d  n~A
: ^B
.((tBA oBw  A wn w A JBTM E  n~A))

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
JBTA nAj  BL  RoM) MnA KAmA () jB~A BA  nke kwA  1
.( 1969   .ɷ 1390  2   MoA
.ϧB KB  ǰAqA  2
KTA nAj  BL   RoM) BTA  LoA qA A kL M w oLA kL MA  3
.(A
RAnBzTA  AoA  ) wBvA BA  v M A kL  nkA LT MA  4
.( .ɷ 1413  x .ɷ 1371 1  ȃoA ozA
.ϧBvA qU  ȄvA  5
1  AA nAj  BL  RoM)  wA oA \  d o{  A  6
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406 
.(ɷ 1388  njB nAj  BL  RoM) KA c  ȯBvTA o  7
  .ɷ 1343  MoA JBTA nAj  BL  RoM) wA d  A keA  8
.( 1935

$   3 
*1
: oTA
\A  kTA mA ɗBzA unjA M kd BA vwA MnA  KAmA keE 
o~ SB  失A  A탰 mA AA  k WkdA EoA Twnk M
WBXA oA AA ȗ ^Tv ^B ^BLm nLU  KmA Am  nk mA BA ȷ
.o\A

$
*2
: nA A
M kd k  EoA  ϧB k  WkdA  A BzA unjA M kd U 
E BTwA k k\A  BA nkA  wAA BXBM TT ^Ao   ȖdA vdA
KmA B hU WkdA  EoA Twnk M  ] ^Bw ^B\ v wo
.BzA
: ȷ o~ ȗ bB\A JBLwE Bz RF TA AA E   
Lm  ol B ϧB B  Twnk [oi  ϧB mU FM ^Bo B  E
.BBM BzA M nBzTA
 ϧB AFM TBeA  BM To  JjBM U  T a  BzA Bz  J
WkdA E Km nB~TA  EoA E AE
.vA J ȗ oYE  Am  (|) L JBvTBM ]B\TeA  T{o nBT{A  Z
.w M tBLA M A kL kk\A o~ BdM T  j
.BzBM k{oA nB wBLA hA BTA  ɷ
jow E BzA dM (|) L MvA RBAoA oXM XTA ȫA kA  
.nB~A L  ((eA)) BoA


$
*3
: nTA  FzA
jkTA ReoA  M B B Lm nBzTA KLw  vM Lm oz mA  BzA
^B\ BzA miB WkdA E  EoA E Km ozT We kA  jAkM M
ϧm  ^Anz   A  ^Bdd B AlA WkdBM A K]F oA M ^Bw
 n  WkdA E  LE ϧmL .a} B   TA BvA ȗ tBBM miE
.EoA E
* odLA ϼBA j Si B  孼MA BdA kFTM BzA KmA ȉe 
.BzA  Bw KA B k KmA Am e }U  MA j
BXA ȫwA BA BM ȗ oz UB  Ae RB]n BzA Km B
ȅLA d M w  ȯAoqA bBL~A kd M vdA  jAkLA BA M kBi
o~A
$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
BM jAoA A  kA  Te CoA oAM ]B\TeA ȷ BLTwA ȗ To 
.tBBL Ak\  A B]A M Y avBM kTv ϧl kM Y oBA o
E A BzA BA JA\M ϧl  akTv BA  A n pA\M : AB 
: MB]F ((M\d më Mn  G )) : BU   Fw B k k~A
? ϧmM kU E : w  BoBM o ^B A  j hvBM ^B K\e B
.BkA ȗ kL B jBA ȗ Mn o A unjA M kd k   A  : B
.oA woBM ^~T WkdA AjB  Y ǰAoA AjB jBeA oLhM A 
.^Bv MnFM A kU  \A  FM AB 
.M miA An  BvdTwA \dM ƽ 
 oA BA E AB  \A ȗ wA  BA BeA o J]M AB 
.KBM k~TA
ɃAn dd M vA BL KU AlA jBA {oA A An BA ȗ 
.LBM BB TA A  RoiFU A  dd TM U o
.TvA eBd  WkdA ȗ AkTA 

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
BzA unjA M kd - 1
o~A ȅLA d M w - 2
o~A ȯAqA d M BwA - 3
jAoA nBL\A kL M Bw M MoA - 4
.L\TA A kL M d M oe - 5
jAkdBM oA keA M kd - 6
jAkLA BA M kBi - 7
ȯAoqA bBL~A kd M vdA - 8

$
*6
: nBzTA A
BTvBLA  AoA ȗ  Roe  k  v  o~ ȗ BzA KmA ozTE
.vkA ȗ KBA KmA   jvA MoA

$
*7

: B  VAkeE
KB MA M Ȧ SBi : ]oA  B B JB]F 幧Fv ^B Bz ]n ol 
 JAoTA  ki E Te KB MA M Ȧ  Am ȧ SLY)) : BzA B ()
.(( A ȧ  ]nE  RFiA k E
keE od u\ ȗ UE  : B aLBA M  ^Bv\ ^B BzA oe 
.A  wBoA  Ȯ BM aeE  (LBA E)
: B  kzE zTBM n tBA M A BzA w B 
\A ǰl k TBM An    BB ^B B d AlA
 Aol k K~M Sn    Uol B AlA oM MA  
oA ȗ kawE Te M jE  B K~  n Al Sp 

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
LA ȚF wBLA kA  ZohBM A ȗ A  vU  BzA UA
A JBn SMo  jAkM A AwnF Ao\M ^ T Al lG B  ^B] 
njBA SA  kA BA  AkA ϯB ƪA oE B ^ : B BzA nj B] 
]n ȗ U B ƪA oE B Ϯ knE B  njBA Sv  Ȯ koU B 
Am : B .BiE Ao mA : B ? aȧA aKeE BaE kL ȯAo oiA  BiA BkeA ȯAo
tBLA k TF KA M d  Ȧ k   tBLA k A 孼ƪA oE B SE
.kL Bo   UiA BoU
A  d A Bv keA ~i U  B~i MnA aȦ ȗ B : ^B BzA B
ȧBL  BA  ^BB B BA  BkBM ȧBL  kAqA ^AkAp B : keFM ȧBL 
.keFM ȧBL  ozA  ^Bo{ B  keFM ȧBL  B\zA  ^BB\{ B  keFM

$
*9
: hA
mA BzA unjA M kd vwA MnA vA KAmA keE  : BzA KmA
A KmA Am nmM SB 峚A A 郰  WkdA  EoA Twnk  kTA
.o\A WBXA oA AE ȗ ^Tv ^B ^BLm nLU  o~ ȗ
 EoA Twnk M ^Bw ^B\ v wo A BzA unjA M kd BTwA
vdA M kd  ϧB k  BBU A kM BzA KmA B hU WkdA
.ȖdA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
keA .(oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA nBA oAj k{ni ǰBTzA  1
.( 1935   .ɷ 1343 MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA d 孼A
.ȫwA ozTA eAo AA gnBU o] kd Ȧ  j  2
MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) MnA KAmA () jB~A BA nke kwA  3
.( 1969   .ɷ 1390 2 
 幼A KTA nAj BL  RoM) jAkM gnBU jAkLA KhA Ȧ M keA  4
.( 1997  ɷ 1417 1
1 kk\A BA nAj BL  RoM) ȫwA ozTA gnBU 峯B B]M  5
.( 1980
1390 9 A KTA nAj BL  RoM) ȫwA ozTA gnBU ohA  6
.(1970   .ɷ
.ɷ 1383 1  MBLA v L o~  oBA) BzA RBL LvA  7
.( 1964 
.ȫwA ozTA eAo AA gnBU o] kd Ȧ  j  8
噼{  2 AoA  jAkM) BA TiA JBLwA 婼AoMA ~ ȪqA  9
.( 1986
BeA nAj o~  oBA) ɗBzA ɗ ɗ JmA  kd M kd ȧAqA  10
.( 1959 2  oLA MoA KTA
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  11
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
nBA nAj o~ɫ  oBA) () jB~A o] BɫA 婼dA kL k\A  12
.( 1986
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1400 3 oA nAj BL  RoM) BMjA \ jAkLA ǱdA RB  14
.( 1980   .ɷ
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$   4 
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UBL TiA  KmA E j] ~e B ^B  ^BkB ^B\ SLU 
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$
*2
: nA A
TA wBwA BkA kU 孼vA t ȗ BLA oYA Ȧ M kp nX B  1
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.oTA odTA ȗ wBvA  oA kn BoLTA
v d nX  kp nY SLA TA zA RBɃBTA RAnXA Rao  2
woA wBA M vdA M d  Ȧ M wBA M kd   hA Ȧ M vdA
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wn BG S TA BLA  ȗ kqA nXA boA oA SLXU BA B
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TA mBA  kqA Km wBwA qoA SB kBA  wBvA AkA  3
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*3
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.() jB~ kM i BA A ^BT B B ȗ iA
TA wBwA AA  B KmA B L  A jBT]A JBM cTɗ  2
KAmA  nBTiA JBM B nU  kqA KmA nBzTA  ^AoX RkBw
o B    A  Lm   T B miA  U  jBT]BM oiA
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*4
: RAkTA nBA A
: o  UFU AoA oA  kU B wBn BA A AB  1
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jE  BA o{  oTU  SLA C  nBTh A B c{oTA : BBY
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tBA  K] Fi  B UB MnBe  鼪] A Bo oMqA d
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Fi B  o kU A AB Ȧ\A }BM vdA Ȧ BBM AkTA  10
.^BM

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.(n) vdA M Ȧ M kp  1
.(jnB\A p) jnB\A MA ȯAkA nmA jBp MA M jBp  2
.(BvA p) țoA oo] M Bw  3
.(dB~A p) e M cB M vdA  4
.(oTLA p) oTLA AA oX  5
.(A p) BA   6
.(MA p) jAj M J  7
.(ɷ 125  107) Ȧ M kp M d  8
.(ɷ 145  100 qA uBM KA) vdA M A kL M kd  9
.(oLA AkA) kd M kp M vdA  10
.(ɷ 304  230 xoA) vdA M Ȧ M vdA  11
.(A A AkA) wBA M vdA  12
.dA A kL M unjA  13
.Ȧ M kp M v M keA  14
.woA wBA  15
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.(A k kA) UoA M d M keE  17
.(ɷ 840  775 opA MA) AoMA M kd  18
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$
*6
: lA A  nBzTA
.wA oA  o~LA k ȗ }iBM  AoA ȗ kqA RozTA 
kqA S~A A A wBA BMA   A BjB A ȗ j uwFU  AU 
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M BTA B  oBXA kp [
M A kL M unjA BTwA ɷ 172 w ȗ   6 .ɷ 360 w Te BA  Aj
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$
*7
: B  VAkeE
B : Bz B BzA BM u\A kzTeA k ϦA kL M Bz  kp ij 
? oLA αiA ~
!? oLA vU SA  oBLA A wn Baw : B  MBA  Zoh jB Te kp K
酚B nBA joU  \A jo BkA ȗ TBi B oiA ȗ BhT BTTiA B kz
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A B jB\BM  tBA BA)) :  Ȧ M kp Sw B A M kBi  
Al  Aoe A  jB\A  oU B A AA  BA nB  wA j  kA
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.((oiA A CoA A  jB\A  ȗ CoA  q B ol Y jB\A A

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
A B A (n) kzA Ȧ M kp Bwn ȗ B]B gnFTA  B An   
k{A  L~ hA A TA vA B B ...)) : B ^BvL om ]oi L
joU nA ] lA dTwA BM  [TeA k A FM ϧl U T A M
LTA  .oLThU T]  vA  uTU L  BeA . nk~U  A
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mA dA A Uj  U B tB TM  kM (Ȧ M kp) u mA 
^BY A RBDM ToT{A   BA tBwA kT  nBL\A BM T oU
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ȗ o M w WL AkA q Te d MA Zoi (n) Ȧ M kp T B 
B oU  kM : B BM BA Fv BwAoi  nMBz A Y oA A Zoh L
o M kq k BM BA  uiow A Zoi Y .BM BA ȗ ȧ ]Be  An () Ȧ
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M A kL M B M A kL B vLe  k  gLM miF L ȗ nBw M o~ A
: ϧl M B (n) KB MA M o]
wvBM Y d z      햽 B A M uA
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KT kA A w KT  vLdM oLh o M w A nBw M o~ KT 
Te Zoh M  nj ȖA BA  Lw h Lw Ȧh  TA nmd BM A
o~ A WM  ]n êvi Bp BBA   BA   M d B]p\A q
ȚM  d JBdA 鼪] T Te BA YY BT k{A ATTB peA M Bw nBw M
kA A wAoM WM  w oz ȯBY   ɷ 125 w \A  o~ T ke
TkA ^ Ȯ Ujo{) SB  A Ro n A o\e ȗ 郱 kA A
.(E  oM BMC    A RA ^T ȧA

$
*9
: WdLA i
kp  RmhUA  wBLA o~A ȗ o RnLU zA wA oA  kqA 
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.oiA KAmA  tBLTA ȗ BA En
BLUA }iBM  vA t ȗ oLA oYA B B (n) kzA Ȧ M kp nY 
.wBvA  oA kn nXA m AoLTA We kqA KmA
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ȗ gnFTA o\ Ao BXA  Ȧ M wBA M kd  hA Ȧ M vdA
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kp BBM SB 幼wA oA  Bo  BUq RAkT  ^AnBA kqA Seo 
BA TM A  YAnBM  KA  BM BA BdTwA  (n) Ȧ M
L  孼vwƪA L : ȷ RBL MnA A k kA BqA vU  () Ȧ
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^j AvwA  JoA  BTwoLɄ  A  AoA ɗ kqA oA AnC RozTA 
.qA   k AkLA ϦU Se
M jBp 峫BA KmA qn kzA Ȧ M kp wBvA  kA UB~h{ poMA  
oo] M Bw  (kqA oA  jnB\A p) jnB\A MA ȯAkA nmA jBp MA
 (qA uA) vdA M A kL M kd  kp M d  (BvA p) țoA
 woA wBA  dA A kL M unjA  (xoA) vdA M Ȧ M vdA
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$
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: njB~A 0
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.ɷ 1405 1 B  v) LU o kqA 奼A oA kL Ȧ  1
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2 ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) LBA UB ZoA MA ȯBA  3
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.( 1996   .ɷ 1417 nk  BnB~A vwƫ AoA
1 ukA nAj BL  RoM) KmA Zoɫ 孼vdA M Ȧ jvA  5
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1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  7
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AoA  ) KB MA C JBvA ȗ KBA k Ȧ  M keA ȮvdA  MA (
.( 1996   .ɷ 1417 nk  BnB~A vwƫ
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A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA (.ɷ 1404 2  MoA
.( 1986 7  孼
woLA MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) nBLiA  nkA LT MA  18
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2 kƪA LT 幽jvA  BA) oA oA keA M vdA ȓBvA  19
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ozA vwɫ AoɽA  ɛ) BvA Bɽn Bi Ȧ pAozA ȮvdA  21
.( .ɷ 1409 ȫwA

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BvwA (ɷ 1143) w MoA Aod~A K ȗ Ro 幼vA wA oA  o
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WkdA  CoA  kTvA cd~A ȫwA kA A j kU TA vA oA
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e j  oe ȷ Uj FM JBA kL M kd gzA jA Bk 
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$
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: nBzTA A
.\hA BA M A RozTɯA Y pB\dA  MB A A

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.oMqA k ALTA  o~LA k MBA Aq ɷ 1208 w 
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.BA B  Ao\ Aq ɷ 1220 w 
ȗ j]A AA  dTA ALTE  B ATwA  kA Aq ɷ 1221 w 
.ozA LA o\dA
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o (|) woA oe ALTA  鼚LA ȗ wkA BA Ak ɷ 1343 w 
jA  LA Bv JBL kM ATA  tkA ǱLA oLA k AjB  幼BXA
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.B BC Ak ȗ    T We BTwA

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
oE o M BX ueE \ qM  nkA oFM JBA kL M kd dTA B 
M TA A A  AnAkA  jjTA nBA  ^BB k\  oi hTM A
k ȗ MBA M mA jw M kd M qqA kL MA  TME [qU A oA
.U ZE
FM UF B B k A oE A uɮ  mA JBA kL M kd  B 
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.\A ~ AjA BYA BTF A

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*9
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kB ȗ SɄ o ȷ (U MA) Km ^BeA JBA kL M kd BvwE
 kTvA cd~A ȫwA kA A j  j M Roɟ vA
.WkdA  CoA
EkL BLUE  ȗ d A MBA uwƫ JBA kL M kd gzA BTwA 
ȗ wBvdA A  LE 郰 AmM  幼kA oA E  nBLTBM tkA jB\A
m A BA  SɗBTU BLA RnB~ɗ 幪A  qA ȷ  ǰkLA T\A
vdTA  BLUA jBp ȗ ^Akn X MBA BU o~  cLA  kk\A kA
.B
Am kBw MBA BA jvA ϦA T A  ^BB ȮkA BB cLE Bk 
|o B o  vA  LBTA jvA BdA L  BAoTeA  ]TA
.nAoTwA kA
Ap\  nLA  SM TA kBzA k J]M  : UAkT  nBA 
 oiA RAkT nBA k ^AkeA ^B  BBMA  Bk  nkA kM  B̾BMA
.vA  keA B oBz

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
ǱTA ( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  1
.(jB{nA k  RoM) ?  ki ȗ MBA oA 廦A MA kvA
.( 1986 7  孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  2
1407 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) AqA ȗ MBA o] ȯBdLvA  3
.(.ɷ
.( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  4
BL  RoM) jBLA oi k ȗ jBA jAp oM MA M kd 幽p\A A MA  5
.(MoA VAoTA BeA nAj
nAj 幽jvA 񦪪A  BoA) BTjA YXA A JBA kL M kd  6
.( 1993 孄A
vA nAj 幽jvA 񦪪A  BoA) nLBM jB\TwA nBqA JBT 幼U MA  7
.( .ɷ 1414 2 pTA oz
 .ɷ 1413 p\A MA nAj o~  oBA) dd~A kA pBM M qqA kL  8
.( 1993 
( 1993 2 幚dA nAj BL  RoM) MBA ȷ m jA] kd 幼  9
M kd BA B] 幽jvA MoA BoA) LA vA ZB 幼U MA  10
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406 1 幼wA jw
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  11
.( .ɷ 1415 2
.ɷ 1414 1 AoA  ) jAkvA jAnA  jB{oA [ o] BA {B  12
.(

$   6 
*1
: oTA
AkTA  w\A kM wA ajA w\ A A ]o A  B] 
tjBvA oA ȗ  婴UjBL  A oiA C A ABA  B M kq FM
kqA B  幽kA To uwA  ǱA oBv M k gzA M oT{A o\A
ke M ^AjBTA kq b~M kT AB  kqBM Aw BA  BTA  A
.FTA

$
*2
: nA A
 幼A  kA qAoA  odTA  A  kM SB jM ȗ oA m RFz 
.BTwjo  nB BL] ȗ Y Ae BL] ȗ BTA REkM BA XeBLA ol k
A A oiA AA  qT S  w\A BkBM kU kqA BA SB 
kBM dUBA BA oBT ] wA RBeTA RBAn BUnA  wA nBzTA
oB  kBLA A kTA M BBMA h B]A RB] gnFTA o   幼wA
.kTA  ȗ ^BB AB uLTA kk\A kTA 
RBAohA  kLBM tBA AaF AA ALUA  AnC Ae B]n oA jB U 
EoA K Te M AoYFU  tBA k~ kB\A oX  TA kqBM AoBU 
.nw  oU  AoA   AoA  jkdA AoA  nB\w  Ae ȗ kqA


$
*3
: nTA  FzA
BTTwA ^Bo  ^BwBw jB A]A  o  ȗ BAnC kqA oA Seo 
oA A  eoA  BL\A Bw }iBM  BA tBA  BvLA SMm]  BdB~
. ^AoX ^Bi RE  RBL~A 
 kqA  wkA MB B ~h{ BdTBM ǱA oBv M k gzA BTwA 
 RBAoA ozM v Zan  Td  Toɗ A kA ɗ oɄ z A cBvTA
 A  ozA A  BM  B AnB Te BLUA  nB~A BBU TA BB\vA
.UAkT  An jB
u{ ve gzA   TL  ]n oBv M k kM kqA BA Bp U 
kA kTɫ A jBA  qA  jBvA d jBɛ We o~LBM KA kA
.wA  jAk]A  YnAU B  w\A


$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
LmA  jBLA B\AoM  BUAkT kTM oA  Bo  kqA BA RqU
A B  (xn d~) JBT (\A) JBT : B k wk MBT ɗ
: Ȧ BM UAkT }h
.Twk  TFM : AB Te B M kq b~M AkTA 
.^Akk{ ^BTU UAkT nBA ȗ ATU 
Bw  Ujo (BzA  ) ozA   (A  ) ohA  LM : AB 
.R񦪧A
oe Bi n~M  (BzA)  oe  oe B M ɖTA AL\U 
.T ae ^AkT (BzA)  keA B AlA  B (zA)
BzA  A  lTB AlA KwBU  RB  CoA ɗ jn B v 
.B { 텛 郱M
k uzA 馅 A ]T  M Bi t B M B   u 
Eo  JAoTBM ]  o  nA X JoA k BMo A  ozA
.joA   wnBA  MoA A  i ȷ  jA M
uhA  BMnA  BYXA (kq )   : BA  孼v  k ~A 
]n B~ ^B BY  nBL   : BhA   A B o{  A
.kA
.woA k vU  h{ A w  Bk BqA 
 oBv M k gzA ko A Bi wAo ȗ B  M ^BBi ^B\e \d 
.oB  [dA Aj   mA
.((A KLe kq Bw 峦A keA k{A)) : BTA oBM k jBzA 
.bAnA gwBTM AB 
 (BA RB× M kT  ɖɮ~A RBLA E) RBLA M ZAqA Aoe 
.Bv Sw  ZAqA Ap]
 Aoe  RAAohA M  MBoA  (A) BA  uhA A Aoe 
gzA  od B AqA d  AA TiA  ϪvA  oqhA d dA
.(Ϧ tB)  ^BAoTeA ϽkA d A UmU
B p\ dA BA ɖhU KdTv A o }BM B~TwA A JnBzA e Aoe 
.ϧl
ve gzA w  keA B TA Ap]  ^B MBTA  AoA U Aoe 
.o~LBM KA kA u{
Soe `BM o ϧl A oA AlB w  oXA kM  KT A kqA  Aoe 
.T]p 
kqA ik  vA o ȗ BzA ]  BeoA  BdA A AkTA 
.Be ȗ vT   ^BBeo
ozA BToe TA EoA LAk  kqA o EoA ] A oA kqA  Aoe 
.v]  
.Bv o{ ȗ RLA oU  ZAqA Aoe 
峦A wA B om TA kA wnAk  vA k]Bv ij kqA  Aoe 
^Lw o  B odT E ^An T A  K] BzA  lT Ȧ~A w AlA 
.tB d k  ^BLwA B ϧl A
qn  ϧl ɗ B AdɧA  BvA  nA  B~LA kqA  Aoe 
.(BzA Ϧ) tB BA
d B~e A wo AkhTwA  MB\A  BvTA  oBA } kqA  Aoe 
E  A   L A  p\   ]BdA B kM B\TwA  Aoe  BYA
.uB]   Aow uL
.v] BA ]n ak AlA kqA Yƽ : AB 
 A  kqA T\A RBL keA    ]AA  AoA  Aoe 
.oovA
.\A  BT{A Aoe 
B\A  BMoA  BMoA k  jA vA tEn k : ȷ Bi jBA k 
bBLTvU  nBdA dTvU  nAA FU We  AjvA vU    kq k 
.nhA
: ȷ kqA BA RBL 
  B M kq A Lv ȚUo mA   Ȯp : BkeA ɼɯBeoA  : A
Ȯ g{ BMBM L  kA oh w A ȪT : oiA  BhzA oA E Bh{ o
.oLA gzA
.oA oi v |Bi tBL   kLTA wBA   oA : BXA 
.kA k{BA Uo E jBdA   : AA XBXA 
ȗ~A B  MA wBLM qT AA  B   :  ]AA : MAoA 
BM B~UA  ^Ao{ E ^Aoi B A UA o~ BzTA T oeA A jwA
.BLTwA  BdA o KA
j BA BA  So k kqA  tBA A  : koA : vBhA 
oiA RBÖA oB~  d   M B ]AqT   RAqA
$
*5
: RB~hzA poMA
.ǱA oBv M k  1
.RBoLA MA oBv M oh  2
.oiBA MA RBoLA MA M k  3
.nBA ZBU (M KA) k M vdA kd MA kA u{  4
.oiBA MA MA ve gzA  5

$
*6
:  lA A  nBzTA
nvA AoA jkdA   汪A  ozA BzA BA ȗ kqA ozT 
M ȗ  JBTɮɼ  u e Ke  JoBM  nA L]  jnB  oM nBj 
 ȪT  BM    uU e  wn  oU M jkdA  nA AkLA
.joA u\A A


$
*7
: B VAkeA
JBdA  oBv M k gzA JBdA M ɷ 652 B ȗ eB Joe SYke 
k gzA jA KB B kA nkM A BLLw B 汪A KeB ƧƦA kA nkM
UB G ov  B wnF  TvA AA  ϧl  X AA kM
B]   AowA  oX B]  T  幽kA jAoA SqB ^Akk{ ^BT
JAMA  BU  oA BA 鼅TM oA  ë cMl  婴 ë kA nkM K~
.B odM oE  ]oiA oBv M k oL yL  wnA  汪A
ɷ 1247 w jke ȗ BhzA kq S훰 hnBU YjBe 汪A BT 
{A L un M  M Ȧ kqA oA M k RAAk ϧB A BTi
ȗ nAj A  RAl Bk M T oM oAkA }MoT oA B  ȅBLA BC Ȧ
B jB ȷ ^BiA E  (^Bo)  mhT o\e ȗ k Th A \dM ((AnmBM o))
WdM nA  ȅBLA MB]B UBe ȗ  Am B Te 汪A ȗ j] SAp
B KAA ȗ o A j T{Be B]n  vi TLd~M  B dA  SA
w kA ȗ  oA B] F]B Te kqA oA nAj ȗ M oTv BA jB
A BBLA B~hzA BTwA  oA B ȗ   MBdA  YY  T nBTLA
.M\BM nkA  BT

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
 U j JBLw ȯBXA y\A ȗ 햧A khA  T kqA B 
 B  BeoA A ikA  npA uL A nAoA B)) jBTA ȗ ϧl
A BzA  lU 雱T v j] M yA 婷kT ȗ oA oB k{A
^kM k AB B o TA BA  ϧl o k M E ^Ak BA T
k\TA  oL\U A RjAnA kdA kL e   .nB~A  jBɟ ^Bk
 pnkA  BwA o~B wA oA oBw  U SB B Ȧ햧A
k\TwA Te c\  M jv ZBdA oM nBj K jB{n wnF  婷o
骛 ] wA RBe c mA B{BM L o oA  ovA BdBM
KmU BiA  ɷ 1308 w 汪A ij B{BM L o BTwB B~A
^BAoT{A AoT{A ve Ak k ȗ BdA AoA dA Uk] k .nBA
骛 ȗ SA AoA ȗ AoA RAA BTɃBi TA JodA ȗ y\A ȗ ^Bɗ
.BTA
wA ]G ȧB{ wLn To ȧBA M nB\w B ȗ Aq ~e k B  2
M Bk  幼BXA oA ȧBA BɓA  v KM A oA ȧBA Bɛ A jA
dT VjBdA dɫ A ^Anɗ Zoi A kL u kvA BA Bɫ Bɛ VjBdA
T A jA B oA ȗ    nBA BM ] A o MA BA jAjoTwA
Bwn   婴LjFT  BwnBM dA SB BoYA   Ao  o{ 
婷  TB  Ao  Aod 汪A ȗ iAkA op j] o AqTA
^ Ao{BM  婴 oA RBAoA  o\A vTM v SA ȗ AkU 
nA RjB 幼A Sve Am  .AoA  A vA Aj lA kA Am mTM
.nB\w L] ȗ LA BTBe A

$
*9
: WdLA i
kq b~M AB  wA BTBM AoBU t\A  A A  B] kqA 
oBv M k gzA M oT{A tjBvA oA ȗ  岱wk  ^BA k Te B M
.kA To uwA
ȗ BTwjo   nB BL] ȗ Y   Ae BL] ȗ kqA oA RFz 
.odTA  A  kM A]A
M BMA Zq B]A o   ȫwA cTA RBAn S Be wBM AoBU
.(w\A) kBLA A kTA  oB  kk\A kA
.^B BzA  B M kq tkU SdLA Te oA AodA jAjpA 
.(xn d~ ) (\A) Bwk BMBT k 
k ~A  .(BzA) ozA   (A) ohA  L  bAnA gwBTM AB 
jBzA  娱woA k vU   h{ A w  Bk BqA 孼v 
BA uhA A Aoe  .(A KLe kq Bw) (A keA k{A) A A k
U  JnBzA e  AqA d  AA  ϪvA  oqhA d  MBoA 
o{ ȗ RLA oU  ZAqA  kqA o EoA ] A oA MBTA  AoA
 B~LA 峦A wA B om TA wnAk  vA k]Bv ij  Bv
.nA
 oBv M oh  ǱA oBv M k BXA oA Bp SLU RB~h{ M RpoM
.o  kd MA kA u{  RBoLA MA M k
 AoA M jkdA   汪A nB\w  Ae ȗ BUAkT  oA AnC RozTA
u\A A BBLUA  ȪT  BM  uU  jnB  oM nBj ȗ  oU  nw
.joA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A   1
婴ɃB oɃBe ȗ kqA ApoA kL 廮vdA (. 1986   .ɷ 1406
 oBA) 婴Td Fz kqA nU keE ( 1968 BoA L BL Ak)
.( .ɷ 1347 1 幼vA LA o~
(. 1935 AoA  jAkM) Uk E kqA gnBU tBL ǰAqA  2
.njBA kL gzA KB ȗ oA\A k kd ȦLdA  3
.( 1949 AoA  汪A) 幽kqA 噽k ]kA  4
kw ȫBw ( 1978 AoA  jAkM) k j BBM kqA KLe Zn]  5
.( 1971 JAjA  AoA  jAkM) UAkT AeA kqA keA
AoA  jAkM) MBvA êA ȗ BA JnB\TA B\A VjAdA ɄA MA  6
.( 1932  .ɷ 1351
2 孽kA b L AoA  jAkM) BTwjo joA i ȟp A kd  7
.( 1961
 .ɷ 1342 幼vA LA o~  oBA) 汪A gnBU B Bw uA  8
.( 1923 
4 KTA nAj L BL  RoM) AoA RAnApA gnBU ȮvdA ApoA kL  9
.( 1974   .ɷ 1394

$   7 
*1
: oTA
A  RkTA  o\A ȯBXA oA AkM ȗ Ro vA E   o ȷ
jkT RBv B SA  ȪA  oA BAoXM RqU  BkB uwFU ȗ
.Bo  A  nkA  A  keA  kB
: o oE G inƪA n~U Kve qTBM BTvU KLw ]o 
Ȧ BA M hA ȗ MBd~A  \ M B mA wBvA AqTBM T A
.B  ()
o  Bv ȗ o~LA vdA h{  B M A AqTBM T : ȯBXA 
$
*2
: nA A
woA vA ȮLU  LU  A nj \dU A AkA oaL\A nBA RozTA B 
A  BA ȗ (BvA) kLA nBTiA aoe A k nBaT qTA RpoM oL\A o
 BA Am kBw 峟w ȗ BvA TwA  kFU ozLA A nj
. tBA BU
m  BT]A kA   keTA  AkA  o o  qTA A 
A  oX  BT]A BA  RoX o~ ȗ tBA k oL E EkLA
.A RAmA v\U  LzTM

$
*3
: nTA  FzA
k\v nAw  nBw k qTA  v\  ^A jo B o~LA vdA A 
A  qTA k BA : B më tBA B kL M o k A A o~LA
.qTBM `mT BBLUA Ȫw 
Te j\A  AnBY oA odA Sz qTA SL k{oA nB p ȗ 
AA A qTA BTwA ϧmM oA oe A  B FA o~ B]
M A Ao TM FA ȗ Ak] A oz A odT AB k 婴Bz
Mo FA u A KAmA JoA Lm B Akk{ Bn  Ak] lA nBLA
 YAA ~TA FA BTwA o ATA o~A ȗ l JBdA AdLA
BA  nkd AmiB TA B] A A nmA AM wBvA ȗ kA AB
.CoA hM   B nB TMnBd  TA B KLvM B A TA
TwBTA ȗ wBwA KLvA k oiA o A T]B ȗ qTA jkzU 
.vA o BXTA vTA j\A A oXA ]n YkdA ɛ BA Tq
oTA Ak\A XeBLA oA oTM oA T hA SA B)) : jvA 
YkdA fzA oA kTA vTBM tBA oE YAA ~TA BA tBA  B
.((B\A vA nBA VkdTBM

$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
M qA  kA  kA  kA  keTA : vi qTA k jBTA BnE 
.o񮪧A  ȴA  oBM oA  孼TqA
.UAl  BA  峧] a]  RB~A Ȗ A ALl  峧 Ͻo{  keA A FM 
 Zoi AlA  A  JAXA dTwA MU  B  BkA  Zoi AlA ƪA A 
oL  MU o
A Am Aw  oBA JB  iE  MB  nBA ȗ jhA dTwA BLUnA
.^Ak  ^Ak
 BvBM BL]A B  ^  ^ BL]A o񮪧A  ȴA  oBM oA A 
.kA  KA
.oB   ƫ  A ȷ  孼TqA M qBM vA  wBA A 
B  nkBM ~     u cL A SLY B A  cL   q A A 
.cL
nAkA ȗ ^BMB  ^BMAY 햽 B  dTv Bo{  Boi B Bi njB kLA A 
. E ao{ A B A q JoA  oiA
K\ cLA  vdA  vA jn Lɛ L]A A o{  ɗoA A A 
A BTA jn A  .cLA JBT]A  vdA BTA K\ B BM BTo
.^AnBLTiA ^BBdTA vA  BLA wTM jBLA A BwnE BU nBLA  BA
.oL   o  kM ~ ɫ U A p\  A ^B] BLA ~M 
 ^ E ^Bo    A  bnA\BM   o  BvBM nAoA BA A 
.BA } ~ B  ^BBA jAjpA ^Aoi BvA jAjpA B  BA
. ^Bü{ A Fz  jBLA BA    E M BU A oF B A 
.BA oA En    ^AoB TA  }BM A BA  
.BA i A ~A p\U 
cA A  wn  A  B  A 幫BBM eA  A  () ^B A 
.^BB  kU  B  A kU 񪦧
 BU nBA  \A A  幽B  B UB  B  BU A RAnk A 
. {  A B B  {  oiC BdLw A  Te BE 
.BzA nBA 
FM  kwBA  cB~ MBU A  A oAE FM  BU A  cA J]M 
. h Sv jBLA BE
nB~MBM BU  BdLw A n BdTwBM 
$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.B M A  1
.kL M o  2
.A mA MA  3
.BA AoMA  4
.A kBi M BX  5
.Bw M }e  6
.kvA wBA  7
.Al M vdA  8
.BhA eoA kL  9
.BL\A kd M vA kL  10
.BdzA J MA  11
.MBi M keE  12

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
.AoA ȗ o~LA ȗ B qT n A A 
A  moU  BwAoh wA kA B Th ȗ qTA nBA RozTA  
.jAkM A BA nE  A  MoA oq\A 


$
*7
: B VAkeE
vU  WdM  }h B  ^B AoA kL XA ȧqTA B M A B 
: B n A Sj BA keA ȗ  XE o E Bv] |Ai  Te AoA 
 Eo .jnAA  njB~A  Joz oA nB  oM o̖d̽ A AoA AoA oE oE
 jB~A  v zA jB]  K] yL̽ A BhA BdA Be e : nA
.nAkTA An  Am  joM   o jBA
 ik jBL M KeB~A u\ ȗ ^B ^BvB] ȧqTA nBL\A kL ȃBA B 
E kL ohA Km ^Ao~ ȃBA  KmA oL] B  ȮAowA BdwA MA
MA  B ((BzdA  qU  BdLw)) : ^BjB bB  ɃBA  S훰
MA Ak E kM  峦A RAl A BzdA BT]   B{A  Kv BdwA
 B ((Bz B aA  ȗ o\   BdLw)) : ^B ajn Uk  BdwA
^Tv BvA oU BM BA ȗ ^Bo{  \U TA 轱TA kM ƽ mA ȃBA
.A A ]Be  u  峧BE ȗ
 CoA i e Le M keE  jAj MA M keE ȃBA M oB S~e 
.k
? ^BYjBe A ^Bk A zA uA : jAj MA MA : B
. : Le MA B
? ^Bü{ CoA uA : jAj MA MA B
. : Le MA B
? A A k  uA : jAj MA MA B
. : Le MA B
.VjBe lA CoB : jAj MA MA B
.^BT Sv BA : Le MA B

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
  y ȫwA k oA BLA BM  kvA jLM vA BA p oLiA 
 B wA B   WL k{oA nB kvA ϦA Bk oBA k k~
帱kA m nB L  KBA j ij ȗ q JA A o{ oB ^eA
.nB VL jAkM ȃB  ȮvA M nBdA RnAk jAkM B oL WM Y
? njB   jL  ȯoLiA : ȮvA B
. : ȃBA B
? X h A  njB   : ȮvA B
.o BMBdA  kM A  A  FvA m : ȃBA B
? MBdA    : ȮvA B
.e MA  w MA  vdA M kd : ȃBA B
ȃBA ]o vBM TL  \M TE k :  B  ϦA A ȮvA STB
.jAkM A ^Bq
: B  nB A BwoM kvA Ϧ WL
.((ȃBA ndM SU k A  ȧ e B  o  BA  UEkTMA k ȯA))
嬱\vA  A B Zoh A A o{F e  WdL miF nB oBY RnBX
ȮvA Fv  o  qTA B ZoiF .FvA m e  nkA 
 Bd ȮvA Fw mA AvA Am A : ^B jBL M o    JB{ JB]F
A nk B A BdTwA kɗ kA X   VkdA  ^BYkd   hA
k{oA nB q\ ^Aq]B E ^B]  A B A BdTwA B nk  E X h
WkdA JwBM q\ A kM BM k\A  vBM ȮvA oB qTA  B]
.nYFA A 
 A MnA oA  aϖTwA B YAA M BB koA VAkeA  inƪA ol 
 孽nBj  owA  }h h CoA : B  A  oT{A nBwA
.ϖ owA ȗ oT ϧl  TA

$
*9
: WdLA i
 RkTA  o\A ȯBXA oA AkM ȗ Ro vA E   o : qTA
.BkB uwFU ȗ A
: o qTBM BTvU KLw ]o
BA M hA ȗ MBd~A  \ M B mA wBvA AqTBM T : A
.B  () Ȧ
.o  Bv ȗ o~LA vdA h{  B M A AqTBM T : ȯBXA 
vA ȮLU  LU  A nj \dU  RkBw TA oL\A nBA RozTA B 
ȗ BvA  TwA  A oe A k nBT qTA RpoM oL\A o woA
.qTA nBU  tBA BU  BA Am kBw 峟w
tBA k oL E BA BT]A kA   keTA  qTA kFU A 
.A RAmA v\U  LzTM A  oX BT]A BA  RoX o~ ȗ
 ƫ  TqA M qBM vA  wBA FM A UAkT  nBA  
 ^BMAY 햽 B  dTv Bo{  Boi B헿 Bi njB kLA A AB  oB 
.oiA nAkA ȗ ^BMB
B B  {  oiC BdLw A  Te BE   BU nBA  \A A 
. {  E
.nB~MBM BU  BdLw A n BdTwBM 
B Th ȗ nBA RozTA Y AoA ȗ o~LA B ȗ qT n E A 
A BA BnA  A  MoA oq\A  A  moU  BwAoh wA kA
.jAkM

: njB~A 10*
-------------
 LA nAj BL  RoM) vA A A  qTA Km nkLA k{n .j  1
.( 1994   .ɷ 1415 1
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  2
.( .ɷ 1415 2
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  3
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
( 1975 11  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o\ 孼A keA  4
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oBɄ M oBA kL jAkLA
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
 .ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o 孼A keA  5
KTA nAj BL  RoM) oAqA \A oU M w MBUA ( 1953 
KAmA () jB~A BɫA nke kwA (. 1992   .ɷ 1413 1 幼A
.( 1969   .ɷ 1390 2  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) MnA
.( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  6
 LA nAj BL  RoM) vA A A  qTA Km nkLA k{n .j  7
.( 1994   .ɷ 1415 1
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  8
.( 1981 1 幗BX
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  9
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  10
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  11
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
o~ L MoA jBA RAnzɫ o~ɫ  oBA) qTA 峦A nB] kp  12
.( 1947   .ɷ 1366
. 1985 keA nAj BL  RoM) ȫwA oA RAnBU nB kd  13
.ɷ 1383 1  MBLA v L o~  oBA) BzA RBL LvA  14
6 njB nAj BL  RoM) MA gnBU o] M keE MA ( 1964 .(
.( 1995

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
 LA nAj BL  RoM) vA A A  qTA Km nkLA k{n .j  1
.( 1994   .ɷ 1415 1
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  2
.( .ɷ 1415 2
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  3
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
( 1975 11  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o\ 孼A keA  4
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oBɄ M oBA kL jAkLA
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
 .ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o 孼A keA  5
KTA nAj BL  RoM) oAqA \A oU M w MBUA ( 1953 
KAmA () jB~A BɫA nke kwA (. 1992   .ɷ 1413 1 幼A
.( 1969   .ɷ 1390 2  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) MnA
.( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  6
 LA nAj BL  RoM) vA A A  qTA Km nkLA k{n .j  7
.( 1994   .ɷ 1415 1
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  8
.( 1981 1 幗BX
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  9
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  10
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  11
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
o~ L MoA jBA RAnzɫ o~ɫ  oBA) qTA 峦A nB] kp  12
.( 1947   .ɷ 1366
. 1985 keA nAj BL  RoM) ȫwA oA RAnBU nB kd  13
.ɷ 1383 1  MBLA v L o~  oBA) BzA RBL LvA  14
6 njB nAj BL  RoM) MA gnBU o] M keE MA ( 1964 .(
.( 1995

$   8 
*1
: oTA
 JnBdU SB A kM () KB MA M Ȧ BA  S]oi TA ÖA  
SU oA ȗ oa\dTA kA ȗ SaqTA αvA ȗ oTA B햯A B K
keA BB TA nBLA SdLA 婼dTA \T Bn KLvM 孼 o kM
.o\A A  oA ~T ȗ BvwFU B 幖BA m nB{( A e)

$
*2
: nA A
y\ aT E o~A jB  훰 ȗ () Ȧ BA B M JodA SB B 
Ȧ BA JBdA Aj eB~A B JBdA L  eB~A n  BA
BA ϧl kM oA () BA y] ȗ A JAoA A jA B .BB A
BM  q Anoe AUE ZnAhA  ikU  A A   ]oA  Ȧ
 mA E(dBM) 幽oA m A Lv(nodBM) Ame Aw BA oz BYA
wA  ]n  AoE  ZnAhA  BB AoX BwA B   A e
.LwAoA K M A kL

$
*3
: nTA FzA
n () Ȧ BA JBdA  B]  eB~A n ki SA Bk 
B kk{ UB AoA ȗ () KB MA M Ȧ BA UB( A e) nB{
A BYA Bo A BYA B A  BYA qA oz  E aA  SA
ȗ ZnAhA kM Ro 孪A ȗ n U A keA oq\A A BYA BTv\w
.A A SM AA m
BM ~e M kp q ȗ LwAoA K M A kL ZnAhA  BBM 齱M  E
.o B] MnBdA B M kq oo] M o AA M A kL
JBTwA  ohA oYFTA(A A e) oA CoA  kTvA nBzA o B 
B  .nBzA Am A  A JBTM vɪTɧBM BdA i  BA tBA BvM
jBL oX A BA (BM BM jAo e )   () KB MA M Ȧ BA oL
AoM v AB lA CoA UAo 孼TA aw Te kA ȗ U Ʒ
.CoA

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
 奪\A JBdA dA BX () Ȧ BA oɖTM A A ALl 
.dA dTM ȃn 
B JmA oB BA nBA ȗ kh  KT  RB AlA oLA KUo A : AB 
. Bo B B JBU AlA BvA
Be E  ]AA J] AEn o񮪧A  ȴA oBM oA ȗ TA AoA 
.TA A RjA A
.{oA o {oA M ϧl ȗ o  ^BÖ AjB v  e hA A o 
 BLA A WL A p\ lG K]AM u q\BM BnG BLA WM A : AB 
A JBM   q\BM BnA BLA BwnA A 婴UL SLXU C  q\ o
.jBLA  A
 p\ Bɟ oA vA A ɫ  XLA Lɛ  BLA  A k p\
.BvA vA oB~A JBUnA oA XM kM BLA
.Bv nB BhA BA T eBMA 
.Boe  AoLBM Ae TA Be ȗ AE mA kA E Bj AdTwE 
M X h A AoL] wAM LA  qA A   CoA A : AB 
.B{A
 Li  A M  JBTA oB Bh LA  jn oLi  A : AB 
.j mhT A p\ AoUAT
TA BTwA A 峦 nBTiA B BM 햽 BTwA   ATLYA AoL\ u BvA A
.kTU  햧A  A U 햧A BM 

$
*5
: UB~h{ poMA
.LwAoA K M A kL  1
.odA MA M A kL  2
. M jnTvA  3
BL M Be  4
.peBA M A kL  5
.npA M B  6
.B\A M o  7
.oB M k\  8
.oA M jBp  9
.jo\ oA kL  10
oMB] M ~ɼɴA  11
.ȮAkA o M i  12

$
*7
: B VAkeA
 AA MA o\ AoBM o\  tBA ƽ B () KB MA M Ȧ BA B 
Ϧ aLdɼ So{A ç ϦL  mA A ϼA ȎeE k  : A ^BBU i
o{ B UAo UF AA MA BUA Te () BA Sv  owBhA  T
Sv ϧm Aq  () Ȧ BA Sv A ϦTM o\A AA MA jBE AoA ȗ
 mA ϮhTv  e A k A oLB  () Ȧ Eo Te ϧl Eo Am
.
owF (JBLi M A kL) A wn KeB BA ATB AkA ȗ ZnAhA Ro 
A BoF Ϛ ȗ mA Am A :  AB ^Bd~  ȗ Ak] 奫BdA T]p 
MA  Fw Y .RBE B AT A CoA BeEB Ad A  jn B ϦT
ȗ Bd \ BoiC Ti A ȗ BX  Bw Aoi B YB ? o oM
BM A A))  B F kM dTA L () Ȧ BA  BA BoiC BA
 B]oA ȧAU A LTU ϯA : AB ((o~M mA j  ^BU k{A 
UEoBM M ALA Y T miB .^AkeA BTB T ϦT A BBA   BBwA
A AoA BA : SB EoA A ALA BA ȗ j Bv dMm \B ..Le ȷ
.Ak~A Bw A AT Ȅ  v VY AT BM AoL ! A TU

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
e A k () Ȧ BA JBdA jBh eB~A BzA A n B 
|BA M o B  A JBT A JB]E  eA ȯA A jBL : () B CoA
BA TLd  M oA ȯA Co  j JBdFM Av  MA MA
A 奄BM BM jAo e  BA B]oA o{ BA o{ AB B]n TLd
ȯoE kA A khA B BM   Bo A BnB A
mA oMAj 酚 A A L  텚 dA M k keA Bw ]B] kAw
.A
k 婴UA  w bvA ȟB{ kkdA ȗ  ^BA oz Bp B\
jB kM  ZnAi AnB mA AoA  MB~ kT j\vA  BL] RjwA
BT B BT A Sj AlA A JBT A A K]A ȦB : ƪA oBM  wBM
.L\U  A B햮 A  .B MA
WMB : AB ....A JB]C  A A JBT A Bj  A BA d :  B
 ov ov   o{A k ooA  dL oT{A B k ϼUF oT{A A
.ik B

$
*9
:WdLA i
JnBdU SB A kM () KB MA M Ȧ BA  S]oi TA ÖA  : ZnAhA 
 odT ^Aqn nB AnB{ Ao dTA \T n KLvM  o BMG 
.A o\A oA ~T ȗ BvwFU B (( A e))
孼 훰 ȗ B B]  o~A dU  () Ȧ JBdA {A A kM
A vB B B A () Ȧ BA JBdA Aj eB~A B B] Sn
  Ȧ ]n (( A e)) B]oA A oA ȗ dU : lA M o B
.ZnAhA  ikU  A ik
K M A kL wA  ]n  AoaA BA oz BYA  BM q Anoe AUF
.LwAoA
B A BYA qA oz  B\ kk{ UB AoA ȗ () BA UB 
A ȗ n U A keA oq\A A BYA BTv\w A BYA Bo A BYA
.AA ϦU ȗ U ZnAhA kM REkM B
 \A JBdA dA BX () Ȧ BA oU UAkT nBA  
.dA dTM ȃn 
.Bv BhA BA T AeBMA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
keA ( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  1
.( 1975 11  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o\ 孼A
2 kk\A ozA LT AoA  jAkM) uMA uLU 孪eoA kL p\A MA  2
A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦɟnqA ( .ɷ 1402 . 1982
.(1986 7 孼
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  3
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  4
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  5
.( 1981 1 幗BX
幼MoA A nAj BL RoM) nU wBvA oA Fz o{ ] kd  6
(. 1990 2
.ZnAhA k  7
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  8
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
(. 1995 1 ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) LA [ bo{ kkdA MA MA  9
1965   .ɷ 1385 njB nAj BL  RoM) gnBTA ȗ BA oYA MA  10
1 A nAj BL  RoM) ǱA o~A ɗ ZnAhA 唰o jd B (
(. .ɷ 1397   1977
1403 2 zoA LT RAnz AoA  )  훰 eAq M o~  11
(. .ɷ

$   9 
*1
: oTA
kU ( 1844 / ɷ 1260) w AoA ȗ Ro 幗odA BLA oA keG ȷ
LTvU TA BA nBA vU i  ȫwA kA  BA ozA k A
k ȗ BjA 鼪] keU A k mA kk\A Bj eA wA ozA gv
ȗ (JBLA) M KA pAozA Bn kd Ȧ ApoA BvwA TA (MBLA) ȷ keA
.jA oz wBTA oA ~T

$
*2
: nA A
A ka AmC ȯAoA T\A Bz B TA oA ]AmvA ȮkA A JB 
BB mA oA A nBzTA .T\A ϧl BwA ȗ BnBzTA MBLA j poM
] AmC BzA BqM ǰovA dA FɄ SdU ȯAoA T\A  B
kd Ȧ BqM MBLA o n w B mA Zoi A 馅T ȯAoA T\A
.kBM Uj  mA pAozA
woA o~Bɟ  ɽnBTwA RBwBvA ɫ (MBLA) Tɛ mA oLA kA
T\A BwA ȗ oA m poM  \{ k  jA q\A nAoLA
.ȯAoA
B k 幼hzA oB BLA oA M nBBM pAozA kd Ȧ ApoA oYFU 
oA uwA mA BveA keA gzA BLUA keA T{oA B kvA mU  ApoA
BjA  nBA eo i  ϧl oXA JBTwA ApoA  w B 幼hzA
.kA BA A JBLA FM

$
*3
: nTA FzA
Ȧ ApoA TA Bk ϧl  1841 /  ɷ 1257 B A MBLA nmM REkM 
B kvA L keBM AoA o{M k ȗ BB (17) o B pAozA kd
B kvA k  A K Mo A Ben k{ Y nBBM oYFTA B oYFT T{oA
ɈB kvA B kM oTA BA o Bw A  nBA k] T{oA
1260 B Te ϧl  oTwA hz Bp ApoA oTiA ɷ 1258 w T{oA
.hzA e STB () KBA B JBLA A E We ɷ
MBzTA LA BTA  AkTvɫ kA pAozA kdɫ Ȧ ApoA jA 
.BL ^A kM B SdLE Y hzA ~
ajA Y kA BA FM jA Y () kA BA KB FM Uj AkM ȗ p 
.kk] kM BUA LA BkM
pAo{ k\v ȗ tBA BA Uk  AoLA jA o  oXA ϧl kM TMU A 
.BA zA B M M oB kM ϧl
ȗ (So])  ȗ \w A jA B oiA o Uk A pAozA ApoA jB 
Te BwoA WL KTA ƽ miF AohA  kUo   幼AoA B k
AoA jLA Be op oLA oA B vA M TA S훰 jLA SMoA
.ɷ 1266 w AoA qoLU k ȗ tBA  oL kze BA |BoBM Bn AkBM
oA BLUA ~TM (nB]BA) dA SB pAozA kd Ȧ ApoA AkA kM 
ȗ woA nBvA A Ȧ ve ApoA F\ kk]  nBE oz ABe mA MBLA
nBvA  X Ld~M jAkM A kMF AoA dA  TBdM RkU TA Ao
.woA
tBA  AkTA jBvA TA nBYBM AmiE  AoTwA AoA A A Bk 
.] ȗ kA B 
B (njA) A Y  oA jBM ȗ (BTwA) A MBLA kMA VAkeA m kM 
A kMA Y (JBLA) X FM BYA  \ oqU kM Ȧ ve ApoA ajA
K ü\ Ak B pAozA kd Ȧ ApoA FM B jB 孼v ȗ (B)
.(A) BkM LA jA Y A BLM v
.BLA o uwE MBLA BLUA  Ȧ ve ApＪA ow 

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
^e JBLA }h{ ȗ Se k BdLw A  XLA BeoA dA A Ap 
Akv\U Ae k (|) oA woA A () jC  BLA  A Bkv] BjB
BLɯA ƴ ȚdA XA ɷ ɯA (pAozA kdɫ Ȧ ApoA) ~h{ ɗ
.UBwn
.oTA kA A (JBLA) jA 
 BA  jBA  JBLA nɈ oLT wA M Bɛ mA jBA AoA 
.CoA ȗ nmA nBA  \A
B BjA gvM AB oA CoA Ao{ B BvA AozA 鼪] BBM AB 
.(MBLA) M ɪvA kk\A kM
: B oB kk] BeBM ozA jBLA BeA 鼪] AkME 
Bv A k oB ȷ WBLhA RBwB\A  AjnA BM A ApB]A  E
.WBLhA RBwB\A  oU MBLA TA   A kT  kBM
B o k Bi nBlA ȷ A A ȗ RAo ui k AlA  J
.wA
p\U ϧm BnBlA Bi BTü  cL~A k BTn k ~A  Z
.qB\A  A B\A
 tEn ȗ MBLA A u\A A AE jƽ A MBM   q BqA BA  j
.w
kM A A  T (JBLA) Bo  B   uA   k ~A  ɷ
 BkM MnA BXA w A oz jBdA w  ~A U  JoA
.~A 
RM ϧmɟ ɗ TA A (JBLA) ɗ k mA SLA nBp  k [dA  
. qM jkd BvA j B]oA  K\ oz BXA MBd~A
w  ]q  o A oz jBdA kM BL]A  ZAqA BA  p
.keA o{ kM ]oA 񪼗 BnBU lA BdB~T Te keA
A oodA  JAYE vhM   B oz vU L  SA BA  b
.RAo ui k vTA 失~A nLA  oL ȗ k
.oA AE njB~ jB\A AA  
FM BM BoA dU AlA AozA LA ȗ nB\T lA)) JBLA  We BMoA AeE : 
((B d
.ȮA nBM AB : 
.o񮪧A  ȴA oBM oA Aoe  
\ dA Am nɄ k BLA A M BvA  TYA  oXBM ZAqA Aoe  
.JBLA e aE A kM keA  ZAqA  Ao~T

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.(JBLA) M KA pAozA kd Ȧ ApoA  1
.(A BM) Ȧ ve ApoA  2
.(pA cL) M KA nA d ApoA  3
.(JBLA JBM) M KA ȯozLA ve A  4
.(A o) A (w E) A (ZBU np)  5
(BLA kL A ~A) M KA kA tBL  6
.kA tBL SM MA kA ț{  7

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
.TdA v BL nw AoA ȗ   AoA  oA m qAo E 

$
*7
: B VAkeE
 B AoA (S{n) k ȗ ( 1848) (ɷ 1261) w ȗ MBLA jB T]A 
Ȧ ozM kdA ozA gv  Ano d iA nA Ȧ ve oBdA
oA m ȗ BA poA keE (A o) M LA (ZBU np) SB pAozA kd
KmA Am  tBA oBU ȗ BLLw SB oUƪA ϧl ȗ Li SLh ]oLT
: BTLi ȗ B] B kk\A
BBM nBzU FM Bv M M oɃBdA JB\dA Am Aɛq ...))
A B 帱\A A hA  ]oiA vA kM A B헿A ȗ wBU
k A ȒL z Si B Ba{ B  kM oqA A BkA BdA op
.((dTU kU JBLe 啅U \U oqB A BM BB{ kd 
BvA B]oA  BMAowA tBA En We Ao w ȗ Ko kz B B 
bo]  ȗ j\A 郰 k eo\ jBv]A BLdBM j MBLA  BA
 隽  A oiFT  Mo i j\A UBA Uk   LT T
TɖT o  Ao BB MA ]nA SdU A oA ȗ  RB AlB BvBM
WX\A Sn Y nk  BdMm ke M UF A j\A ke b Y A
.B{A  FU BzU JA BBj vU nBM

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
e T]A BUBMB AoA AnkpB BL] ȗ B B~e Ȧ ve ApoA k{ 
XM SwnF toA e BdA Am B kk\A kA Am o~ ]A  oX i
dA Rno 幪qA LhA BlA o\U RjB oej ȗ Sz BT ov
B MBLA BB    RAokA AkBM BUA Rpq eTA BUB\
~e A BzA j] ik oBil Rk B]n Ȯ Te o{A MnA k 
BT j\A  T Y BA Bv  B]n M MBLA  B~h{ (214) AowB
.XU cLA M AX TvA Aw M AoL Bo

$
*9
: WdLA i
kU ( 1844 / ɷ 1260) w AoA ȗ Ro od BM o : BLA MBLA 
BɃn kd Ȧ ApoA vwA mA kk\A Bj eA wA ozA gv A
.jA oz wBTA oA ~T ȗ (JBLA) M KA pAozA
S We RBAohA X A JB ]AmvA \A L Bız  kBw 
o~A wn B~i B nBTwA kA j ϧm ZmvA BvLA M BLeoU
.BoM 
ǰovA dA o~ ȗ ȯAoA T\A  B BB mA oA  B 
.|hA lBBM ozM mA kk\A kA Am tBA LU  oL nj BzA BqM
o B pAozA kd Ȧ ApoA TA e ɷ 1257 B MBLA nmM REkM 
 \v nBA k] T{oA B kvA L keBM AoA o{M k ȗ BB 17
.hzA e TB () kA B JBLA A F UBe
.BMoA AeA jBB kA RBno  oXA oA m RoA 
.ȮA B BM oB k WBLhA RBwB\A  
. TA A (JBLA)  k mA SLA nBp k [dA 
.v BL nw AoA ȗ   AoA  nBzTA qAo A 

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
3 oA nAj BL  RoM) 孽ozA oA nB oAj ko kd k]  1
.( 1971
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA nBA oAj k{ni ǰBTzA  2
jB{nA L AoA  jAkM) BTwAnj njB~ BLA MBLA jAo B tBL  3
. 1982
.(AoA  Mo) EkL  Jqe BLA keE ȧBA  4
  .ɷ 1404 5 o~ɫ  oBA) BLA MBLA ApoA kL ȮvdA  5
.( 1984
4 MoA A L AoA  jAkM) BLA MBLA e kdA kL vd  6
.( 1980   .ɷ 1400
1989 wA nAj AoA  jAkM) BAkA BTe BLA kd nB ȯBdA  7
.(
1 幼BXA zA nAj AoA  jAkM) LohTA BUAnBU ɄBLA ]A  8
.( 1989
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  9
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A   10
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
.( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  11
.BA  ȯB] ApoA ȯB{BA  12
.L gnBU }hU 奼L kd knp  13
.( 1923 o~  oBA) nkA KAA 孼ve kd nAC  14
\A) RA kLA 骛 ȗ RBLA RBA 孼vdA kL  BA {B C  15
.(x .ɷ 1345 幽A LA AoA 
.nBTwA ki ȗ BLA  16
.BLA kd Ȧ ApoA pAozA  17

$   10 
*1
: oTA
183) w () BA o] M w BA jBzTwA kM Ro zA  o  
A pB\T  BBM kM AUF () o] M w   ABM Aw  ( ɷ
BUAkT jBv 幛oA m SoA k () BoA w M Ȧ MA BG AoE o
RAoɈBA 幒AkA [\dBM B nB~A () nBɄA ĿA k~U BAnC 
. ükA UBB\UA ȗ nAoTwBM   幼\A

$
*2
: nA A
j BBe BkA Ke AA ] ȗ LoA jBA ]TA ~hzA BA 
SM  UpdM SB TA AA 鼪]  TwA A MA BA  M
) jBTA Am oA  A E : RBXA n A (n) wA gzA ol . vA B
v M BX  kA Ao MA jBp ȮBLA qe ME M Ȧ ( BM A E
dU SB TA ovA BTA Be  .BBe A AB BkA ȗ A wAoA
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]nkM wA B\A BzU SB TA wBA oA  ȗ wBvA A Tv
k A wBM co~TA A BA  zA ɫ AT  ( vA  ) A
B{ BhA AnC z  RkBw oɉA m X BLUA  }hA |AhA
. UAkɚT
TA ABM kA B Jm] mA AozM Lm [oT AA Bp w 
: B RBXA AoM JwA Am A ( A en ) wA gzA nB{A k 婴k SB
.  (( AA  BTiA B ^Bü{  AmM B ABTwA ... ))

eoA kL M u A qe MA M Ȧ kA jBp WM vBA UBd 
B nBj C oz  B . (( ϼ d BA koU S A )) :  B
Ro AlA )) : B BA ( vA B ) jB~A  Bn BA  : BMB]F 啟 : 
jB\A j S B  ((BA n Kw 햽  B  o E BA  kLA
( ȮBLA qe MA M Ȧ kA ^AjBp k~ ) ȯBLB  .Be   A oA
. AkA ȧ AoA
jA  B (|) woA kMB oT Ȗ A Fv Ak] o hnBTA nm\A 
woA BM BBTA BwoA Fv BA ϧl  jAnA (( R  RBB )) : A
UnA () ƪA oA jBzTwA k SYke  oiA BdA . (|) oA
AkE jAnE .(( B~M JoA vw  R   Tɚ  A )) : BA R
zBM RBM UBd A A Bi  BA  bo 轱U oA ϦU BeA ĿA
.ol tnj

$
*3
: nTA FzA
SLXU B ]U Bi  RjAnE RAkT RBAn  AA RkTA 
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RBAn (( RB kM   BB BA Ȫw )) :  B A B () jB~A BA
. 郱A odTA FTA nj Sij oiA

jk M We 幖ThA BoM B nB~A BLUA Jm] AA oA SBTwA 
jk B mA () BA w BA JBdA \  ^]n (64) BUB]n
zA k]ATA ȗ M BTv A 񪽿 ^Bh ^AnBU X \A Am ^]n (274)
. wB MBo hU k A z mA

AmɯC XTA () SLA A jBɛ BT{B TA oBA dA Lɼ~A oA 
Bp S kk RAo  \vA AkA () BA o] M w BA ~hzM
kBA AkA ȗ odTA () BA JBɓ TwA oXA odM A  AA
UBLn kh () B  LB ohvU ϧl A BA wA zM ȮkA
() BA BA B z An jB{nA ȗ kA gzA jnA . ~hzA AkA
)  kdB ... )) : B jn  () en kM BM dTw TA wDA oA 
kd B  ((ϧm q\U  oe vA m ȗ w A  ( Bw M kd k~
幼BA m A oA : B ? ȮTA k Ak A Ȯ]  B : S : Bw M
 B : Sɛ : Bɛ kM  mA   w  ( ȮL~ ) ȯAk A BA
Al B : S : B . BzB A 햽 孼BA A  : Bɛ  ? Akɗ A Ȯ]
TBA kd] 峚e ( () BoA B BA ) Am ȮMA   : B ? Ak A Ȯ]
(|) A wn kM e kd] TBA () KB MA M Ȧ   B kM 
....
BXA zA B BA gBz nBA ej 婴T\]Bd UoB k~U 
. RoekA To ST o 奼BwA M Ȧ 孪eoAkL M u

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
BA A : B  ɗ B d Bd   BA ɗ 幖AA AnC RjkU 
^k Bݪ BMo nA o{ Ϧ Te R  S  () o] M w
BA U RB k BA G : M B . kA BA A ^An] Sæ B
T M oE .BA G RB k G : M B . o  ]o Te o
. B k jo 峼A A n RB : AB
]oi AE A keA kM ^AkeA Bi  幪FM Av kM AB  A : AB 
. oE G BTA  LA tBA  G
SB ( A A  kwA ȮM  ozM M kd JBdE ) ozLA    o 
TL S ȗ kA BA A KB e A uLd  S  () BA A :
A ZBTdB 鼪]  UBi BE 峼 ] ozM M kd oA  hTwA
BA  鼪w MA A E ozM MA kd ȗU B .kM BA  ozM MB Tn
. BA oTA
L () Ȧ () w k  BA jA   A ϧm ozLA SjA 
Ao 幫BA Ak o 婴MBvA   jA LɼɄ o 嬱MlB
. AE Bj AdTwA TBBM BA
BɛA A   oA A Ap AoA oBw [dA BqA ozLA RoE 
AB .BA ZoA nBdA eBMFM AB . Bn o{  uhA RA~A
M BwAA o A o  T  BA ^AkeA ^AkeA k ĿA .gwBTBM
A Lw ȗ ]n M A B  ϧl o A ZAoi A B  B  ȗ L]A
. kM  BA kd M 鼪v 


$
*5
: RB~hzA poMA

: oBA wAoA v M BX  1
: kA Ao M jBp  2
. ȗ nB~A  ȮBLA Bw qe ME M Ȧ  3
: ozM M kd 4
. AkL MA nBA Be M {B kw MA M vdA  5

$
*7
: VAkeA
ȮYke : B w M BwA BYke : B tBLA M n~ E zA B]n ȗ jn 
MA M Ȧ  ik () BoA k S : B 峪wA TE A ȮFw BMBdA M
^BU   : B   : B ? αMA B : qe MA MA  B nBA MA qe
BA SF : qe MA MA B  aȧA : () BoA B ? k  A : B   : B ?
A k : nBA MA ZAovA MA B   : BɃoA B ? A  TBɄ oT
nB A jAkM UC A koUE ? SA BM Ϧ : () BoA B  v  ϮA
TiA  ȮM Bk  ϧl S BA Ȧ AlB 峦A ? TB oT BA BA :
k : qe ME MA  B 婟k k ȗ ow o~ ç oA STzU T
oi M U k 峦A M B  M T BMC  keA o BB ^Bü{ RoE
MnA TM A  ] MoɛA Uoz nm A BU A oA B (|) A wn BMC
 ^BLɼFU  ^BLɽmU ɷk{A B A ɦA wn ȯA : ɴ B ^]n
 kMAB E Am LM Sv xki Ȯ{ki A : (|) LA  B K MA 
C   kMAB Am BBM Sv ^B{ki nB Ȯ{ki A : E BE .LA C 
. BA


$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
峼 A A () ɈBA BA  Sj TA AA FM gnBTA B TeA 
 : B JBdA M  LA JBT ȗ jn k  .() BoA MA BA nBA
M BX k  nBj A Lw kA jBp k () ɈBA w AoMA MA
vdA MA A WL o~M v  `nA] ui  nBj A YY wAoA v
ȯB  `nA] VBYA  k M T]A B B BA  LB AeA A () BoA
.L YnA ȧ T]A k B uLe ȗ  nm  YAo BvTA k B B YnA
 kA jBp ϧm k BM oT  oA B qe MA MA BF  Am Lz ^B
 B e  S  (  RA ) BME E A KT B v M BX BA
. ϼA { kM ȯoF  U B  k E  A  L  RB A ol
. M S]qU TA k nA\A BA
M Ȧ Ȫ k nA S : B B M Ȧ M vdA M keA M vdA A ol 
o{ BkA ȗ u : ^B  B Ȫ pB B jAkM A  ^Bh{ B M vdA
SM Zp BA : B ? A Ϯ  : Ȫ  B  AoA B E  zA ozB 
j nBj A oz k B A : BA Uoe B ȧ B ZAovA ozM MA M keA
ȯ~i ! A B S  A Rk{  U kM B MA Sk () o] M w
. ] nB ȗ ~ BoU k Le B]oiA B A  () BoA A Bw nBA 
BXA KmA Am A B AlA : ^B AoA m  wA BA g{ 
? B  A 婴UBAoM Y  Ʒ


$
*9
: WdLA i
SB () BA BA jBzTwA kM Ro oYkA zA o  o : ɛAA 
B TA TA ABM ^B () BoA MA BG RoA  ()  S TBBM
.wBvA kBA B ooLT RBAoM SXLzU () BA
婫mA AozM kƪA BLUA Kv UAkɚT oz ɛAA Bp BTwA 
odT kBv nBU jB\A ABd UpdM SB TA AA mLM kA B BTwA
. UB]U
kk RAo \vA AkA () BA BA RBBz RBodU  wBLA MBoA 
BqA Kw BA h nBA wBvA oA RAkTA AnA   S\{
. (|) oA woA w kA A 
R  e BA BA A SjA BBM BAnC BjBL AA oA Seo 
B o SkTMA () BoA BA RoA k nA ݪw mA kA BA 
.gwBTBM SB AoA S kk] ^AnC
kA Ao M jBp ȮBLA qe MA M Ȧ : B RB~h{ oA m ȗ poM 
.o wAoA v M BX ozM M kd

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
 4   A LT  AoA  ɛ ) zA oɗ  w M vdA  ThMA  1
nAj  BL  RoM )  A  kA oi  ȦnqA  (  1969   . ɷ 1388
  Ak ) gnBTA ɗ zA  ve kd  qA  ( 1986  7   A
. (  1938   . ɷ 1357  2   BoA   BL
1398  XkdA  LT  AoA  Ao ) LA  vdA M kd  wA  2
.( ɷ
Be () SLA C vwƫ  AoA   ) jB{nA  kd M kd  kA  3
. (  . ɷ 1413  1   VAoTA
1388  4   A LT RAnBzTA  AoA   ) B]oA o nBTiA  zA  4
. (  1969 / ɷ
RAnBzTA qo  AoA  Ao ) oA RBA  A kL M kw  o{A  5
. ( x . ɷ 1361  3   o Ȫ
 4   A LT  AoA  ɛ ) zA oɗ  w M vdA  ThMA  6
. (  1969   . ɷ 1388
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ  AoA   ) {B\A B]n  Ȧ M keA  {B\A  7
vwƫ  AoA   ) wA B]n  vdA M kd  wA  ( .  . ɷ 1407
MA B]n  jAj M vdA  jAj MA  ( .  . ɷ 1415  1  ȫwA ozA
 ( .  1972   . ɷ 1392 ɽnkdA LA  AoA  o{A \A ) jAj
 UoA LA  AoA  o{A \A ) BA cU  A kL  ȯBBA
2  ȃoA RAnz  AoA   )  hA  ȦdA A  ( .  . ɷ 1349
. (  1961 

$   11 
*1
: oTA
 1248 ) ȯBjBA keE  ApoA BkTMA  oiFTA A  wG o 
k We kA JB\LA ȗ BjB k A Lv BjBBM Sw  (  ɷ 1319
oYFU  keA S ȗ jA kA  jA cvA E jA mA keE ApoA
. kTA bA wߧ kk\TA RAnBzM Uj   oYFTA B JoBM

$
*2
: nA A
odT vA  ^B vi B Ak] kA ȗ q\A AkE RoTwA B 
 oBA k BA jB\A  od  T mA CoA n kA BTM
Bd A kA nA ɫ kA Am ApA Lw  XdL q\A oTvA miFɗ
vA  Ȯj K~ l ]n nBTiA ȷ ϧl dT w A Ak] BA
ohA nkA AmM 贮 mA ]oA  ( ȯBjBA keA  Apo ) B Am vA
B kBA nBɗA Jo B k ɃAoɓA UBBɓ q\A oTv d
.gnFTA K  BUB~M oTU kk] Bj uwFTM ^Be
BTwA mA (  1842 ) " RBo M keE " kzA BA oe BBoM SE k 
nk ȗ ȮkA tBdA  wA hA bn WM BA jB\A z e
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q\A dA REn B  BBTA 郱 AB  ] KB~ q\A dA
BA  ɗ nBzTBM RmiE ȯBɗBM ozA ȮvdA kA B] kvA j E
vA iAj  }hzM }hzA ϧl ]A  kM B  m zM ȫwA
keE  ApoA nkA Am jB]E k kB yzU   oYFTA 鼅Tv vE
.AoX q\A nBTwA ki An AjBM ȯBjBA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
q\A BLU BwG Bo Ao kA Rk{ ȯBjBA KmA q\A kBw Be 
B\UA oT bA kTA RAnBzM ]TA Am oLU k  MoA nBTwA d~
. BjBTA ȗ  S]nj B o A  FU  B A wA B\A
Ƀ ϧm  RBB~A ȗ BA nTA JoA oBM vA M nBLA 
q\ AkA ȯBjBA KmBM BvLA Aki ȗ kM ke A AoYE k vA AeE
轱U  vA  T j  oTvA w SLXT k mA  nBE
. vA Bd TA kdTA jB\A oe
" E "keA " wBM o B BpoME { A  M BUFz kM  BjBA SzɯA 
" Ȧ kd ǿ "  " kA B ]Ai " B oA Am Bp " n B]
. BMnA BwC ȗ  kA ZnBi ȗ oL Bz oA Am

$
*4
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o]B   Zoi  oL ȗ j BoB RB  K~  E : cvA ȗ Uk 
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.  B Aj] q  oL A w oz ë oA
o k JodA RAjA AkhTwBM A A \A B u BjBA o ȗ jB\A 
.  B w w  BA vA
" ȯBjBA keA  " A B] : ȯBXA hA keE Apo " LA e " JBT ȗ 
!!qA ȧE M  E
çA A A  keE  Apo mU ( | ) LA JBdE M o  A o 
.  BXA XLA B]n Ʒ A XLA B]n
. jA kA  jA cvA i ƪA oE : L un BjB 
( | ) kd (  ) v ȗ e E om kA E keE  Apo " ak 
! L   AvA 

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
. ȯBjBA keE  ApoA  1
. dA kA n  2
. ǱkA keE M kBe  3
. kA B ]Ai  4
. Ȧ kd ǿ  5

$
*6
:lA A nBzTA
kA ȗ BjAoE KE   }h{  ~A JnB B BA m t jk L
. v xjM BTvBLA M pT oiA 
 BTvBA  AoB Th wA AkM ȗ " ȯBjBA keE  Apo " BU RozTA
. o~  MoA oq\A

$
*7
: B VAkeE
M k B b M oL k AT ki q\ keE  ApoA ak k 
S k " : " JA BoU " MBT ȗ M B] B . A  q\A d
J] jB\A 鮫 ȗ SE k  BUo~ q\A dA kFU ȗ o 
vi  ݪ M A M ]  B RAozA KTA  ( q\A ) oA ȧE B
. " MB BzA o~  MoA jLA ȗ KTA m 鼪] Roz k  Aqi
kk] Bj uwƽ E A Be kA nBA Jo keE  Apo B 
) oA L B B X gnFTA ȗ wA k\v    M ƫ BLUE  
 Td~ vA M      MBA  q\A k] k  ( |
A dvA   dvA A kA   kA A kk\TA ȗ ZnkT q 
dA Two to )) : FM UBMBT M ȗ bo k  q\A jAnA B U Te LA
ȗ q\A JB\LA B Be A k mA wBTA ȗ ϧl KT  (( q\A
.  1898 BL{ 14
ejB VnA VkdM FLT A BTwA UL  oLA  kA Uj RBLYG ]E 
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UAoLM Se dA   TM ozLT RBB] VY TUA T B n E

$
*9
: WdLA i
k ȗ " keE  ApoA " BvwE  oiFTA A  wA o BjBA 
oYFU  keA S ȗ jA kA jA cvA A jA  kA ȗ BjB
. qA nBTwA k nBA SB oYFTA B JoBM
 ϧl dT w E Ak] vA  TL Ad A q\A jAnA 
mA " ȯBjBA keA ApoA "  nBTiA 雱 vE vA  }h{ nBTiA
.UBB q\ߧ e
oz A o]B oL  Zoi BoB RB  K~  E cvA ȗ Uk 
. BU \A 
. Bߧ w w  BA A A A \A B u o ȗ jB\A 
(|) kd  () v ȗ e A om " kA " A keE  ApoA k 
hA keE Apo " LA e " JBT ȗ B] B A  L   AvA 
.qA ȧE M  E   " ȯBXA
TA AqqA BA  ejB VnA VAkeBM FLU kA Uj RBLYA ]E  
VY TUA T B n  ]n TM o FLU k kA LoA RAvA ȗ SYke
. UAoLM Se dA  ]oA TM ozLT RBB]

$
*10
: njB~A 0
------------
. (  1990  ovA nAj  BL  RoM ) wA oA \  oBU nB  1
1  AA nAj  BL  RoM ) wA oA \  d o{  A  2
. (1986  ɷ 1406 
 BL  RoM ) MoA nBTwBM T WkdA ȫwA oA  kd  ȴLA  3
. ( 1990  7 oA nAj
1390  AoA  jAkM ) ȫwA MoA wBvA oA  kd ȟp B . j  4
.( 1970   . ɷ
. ( oA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA nBA oAj  k{ni  ǰBTzA  5
nAp  AoA  jAkM ) kA nBA L{ ɗ JoA B  u  AoBvA  6
. ( 1986 jhA L 幼kA zA BA
. JA BoU  keA ApoA  ȯBjBA  7


$   12 
*1
: oTA
M A kL Bvwƫ G Lv BMBM Sw   ZnAhA  kT o BMA 
BMA M A kL AnC LT ^Bw ^B ^BjBT]A ^BLm Lm BMA ak  .BMA
B o RnLU  (( k횧A )) B] wBM Ao .A kp M oMB] AnC wBvA
o\A ȯBXA oA AA ȗ BM |BhA ȴA B\
$
*2
: nA A
RAo񮪧A KUoU RBodA cLTvU TA ɗoTA jkzTA nApA AnC Bh 
.B aoLU
k 婦vA G Uj ZnAhA o L A Ϧv Ao]A BA nBA 
bvA e mîe  ^BT A]A A Ak Aao A vA UB q\U
.uA  ^BBj
(  ) ƪA oE JBdA k  M Se TA qA kM AoA ɷE STzU 
幼A aƽ A Bi BvA G b\A oA kBM AqTA B] Sɗ
M A kL kM  M MA jBM B qoTA o~LA G ovA B\A m Rno
.BMA
nBLTBM [A Am kA TA AkTA [ BLUA  BMA M A kL qoU 
Ao M ϦA kL G BLT TA TBwn ȗ ϧl poL 幼BMA B] wBM BA
.~i k ĿkA [\dBM kA
n~T RAnXA RBhA RBAqA oX \T A kA SMBE TA A 
.dA G B氰 wBw oe E bB\ BG oXA
h wBvA Ak KB]  A LmA AnC ȗ ɃBMA AkTA 
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j 孼A E wBLA E A  ThA BM   yo  o~T
.To  UoA SdU AM vA  jAkBM
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 A  JoA ȗ To nBA A]n  A Ae k  oL jAkA ZohU
.o  Twn M eoA kL  oBA  kAoA KLe M MoA BXA pB\dA

$
*3
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MA  TiA kM ȪTA vBA BMA M A kL k  BMA o SvwFU 
MBTA kp M oMB] k  oA B RnU  o\A A oA oiAA ȗ npA
.oMB] mU j\M oA oA ojpA ϧl kM
T o ME M v kL MA wBn kM BMA oA  jBL  AnC RozTA 
.MoA JoA ȗ TwoA kBM A
kɮvB UAkT  Lm oz  RkBw kk ^BLT BMA B a 
.Bo  kp M oMB] KT  kAo
B w  BL  oAq\B wA AkM ɗ nA Bp STA ^j Aa 
.AkLA m  v ȗ kBvA ȷ nBA AqU   幼BMA oA B B RojpA
v mU  k mA  TwoA kA KeB Twn M eoA kL BA p ȗ 
.nBzTA BA LvA SdTA  ȃBMA KmA BC SwU o ME M
: ȷ  kM B RoYkA o BMA  SLzU 
.AkA ME M }e JBdA : ~dA  1
.ȃBMA VnBdA JBdA : YnBdA  2
.vA M kq JBdA : kqA  3
.BM A jAo  B JBdE  4
vM  A dA  ( dA KB ) kA d M A kL d MA Zoi 
ɷ128 ) B ϧl B  A jM  BA Uow B  Roe  l
jBiBM z AoA qoA kA SB  幮kA Y   TwA BkM  (
ȗ  . pB\dA  l ak  oA ( dA KB ) qTB tBLA ȮM RBodU
A kL T  BMA  BA BTwA ^Bz] kd M Ao q] ( ɷ130 ) B
.kA d M

$
*4
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.A  ^AoB   ^Bƫ u  TdMl E  TdB
oU JBU B  B JBTTv Y kdA  B B m E ow E p  : AB 
.jaoA  T MTA ME A
ȗ Bj Aoe  UjB{ ApB]A  oz o nB LA A  BBh : AB 
ϧl ȗ A Ap   VnATA  TdB Add  A ȗ BdTwA  ovA
 M j AA M dTwBM : AB  dA j k 峧wo   MnBd
k BMBdA  Bjo B A  KmA BF bvA  hA dTwA mA
.A
.ȒM nAj B BvA ov aA keU nAj wA A  Bh nAj A : AB 
( | ) A wn k ȗ BA A AB ?  E ^Bo{ vE BA ȗ ATiA 
.ozBM  oLBM Ao oBLA ALUnA A A ke AB
BU A o ȷ  keA ~i ozA  BA M A :  ~dA B  
.ozA  oM  oB  Aw BM o Y o  ke
.keA S ȗ BA j] pA\M : AB 
dTv  e nAj  BB TA nAj ɗ  nB  vA bB ApB]A 
B ~  SUB A : AB  ]qA oE ȗ  FvA m ȗ   U  ϧl
.BBe nk B BYAo miF  
.^ApB\  e kL LvT  ^BAkMA  ^BYAkeA  BU  h kLA  FM : AB 
kA  A  ]B i M  BU A M MBzA U TA RB~A ȖM : AB 
.qA  Ȧ\TA  kA 
.k o VjBe    A  A  CoA hM A AkA 
Sv ȴ RAmA  kAp Sv  BdLw UAl  BFM : AB RB~A Fv ȗ 
.BUAmM B RB
AoA  oA] owFM BA A ATLYA We oB{A AnC BMA LU nkA Fv ȗ 
.oMaj  BU A i ~  B  o{  oi   B 
.oiA  BkA ȗ BU  BdLw A n BTBM 
.ozA hA  A]oi mA BLA  zB  oMqA  d Aak 
.oM E vBM  Ank { FM TApA  oB\A BA  ZohA AL]A 
.B KBU o oLA  ^Ao~ RB  B{  A AB 
E ^AkL BA  A Ap] M JoA  Te E yo  BA q AoTz  
.EoA
K]A o BBM ~UA   |BhA   oLTA  ȧTA ȗ An  
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. o A AB A ozA
o  G  TA    ȃBMA KmA  BM 汧BM BA K~U 
.LA
: AE YY MBd~A Ak ȗ AB
.KBe M LY  L M kB CoA v  G ^B] TAkM A  1
.TBM Bi  G L B UBAn  ^B] TAkM A  2
. WdM Be o    ϧm AkBM oT{A  tBA  o MBd~A  3
.^BoB ^Boe ^AovU Bov  |~A M  A oBA KmBM AoYFU 
.B]A  EoA  vA  CoA ȷ k BLTwA njB~ 
 TA  kA ȃBMA T\A {  BA Ao{BM U \ BM 
.(( MAqA g{ )) v KhT g{ BwEo (( MAqA )) vU 幼wBvA  BT]A
vA ȷ  MAq kBvA nBzTwA u\A XU ( AoA ) BwA \ B 
.kLA ȗ BXA
: A BMA AnC 
.o~A  oA  A ToA ȗ dUBA Ao  Aq]A 
.hA  cvBM qT\   ]oA vM G c~  A 
.ZAqTA od  oX   BoA 
.TeB Bn o{ ȗ B   BA J]M AB 
.oLTA k kA n pA] k 
.~A ȗ RA pA] k 
.YA  BM SMn  M ZAqA odU 
E ke ȒL  A  BM BTA 雰 ƪA  T× E M c~A B  
.oiA  B × E 

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.oA vBA BMA M A kL  1
BXzA MA Ȗ\A kq M oMB]  2
.kL ME ȪTA o ME M v  3
.JBhA ME ȮA oBA cvA M A kL  4
: AoM M Twn M eoA kL  5
.vAkA nAnj M BwA   6
.o MA kAoA KLe M MoA 7

$
*6
: lA A nBzTɯA
.o~LA k ȗ BMA oA A SU 
.(dA KB) d M A kL jBM A ȗ  j uwFU BMA BTwA 
.B ApA Y qA  oT kA   G A  MoA oq\A J] Ae 
w YY  ë oTwA ^Tv ^BB A   ȚoA BzA  Uow Ao 
.BA  KU Te
kTA  bBvA tBLA MA k ȗ wBLA kA  BM ATwA j B ȗ ABA 
.nBL\p oq] G Bl
kA B S Y ɷ 190 d G SM k  ɷ 160 w oAq\A ȗ j ABE 
.kLA
.RAw VY kM STA k ^ oU   ɷ 140 w BL ȗ j ABE  
.n  n Uoq] ȗ Bw   j ABA ukA ȗ   
A Te Aq  We vTA Mo] oq] ȗ BMA M oTwA  
$
*7
: B VAkeE
RBAn  SɄ lA o ȗ tBA BM  [dA w ȗ ( ɷ ) 129 w ȗ 
kA ȧA Al lA    Bw M keAA kL jB Ao C  Ao  nXA
AA Bh LvT B\M qe M WM Y   [\dA o Te  Ao
 ) Ȧ  BX G KvTA  ] ȗ uL  o  oM  M KvT M Keo
kA G    Bw M keAA kL iA oA M kA SA B  (
.BT oM qe MA Bik
kd M ϦA kL  ȃBMA qe MA M eB nB RnAj ( ɷ ) 130 B ȗ 
SoU  MBdA oXA  qe MA T  BMA ZnAhA y] B qA  M
 T B  M   BA KY kA G T FL B] B 幼BMA
.oiC
A kL Bp SdU ȯBXA Ao e  oiA AA ȗ BM nY E SYke 
  Roe A B   ɷ 129 w qe MA  ( dA KB ) d M
G BiA  ǱA BdA q B G qe BMA wnE mA d M A kL nk
.Bw

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
M A kL nB~A MA A  ZnAhA  nApA o p  npA M B KT 
 BMA   B c~  k횧A oU G B   Bk  ȗ BMG
nB~A MA Eo 婴Bv Lw  BA T  Bj eBLTwA  Bh ozM A 
 JBTA Eo BMA MA BA ATh A zi  MBdA 馅   v ȗ JBTA
npA M B k En En E A UB : npA MA ȗ ^B  jn B nBA oA
 Jm k   M oz B ^Be  ^BEn tBA JA B 孼oz A B 
G B d  .BeA  BM nB   ozA  AoM A A 失 B BMm
k Ϯ A oM : nB~A MA B B Aoe  AA  ϧl w B Bj
A oL oiA B  ^B] B A oM   k npA MA  A oM  Ro~
.  Ϯ
 ~BM ƽ E oMB] MF ~A Rod nBj M ϧB nBq kq M oMB] B] 
nk~M eA xAoA Jn  TM ȗ BBM eA SLA Jn M A Mn YY : B
.TMAj nk~M eA MAkA Jn {Ao

$
*9
: WdLA i
oA AkM ȗ  ZnAhA o  kT o   BMA M A kL G Lv BMA 
ȗ  ^Bw ^B ^BjBT]A ^BLm Lm k  LvA m vA   AB
kq M oMB] AnC  wBvA BMA M A kL AnC oA LTU ȖdA KmA o
.o\A ȯBXA oA AA ȗ oA  ȴA B]B B o RnLU A
mA ZnAhA oTA  BMA M A kL ~A Bk BMA oA A RFz 
.oiA oA B\U lBhUA K\ mA A LwBM oXA ƽ AB
.kq M oMB] AnC  BMA M A kL j] M RnU  oA SB 
kA KeB Twn M eoA kL p ȗ LmA Bo~ BMA oA S{B 
.LwBA BTMoU BMA kA Rk] TwoA
 BL  A  JoA  oAq\B kk AkM ȗ j uwFU BMA SBTwA 
.B
.BA kA k  MoA JoA ȗ \ A  Bw 籚U 
oA jBL oz  [oU ȗ B nj B B BMA oA ȗ RB~h{ RpoM 
 cvA M A kL  o MA M v  BMA M A kL  kq M oMB] BXA
.kAoA KLe M MoA  nAnj M BwA  Twn M eoA kL
: B oA  Bo  BUq ^AnBA  ^AnC BMA oA Seo 
.B ^kp ȯB Sv  UAl  BdLw nBLA RB FM
.oiA  BkA ȗ BU  BdLw Tn BA oE 
.Yke  oA CoA i AkA 
.ozA hA  A]oi mA BLA  zB  oMqA  d AoLTA
.keU nAj wA A  Bh nAj A
BA  A Ap] M JoA  Te A yo  U BM BA ȗ AoT{A k
.EoA A ^AkL
.keA Bp ȗ B  oXA ȗ ĿA jkU Ap]
.B]A  EoA  vA  CoBM o~dU k BLTwA njB~
: ȷ kM B RoYkA jkT o G BMA oA SLzU 
.(( BM A jAo  B )) JBdA  4 kqA  3 YnBdA  2 ~dA  1
Roe  A  o~LB jkT AkM G RkTA  幼BMA oA n SvUA 
.uU  oAq\A  nBL\p  MoA JoA  BL  B

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  1
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
2 oBA LT B  v) BMA k wBvA oA ] k  2
.( 1991
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  3
.( .ɷ 1415 2
.(1986 7 孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  4
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  5
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
vwƫ BL  RoM) vA gnBU ȗ oA  wAnj Ȧ] keA  j  6
.( .ɷ 1405  1985 2 ȪA
. KAmA BjA ȗ ovA wA  7
.( 1976 o~  oBA) KAm M wA zA ~  j  8
.ȫwA ozTA gnBU ǰBzA  9
.ɷ 1406 B  v) wA oA M BMA o d M Ȧ   10
.(
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  11
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  12
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
1 A nAj BL  RoM) ǱA o~A ȗ ZnAhA 唰o jd B  13
.(ɷ 1397   1977
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  14
.( 1981 1幗BX
.(MoA oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA KAmA gnBU op MA kd  15
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA nBA oAj k{ni ǰBTzA  16
1417 幼A KTA nAj BL  RoM) oLA gnBU oo] M kd oLA  17
.(1997   .ɷ

$   13 
*1
: oTA
vdA MA BvwE o~LA ȗ o\A WBXA oA AkM ȗ Ro avA ȪT  o 
kU cA  b~A Fv ȗ BL\A lBTwA  TiA oYA o{A BwA M Ȧ
ȗ av Bwn BLm RnB Te ȧqTA Km ]AA oA RAnBTA A 
.tjBvA oA kM nBA 鼪]

$
*2
: nA A
k EoBM TwA oA oTA  Be ȗ o{A KmA z ow  
TwA v \TA mA ȧqTA KmA  ]AoU e (o{A BwA M Ȧ)
g{ o~ ȗ qTA un k  BB MnA RkTA wAnj kM nBA 鼪] 
.BL\A JBA kL M kd Bi{
k\vA ȗ CoA hM A  k MTA BM AqTA  Ȧ햧A B~A EkM
nBTA jB k~U 幧qTA AFM miA  A \A  ȗ o~LBM B\A
.ȧqTA o񖦧 BA nBA
wBLA dA RBv jkzTA ɛ \T oB{A A tBA KɓA B 
 B] pBdB qTA BLUA  hw nkTA TA k ȗ }iBM
ɼwBLA BdA M n B o{A miA AqTA JnBd  A qTA
.qTA  ~i KU  kɽFU
kBvA \vA kA \ AqTA zT oBA LA kA w KA 
nBzTA  RkBv v o~TɮU  ]vA j SB o{A BzA vT
.BLUA AqTA R jBiA oB{A Km
 UAoM A A o{A j ȗ oL q\M Bw oiC B  A 񪽰 
koUBA LdA dB o{A vdA ME ~i A jn We  ȧqTA KmA
B BTTA keA A M L\ BoMA  kBdA B BL iA ȗ A{
oz |iA  u kk\A oA Am αw  e mA A  ~i
e mTA  oX BT]A A nBA S ȗ LoA ~hzA AoA  BA
...B o A 鼅Tv TA \A A UBe nBU d o~ ȗ Bw BM p
ȗ BwBw ^B B vA BA vU TA oL\ɧA Cn o{A KmA ȮLU 
.KmA nBzTA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
ȗ TMU o{A Ȧ vdA MA A e gnFTA bov  oB{A o Ro 
M B oTA ȗ nkTA wBLA hA k ɗ \A  o~LBM B\A k\vA
oA A]A SB jAkM A o~LA  MTA A kM TA (ɷ 320  295)
.vA RBB\UA AqT nBA j]  B wBvA
oA UB]BT k o{A o RBA uwA o{A Ȧ vdA MA 郰 
BiA  oA JBT (BMA) JBT (骦A) JBT B MTA A  q] oTM
A  A WkdA A Eo B (nBTwA T nAowA z) M Bw qTA
A ALv Te BBA mhUA kTM AkTA B BM AmiA LT B\A vA
.Lm
k~TA B oA A [BA 郰 oA B SLXU oB{A B BTwA 
jBM Bj o kA v AadU 婷nBA ej BhA oɈB
ohA ȧAqA kTA  Ȯ\A ȯBLA : k~T B poMA  孼AoLA
kL o{A KmA ȗ ikA ȗ tBA La̓o AB 孽oiFTA  pAoA
.AqTA 
(ϦA B) opA BoM ^B AnBzTA RozTA o{A oA kA SwU 
nB ȪwoA kA Km o{A KmA cLA B (TA) wBLA hA
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B tnj oiA tnAk A Ao ȗ wnk nMBz ȗ wnk 幼BA wnkA Bo{A
AoA AoB AkLA ȗ AoU ȧAqA ȮɽAowA odA BA BXA B nBL
.oA jM ~A A UAkT AnA S Te JoA jM BzA 


$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
: B AnA  ] o{A bo
鼪w M T jAnBM ko BdM e nkM njB 婦M B BU A A : AB 
A o ȷ   ȷ  BU UAmM B k pA RB m o~LM o~M vM
B A : AB lA ϧl ȗ qTA ABi 幪k jAnBM ko k M T BU
.UAmM T UAmM o~M UAmM
B o A c~ j]  A : AB oiA ȗ BdLw A n pA] A ALl 
.o j]  j] BdLw JoA A j]A  o cd~A
nk~ B  ko  jBLA BA Bi A A : AB BvA BA ȗ o  
U  B  jBLA BA 鼪\M T UjAnA Unk  o{ E oi  
AlB kLA 孫 YjBdA nkA k zA h A Tw o]A BU A A B  BM
 " BLv " Ȫw Bü{ kL A o 峦A i  jo\U  q Bü{ kLA jAnA
kLA nkM  UjAnA kLA nk k 햧A h B 햧A kLA nk M jBA AoTA
.KvA  AoTA Am  UjAnA
Zoh BU A A TA  oBLA  z (|) A wn A BzBM : AB  
o A  njB A nBA A kh  B kh  nBA  keA LA A
An]   nBA ijA  Be   \A ]A hA ijA  Bz 
񦪽  Bɗ o~TA Bɟ AlA Bɗ dT n\A A h ϧB A  BɈ
M woA  wn  B u B wn B M BpB\U AlA B cL .o~TA
.jkdA
BLA A A Bv  qA BA A : AB k E CoA i Fv ȗ 
.ȧpE k kA Ykd h kA ȧpA A  Rj ()
BBM ^Bƫ LA A  wBA o Am 冚 BM k~TA  k BA 
oB  ƫ  wBA B   oB  ƫ  BM A p\  M ^BwB
ϧl BdTwA B Ak  B  Akd  Ake B  BG  o   
.keTM v L Bƫ wBA B
A UnBTiA  TA }A j nBTiA BUBM SLXU BA : AB BA ȗ  
 : AB 峯Bp E A  B~  A oTz  BA K]A BBA nB
UB dA  B]oi  BA  BM BA G |BA MA o B e ȗ 
LA oLhM kA  nBA AozA  AoA A BA ȒLA A UB () Ȧ
.(|)
A o BdLU  BvdU ȂT  Bü{ K]  A 幼w B RBL]AA 
~A oA 峦A TM BA BA K\U vBM ~dU BM BU
.mhM
A  xoA  A B{A Lz  v\M u BU BdLw A FM : AB 
.(|) A wn  AoA M RB] E JBTA ȗ k] B G Bü{
hM oiC B BAk B B T G 峧BA ȗ BL~ B BX A : AB 
.ϧl
ȗ  (\A ȗ ozLA ozA Wke A nB{A) ozA  B M kq A : AB 
.Bd  \A

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.(ɷ 324 R) vdA MA o{A BwA M   1
(ɷ 403 R) ȯBLA MBM oA ȃBA M KA kd  2
.(ɷ 429 R) n~ MA jAkLA oB M oBA kL  3
.(ɷ 478  419) odA BA Ȯ\A A kL M ϦA kL  4
.(ɷ 505  450) kBe MA BzA wA ȧAqA kd M kd M kd  5
.(ɷ 548  467 E 479) cTA MA ȯBTwozA oA kL M kd  6

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
KmA nB ȫwA BA ȗ AnBzTA vA oA oXA  oB{A o kU 
  o\A tjBvA oA kM nBA 鼪] ȗ v ȪwoA KmA o{A
. hT
BzA BwAoi AoB ȫwA BA  jkT AkM ȗ oB{A k RozTA 
ukA ȗ RoU M kd Zn 幼oA nBA ~A A S Te JoA jM
.oB{A Km BLUA  tBA e

$
*7
: B VAkeA
]  WkdA E  MBdA zdA M Bw k  BB AqA q  
BA oYE BTA A k B oB{A BA E   oiE ]  oB{A ȪT
A BA A ϧl ThA n~A oL oA M oTv k\A nB  MBdA
BA 峼A TLv c~  B BdLw  TLX v\TA LzTA RBAoM vT SB
ME M eoA kL o~ ME o~ ȗ MqA vA M k nA m  EoLTU BXA
AkU o~ ȗ oB{A oMBE B oB{A un ozA oA kL wBA
w  MBdA XM B e ϦA B opA A zA oM hz kBv
oh A ϦA B JA] jB 婴B  oX 鼛TM BwoA SU 婼v\TA LzTA
ϧl  ozA MA ~i  kkzTA 雰 B nBBM BdwA MA BA ȧA kA
.zdA 骛 kM BdA v o\ êMnE Tw vU w
: ȷ oBA  o~TA cA b~A Fv ȗ BL\A lBTwA o{A oB 
? jBL ȗ cA E b~A Bn A  K]UE : o{A 
. : BL\A 
^BwB ^AoB B ȯBXA ^BU ^AoM Bƫ B keE : iG YY ȗ U B : o{A 
? Be  AUB ^Ao B WBXA
E Ȗɗ o~A BA RBnkA Ȗɗ oɗBA BA RB]nkA Ȗɗ kAqA BA : BL\A 
.vA
?  lƽ  kAqA RB]nj A Km A o~A jAnA A : o{A 
oXA UBB KLvM RB]nkA m A  BA BiA A :  B   : BL\A 
.RBBA ϦU ϧ u
 ȮUnkA  ȮTMA B ϯB Ȯ u o~TA : o~A ϧl B B : o{A 
.BA
BdTv Ro S~ SM  ϯA A S :  ] nBLA  : BL\A 
.Td~ SAo 婼A JAm
 ȧBe S k Be S B 孼BA A B : oBA fA B  : o{A 
?ȯj Td~ SAn
.\ ϯG : BL\A 
!! LA ȗ gzA nBe  M  : o{A 
.BL\A 酚B


$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
oB{A g{ Bp ȗ o{A gzA BdM T BTTwA KT (ɷ 436) B ȗ 
: ȷ oB{A  MBdA M TA  k BwAohM ozA wBA MA
B o{A BwA M Ȧ vdA BMA G WkdA JBdE UA  eoA eoA A vM
RBBkA A ȗ U WkdA JBdA Km Lm WkdA JBdA E  ^BBG
qTA  Bɟ kLA qA A  BhA  jn 幮vA E oɄ 
E  Ʉ  ^v ^Bw 幦A  ]nBhA LA A  kTLA AoA
.vA E 鼪] ȗ vA Bv vM k Lw E  E bk

  pnBLA oB{A B   vdA M o M kd pAoA kTwA  2
oUATBM ϧl SLY k BM o\ B ^B BM : B ~A ȗ vLBM o\A JBLdTwA
: (C  A )   kA kTA k KB ME M ȦM j ȗ kTA 
.nAj We Ȧ  dA njE A


$
*9
: WdLA i
M Ȧ Bp  o\A WBXA oA AkM Ro vA ȪT  o oB{A 
vA BwE ȗ o B STeA  wBM oA Sw k o{A BwA
.o\A tjBvA oA kM nBA 鼪] ȗ v ^Bwn ^BLm RnB Te
: BpoMA  oA m U ȗ oX A RoBU 
o{A KU BL\A lBTwA o{A vdA MA M kBA oA TiA  1
.~i  RAoBA Ao]A ȗ  TMB RBLwBA  oX ȗ 
G tBA KA B ȧqTA nBTA ]M  ȗ oB{ wBLA vA j   2
.wBLA BhA kM d mA o{A KmA
Km) kBvA \vA kA \ AqT oBA LA kA w  3
.vnkU oz A oAkA uwFU BTeA (o{A
AkM ȗ nBzTA vA KAmA M  nAk~A ȧU o{A KmA BTwA 
nBA ~A A oA AnC S Te JoA BzA AoA AoB kk wA
.oA
o{B BB nBL k~U  BAnC jkTM oA  Bo  o{A oA RqU 
kAp A RB A : ȷ BkB A  jAkLA ȯBLA ȧAqA odA BA 
 햧A  BTwA A 峯BdLw  h Bo{ Boi jBLA BA A UAl 
BɫA A 孼A cLTA vdTA AoA qB] oiA ɗ A n A 峦Lɛ
AnA   Bo w  B RBL]AA 孼TA }A j nBTiA BUBM
.RAkTA
A tBA Aj nBA ȗ o{A AMBU nBL B  o{A KmA ȗ poM 
jAkLA oBA kL n~ ME  ȯBLA oM ME ȃBA BXA AoLA jBM j
ȯBTwozA oA kL M kd cTA ME  ȧAqA kBe ME Ȯ\A odA BA
.oA oBz  o pAoA kA oh

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  1
.( .ɷ 1415 2
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  2
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  3
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
  .ɷ 1308 2 o~ɫ  oBA) wA \A 孼ƪA ɫ \ɫ  4
.( 1960
 .ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o 孼A keA  5
.( 1953 
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  6
.( .ɷ 1415 2
BL  RoM) JoA k A oA KAmA [BA kd  j LoA  7
.( 1994 1 ȯBLA oA nAj
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  8
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
3 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  9
.( 1980  ɷ 1400
nAj AoA  ) A A ] bo{ 孼vdA M Ȧ 廂UoA ozA  10
.( .ɷ 1414 1 帱wA
(oA nAj BL  RoM) BA RB kd M keE Bi MA  11
oA nAj BL  RoM) pAoA ohA ovU o M kd pAoA ohA  12
.( .ɷ 1414   1993

$   14 
*1
: oTA
vdA BA jB{ kM dA zTA  S]oi TA oA wA oA keA 
 A 幼dA M kd BBM AB  zA  kBM AjoU RAw SvM ()
mA () ƪA oA    dA M kd  Bv G Lv BvA wA
.^BBv L B nBThA  ^BA   .oA m uwBU G Kv

$
*2
: nA A
MA kd BA G BvA Bj (ɷ 66) ȖXA kL ME M nBThA A  
 o B jBp M A kL A kM B BvA z ȗ KLvA B  .ɼdA
ME M nBThA FM A n () Ȧ M vdA T  o  (n)  M v T
Bn  ijE B nBeBM oF 廖TiA Y  M v  Zoi  B kL
 B  uLdA  ]oiF  oA ȗ A zT vLe   oTz k ȗ B jM
^BMnB nBThA Zoh .Ϛ SMo G  A  B S]oi B BE YY T]A k
kL më BA A G nBThA jB 幽B M kq R kM   G A 
nFXM ^BLB Zoh A k  LA G Bj A ij B nB~A kq M A
ovA ȗ BM  nBThA G T]A  幼dA M kd G Bj  () vdA BA
鼅 M A kL A ȧA  nBThA Zoi ]n A oz Lw Bp AB 
 BM B   T  BeA  A  nBThA TwA  oMqA k] qB
.MoM ()vdA AUB mA
AA [\dA  킧A ĿkA kU  }A MB ȗ oA B]n M jBT]A 
 vdA iA j o~LA  MA An KeB A nBLTBM 幼dA M kd BBM 
vdA  vdA kM () ƪA oA G JoA FM BA ȯBXA Eo A () vdA
.M tBA E  ()
TA zA kAA  ȖɚXA kL MA M nBThA  mA wAA oB\A kA 
ɷ 61 B An{B ɗ Sw TA qA Bk nFXT Bj  oTɮU SB
ovM mU A Tɟoe SBTwB () Ȧ M vdA BA A wn Lw jBzTwA
. oA oX MBdA q  A ȗ

$
*3
: nTA  FzA
jBA Jm]  ((vdA RAnBXB)) nB{ oM  RjAjpA   BvA oA S 
JBn BhA JBTwA  kq kɃ o~   () vdA BA Ami mA
 TwA  nAo] y] FU  q] oT ȗ nBThA BTwB.oL\TA ǱA
.A
Sj  TBBM SB  }h{ G o  S]n jkT o G BvA SLzU 
kd mU   () KB ME M Ȧ ƪA oE  Bv JBdA  峼A
.dA M
.ȖXA kL MA M nBThA JBdA   : nBThA 
dA M kd RM AB mA dA M kd M {B MA BLUA : {BA  
.A A  nAowBM ME A A mA {B MA MA G BA BTA
 A {B MA  BA BTBM : AB ȪTA Bw M BM BLUA   : BLA 
.() ƪA oE FM AB  
MA G Y kd MA G () Ȧ  BA ABw pn M Apn BLUA   : ApoA 
A mA  Ȧ M kd G Y 汧BM tBL M A kL M Ȧ G  Y {B MA
BvA o SM Te .ȯBwAohA v MA KeB   BA AoMA MA G kM
.o oz keA
 A]oi  BA nBA oX ̥A Aak Te nBA  ɷkB RnU 
.^B{ ^ Ȧ ȗ AB  ɼzTA
oA ϦU SeBMA e ϧl  幼BvA  o k  ^AoX BA qo dA 
M BM BXA BA AkU A ~M {B    T  tBA  jAo
 ȫBzA kA Joe M o M A kL  oMoLA nB MA qe  kA Bw
.o
L  UkBv  nBA nBzTA  ɼwBLA G BvA o M  kBw  
 BA E ȗ BA BvA B]n  v Bi k 孼ɼwBLA BdA
Bi B VnBdA MA  kA MA G  tBLA ȮM G () Ȧ ȮM  B]oiA
SB TA RBodA eBMBM B 峽qA ȫwA zT BA ÄBhA RBA ϦTM
k  .oi }h{  bAnA dU  gwBTBM B  BvA  YnBdA BM
 wBLA {  tBLA ȮM kM BA 幼BvA ] We  ki MA ~A
.() vdA M Ȧ kMBA p BBM BA A {

$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
dA M kd MA U  () Ȧ ƪA oE } k  } BA FM AB 
.kM  hA
 ĿA Bv]A ȗ ae A A oiC G }h{  bAnA e  gwBTBM A 
M B M A kL ȗ dU  TA Y MA A kL ȗ Y dA M kd ȗ e A
.KB MA M o]
.BvA o  YnBdA jBTA   ozA BBA  AoU  RBodA AeBMA 
BɟqA  B~A  ~A) ozA BnA AaE  ]n BɄ kA FM  
G 汧A kM ozA nA oU  M d B]n  ϧl o  ([dA
  ]oA B
. B]n  RBB BnA
 KA kL M tBLA  } (|) LA BM Ap BvA o  kAoA  
o] MA G BM ATA A G BA ABw Y A kL M Ȧ MA BA  A kL }
.n~A
.([) oTA kA  dA M kd BM AB 
G o )) A  FU A  JBdvA ȗ ^B A BvA  o Sp  
^BBp Am  AB ^B ϧl Ȯ BA ((A  BA  Ɉ ȗ A UF A
.ϧl ȗ   A]n  Bi Y ϧl ȗ BLA ModA AU
^B  k{o       BA  TA ȗ A q  o ȷ nBThA 
M kd G vdA A  vdA G vdA A  vdA G A k B
ϦU SB nAj  ZoiA ]  LB Lm  TA nAj ȗ 鮚A  A B dA
.{B MA A kL MA G oA mL k  BLA M Lw  ^BBA B AlA TM
 S  e ȯBwAohA v BMA A BvA o  o ȷ  AapoA Sp  
. BA AjA  BA o kA  A  AB  AoA oTM AAj

$
*5
: RB~hzA poMA
.BdwA MA ȖXA jv kL MA M nBThA - 1
.o ME Bv - 2
.dA M kd M A kL {B MA - 3
.dA M kd - 4

$
*6
: lA A  nBzTA
kBvM oiA nB\A BA G l oz Y A ȗ qo nBThA SLY 
.hA ϧB M AoMA
jke Te l kTA  AoA B M  AoA Aq]E țBM  oq\A  SAj 
.BnA
.o~A m {] Sij We A  o~ G nBThA l kTA 

$
*7
: B VAkeA
BL nBj A ozM () vdA M Ȧ BA G wnA nBThA A RBAoA ȗ jn
kM nBj A MnBM A WM A Y Sk TA nAj  KB MA M  nAj BM M
.BL   A Bjo oA mA A o B
BA BdTwA ȗ  dA M kd  () vdA M Ȧ BA M o] 
vdA M Ȧ oB () vdA iA kM A ȂA oA A dA M kd jB
m A LM A M BenA AA  : BU  CoA  DM  [TeA  ()
  B jwA o\dA G ]BeA  B Y k  vdA M Ȧ ȗ Ro] A
G BTA Te B BM d A B ? K\   v o\e G Ȯ]BdU
 Be   A kT  kU dA M kd () vdA M Ȧ B o\dA
ϧFwA ȯA A : B Y  k 郱 () vdA M Ȧ kU Y vA Y U
Y o\dA Am SA B : B ϧl kM Bj Y 幪A jAow ȗ JTA ϪwBM
 BA  RoLiA B BA  jBzA  jBLA YA ϼ ] mBM ϧFwA B
BA w kd B : B BU A A Y q A jB Te o\dA qqT 汧A
oLi Am  () vdA M Ȧ G Bw  TpB  kd ]o vdA M Ȧ
G dA M kd ɗj () jB\vA BBA RAq\   BA zA k nz
.() TBBM nAoA
 uLTA  夰A ȗ BvA Km  kA KeB ȯBwAohA v MA B 
K B  jTv A m A  ueA  BM A~TiA TA A UBj
 A RoɈA k ȯA : () kd M o] jB~A BA G WLɗ 峼ɗ oTvA
KT .ϼ kq  SLn B SLA A A G A ȮM A  tBA Rj
.ȯBp BqA   ȧB]n  SA B : () jB~A BA A
.hA oA ka  bBvA kd M A kL tBLA MA G ȯBwAohA v MA jBd

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
ϧm  gwBTA  M ȴA q\A A TA k A (BLA oA p) BM ajA 
j\w () jC M dTwA mA  q\A ϧl  幖i  ^BɫBɫA  A dTwA
Ϧ : B  ^Aq\  ^Aq]  ^A ^A BvA n  jL A p  A
AodA  lmzA Am   ((] G ϧB { )) : BU  ] G 
: MBT ɗ  v G Bj  () oɛBLA BA G KT yeBA qhA  kBA
A () oBLA oF ((LA A \ We nkU  ϯB 婦w  ȚUo  婦vU wA))
M o woA ϧl wA B  BdA ȗ RB F M B] mA wBo woA F
. ME
MA tEn miE Y wEn miE Te kw M o nAj G ȖXA kL MA M nBThA mA 
MA tEoM Am  () vdA tEoM Al B  nBThA SiA MA   o M o]
M A kL Joe G ]n A Tw  oT{A ϧB M AoMBM WM Y oLA vdA
Ao M ϦA kL   k BzA k]  ^BA BY ȗ 汪BM më   jBp
oA ȗ ^BA Lw  T  BzA k] qA 汪A JBM  Bz\A TA B
G woM oT{A M AoMA mA  ȯvA o M ~dA  jBp M A kL T 
.nA jke G AoA  oq\A A  nBTh SU  nBThA

$
*9
: WdLA i
BBM SB  dA zTA  S]oi TA oA zA o  BvA kU 
.dA M kd
kL MA M nBThA  dA M kd BA BvA G j aE B̽  A 
jBA  BLUA  nB~A A Jm]  ((() vdA RAnBXB)) nB{ n mA ȖXA
.o~   A ȗ () vdA Ami mA
wA jB BA j]A JB : B kk A oA m z  kBw 
RB]n M   KBA ǱA BA  LTA TA yLA Be KLvM
. wBLA j  wBLA G BvA
RAnB{ Bn  ȫwA T\A  oL ^AjAkE BMBTwBM BvA oA S 
.AmC oB\A vA  BA  ȧAA Jm\
 BLB BM BhA BnBA  BUjB B o  jkT o G BvA SLzU 
.o oz keA SM Te ApoA  {BA
 jAoA k~U  BA o e BvA RAn~TA KLvM BA qo nkU 
 dB~  qɟAoɫ i ɫ Aqɟn ~M {BA A A G T
.o  kA A kL  qe  BM : BXA ~hzA UBe
B  oA  S]oi  zTA  BM STwA ^AnBA BvA oA Seo 
 gwBTBM A  TBBM A  dA M kd  }A SjA We 幼voA
 ^k ^Bv  nA ݪ mA oTA kA dA MA RoLTA bAnA e
G 汧A kM ozA BBA oU  \{ B (]n B) A  kA Rov
.]oA B
Te o~  A  oq\A G SA B BvA o ^Aqo A SdLA 
.BnA jke G S
Bv  ȖXA kL MA M nBThA  dA M kd BvA oA RB~h{ poMA 
.o  dA M kd M A kL 
 dA M kd \]Bd  q\A pAoMBM BBM ozA e RBLYA BA BTwA 
.() jB\vA B BBM nAoA  dd~A jB\A d Mm]
T  nFXA miA  ǱA BA 轱U ȗ oL nkM ȖXA kL MA M nBThA B 
ϧmM  oiA  T  nk  o\e  k UjnB  () Ȧ M vdA BA
.BLUA  T{  () ĿA J  {

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
.ɷ 1388 4  幼A LT AoA  ) zA o w M vdA ThMA  1
.( 1969  
3 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  2
.( 1980  ɷ 1400
Ȫ RAnBzTA qo AoA  Ao) oA RBA 峦A kL M kw o{A  3
.(x .ɷ 1361 3  o
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  4
.( 1981 1 幗BX
  .ɷ 1417 3 oA nAj BL  RoM) ki MA gnBU 嬰ki MA  5
.( 1996
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A   6
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
vwƫ BL  RoM) zA  wA BA gnBU B A kL  j  7
.(  1975   .ɷ 1395 2 ȪA
.(Uo~M LT AoA  ) zA gnBU 孼ve kd oA  8
.(1986 7 孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  9
ɷ 1388 4  幼A LT RAnBzTA AoA  ) B]oA o nBTiA zA  10
.( 1969 /
1398 XkdA  LT AoA  AoɄ) LA vdA M kd wA  11
.(ɷ

$   15 
*1
: oTA
cA o] M AkL BBM SB A zTA SBi kBLA zA o  o 
 cA Ȫw  BA k  Bw oLA kA  () jB~A o] BA ME kM
A TAj  dBM AL E B  tEoA o B   ]oA Z B
 cA AkL o .cE M AkL  B A E  ]n AkL BG
A A BLUE ] ]o ^Aol ^Ak K  oɴzM () jB~A ME kM ɗU We
() BA w iE BBM
$
*2
: nA A
WkdM ATA lG (  ) BAw BA o~ RB]n nBL  LzA ij  1
B ((k  oLA ȗ BA)) : B E () kd M o] A kL MA  o
 AodA dA BvM cA A kL AdTA k TBBM AB AkL A M
.B k Ak\  ϧl o BqA ~A
kBw  wA zA odA ȗ ovA BTA zM ɼwBLA JBnA  2
jB{nA ȗ kA gzA nB{E .Be kƪA BLUA BTA dA AnA  
() BA BBM kv\TA ozA jBA od LA wBLA jAkLTwA ] A
: B ( vA  ) ɈBA BA  ij A  Bw M Bz  An om
B  : S "  " : B ? ^BU  : S "  ": B ? αME  Ak S]
E q BiE A kL G Ak S] S " Ak Ͻk A B{ G " : B ? kM
? kM B  Ak S] : S B " A kL E ko AkL " :  B 峼ME kM BA
E " : B ?  SF Ak S] : S : B " Ak Ͻk A B{ G : B
ϼ Ak S] :  S Y FvA o KE  : v ȗ : S : B " ϧl
S] : S Y L  ^BBG A G  { Ȯik B "  " : B ? BG
" cMmA  SlE B mU  oLhU w " : B ? BME FwE S B ϧFwE Ak
A ȚEE  ȗ  ϼME { Ak S] : S q odM  AlB TFv : B
A F ^Ak{n  SvC  " : B BTA Ȧ RmiE k ? ϼA jE oA Am
.e A kM nB{E " cMmA  AlE B BTBM  mi
TA cA AkL w  MBA BvA ɗ LɓoA ~hzA ɗAkA  3
 幽zdA Bh Bɟ ɯE B jBTA ɗ () jB~A MA ɫ hBM
FM [Td 峼MA kM  BA k FM cA A kL k Am  .]oA KAmA
UAƫ oA AmC U  WkdA Am  ȗ LzA    UiA oLE
A nm] B~TwA ȗ BA A () ĿA ϦT  UBohU UBL{  kd
.jBA
A  AT oA  uLTA () nBɄA ĿA BLUE  B킧A M G  4
kBw kBw nBA nBTA  AnBw () BA o] M w BA BBM
U  nB  S TA wBLA vA jU mA jBA A U 
.\dU B nBA ȫBA zA nBTA \dU

$
*3
: nTA FzA
kM TBA cA AkL E e Bv  A BBz dA oA REkM  1
.ɷ 148 B () jB~A ME jBzTwA
E We BkB oA nBzTA   B zM wBvA oA RkBw  2
킪A () SLA  jBA nBTA KB] A A BdU ^BAj wBLA RBvA
ȗ cA AkL ] ɗ BeT JBLA SoTɗ TB Ȫ{BA SLA nk 
.() BA BA odU  uwA\A A So oiA KB\A

RBAoA oE lG ^Aol ^Ak K   cA RM dA oA SMoA  3
oBLA Ȧ M kd kMBA p vdA M Ȧ BA  Bn TA dd~A oXA
kM iA ȗ U BA E ȗ ( vA ~A  ) jB~A kd M o]
B ]o BkA BA A JBA JBE JBA ȗ G U 孼vdA vdA
] JBdA nBL k~U  4.() BA o] M w BBM A A dA
o] ME BA M kd Bw M Bz BXE A o  A E zA
dA M Bz KU M BME ZAnj M ] nAnp M kL " BA ƫ " eA
() o] M w BG TLXU oA  uLTA  a]Bd RBBzA MnBd
B] AT]B dA  o] M AkL  BBM B  鼪] TB A ]n Te
R ovM dA oA SoA  5.ov  o w o] M w BG 
A A BjAoE B ]o B M () jB~A MA kM cA A kL Bvwƫ
cA j   ALU B 婴 A w () BA o] M w BBM
o] MA  B A TA RBAo TBG AoM () ɈBA BA oE 
ȗ E 峼G nB{E  aj A w ȮMA ȗ kM BA E : B A () jB~A
E M n 幫B  SB  c~ BA ȗ U E p\ ^AnE AkL
 pBU  kM BA k v\ u\w BiE G ȮMB : () w B
M ^BBd ȦE E B TU
$
*4
: RAkTA nBA

jE wE Bɟ cɗA AkL MA A () jB~A  BɫA BTBM : ABɛ 
 Ȧ~ v  E BA u\ u\  U BA FM Ap .()BA
 o SB .ME kM BA  cA AkL U ϧl  峽nA UBi miF
AkL oe ȗ SB BG () ɈBA BA G ( }hA dA )  dA
^Ak i ^B oLA   AlG iE ȗ BA p\U cA
$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.cA o] M AkL  1
.pAqhA eBA M Ȧ  2
.ȄBMBvA w M nB  3
.B M Ȧ M vdA  4

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
S\kA B Bow BE G BBz SwnB nA kA ȗ BBz dA oA REkM
jk A BjAoɗE  L  () ɈBA BA jB e TA mA zA nBTA 
.ov

$
*7
: B VAkeE
M odA RjAjpA kBA A S wA jLA ȗ BA SMoA 
AmM ^B\ ^AkB B  RmhUA kk o RkU TA SYke zA BwA
MA B SB B : B  M Ȧ A Bkw ȴT An zA gzA ol jk~A
MBM B B M B B ATiA o] M aA kL BBM tBA B () A kL
kLM B  : oA Am ȗ Th tBA ȮMB B ^AkL MA nAnp Bk () vdA
TeAn kz BA k  oLA ɗ  BA E B] mA oLhA A Kl BBɗ A
B nAnp TA kA A  TeAn kz oA d~M ȮUFU Te kA A A
k~ ȯA A : B d~BM Bk k  A :  kL  Fw BA Uoe
Am ȗ  TqA BM k~ ȯA Bv  B TM  TqE B kd ϼL B] BM
B MBT ȗ TMB ȮMA kL M ȮUF mA Ȯj ( Uk ) k E B\A
Ȧ kzA SE ȮMA kL M UF BM nAoA  v  UjB{ m Am L ȮTA
oLiF k~ mA oA  Fv  v Bk~ kL k nAnp RB ϧmM
.LeB () vdA BME E
T BMA  L  ~h{  AA vU () jB~A o] BA Be 
籪A ApG oA kU Bi  jAnE B RBLwB k ɗ BA {
oB  An jB{nG ȗ ( n ) kA gzA om幫B wkA n~A  tBLTA
E B " :    MA AkL  TEn : B () AkL ME  kd M
ME uE ?  : AkL B " ] ȗ nA o ȯA A ? ϼiE X U
." ȮMA SE v  G " () AkL ME B ? ^AkeA E ȦE AkeA ME
nk~M AqTA We BUAjo 鼪\M B ABT  dA Bj BM vU TA AoA 
 BA G " : Am Rjn () jB~A BA  A AoB Bl AoU AoA
cA A kL  L  AoA m " B M U E G oLA kA ȗ G U
  ]oA Z A ]oA cA B   o A  tEoA cA B k
.kA do~A AoA m jB~A 
$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
BXE () ɈBA jB~A oɛBLA BA  o  oX An dA  Bɟ 
BYA zA B BLwA M Ȧ B C M oM M AkL ȄBMBvA nB
A ȗ TBE k~M AY AlG G dA An  kT - Aq  - oz
lE () BA BA Y  o B C M BLwE MA ȄBMBvA BXE
 zA jBTA k ȗovA .AkTA TBTwA BE Ʒ An BM A E z
]oA Km JBmA ME  hBM ^BT B dA BG E dA  An
.TBBM A LM To  BLUE
 TBA ɗ K\U  BqA  Fvɗ cɗA A kL u\ zA oe -
?AnkA
.Anj vi : B
? êA Ȗ : AB
~ Bnj : B
!
JB~A B B nk  ~M ozA A SU TA TA m  zA K\Tɗ
.{  u B } B BTë AnkA JB~ A

$
*9
WdLA i
AkL Bp A Lv dBM Sw ɃoA zA oA  o dA 
cE M AkL  B A E  ]n AkL BG A TAj   cA
BA o] M w BBM A A BBLUE B ]n  oA m oU 
.()
o ȮLU ȗ zA T\A  LzA ij oA m z ȗ wBwA BA 
o ȗ cA AkL ~hzA bA 幫BA K~ B oLA kA BdTwA
.(  ) BA o] M w BBM XTA ozA jBA  nB~A MBoA So
nBLTBM jB~A o] M cA A kL BG nAoG ȗ BjBL dA oA Seo 
.BA B U ME u\ w] () jB~A B oLA MA
A kL dA p R nA kA B ZnBi dA odTA oAj vTU  
.BA BjA  o{ E B Lw kM cA
B k Ak\   kk wA eoM cA A kL zA B dTA 
.BaLUE () BA BA A ATA oT

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
1388 4  幼A LT AoA   ) zA o w M vdA ThMA  1
.(  1969   .ɷ
ɷ 1388 4  幼A LT RAnBzTA AoA   ) B]oA o nBTiA zA  2
.(  1969 /
VAoTA Be () SLA C vwƫ AoA   ) jB{nA kd M kd kA  3
.(  .ɷ 1413 1 
.(  1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM ) wA oA \ oBU nB  4
Ȫ RAnBzTA qo AoA  Ao ) oA RBA 峦A kL M kw o{A  5
.( x .ɷ 1361 3  o
1 AA nAj BL  RoM ) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  6
.(  1986   .ɷ 1406
.(  1994 oA nAj BL  RoM ) BA KmU qA  7
oB vwƫ BL  RoM ) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  8
.(  1981 1 幗BX
.ɷ 1357 2  BoA  BL Ak ) gnBTA ȗ zA 孼ve kd 孽qA  9
.(  1938  

$   16 
*1
: oTA
eA keG ( moU ) M ǱA kA B ȗ RpoM TA   ]oA o    
 B A M ] Bvwƫ G Lv wA Am B K AoG  BwAoi
A vA B]nG A UAkT ȫoU  幽oL\A  ak  BwAoi E ]o
.ȦB\A o~A ȗ kBvA kBA

$
*2
: nA A
AnC  nBE miE mA nj M k\A k  KwAn ȮM  A M ] aMoU 
nk~ Bj kL B  mU  kL SiE M RB  U mA Bw MA BME 
lG wA uwA  ȯBLA  kM w o uwE  LU UBo  ] kB
nBE E o  .k RBBk BkA wA  UBo TwA BG   ȗ Fz 
 BwA ɗ RBzɛBA  nBɗA m X o\U SB  j REkTMA Tɛoɗ
.wnBA RBT\A
om̽  .wBvA jBL  TU TA kBA  Anܧ kFU  A Be j 
AkM ȗ B{ oL\BM A A k\ Am e Bj kT oL\A o AB{A A
G : AB A qe MA ol  幼\A oA }B~i  oLTA k  ǱA o~A
BLM Aoe nBA 햟 L nAoA jBLA BA A]  峧BA  oL\ BvA
.LM koLTA [XA  
 JoA M ZAqTA  BTA oX  kBw zj G A hA qo BTA 
RozTA 幪kA UAjB UBBj RBYn dU ȷ BXke wA Sij TA A
Td WM  wnB üM ȗ Bvwƫ  \A p A M ] RAkT  AA
. ^BLwB ^BiB B Rk] M
oA CoA nB{E k wA nk eo G jU \A nBݧ hnBTA nm\A 
  BBMC   d Bo{E B A B{  Ao{E mA w  : BU M ϧl G
{  Baoe
A B ]ohT   k   BwFM AAl Te L  mA Jm ϧm 
. ohU G TE A  A G LTU
n A   Bn B d )  [TeA Be nB~e BYE BX oBXA M B
y\A ov  w Be (  ) Ȧ ƪA oE BA i ȗ A RnoU (
? A BM B   Jod

$
*3
: nTA  FzA
 A M \A Bvwƫ miE Bk A ȗ A \A oA nmM REkTMA 
UoM ozLT BwAoi G UkM \A TA Y UAkT  nBE nj M k\A 
.BM A G tBA Bj  Td WM 
nBL keE oL\A tEn  oE AkM ȗ A M \A \A oA uwƫ B 
L dA m  E wBvA BB ǱA dA kT BwAoi ȗ B BkA
[ow M VnBdA Zoi k  .ǱA dA BnE SLXU BAn  kA  幼j
tBA k BLi Bd~ B E ȮM k   ] M dTA A vA 
owE E ȮM  Moe ȗ VnBdA q k  BwAoi E  oXA LUA  M Mm\
.kBM    wBw o T ^B] E o B  ( ɷ 128 ) w T ]
KT  ƫ om B oA m poME  o oz TYA G \A oA SvA 
:ȷ oA
 o A A jA   嘱h  BvA   隽 B  A Ap : A
.oB
.h A RB oXE : AB voA BE 
.B  ȗ BU  BdLw nBLA A] qTA 
.AkME B Zoh  Bij   Mn o  nBA ik  : AB jnAA 
tAdA AnjA kM G   RBLYA  BMn v SLX E ke u : AB jBqA 
.SLX nk  B  峧BM u tAdBM nk B 
.nBA oe k\  AkME BoTd L Y keA o nBA odU oBA E Ap : odA 
.h CoA A Ap : hA 
.BhU  BG B   BU nBA  \A A Ap : BA 
.Be  BA : AB woA Akd] : oA 
.h o  h CoA G   : AB ɛAA 
.BzA  oLA JAm o : oLA 
.h CoBM B : AB A 
[ow M VnBe jBM E ȮM k BwAoi ȗ nXA odTA A M ] kBw 
.UoB ȗ kTA  B
B AEn  EoA  A E BB lG  kB o nB \A oA S 
  oX ThA n~A ȗ B jo k~U k 婦vA k jBv BA ohA
:  Uk \A FzM  jAkLA oBA kL  幼zA  vA AA B
jBLA BE Bi A A :  ȗ nkA Uo  U 鼪] ȗ BMBdA oa
B oXA [kA  To SoA  AnC ST   oU  A BE SUB
.oiA oA ȗ

$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
.ȷ BE oTv BE G T{ Bv ȗ oX ^AnBE \A oA Seo
BA  G Kv B hA A  廧BU A G dA  ke ɗ  G 
jAnG  i  BM 햧A B  BvA ȗ i A E G coA BodU o\zB
  nBTiA  nL\ BvA  帱{  ϧmM ^Anow  i B nBTiA 햧A
. nk~U E kM  ^BE  nk A A nk
q E BYA kL 幼U M BvM oA BvA E A  KBM k BA G 
 ϧl  RB  WXTA E  K~A kL wA nAj ȗ Ao~A E jA
.\A E   BU  ȧ ]q A k BA B ƫ
L B B{BM ^BB A  A p\ k M  YkeA  Vkd A  A 
.BL YkeA M Bj]
BA SLXU  A  幮vA  JBTBM ^BB B AlG BM B   BdTv BA G 
.B A B]BM G
 A  kU oX RBC CoA ȗ Rjn k 峯BdLw A  RB~A ȖM A 
B  UAl o RB   A ]  gA ......  o~M  w  RB
k oB  ƫ M A oB  u o~M  鼪w X CoA ȗ jn B A
A  c~ B ϧl FU K\ A  dTv   hBM LzTA 
 { X u  : A  AjBTA LzTA ȂT ϧl  i BM 汽 ~M
kLA  v A nBLTA  噦hA  햧A B TYA T~M  ApB]A 
keM : AB  oiC j B ȗ  B  ȗ A RAmA j] ATLYA k  BM
.nkA G SLl B RB~A  A RAmA
BMn G oB më ]  : A FU  oiA ȗ ƪA  A n BTA 
.oB
nBA E FU  BM \A E lmU  B BE ij kM BU nBA  \A A 
.Bd\M
.VjBe A CoA hM A 
M VnBdA  UB  vM bvA \A e  oB\A BvA  ZohA  Ap] 
.( ɷ 128 ) B T [ow
A : AB  峧Be X     o keA o G BU  nBLU A A : AB 
.oA j B  A oBLA MBUn nBA ^AkeA ik  BU nBLU A
.ozA jn L BM L]A BU nBLA o A 

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
AɃoT   BBɃA  BkB AɃoTwA  ( \A oA ) oA  ƫ ol 
Aol moTA A M ] G  AnB{A BG BUBj BBp ]AoU BL zM
A j  \A oA M ol ϧm gnBTA KT  ~U Aov Bü{ 
ozM voA oA uwƫ G zB nB{A aG Bvwƫ BdM oTA  z AoT
M ] :   BBp E  幼\A oA jB  oiA ol AE voA
.KwAn ȮM  A

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
RozTB Km kA EkM  AoG eA keA  moU G A M \A TA 
.AoG k  k  kB ȗ ko  ^BBLUE B Rk] Y B kB

$
*7
: B  VAkeE
 ( Ak E ) ^BX ȧ A peE M v B \A KeB A M ] owE 
A m Rݫ   TC B    햽 E  ȒL B B : B VnBe ϮMA
ȮM Sz ȮM ȗ S  A  Ȯ R\ B o M v aȧG EoMA  KA
峦T vw M Mn kL oE  .S B oXE BA  B   A  ϦTA Te
.pod BMA   ] B   pod ME T : tBA B
M o~  [ow M VnBdA  Zoi BvA UB  bvA d ] B 
w Ao ȮM Bp oiC ȗ ȯpBA peE M w B]p\A gM ȧA T nBw
o~ G o G BwEoM ]  (  ) vdA M Ȧ MA kp M d  ( ɷ128)
.(( tBA o{  tBA oi ST )) :  peE MA B .o JBM  BL~ nBw M

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
kA oiAE ȗ CoA hM B  E  A M ]  nj M k\A 
B 幗BM dA  ovA A kL M kBi  L  Jo K̄ Y A
^BU w A  B :  B k\BM dE E A knE ȯG : B B ^BA
) voA ozM mU Be BE  .\A  }h B Am .^i AoMG A mhUA  
ϧl G k   k{oA BE CoA hM  B ( j E  A o
A An k  ( ɷ 218 ) w RB k  KTA ϧl ȗ ƽ  幮w MnE  Ad
nAT 峮T  M Ro A A  嘱h CoA  ^AozM A ȮM : B B k{oA
.k{oA  ^Bi nBA  ozM
  ^Bd ^BɄBz B jo Az  幼\A oA B BA  oX 贯 
: BTFv joA  e B E
.nkA G oA A oU  TA G  kU B oL\A Bv : A
.RB  SLXU TA RBA FU ȗ BA Fv : BXA 
 oL] \A   nkA ȗ \A AA   幼\BM qTA K ^BBeE
A :  CoA i ȗ  A  RB~A Ȗ ȗ \A AA qTA  
keE  oTA M ozM Am 婴 vTA m A   qTA EoLU  o̽  A
:  lG Up]nE ȗ \A  EoLT  qTA Bwn
ɷBɃoɯ   Bɮ ɷ        ɴɫ Bv B 
ɦA  TA l o Kd      ɴ\ B  ] BG
.B M A kM qT ȯBXA uoA kL M o oM ko
M A wnE k 婴B]n  \A  keE om  _ ̹\A qTA ak
( moU ) k\v ȗ  UoB ( \A ) BM oE BwAoi G Bw M }e B
.텛 Te

$
*9
: WdLA i
A M \A Bvwƫ ǱA dA oiAE ȗ Ro ]oA  o \A 
.BwAoi E ]o  B moTA kovA
nBE uwE miE  nj M k\A k  ( A M \A ) oA p MoU 
.Bw M BME  BmiE j AnC   k\A  nBE nm] SB   kB
BvU  BT ^AooLU  oL\BM U B \A nBA A vA Sj 
.ǱA dA  ȗ B{ oL\A A o B   幽oL\A kBA [oTM SB
RmhUA o  幛o oz TYA G SvA kk o \A oA  SoU 
.BM BBi ^AqT ^Bo ^Bv Bv
nBLA  p\ A  A  RB~A ȖM A \A kB poME  B 
  nkBM 汽   {  nk  BvA A  峚i BM 汽 ~M BdLw
   A o  BE RBoe 酚U  Bɽ nBA \A A  BTwA
 CoA hM AB  oB\A BvA  ZohA pA\M AjoA  o  BBM
.nBA  ϧl o  VjBe A  A Ap
BLUA ] ^Bd~ ^BLi B  \A o ^Ak{o  ^Bp A M ] o 
.AnC  UAkT G k
M o~  o kM  幼E ȮM k [ow M VnBdA KB] G A M ]  
.( ɷ 128 ) w ȯpBA peE M w T owA ȗ 雰 nBw
.kB k ȗ BLUA B AoG  ( moU ) jM ȗ \A nBA RozTA 

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
Ȫ RAnBzTA qo AoA  Ao ) oA RBA 峦A kL M kw o{A  1
.( x .ɷ 1361 3  o
.(  1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM ) wA oA \ oBU nB  2
oB vwƫ BL  RoM ) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  3
RoM ) MoA vA A tB AA B ]pBA (  1981 1 幗BX
) wA o\ɗ 孼ɫA keA (  .ɷ 1410  1990 4 BL LTɫ BL 
.(  1975 11  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  4
.(  .ɷ 1415 2
LA oA nAj 幽nw zj ) zj gnBU o~Th o M kd n MA  5
.(  1989   .ɷ 1409 1 幼A
奼\A nAj BL  RoM ) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  6
.(  1985  ɷ 1405
jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj ) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  7
.(  1980  ɷ 1400 3
145. C 6 : oA AoA  8
2 kk\A ozA LT AoA  jAkM ) uMA uLU 孪eoA kL p\A MA  9
.(  .ɷ 1402 . 1982
1373 1 JB] BpBw AoA   ) wA wBw gnBU 失wn Bo]  10
.(x.ɷ
 ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM ) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  11
.(  1985   .ɷ 1405 2
 幗oA nAj RoM  BL ) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  12
.(  1994  ɷ 1415 1
.( 1986 7 孼 A nAj BL  RoM ) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  13
23. : oA CoA  14
1417 幼A KTA nAj BL  RoM ) oLA gnBU oo] M kd oLA 15
.( 1997   .ɷ
1 AA nAj BL  RoM ) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  16
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
.ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM ) wA o 孼A keA  17
.(  1953  

$   17 
*1
: oTA
WBXA oA  ȯBXA ~A ɗ oA o~ M kd BvwE A ɫ ɛoɗ ȷ
() ovA vdA BA JBdE  B 峼A Lv wA AmM Sw o\A
BA TB SM B 幼A A Kv ĿA e ȗ B BwoA LA jA
oA m BLUA KE y TT  BLUA nme   oM () ovA vdA
 BzA AoA  BoU J] ȗ j]   幽nw  BzA J\A ȗ
.BTwjo woA BTvoU tnB BL

$
*2
: nA A
RBv 孽aoA (vA B) jBA MA ovA vdA BE ȗ zA wB k 
Be M BqA TA kkzA RBLA Ao]  wBvA BT]A jBA AeA
kw oL k () jBA BA an mA wBLA TA  n\A Ʉw
BA ȗ kTA 鮪A k{E UnBp  鮫 vA B Ȧ M vdA AkzA
kA kd wBA ME k o h   () ovA vdA BA ȗU kTA
 z oz ȯBXA BA  w ui ME B k o pB\T  mA ([)
.  ^Bi BTBM oE  T{  }hA ndM TBG  } BME
oTvT A () oz ȯBXA BA  SL]A TA  wBA oA ϦU ȗ zA B 
RBB{A lBTU RBLA MBTU BA wA  ȗ BdA E  K
MA B  më  RoɈ ^Ak]  vA  Bߧ ~hA B RBBkA
WM ȗ  E oz ȯBXA Bߧ JBLA FM BjA  ALU BvLA BBU o~
TA nBA ȗ BTA j] 峧G Y L wn FM ^BBY ^E AA ] BeA
 A ȦU  ϦU Aq SB 峧A L wn A Y A BA  A B
TA ABM Ak~  UkM o  mA A () BBM   mA BA BvLA
.oA A kU BATd ȗ ȷ

$
*3
: nTA  FzA
 AB lA z ^B]o (vA ) ĿA B ([) kA BA L p A 
M kd BLUA L A   We ([) kA BA L  dA JBdE
kA Bߧ   We ^BMBM BA  FM kT  M kT ]o kM o~
FM ^E BjA  ALT BvLA BBT o~ MA B oU A lA MAo  JBM
wn FM ^BBY AA ]  BeA WM ȗ   E  oz ȯBXA Bߧ JBLA
.G Y L
nAp k  Unl M ^BwA ^Bo ^BBz " ɷ 447  333 " ȴLA o~A k{ 
.|~hA ]  (385  367) jBL M KeB~A
ȪA MBM MA : BXE zA B  M B T Ȫ ]U BzA Am  nLU
" ɷ 406 R " ɃoA ɽozA " ɷ 413 R " kA gzA " ɷ 381 R "
kkdU KmA A kTM Ʒ EkL " ɷ 436 R " kA  UoA ozA
M zTA   hA 鮪U BLT{A iAkTA oU \  ȗ UAjo SLXU BnA
KT BA kTA  o~A Am k{ ϧm BjA KmA ȦdT zTA
  "  Ȯ "ȗBA " ȷ " MnA A " M oU TA MnA WkdA
.wA gz " nB~LTwA " " KmTA "  ȪA MBM M " A od
oTvTA Be A BA BA RBB\A RoA oA wBvA nTA Am i ȗ 
kA Bɗ MBn qoA vA   jBTMA A E kTA BiA BTA
BUkE keE Rk A kM BzA jM A o\ o~A RoɃA Am B
Bd  o\A KLw B 幼BLA UBqM o mA RAoA MA opA  wBvA
B " ɷ 399  ɷ 333 " AkdA Ke AoA k  B  F\ jB\A oA m
LoA BUAkT KLvM RoB AkdA  ȗ ^BvT Bv k\U E ȗ Sz
m 婴wBM oU RnB TA oA L\A A A \A  Ajk\ o\A A
.xBA qA yU A Bv  SLT SA ϧl
 oA Am  BvA X    B ȗU TA A o~ M kd TA B 
VY kM AoTB ? keE   Ank  keE : [\  BvM B ?kM
RAoA M w M kd M keE  : SB o 峮MA keA G : o SB o
.A k A AoT kq M ozM M vdA ME M keE A : SB o
: ȷ oBz poMA  B oBzA \TA MBM o~A oA RqU -
pnBdA LBA njBTA 幼{BLA 幽jo\A 幮BwoA 幯B{oA 幦eAoA oAA
.BhA 孽jAkdA 幓nBzLA
: ȷ A MnA A o~A SvA -
.() KB ME MA Ȧ ƪA oA K (kwA E) nke A Lv : nkdA  1
 () B A kT p M kd gzA A LvT : oA E pA  2
.oA  JoT B~A ohA Joz mA BvA A oA ȗ
ȷ uzA uzA ɗ v A BvA  () B A kT : BzA  3
.vzBM ϧm L (|) ^Akd ̽ M (|) kd
Am LA p  ȧBdA BqA A TiA Y \U A A Ʒ kT : LA  4
.UB  A jo\ () Ȧ  mA A  KBA A kT 

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
UF ukTA ~A o () KB MA M Ȧ BA A o BM kB 
:  BTA  oiC vi " wnBA Bw" kM
jwA M jAkA () Ȧ BA  oL eAn M A kL 嬱퉫 M BX
.owB M nB
.BLA oA țBL " FTA " kT  峼 B] BM ƽ CoA Eo 
 hA o E 嘱hA ȗ d A L FM ϧl dA kM ƽ 
.qTA B ȗ BU BM kdT jBA B
.oiC A kM  boA BTA gwBTBM jAo BE gwBTA kM ƽ 
.vA  BBe A RBAdA XE F  
.gBzA L Bi 婴UAnBp  BU nL  Bd 
.oA mM BhA kA YAA jA BLUA U ȗ  t BU k 
BLT TA zA oA  SkTMA TA BA L oX  inƪA BE 
.Bk~U E BM miA   Am 婷AkA


$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.oA o~ M kd K{ ME  1
.Jk] M kd  2
." ɷ 287  235 " : ȯL\A B\A kd M A kL kd ME  3
." ɷ 346  260 " : Lɼ~hA Ake M vdA  4
.ȯBA K\TA  5
.nB\vA qA ve  6
.Ȧ\A Ȧ kd  7
.ov\A Ȧ  8
.A kw MA  9

$
*6
:  lA A nBzTA
jM kTU 幽o~AA Lv Ȫw BL L]  q]  幽o~A L]  
jM jke  BA An B A B{ Ke }e Be w A ^Bo{
.BTwjo woA BTvoU tnB ȗ j]  失BA

$
*7
: B VAkeE
woA M A Bw wA (jE)  ȗ o~A gBz BMA keE aowE 
ȗ  ϧl 햽 A p\   TBj nAowE  BzA z kTv FM BoA
woA L 幼BvA nBLBM oA MBT KT o~U lA B\ jM
BTiBM miE EA Bo lA ȗ p L k JBTA Am A oBM BoA
kM B JBTA Am KeB Bw BE .keA hv A  ̙Lɽ  nAU Te ^B\nkU
B khTv A jA A LLd wAo jE ȗ MnBE miE k lBM BE E
T o{ UBE B ȦA  A jB LB]  E Te B\A jjTA KBwA
.Be AoeBM
ȗ ϧl Vke 幫dA  Moi BwA kA o~A oBz keE nBY w 
o{ FU  UnY jBiA  dA ST BL ȗ o M w nY k
  njBTA oA Uoz BMA oXA  We BB B  ^BBe T]
nAT nBU p nBU B dA  S\ nX BY K Te ov p 誽
oA  o ȗ zA Ȧ kA Bi k eAoA K Kl BdA m w B 
FBA {oBM ^B E d BnG M nk A A Bi  B B 幼lA BL\M
Bk T kM Moi BwA owE STzT d wEn wnE B  T
Uoz M ME qo miE k{E M B ^Ao Al lA (xAA) kA jA oLE B
A nw ȧA B{BM ke BkTwB ME gnBU A ^Ao i  dA Sv]F
A  TwB tjn oq] A TB  B Y TB M  TA We BzA
.A TA Te B ȗ L A Al  }hTA  tFA
k ȗ cA 失A nBTTA Rd toLM oBA ȟA BdA k~U Bk 
"  B AB ȧA eqA ϧl o~A o RkE 幼MoA jL jwA eBT]A
aG wA oAdA  Bo zj Ke  AU wA jM nBTTA ij B
."  UnpAƫ o~A BM
RB]  A ȗ owBA ]   nBTTA  toLM oBA TA A B
  o~A ~e A ]U Te 失A jB BzA  j "1268"
.KohTA kA B

$
*9
: WdLA  i
WBXA oA  ȯBXA ~A ȗ oA o~ M kd BYkeA A  o o~A 
BA  EoLT A ]nj A Lv A e ȗ B BwoA LA jA o\A
. () ovA vdA
kkzA RBLA Ao]  () jBA ME ovA vdA BE ȗ zA oE  -
Fz  kM ke A kBw wBLA TA B~i vA BdA M BqE TA
.o~A
oTvT A oz ȯBXA BA  SL]A TA -  wBA oA ϦU ȗ zA B 
B RBB{A lBTU RBLA MBTU wA  ȗ - BdA E  K
BvLA BBU  o~ MA B më Roɗ 孼 (vA ) B ~hA
.BjA  ALU
kT ]o  WdLA o~ M kd BLUA Be BA BA ([) BA L kM
MA B Ro JBM kA B   We ^BMBM BA  FM kT  M
. oz ȯBXA BA JBM FM o~
M B Ȫ ]U  [T ^BwA ^Bo ^BBz " ɷ 447  333 " ȴLA o~A k{ 
UoA ozA  kA gzA  ȪA MBM MA BXA oz ȮYA B  
 ȗ UAjo SLXU BnA kkdU KmA A kTM Ʒ EkL kA 
Be A BA BA oA RoB zTA  hA 鮪U  BLT{A iAkTA oU \
RoA Am 幽qoA vA   jBTMA A E kTA BiA BTA oTvTA
.wBM oU RnB TA oA L\A A A o\A A o~A
A lA UF j nAowA  BzA z o~A gBz BMA keA BTwA -
 A jB Te jA A MnBA ]nkTwB ((BvA nBLA)) JBT KT o~U
.^Be AoeBM T ao{ UBA B ȦA

$
*10
: njB~A  0
-------------
.( 1983 BL  RoM) dU wAnj o~A ȚU 孽kA o{  1
.( 1980   .ɷ 1400) o~A A A k vdA kL ovA  2
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  3
.( 1981 1 幗BX
.(ɷ 1398 XkdA  LT AoA  Ao) LA vdA M kd wA  4
.ɷ 1357 2  BoA  BL Ak) gnBTA ȗ zA 孼ve kd 孽qA  5
.( 1938  
3 oA nAj BL  RoM) 孽ozA oA nB oAj ko kd k]  6
.( 1971
AoA  jAkM) KBwA RBA ɄBLA ɟodA 奼i ɫ kMqA  7
.(  1989 1) LzA ȫwA oUƪA  RBL

$   18 
*1
: oTA
M BA e MA BA A Kv MnA vA E KAm  ȫwA ȴ Km
(tBA)  (EoA)  jBTA B kTA k jAkM ȗ ɷ 150 w aTA SMBY
.wA jLA KE ȗ KmA Am AnDM 

$
*2
: nA A
A kA SB WkdA E EoA A M A kA p ȗ hA kT{A 
wBLA kA B A w Te hA Am oTwA WkdA A ϧl ȗ kU
cLA ȧAA e TA 幼dA nBU nLU Te MoU ȧAA kTU RmiA TA
.wBLA k ȪwoA KmA
Am B M Bd EoA A  BAkA BBM kU wBLA kA RmiA 
.ız  (dA) nBTA Am poM ȗ  Bj kA o ] kFU B\UA
A oe  kk] KmM tBA  Zoi We e BMA  KmA Am uwƫ 
KTwA ^AnBU nBA SYkeF BLTwA B nkM qU k tBA EoA BTwA 
. kƪA  oXA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
eE FM BA Ao BdA Tj  ȮkA BTA MB BA wBLA Be 
BeA  A kA kA M YA B~UA AoB A ~i  oBM
E kM BA A] BA AMo ^Bn ^Aow kA  ovU ^BB ^AnTwj ozA
Km SB e ME mU  BA w MA ȧ Te AoA E  EoA
.nBzTɯA ozA ȗ wA e ȖdA
ȗ BA ȃB w MA BXE KmA oz UB  Ae RB]n j] A 
 YX BA U We ^BwA ^AnBzTA KmA Am nBzTA  kBw k{oA p
.k{oA Y jBA Y kA BA m ɼwBLA BhA
峦\w KmA Am  aj mA ȯBLzA vdA M kdM ȖdA A ȉe 
WkdBM A  oA dA M [Td B mA \XA B\{ M kd ϧm
.ȫwA BA k  KmA Am nBzTA  AoA Am kBv

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
: BE  RAkT ^AnBA KmA Am kTA
BvdTwA tBA MBd~A B]A vA JBTA)) : ȷ dA k A 
.((oA
.KAmA M  AqU M Ao Te tBBM miA  k ozTA njB~ A 
j \A ȗ A k  B] BM nAoA wn BM oA  BA A : Ap 
.ovTA
. JoA XTv BA kL  q\A L pA\M : AB 
ZohA A BA e () vdA M Ȧ M kp o~ J]M e MA TɗA 
.hA BBM vA KTA }A  
nBTiA kU o~ o~ nB MBvA ĿA jBT]BM T jBT]A JBM AE 
.MBvA KT 
LM }hzA A o  A l   vA  o\dA pA] kM AB 
.TvA BvA ke M k B w o A ^Bw B Aw ^B
.Vkd  AnTA u K\ p\ A A B Kl 
.o wBA i ~A pA\M : AB 
o  u o o{  A   BA BwA B ozA oA ȗ AB 
oz nB nB~A jA BA Bo{  ]  A o{ : AB ^Bo{
.oz nB A oBw
MBd~A ȗ oXA A  FvA ɗ ǰn AlA Bɗ  BA kL  B 
A A MBTA AFM jAkTA k BA A A BMoA E BkE B nBTh
.jBT]A AA
M  oA A M qA uA l iA AoMA o~ J]M AoA ȗ AoB] 
.AoMA Jod ZohA  n~A jA M ALY A A
ϧm B B SLXU BA A A B  ZAqA ȗ BA A Eo A : AB 
F{ ȗ BA A  A B EoA ]oA M ABvA Ano A Y ZAqA 
.ZAqA F{ ȗ Bv  A BA B ZAqA
{ ȗ kT]A   A BT A jBTA ȗ B M v v  o A AB 
A Ao]A  dA JBA A Be   n]F  dA A En BM Ak ϧl 
.keA o]F FiE
  odTA WkdA L ȗ kkzTA  |Bi Ϧv WkdA ȗ  B 
.B]  B] An AlA A A wn  oLhA L AB c~ Te B]n
 ^BwA ^BMBM SdLA k (ozA dA) dA Km  ȗ oBA nA  
.RBAqTA   Jo ^e kM B A탰 Te Lm ȗ A Am JAMA

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
(e MA) SMBY M BA  1
(BA ȃB) w MA  2
.ȯBLzA vdA M kd  3
.\XA B\{ M kd  4
.m M op  5
.kA kd M kA Kd 6
.ȗA çƦA jBp M vdA  7
.ȖdA o~dA kA B]  8

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
oT RBT zM wA nBA KɓA ɗ AoA ɗ ȖdA KmA ozTA
ȗ LB n~M ȖdA KmA   (nBhM) BTvoU BLA jM Bw BLA
^AnBzTA wA KAmA wA  KmA Am M vA E ~ ƽ BTvBA
.A

$
*7
: Bɛ VAkeE
oA nAqA oL M o M kq A Te A  o Ak  d B 
ȮM α oiC kd M Ao BA BM BA Ȧ  e BMA kTwA k ̛AoA
En B  BTA   Bw oz   oz w ë Mo  MF A
.Lw i ϧl
:  e MA B ϦA kL M Bz  BM Ȧ M kp Zoi B A o 
 ȮvLe : B ?  ShU  :   ((nkM  A wn Zoi ]oi B))
.^\ RA A Sh L   MA MA  BTo tBA Aj
iA AoM zTBM UA  A  e BMA n~A kTwA wBLA o~A ȗ 
.RB w Y ^B oz vi vLd qA uA l kd

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
 B  kTU mA B BB : e M () jB~A kd M o] BA B 
 Rk]B  vE : B ? (|) A wn  ^AoLi  A JBT  B~  k\U
j j\vBM A oE lA FiF uMA tB  A A : () jB~A BA B ϧl
A  o{A nBA Eo ((  Ti nB  ȮTi  oi BA)) : B ()
k B ȮA : B ? LA A LA oɄA BA B E 孼A JAmA ȗ ϧl kh
ȗ vA B tBA  d B  vA ȮA ȗ A LA ȗ A ]
.LA
k : () jB~A BA B uA T B ? uA T A qA 峦A k A BG
Ak{ MnA B tBA  B  MnA qA ȗ kB{ uA T ȗ A ]
k : BA B ~A B ? ~A A ~A A k A BA 婉A  TA ȗ
 tBA  B  ~A ȂU ~A ȂU A BdA (|) A wn oA
.uU BB A UB ~A ȂU A K]AA
 e MA) BA i AoA ȗ oB e BMA kA A  B] B]
A AnB{F A A A 鼪\A oB Ȯ񪽿  B (FA Ao kM
\dA : B  : AB ?  oBB  oɈBA ? E Am : B keA
T\ UoTiA  \dA Tq UoB A : B  AB ?  \dB 
.BUAo UAo BA BoTiA d Am  

$
*9
: WdLA i
MA) SMBY M BA A Kv MnA vA A KAm  ȫwA ȴ Km dA 
.UAkT UBBLTwA ȗ EoA tBA  kTA k (e
KmA  KmA Am cLA ȧAA  EoA JBdA KoTM wBLA kA SB 
.wBLA k ȪwoA
Am B M BvB AoA A  BAkA BBA kU wBLA kA RmiA 
SLXU KmA Am nBzTA  ϧl kBw B ^BAj ^Akƫ wBLA kA An B\UA
.BnA
A kM BA A] BA AMo Tj  Ȯj MB BA wBLA Be 
e Km B BA (w MA) e MA mU ȧ Te AoA A  EoA
.nBzTA ozA ȗ wA
BvdTwA tBA MBd~A B]A vA JBTA ȷ ȖdA KmA k A 
.oA
.KAmA M  M AqU Te tBA  k ozTA njB~ A 
Ao~ B A BA Ae vdA M Ȧ M kp o~ J]M e MA TA 
.qA uA Al BiA AoMA
.o wBA i ~A ApB]A 
l kd AoM zTBM UA  A  e BMA wBLA n~A kTwA 
.RB vM oA Y B oz vi vLd qA uA
oU ȗ vA KB wA nBA KA ȗ AoA ȗ ȖdA KmA ozTA 
BTvBA ȗ   ȖdA KmA   (nBhM) BTvoU BLA Bw BLA
.vA A ~ ƽ

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  1
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) MnA KAmA () jB~A BA nke kwA  2
.( 1969   .ɷ 1390 2 
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA nBA oAj k{ni ǰBTzA  3
3 oA nAj BL  RoM) 孽ozA oA nB oAj ko kd k]  4
.( 1971
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) () jB~A BA Be 啽o{ oBM {oA  5
.( 1992
 .ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o 孼A keA  6
.( 1953 
3 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  7
.( 1980  ɷ 1400
ȫwA A wAnj ȗ k  8
.(MoA oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA KAmA gnBU op MA kd  9
.(1  1992 WkdA nAj o~  oBA) 幽BA AkLA oX MA  10
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  11
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
.KBA pAqLA MA  12

$   19 
*1
: oTA
SL nA kA ȗ ǱA o~A AkM ȗ ȫwA k~A  RoɈ o 
A BvA BX T e RBTiA oYA wBvA VAkeA bov  ^Aoi ^Anj
AaU  ]oBM Aaw 孼oA  kFU ȗ BTeA KB] RmhUA o A
ȗ ApBU ATiA mA  dM   oA  A]n ^B] ThA
.BA  A  dA AoiE oLA KUo A   .hA

$
*2
: nA A
k Y Bwn ϧl ȗ KT 幼dA M kd M vdA B]nA ȗ U  E B 
o eoM   aam  T  oMqA d BX ȗ T B B
BLhA B We () Ȧ ƪA oE ak]  \A BA ]o B B]nA
Ȫ{BA SLA k jAnF kk ^BAA oMBA RA  aLv ɄvA B
.oA mM KvA BA (vdA)
幼wA A BM Ro TA VAkeA  LvA A kBA w RkBw 
E kk] wBw  n ȗ ThA oA  o E o~ ȗ jAkTwA AkL 
kBA nBTA Am YnA  ]oA B BUBh  B]nA Bɗ .Lm AnA
M BwA nB~A v M kd |B MA M kw ~hzM kv\TA lBhTA
o a A LA BTwA Bo AA m  .BXA Ȗ M BLE kp
.kM B wTBM RmiA 
A BdA αA L  wBvA ȫA kBM ]oA nBE Se 
婴Ti ozM Se B tBA M BTAlG oA m nBA oz ȗ Az
M d mA  峯BdLw aA A Bv\A VAkeA  oTA B dA SoU
.zM  d A BA ȗ h E [ E ke u BA  dBM jBL
Aw wBvA   BdA kFM a AjA BA B wBw Fz ]oA RFz k
A  .((αA j B]nA)) : FA  tBLA ȮM  A E ȮM  ABɟ
TU  oA m A αA  Rnk TA BA VAkeA BE nBA 
.o] wA A 

$
*3
: nTA FzA
 Bwn KT  U ̫ E B MBdA A F\TA ^Bj ^Bo ^B\ B]nA o 
RmhUA Y  ȪA BzM B]nA o bo  E  dA M kd M vdA
.A wA nk ȗ j] oA m A SB A kM ^B]B
ZnAhA REo vA zA ZnAhB oLA wA oA ]oA RoB 
o  UB zA Bh A 婼dTBM BA BX ()^B ao̖
.L  ȗ oB BAk B A Bke dA  BA kU B  嬱L A
 .BdLw aA A ^B] oA oTU B aE oaU  鼪\A BvU ]oA Ro
{   BhA AA 鼪]  kBd wBw  kU jBTA αvA Am
A ^Bƫ kT]A FU   Ak We BvA A A  aw ZnAi qT
.FiA
: A  ]oA oA jBTA 
ÅhA oA oT M hA  K~A }hzU  oB BvA A A k A
.BdLw aA A
BvA ij ȗ ȖU LA oA A keTBM A jBzA A  Jo : ȯBXA
wBLA A wBvA ki  jBTA  Am kBv 峧BT od ƪA jAk ȗ
aA A BA BA Bv\A VAkeA  oTA B BdA oT BToz AaoA
.bA oTBM LBA nBA nXA A j
WL uwBeA ϽodU AA Jm] ȗ B햧A pnBLA nkA ]oA Aoz B 
wBLA o~A ȗ ^B~i JjA JAMA  ^BwA BMBM ϧmM AdT B]nA kB
.MTA k  Te BA Jl  aA  BA An
: tA ME o{ nBA Am ȗ o{ 
Bv BA ȗ nm     A  ̩A ̥BA BA
BL\A ̘ BvA kLU       ^Bi  BBBM 
A  vd `ZAn   oTA BwA  ȯA o
RAkT BM B]nA ȗ  Y kU An k~  SMBY nzA oB{ B
: B jn ]oA
AkeA M Ύoz  aA kL A       BUow G ȧ TwB k̮B
Ak̮ A nB]  ̤A ̘k~̯      Lz SB AlA nA ]o̯
Ajk j AaT{E ozA            wA  vA
: B A A
AkT]A B B kaLU      TB ȗ `h ZnAhA 
AkL m aBM Boz  AkL         BB BX Ȧ BE
Ak{ B aA M B~A a{    Ak{ k K{ BM B
Ajn ^aE adM njA Sv   BvM BX Ȧ q\̽
M ])) JBdE \A  A ȗ AB  o o MnA A ]oA SoTA 
E ]o  ((Ao M )) JBdE A BwAoi E ]o  ((A
MA))  AoA E ]o  ((oBA u M o)) JBdA oBA BzA
 WkdA JBdA ((oTLA))  ((BzA)) v  ɛoɗ Ao ((e
M kd))  (( MA MA))  ((aA kL M Ͻo{))  ((nXA kw M Bw))
kɛ A n\A  zdA A  Ao ((uE M ϧB))  ((ɗBzA unjA
.((zdA)) Aw
ovU ȗ ^BBi ^B\ ϦvU BTiA U ]oA o  oɗ  RmiE 
Bvɓ BLUE BvA 嬱 M uɯ BLUA vɯA : ȷ oA m ABA
kLA ]oA BMY MA BLUA BMXA ȮTA lB MA BLUA TA ]oA
. dB~A o M cB JBdA dB~A KTA kL JBdE
鼪\ aA B oA BA kkdU  keA A  ]oA RkTA 
] 凱vL |Bi zM oiA RBA ȗ En  u BnBA BkB
ZnAhA [ LT ^B]o oT jBT jkLT o A 婷oA oiC ȗ AoU ϧl
.ȷ B AMAl TA oA 幽oL\A Bz ^BXBY nkA oYA ȖT oiC
.~BhA ]oA  4 幽oL\A ]o  3 幽nkA ]o  2 ZnAhA ]o  1

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
oTv ovU BA e nkU B SB ^oX ^AnBA ]oA o Seo
: BA
M BA aA o  oiA nBLM A KBM k~TA  BA U o 
A A  \ ]oA jB BA  ȯBXA oA oLTA  BvBM nAoA
. ȗ ^iAj  BA BnA  ^Bn u
A  ̫  M oLA MBUn wB LM ak~  孫ƫ oLA KUo 
.Am ȗ wB B M ^B ^BwB v A c~
ȗ  kah A o B  Be E   nBA ȗ kah oLA KUo ƪA  
.oBA  G nBA
.{o o B  A TwA  B c~ A L]A Sv BA  
ȗ hA  M aA Ȗ  JAXA  hT k k hT  aA k A 
^B~ kA ȗ hA k  Bz B  ̔o~T A  .k JBA } kA
 aFU ̫  ^BA Aak  嬱ƫ o ZnAi qT {  AA a 
.o  A S]A ̫ G ^AoB u FiA A ^Bƫ kT]A
.CoA RBC  ] oAM ϧl  AakTwA oiA ȗ BdLw aA n pA] 
BA ^ Bk JBA w K\  A o cL  BTA B L]A B MTA 
.A k v B BU aA  ^aU Bk v
BwG ȗ (|) LA B{ A A A ȗ BLAm TiA  ]oA SLl 
.noA BwA ȗ BTe  BA jBp ȗ U  BA o  noA
BA ovU X kA j]A M oAj k~TA oE  }  kq  BA A 
.Te ȗ ^iAj A u ϧm ^BA  BvBM nAoBM
nB  i FM aoE  oA  aA Fv  uMA A : ]oA  A SB 
.cB~A BM KvTU LA A : AB oiC `JAoU  ̨jC i

$
*5
.RB~hzA poMA
.dA M kd M vdA  1
.]oA Bv  2
.ȮTA lB MA  3
. M u  4
.dB~A o M cB  5
.]oA BMY MA  6
.KTA kL  7

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
BwAoi ȗ nBzTBM RmiA BkM nA kA ȗ ]oA nBA RozTA B A
.BzA jM AoA

$
*7
: B VAkeE
Ǳ B B]nA k  `Re Aa{ ]oA ] ȗ () SLA E A  
B~UA ȗ Ȗ A \dM A oU țiA dA  ]oA nBBM jBTA 
An ZBTdɯ  KBM BlA A BvBM nAoG ƪA  jAk BBM BvA
 jA zA omdTM () nBɄA ĿA B ~A ~A  { A ϧl
A L WkdBM jA AnjBM)) : B A () aA kL MA  ǰn ]oA oi
.((]oA A Lv
ÄBi ]oA A KdA BA o BL () jB~A BA k~U oiC jn ȗ 
B We BYA BBM ThA nBA KdA LA oBM BA ovU ȗ
: ^B () BA kzA Y ((B~ ̫ ] q ̳aA aKeA B)) : () jB~A
kM B햧A ȗ Bd Am   aLe oU SA A ~U
鼅 aKeE  aKdA A   ̳T  ^BjB aLe B 

$
*8
: gnFTA oAl 
M kd M vdA   B]nA ȗ U  E A : KBe M AoMA M BX B 
 Jkd] dA ȗ B Ȫ  Te ȗ S 婦U  ^AoBe S 幼dA
: B U Y SBw vdA AoXF oMqA d BX Ȧ ȗ AT 
 AT  oMqA d BX Ȧ F]o A  E ^Bü{ nE  UB Sw)
: B .^BBA A Am Ʒ mhT ȮM B : Ȫ ȧ B .Bɗ B Y ( EoLT
JBMoA U ȪTA oe  JBMoA U  Jkd] wEn B]n Lw M B : BX
ȧU  : B \z ^B~M Mo 峧B B dA M kd BMA M .oe M Ȧ MA
.ϧl kM B]nA B SLY TA BwoA KT : B ! ? ^B BMA
 B Ȧ M kd M vdA  ij ov AlAp A : KBvA M B B
.LTA  aS S ȯA Rjj : o BMA B : AlAq B B]nA ȗ 郰 mA JBTA
B B]n ^B]o AkA A o : wA d MBT ȗ A keE B 
Ao M 婴zT zA 婴T]nBh ZnAhA 婴AqT qTA k ABɟ
SMBXM o MA M KA M kq  B BA ȗ B]nBM o  Tv
AMam k A B B .nXA BA  BA a k .]oA oB{ 幮̛
[ow M VnBdA AT oiC {  ̾B]nA JAmA KLw u ]oA  ^AkeA
]o   E ȮM Bi oiC kd M Ao k ȗ ]oA Bp  p 
.UnY ]oh 

$
*9
: WdLA i
RBTiA oYA hnFTA bovA  Ro oLA wA oA keA : ]oA 
oA  kFU ȗ jBdA KB] RmhUB o A A BvA BX T e
 A]n JBvdA  A oE AB]nE ^B] ThA AU  ]oBM Aaw
.oA
M kd M vdA LT B : B TɼLXU B]nA qoU  oX A RkBw 
zM VAkeA  wA nk ȗ kBA w B nBA Am ȗ dA
B 婷o kp M BwA nB~A v M kd |B MA M kw BXA Lw
Se B ]oA nBɗ A kA α L  wBvA ȫA kA
.BA ooLU TozM
.BzA \A oBA A ȷ o MnA SM Te ]oA o RnU 
A : AB BnBA K ^And nB BA ovU e ]oA nBA RqUnA 
A A  A]A BvBM nAoA n M BA KBM k~TA  BA
A AkTA LM k~  ^Bƫ oLA KUo Ak BA BnA  Bn u
 Bo {o o B  A TwA  B c~ A L]AM Sv BA
.nBA
vdA wEn  B \oU B]nA oz Rk~U RB~h{ oA m ȗ RpoM 
.]oA Bv oBA u M o Ao M  dA M kd M
.nA kA BwAoi AoA BzB kk AkM ȗ ]oA nBA RozTA 


$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
1 幓LA nAj BL  RoM) () oBLA kd BA Be 啽o{ oBM {oA  1
(. 1993   .ɷ 1413
.(1  1992 WkdA nAj o~  oBA) 幽BA AkLA oX MA  2
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  3
.( .ɷ 1415 2
VAoTA BeA nAj BL  RoM) oLA RBLA kw M kd oqA kw MA  4
.( 1996   .ɷ 1417 1 MoA
.( 1975 11  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o\ 孼A keA  5
.ɷ 1357 2  BoA  BL  Ak) gnBTA ȗ zA 孼ve kd 孽qA  6
.( 1938  
1415   1995 3 oA nAj BL  RoM) ȯBA ZoA MA ȯBA  7
.( .ɷ
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  8
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
3 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  9
.( 1980  ɷ 1400
vwƫ BL  RoM) zA  wA BA gnBU B A kL  j  10
.( 1975   .ɷ 1395 2 ȪA
.(1986 7 孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  11
L 幼wA KTA nAj AoA  AoɄ) ȗBA J M kd ȮA  12
.(x .ɷ 1367 nkdA
.( .ɷ 1414 帱wA nAj AoA  Ao) nBdLA w tBL ȪA  13
LA oA nAj 幽nw zj) zj gnBU o~Th o M kd n MA  14
.( 1989   .ɷ 1409 1 幼A
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) BA RB kd M keE Bi MA  15

$   20 
*1
: oTA
jM  kow ȗ o\A MAoA oA AE ȗ Ro TA wA oA keG 
 WkdA M \ ɗ kTM vA  WkdA  E Km G Sj .oA AnB
.koUBA kovA kd M kd Bvwƫ G Lv (koUBA) M SwBoLA
.^B ^B ȖdA KmA [ STA

$
*2
: nA A
B KAmA  AnA KzU wBLA hA B jAkM ȗ ȫA Ao~A 
jF kow B  ȫwA BA BM M G kTA KAmA Bwn M k\A AkTeA
.koUBA BA j G
z  kBw AmC oA  A [BA  kTA KAmA kBA nBzTA 
.ZBTTwA  oTA oAj wU A  ozA M \ AkA koUBA o
o  BAnC  BnBA ]A ȗ k~TA oTA KT B qTA ]M A 
SA ȗ koUBA kd n~ ME oA An B jM ȗ oLA k KwBA kLA
AnC UBo zB o~LA ȗ  o{A BwA M Ȧ vdA ME k~U mA
.o{A Km qU
oA An B jM Ae mA BɫBvA αA o~ ɗ A ɟodA nBjpA 
AnC AkMG ȗ koUBA BE oA k B kA RBLTA tnAkA BLM BTA
. kBA To RAqUo SLXU  kow jM ȗ eBvA  qTA B~A

$
*3
: nTA FzA
aU We A   A  kBA ȗ ȖdA KmA  koUBA oA uwE kTU 
k  WkdA A kovA koUBA kd M kd n~ ME  oA uwƫ
 ] pAoA UB M kd ȃBA M keE o~ MA hLA d M o~
TA [BTA A dA B  oXA noɛ kɗ B  ȖdA KmA B nBL
ME AnC SB kBA ȗ e ME no B  BUA BU TU koUBA BG 
.koUBA AnC  SoU mA A ȷ e
ȗ Al kow ȗ Am o{A vdA M ^AoB koUBA kd n~ ME B 
: BXE nBLA ~TA B]n ~B 幼kA RBodBM Bü Bo~ B o~LA
oe SB 幼zA RBodA  Sz B ZdA  k\A  ȫBvLA kq ME
UA k UoBM miF  kƽ B Km  B BBE oiC ȗ AqTA
TA BvA o~e ȗ KT SA  wBwA BvA  oX  o{A  koUBA
.Fv MnE G M BE  BMn o{A  koUBA B TiA
oz Uo~ KmA ZBA ɗ A nkA koUBA n~ɫ ME nB~ Bɟ 
kd gzA o~ ȗ ^B~i  gnFTA o  MBA  zdA AdB k TB{G
nBL v\A vA ϦU dU ȗ wEn  B  oYA vdA M kAp
kd M kd A ME  ǰjqLA kd M kd ovA ME : BXE o񖫰 B
.BA  o ȖvA ȖdA kd M o kA \  ȖvA
A Am  kA  MA kw M A kL  MaA  SXLA koUBA A  
n L  MaA M SB B Am TA pFM A  koUBA M qTUB A
.koUBA jM ȷ oA AnB jM ȗ AozT B MA KmA A B 幽koUBA

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
wo  A BM L]A M  BM B~UA TAke o BU aA o A : AB 
. E JAm UF A L  ϫ nmE E  BU M A\TeA woA
 BnA  n  o{ nAoA A E  k~TA nAoA BM BA e Aov 
.BA  ȗ Bn ȯBvA k~TA LA k~TA   
c~U M ^Bo{ Sv BA M oB{A Bi LA ȗ o{ nmA A : AB 
.BvA L
ve nk A 鼅Tv A A B{ UAmA pAA  vdA cLA A AkTA 
.BdL B{A
 A j]A Am ȗ {  B B{A Bi BU aA A : B헿A ȗ AB 
 nBTh  KvA  kLA A Ͻoz RBLYA o hA RBLYA 廧BU a h
nk kLA ȗ jA BdLw aA A KvA  JBA JAXA  KvA AmM
aoe  nkA mM Lv A 鼅Tv  h nkM 햧A Kv A kLA 鼅Tv
.nBTh
kM kA BU BdLw UAmM BA A  aA  A CoA VkdM : AB 
.YjBe ȴ A Am  AkA RBA odA BA A RAmA
 鮫  U A lA ozA A nkA k B BM p\ TA A : AB 
峦X   B  X  A e  A 鼃  BA 奚A ȗ kwB BA
.鼅  A  B
 }TiA k BA  AeA  ȷ |~BM TMBY BA : BU aA n ȗ AB 
.BAeA BTM BU A
BU BA A B B ϖU A p\ A BU A BA ȗ dA qM : AB 
.AoBM 
 Zoh Bo BoL Jm KUoA BvA A : AB oLA KUo ȗ 
ϧl MU o  RB  nBBM kah JB JBve  B A BA oAj
.JAXA ȗ A jBqBM  XBM Aq\BM Te A k T
nkA A X BdLw  UAl RB~A A ATLYA RB~A ȗ oB{A ABi 
UAmM e UAmM B A A : AB RAmA  ȷ M UAl  kAp Sv BA BdA
.UAmM njB
jBvA BA vBM ĿA AqBM A  q v A nB] AlA BA A : AB 
 o kU tBA  K\ qA AlA B uA T RBpBA RBLYA BA ȗ
.oX jBv

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.n~ MA koUBA kovA jd M kd M kd  1
.ovA MA ǰjqLA vdA M kd M kd  2
.A MA ȖvA kd M kd  3
.}e MA kovA ȖvA ȖdA keA M kd M o kA \  4
.kd MA nBhLA ȯMB~A oM MA M keA kA n  5
.vdA MA ȖdA ǰoA kd Bw M Ȧ  6

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
nBzTA  ȗ KLvA.oA AnB jM  nBhM kow ȗ koUBA KmA oT{A
A  nAoTwA nB oTA TA A kɃ nɈ o~ ȗ BkA oX 
.^BBY A  k ȗ qTA ZB TA ^E dA

$
*7
: B VAkeA
 joA ȗ AoX qo LT ȗ koUBA k\ qTA koUBA M hA oX
 鮪 Am  BLU LvBM BdA ϧm UBƫ  ȗ k\B Am qTA
 \B ȗ AA B] TA A lA qTBM RoYFU k koUBA A A
ATA Am A [BA A  vwƪA ȷ qTA oLTU B keA A
hA A qTA koUBA M ATBM A A XeBLA M j BM MBzTA
Am  LT BM BA hA BvA A AoTwA k  ȉ BM
qT B o{ JoA koUBA A A
$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
 BLUA TA Bl o{A KmA koUBA KmA   nBzTA kM 
C BM hA e B LU B Y oBU Aq BM oA A ȗ Vkd LmA
Te hA Bv o~e A kM B oA  ^ j B Am  .BA A AqA
KT S~dU : RBLA ȗ LvA kA ZBU B .AqA q oA ] JoTU
B 幧Fv ̸oz VY B i dA M BM TA BvA 鼪] Rk] dA
BTBh  B TBh ȂTU A SvA ϦU  țBLA  Bv Sw
.AoU 

$
*9
: WdLA i
G Sj kow ȗ MAoA oA AA ȗ Ro TA wA oA keA ȷ 
kd M kd n~ MA BvwA 奚A A M S]  avA WkdA A Km
.koUBA kovA
AnC bo  koUBA nk wA M ȫA Ao~A Bız  kBw 
.B B ȖdA KmA oYA ȖT [ ȗ nBA
koUBA oɗ BA oA k wA jLA ɗ A A KAmA nBzTA 
.A WkdA M \ AkA
RBLTA A tAnkA BM 孼BBvA αA o~ ȗ A odA Bz 
ȗ eBvA  BB~G qTA RAkT zB koUBA poL A ȗ Ba햧A nkA  B
.oA AnB jM
AnC SB Te B ^B ȖdA KmA  BvwA ȗ koUBA oA RkTA 
.koUBA AnC  SoU mA A ȷ e MA
 B wA oA  Bo  BUq `RAkT ^AnBA koUBA oA Seo 
L]A ɗoA A 奚A  RALA RBA ɗ ȚTA  nk~ A ABɛ A BpoMA
nmA AoLTA 噽k~TA nAoA  nBL FM BA Aov vA jn L BM
 cLA vdA Aak .BT A] A A oA BBM AB .LA ȗ ^Bo{
.B BM TA pA] kM AB CoA VkdM AkTA B{ݧ UAmA pAA
.nBA  Bo
.kow nBhM ȗ koUBA KmA ozTA 
kd M kd : BXA BUBo oA m AnC oz o񖫰 B nBL k~U 
ȖdA keA M kd M o kA \ A ME ȖvA kd M kd ǰjqLA
.o }e ME

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  1
.( .ɷ 1415 2
 .ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM ) wA o 孼A keA  2
.( 1953 
AoqA L AoA  jAkM ) TA wA M nAe Bve  j wA  3
.( 1967   .ɷ 1387
.(  .ɷ 1404 BL  RoM ) oTA Jm LU ȚzkA oBv MA  4
okA qo AoA   ) wBvA ȗBXA wA gnBU kdA kL KB   5
.( 1979    ɷ 1417 孽jno L 1 幼wA RBwAnk
11 幧BwoA vwƫ BL  RoM ) LA A ow keA M kd LmA  6
.( 1969  ɷ 1417
kA L kA  j jBMC nke ) üA oA\A kd njBA kL Ȗe  7
.(  ɷ 1129
.( 1986 7  孼 A nAj BL  RoM ) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  8
nAj BL  RoM ) BnU o{A Fz w kdA kL kd ]  9
.( 1982 1 ȯBLA JBTA
1414 oA nAj BL  RoM ) A z 峦A kL ~ 幖i ]Be  10
.( 1994   .ɷ
 RoM ) Kl  nBLiA ȗ KmA RAnm{ jBA M dA kL jBA MA  11
.( 1994   .ɷ 1414 oA nAj BL
vwƫ BL  RoM ) AqA Bv Ȧ M keA ȯvA o\e MA  12
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406 3 ȪA
1400 3 oA nAj BL  RoM ) BMjA \ jAkLA ǱdA RB  13
.( 1980   .ɷ
.(MoA oA nAj BL  RoM ) 幼wA KAmA gnBU op MA kd  14
.(XA LT AoA  jAkM ) vA kBA kd M o kA \  15
.ɷ 1986 ozA nAj BL  RoM ) keTA kd M kd koUBA  16
.(
.BA RAnBL  AoA RAnB{A 孽kA B ȃBLA  17
.koUBA n~ MA B\A vA A BA bBTA kL Ȧ  j  18

$   21 
*1
: oTA
Lv wA AmM Sj BwA o keG nBLA  SoU wBw j oe 
^BU SLUA  wBLA kTA hA k ȗ o W{A M Ake Bvwƫ G
kM   : AB Bi Y nBLA B  A ȗ AB  Bj ^Bow
.A  Lw o (|)kd

$
*2
: nA A
  wBLA kA v] ȗ dA  ϧBTA kwBA BɃA RkBw 
L\ n~M RozTA TA oA  BwA odA B nBA nXA RBodA
BToe wBLA hA ]B SA ov RAnB\A Rk ȫwA ozA ȗ
.jBoA mm
 B BA G BkA WM  ȫA KB\A  oA oA RkTA 
ϧmM SBTwB BwAoi B  w  wA LM  o~  kA  pB\dA
TA LzA kAA kM B AE AkLA ϦU ȗ B AA  oLA AkA Jm]
.kB oz ]TA x\A U  T
 B ǱU TA Bd BBiA  BTU  BTA ovBM oA oA RqU 
G lA   B G MoA  UB~h{ AiA Te BUjB nBL  oTvTA
.UB  zA j  Lm U  RBT\A  oXA
]nkM BT]A  nXA UBh  UBe kh B M AoA Bp BTA 
E hA   BwoA  WdLA E ȮkA A ȪwA BT BBTA Ao  A
.oTA kA E TYn
jB kn  ~dT jkT KAo oM BA oMAkTA oA jBA RmhUA 
ȷ oA Lo KAoA  ^BAE Seo B\AoM  BnBz mU  B h
WdA njA    nBj ȷ  o\A Lo  jA  BvA B]oA  nj
  vA bBMnA ui ȷ  uhA Lo   oBj Lw ȷ  LA Lo  
BB ȮLU  B Am   keA 郱 ȗ AA ] ȷ  A B SvwE
.BT BjB~TA
M AU AB BwA odA ov  AodA  A [ AoA ^BLUA 
 AoF vA A  jB~TA A  lBA ȗ nBv oT k BG G
.BzA jM ȗ j A ȗ ^An Ao{BL E

$
*3
: nTA  FzA
 kqA o A jAw G pAA eB  k ]n A AoA oE AkTMA B 
ɗ kp  kA oE oAl ]n G kɛ AlG B  oTɗ ϧl  BɛA  zTA
d A oeE ]n oA ȗ B Beo oA  W o Y ...BkA
Bj  oM Te M TA q G oA ToA d To v  nAYA 
G tBA Ak A oE BL oz ȮYA  mhUA MB]B Lm G eBA ϦU E
 eBA ϦU n E T{B  () o M v nAd TA) B  Lm
o~U Eo B eBA ϦU ȗ  ~ B  RA~A   wn BM BA
 SLA JBM A  vLe miB ]oA oLhM oLiF ϧl  Fv BUnB ȗ oA
SA  ]o nA\A keA So JozBM T{A  UjBw  SdU SLA bBT ]
o Y n AB eBA E TTB tBA ȗ ϧl B{  ~A  A j  eAow
.BzA eB G Zoi Y o MBdA  B] Ț  oiA eB ȗ
qTB  BLA Bj keA  AkA ]oBM TA mA  Ake BM ϧl o  
JkTA Y  Bj B 鼪] ȗ  JB\TwA  ?  U ȗ AkA kA Y ow Ake
.AoA BLUA v kA m E  ^E nB k Ake
 B] G T]B MB\A kw MBM o AoA  ]n o odLA ȗ  
.A G nBw Y oE Ǳ  JAoA
.o~LA eA  M Jo o\ eA  AnBA ɷ 287 w ȗ
Anw Be AM  BM T\  BG o]B o\A nAkM w B탱  AvwE 
B   Bv A B]oA BG TA   ki An  nlE BY o B
.jLA ȗ U  U Bi G keE mîe L  (ɷ277) w ϧl
RoF jze jBjpA  AoA ohM wBLA hA SveA (ɷ 289) w ȗ 
Aoej   oA x\A ]B  AnAo] Bz] F ȪkA L{ nw ȗ BB
.B AoL Ajk AT A kM A m
cT  x\A q\U  BhA KeB~M KA q ME op M vdA U 
 Ki oBLA RAnB~TA e  w zj  }e  Be Ke oA
.BE kE  oMBA
 AB kA A kL  BG A ȗ oA AoA Bj nBL M  uLTA 
 M kA nmM nmM mA BwG M kd Bߧ BA  BM k Aq
BM BA ȗ BkA BkTA TA AoLA  [\dA cU   oTA kA oLTA
L ȗ BwG M kd BA jE mA }A K]M kA A kL BA
 AkA BTeA k jBLA ȗ B AoA Bj M  STA Am ]o
RAnTA m A AoLTB kA RAnU LTU  w ȗ BwA kA qo
.B TA A BTA   ]nBi
M B  jwA o\dA ATA  LA AL   AoA ]B ɷ 317 w ȗ 
ϧl o oB ME G KT kA A kL ȪBA hA ȦBwA BA ϧl
oE  ((S BM  jBdA  oA wA BTj Bj BT{  Se)) :  
.jBF  탱 G jwA o\dA k A
Kv ȗ BkTA TA A wBw BA  BwA  AoA oA 
tBA AoTwA AdTwA  yLA  BM UAkT Akv] k BwA o oBA
.oBM  jBzA  AA miA  T  vBM
AkBM AjBɯ  kA oBXA ǱA SLA G JBvTɯA nB{ ɫAoA TwA 
  ozA nBA odT A B nY Ȯj KB ȗ vA Aeo BT]A
]oU B nY oe E en tBwE G kTv  BnY BLm ȫwA gnBTA o
nXA A AkA RBB\A oU A wA n~A ȗ FA  B  : kA A
B KTTv A A BB]n KFU BTBwn oz Lw ȗ zA KmBM oTv wBvA
.BoA e  ovT oA

$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
vdA MA BA  } ^B A   KB MA M Ȧ  } (|) LA A : AB 
A  Ȧ MA BG  } vdA A   vdA  iA BA  } vdA A  
}  jB~A o] MA BG  kd }   oBLA kd MA BG  } ^B
 A G e BwG M kd A Ap  BwG M kd MA MA  o]
 M nBzLA SɫkU mA kA ɷ ɯA  nA Ϧ Te R    S
.B A MBw A B oLh wE  Bn nBLiBM ϧl ȗ A\TeA
: Apn B\ RAq\A AE A L  eA AoA  AoB LA ATLYA  
A miA qn  M JA o  v  AoA  oE BA  T\e w BLX
A oX G nB{A MBA  BA L̯  A G nB{A UA BeA  BG o 
.BA Zoi JoA  uzA 
kd A Ap BwG M kd ȗ Bo~ BwG  o] BG ȗ  AkM A A 
 BwoBM WL A k BA  .oA jM ȗ oTTv KB A e BwG M
  qA ȧE  BwG M kd A  (|) kd o{ BM gv  kk] ozM
.Lw k qA E
B BM oE  (|) kd L B  jBL  BU A Bo TA B{A 鼪] A 
BXA vA JBTA  oBA ȗ jBLA M A kLTwA B 鼪] A   BM  oB
.A B  BM ȷ `B BTdU  Mo
LU  joA e jkdU TA RBozTA Aw  BA SM ȗ UBT o~e AoE 
.bA  B~A  BA  BA q]BA Be A  \A  e
.oBM  jBzA AE miE T vBM tBA AoTwA AdTwA 
 Bi   u  BBM B  TM AEkL A  K\ A Ap 
.kM  k o] M w BBM B
: ȷ RBL MnE G T\A Av 
.BeoA nAoMA AiA v BB 30  15 o M JBLzA L : A
nBiA v  RBwBvA l BwoA  40  30 M AB  zU  : BXA
.A
o~  ȴA oA JBdE   oA  50  40 M AB  zU  : XBXA
.kA
   o ȗ E ȷ w vhA  o kq  LUo ȷ : MAoA
.A G MoA Y  jBA Y  A Y  koA L 
BTYA BkA A MBT ȗ A Be mA LA UBi  BwG M kd BM : AB 
ϧmM  k Aj    oz BTYA [\dA A  \e  oq]  ȗ oq] oz
.B AoM  Ŀj  ]n kA A
.BLU nLA nBp Aoe 
tB () Ȧ K~M  oE mA A ȗ UBe ȗ BwoA  S텚A (|) LA A 
B ϧl kM (|) LA A () Ȧ BA ȗ A ϧl ȗ BwoA RnB~ i okM
.M BM\d Ȧ AnF

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.oM (oA) W{A M Ake  1
.AkA AkL  2
.odLA ȗ AoA oL  MB\A AoM M vdA kw ME  3
.bAkA   4
.o\A vdA M Bw oB ME  5
.MB\A vdA M w J ME  6
.op M d  7
.(BhA KeB) op M vdA  8
.vA kd M vdA  9
.o M op  10

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
ȗ UBj oɈ Y  AoA  o~LA  wA A ȗ oA oA RozTA 
BA A  BveA  o\ eA  AnBA  oE    A odLA
B AT  LM G AnBw A k oBw  ALU  A G Uj SM 
  BA A  dB w G AnBw Y  ovA G  L   BE
JoA  oX i  T]A o~ G A]U B  (260) B zj  ATwA
oz UBe ME BTwA kA jM ȗ   B  JoA ȗ oE o   kziA
.ȯAozA  kA U nMBz ȗ   AoA o

$
*7
: B VAkeE
]n B A ϧl KLw   BM M T  AoA Be kv ɷ 326 w ȗ 
 B ow  A  ȅoA kw ME |Ai   oLw MA  B 
 B BLA  ]n G  oLw MA k  ϽozA }e MA wA AoA  k
  kB ϧl G MB]B }e BME ǰk TU A Ϯ knE AoA oE S AlG
od  G k mA LeB ȗ BAom B RB kw ME nAowE  B
BB G Ak mA  Am : oB ME B  ϧl  ol kw ME jE k
o A   ]n o AlG B  T iA TM ]oA oF B Te  AAj
ϦBM joT T ko ȯBLA A oB BME M   TM oF j ȗ { k A Ȯ
G AoB ^Bo B A  B Be zBw  ]oA Am ȗ BFiE k Ui B
TB EoL  oA Am A B BCn B nApBM B UkA A\A  Aod EoL
B\{  B  oX i  T A kM T Y UkA m SMm  AB 
.jLA k~ oU  o\M vU KLw Am B 

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
 BA kd M keE  ^L{ kTA G ] A jAvM AoA ozTA B 
 B k M oeB kTA G ov tnAA MFM o  ^Bvn miA M o
 ~T jBv]E ȗ dU BLE bAnE  BU A bn A qU  ȯoLiE :
A ? o B B A bn Se A Am B :  B ? A cB~ 񚗱U  qA
.~h B w ϼ  B FvU  ? 햮 B uMG bn Se
e tBLA ME RB (|) A wn A : E B ? Ȯ~h B U B : B
hTwB oM ME RB Y ? ϧl  MBd~A  keE BM  E hBM KB 
 uE Tw ȗ n{ B] o RB Y  G |   tBLA 郱 o  o
j  MBd~A UA k ? hA TA dTvU AlBL   ijA   G | 
.T Y ]n  Ak S텛 Y B Si Jm kTA M oF .B k]
MA U (ɷ 301) w MB\A AoM M vdA kw ME AoA un T A kM 
AnAo BAq o~LA  ȧTv A jAnF odLA ȗ AoA oE MB\A Bw oB ME
BE  BTBe T Bij ]n (1800) ȗ BG nBw k (ɷ 311) w UAq k{E
]U Y  o\ G jB BL~A BvA  BA   nk B e  (B 17) BM
^Bz ^B] oXE RB Te AA K  ZB\dA  oA 酚 [dA o G
  E  K B owA  k   A  K nkTA G KT
.hA ov  KU  A G nBv L G nkTA L\  pAA  o~LA
BkE oFM BmiE : AB  G jwA o\dA AoA jBE (ɷ 339) w ȗ 
{ oM A jn L\  nBj E vi jn ȗ  mM k \M B  oFM
Y tBA Cn Te BB\M  A G e jn AjAnE B  k횧A l ȗ
22) k ȚM (ɷ 317) w AodA SLA n  miE AB  G e
.(w

$
*9
: WdLA i
 BwA K{ keG nBLA oA  SoU j wBw oe : AoA 
nA Bp SU  oM KA W{A M Ake Bp G Lv wA AmM Sw
 BkA BXLM  BnBE BkB oz  SU o  oXE wA AkLA M ȗ
.ȫwA BA  kk AkM  Tw vA BB]n e
B\A cv BT]A jB~TA BdA nkU kTA p wBLA kA  
zTA  BA wBM RnBY TA ϦU B~i tBLA ȮL BA RBodA KE BE
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.wA kA M oXA BM odTA  AT 
M kd BBM SC We wA oA  Bo  BUq AnBE oA SLU 
L eA AoA .S  e A AjA Tk  () jB~A BA M BwG
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BM oE  (|) L Bw  jBL  BU A Bo TA B{A 鼪] A BwG
 joA e Ajke BA SM ȗ UBT o~e AoE  BM oB B
o   u  BBM B  TM AEkL A  K\ A Ap \A
.AnA  ϧl
AoM M vdA o Ake o M op AkA AkL UB~h{ poME  
jB AU  o op M vdA op M d bAkA   MB\A
.odLA  nw AoA ȗ AoA
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.nMBv  kA jM G l kTA  A BveA
o~LA A o~ zj  ovA RdA AjB oX Joe ȗ Aij 
j]A ȗ nq\A kA M B\BT SU  v\A RBdTA BA j\A T
.ȅoA
$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
.(MoA JBTA nAj  BL  RoM) AoA  oBU nB  1
.(MoA JBTA nAj  BL  RoM) wA ȗ BLA RBAodA  KB ~  2
.( 1964  MoA A nAj  BL  RoM)  BwA A  KB ~  3
  .ɷ 1385  njB nAj  BL  RoM)  gnBTA ȗ BA  oYA MA  4
.( 1965
 A nAkA  MoA LTA  o~  oBA) BLA cB  kBe MA  ȧAqA  5
.(1964
 kk\A ozA LT  AoA  jAkM) uMA uLU  eoA kL  p\A MA  6
.( .ɷ 1402 . 1982  2
A bo{ ȗ A A  nz jA] kd ]oU  d M keA  ȯBA  7
(.BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao) dA
.(1   1992  WkdA nAj  o~  oBA)  BA AkLA  oX MA  8
1   A nAj  BL  RoM) wA ȗ ovA RBodA  BwA kd .j  9
.(1973 
 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB  BwA M Ȧ  o{A  10
.( 1980  ɷ 1400  3
o~  oBA) qoA hA  Ȧ M keA tBLA MA M kA ȚU  qoA  11
.(kA BXA LT 
oA nAj  BL  RoM)  ozA oA nB oAj  ko kd  k]  12
.( 1971 3
 kk\A BA nAj  BL  RoM)  ȫwA ozTA gnBU  B B]M  13
(. 1980  1

$   22 
*1
: oTA
BUo kTU  幼BT]A  iA uwA  ȮTLU wA vA RAnBTA  ȷ 
o\A ȯBXA oA oiAE ȗ αw o RpoM jLBM TA KA ~U 
ȗ Sz k 幼eoA RAnBLTA ȗ AoTwA BkA Be mL boA MoU Bnd
.v AnDM S~UA Te RnU wA nBA

$
*2
: nA A
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k\A  vA oAj nBA ȗ BBA  oX BovU oA  k ȦA KB\A
kM B uA dU G B\TA dA Am  RBB] q G ϧl j B
CoA RBA ov AmiBɗ ToɄ w  kA L~A BɃA  
Am noLU TA RBAoA WjBeA A탰 k 婴UBq AkE T BM BFT
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BoA TkA wA RBeTA SeBT]A A kM wA Aij  oXA A 
dvA jA ϧl ɗ BM RAkTA BjA ThM k ABɟ wnBA
SdLE Te ~A jA RAkTM AoX AoYFU k T{jAnqA BA lLA
oA m X ȗ K~A  B 幽okA oLA lLA  Bi UBe oB
B B WT\ WdM ovA ϦTM  FU M w A kk\A kA m A
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zTA boA BeA ȗ BLA oYA ϧm B dUBA JoBM ATiA wA
oTz q eoA RAnBLTA ȗ AoTwA 幼wA jLA ȗ BnBzTA ~A
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: \A ȗ jn k BkBM BTwA zTA \zU BdA oU G kU nBE
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: oiC 郱 ȗ
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: ȷ BMnBz TiA  kBA ϦU JBdA 鼪] M ȦA oTzA wBA
kA  1
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eoA BoA RABdA  3
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dA JBdE RBBeoA JBdB BA tBA JBdA \B jA
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BmAm odU BA Bh uA KmU  Lm BL lLA BA uA 
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xoA nE o\ BdA nBip o BwoA αA BMA  B A B UBe
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~dU uA 轰oU G Bj tBA G Zoi hA nAowA ȗ oTA v Bn
.(oA
VAoU ȗ BM SB o nm]  RkTwA Be eoA ~A MoTA RqaɼU 
A gnFU B Se L Mo\U  ShU [AoM BM S]oi A
BBM ȗ KBwE JnB\U  BvA A G S B E uU RB] RAnBdA
~A oA ȗ BA nBA ȗ BM B oTzU B  ȮkA eoA ȯBvA
k\A BA kA  T T nBLTA ozLA BA  Bn~U BUo
KA zA   失LA BA kA ȮA dA BhA RA
婧A oA RA ihzA yA \A zA A AozA ]A
B{A Be B zU BBhM ~TU boA BdT TUBA  kM Am B : AB
oXA J G ovM m ] ȗ~A o񖦧 hnFTA A Am 嬱A BBi
ȫwA ~TB M KoU B uA ϦU TdU B njA A kM tA  BT
BiA   ȗ~A B\UA  BTU TA ]nBhA RAoYƪA  qM L 
tBL A G M Kl ȫwA ~TA  lLA M dvA  ȯA oYFTA
 B\q ^Ao LTU SB TA  nB~A Bo  幽njBM oYFU  oiA  ~A
.MoA ozA RBvA

$
*3
:nTA FzA
nAjA ϦU pU 񪽰 TMBY v Al BBi BB  S] Th nAjFM ~TA o
唱~T BdA nAjA XU eoA m : ȦA kqA eo  : eAo VY 
nFM BTwA 孽kA { ȗ kkzA LoBM S~UA BdA ȗ o ~TA B lG
]  eoA m.BdLw A G JoT ] UE  kA AoBM BA BkA
RAnBLTA  BkkzU ȗ MB\A BTL] 孼TL] RAl  SX hnFU dU o
(|) oA LA Be ȗ tBA Bk] TA dB~A kA hA BA eoA
wTA ] ȗ SYke TA A joA ȗ LvA BTL] MBd~A  L\TA αw
.vA BdA L odA αvA BT]A
nBU G SdU B Bow  jo αw {  REkM eoA joA m
k\v ȗ kqA A ȗ o~LA vdA BU ȗ B\UB RnLU Y BT]A
.A o vn ~TA k ϧm o~LA
XT B \T ]nBhA oYFTA EkM TA BXA eoA ȷ : ~A vA eo 
G BLvA SB TA ((kA MAn)) ȗ ϧl o nTA BzM kqA qBM
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.ȖvA ~TA MBM kqA SL TA BA E B~UA o oA
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.kA MBBM
o tBTA o ȗ \TU TA ((LwBdA kwE M VnBdA)) RBƫ  A c{o
poL (ɷ 245 w TA) o~A A l BM  TA țAo{A B~UBM dA
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Bq BkB Bv BB\UA B  SLU TA KAmA  kkA G ~A SoU 
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.((o~A
o~A ȗ ȴA o~A e : jB 幼~A KAmA ȯBY  : ȧdA KmA
..(ZadA) jB M ozLA
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v\A BA RAjBLA  kqBM oFU TA KAmA   : A ɗ BA Km
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ovA KB] Be B AlG Bo~e K~ Ak] oX ~A o A  A 񪽰
: ȷ oA ϦU A BM T mA
kA ɼd kd MFM oA ȯA njBA kL gzA Bvwƫ : njBA oA
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kLM ȗU 幼BoA  vA cLE  miE k 幼~A o Bh{ Bi B
.wBM oBA ȗ o k\v  B j ɷ578 w (kL E))
Lv hLBM KA vdA M kd M kd kA ] Bvwƫ : A oA
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k AB AoUA M B{ oA m ț\vA kA  oA e BMA oTA
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.AoA zj oU ȗ j] oA m Aq
: BAjA ~T k o  ō B
BnAk ɷ 627 w aɗTA o\vA ve kA  gz : Tz\A oA 
ikA 婼TA LdA B gzBM KA Mn tBA dM Ȧ\A omA 
 LɈAA BA B텧A  A U BA B~A Aj  RBMnA ȗ
.A
kBA cd~U  BnAk nBhLA kLz kd kA BM gz : kLzA o 
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RBA pU  BnAk jnovA o kA JB{ gz : jnovA o 
..jAnA nYFA jA  LAA BA B~A  tBBM A  B 
ȫpnAhA kd M o M keA JB\A MA kA \ gz : oLA oɄ 
.oLBM oA
Bh  {BTA  BnAk nLA nAkA kA kM gz : nAkA o 
.~A ]nkA ȗ keTA nAowA BzA ozA oB
.jBLM nzA nL\A oA kA K gz : nkA o 
.ȯBwAohA nBzA A kL gz : nBzA o 
A BeA BnAk oLA tnkA kA  kv KvU : wnkA o 
.ȧAq

$
*4
RAkTA nBA
ȚUo RAzA RAmA  oL BA ȗ v Jam  A  : jBdUA dA 
幽ozLA  ~ Te BB~A RB]nj ȗ ~ ȚUo Aq  Y 孼MoA B G
jo̽  o M v ȗ e mA A bn  e e ozLA   L  AlB
.BU A   鼪] B jAnE B B G Bü{ mîe
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.oU kq ME ] k : tBA B (ȯkLB BE G G
ϦT v] RAj]A RAj]A  boA  A  A  :  j]A ke 
kdT BU A {   A ȷ TA boA G ozU Bv]A ϦU 鼪] boA
ȗ  zA ɗ  BA jLA ɗ tBA M TiA n~A  ɗ j]
BU dA RAl  e j]A A : j]A e kkdU ȗ M B o\A
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 ȖhA Ȧ\TA nAA  n nA BdA  d  dA j]A nM BBL~A
MA  ϧl  BjAkTwA KvdM RBTA  ȗ nzA oBA 鼪]  oBA
: Mo
BB B d   B B 
BBG dA   ɷ BBM B B
BG Y AnAow   o Bo
A i mA nA ȷ 婧BA i EkL RBhA E ȷ  : kdA dA 
B v  dA \U mA ȴA A ȷ E {   i {  L
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ȗ ȗ~A ozA  .j]A Be 鼪] v ȗ \ mA BA Bvߧ BA
: BTA RBMA kdA dA
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BM 헰 BE RAl    AjA jBLA ȗ ] 
BɮYA A e BYA     U A Sk keA S A
A Bp j Bp B   ϧm BA {  F{ FM B   A A 
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ozLA UB  ȗ~A Ȯ AlG 幼A BwA  wA FM M ke ȧA wBM
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E kU kd bn ȷ keAA KA  A KA : KUAo VY Bݧ 
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kɛ  keA G BqA ɗ    KA Am VA Kɛ  WBXA KA
UjBM AA YBA We  VBM Ȫw oBA hA pd dA oB 
kL oiA JoA kL BkeA opA qM B BBG K  .BhA TLUn
BkeFM A d Bp  ȗ MnE jBUA A B .U k BkeA h ϦA
A d Lw AkMA A BzA MAoBM J\A WBXBM JoA ȯBXBM ozA
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.nkA pBA ȗ Bq BUBoe ȗ nAowA
: BvE vi KA B]n  BA 
vA KA ȗ AA B  LBA BA nBYC TA  : A vA
bAnE ɗ n~M ȧA n~ mA ɯBA E :  ɯBXA vA .eoA TvM
.oA vBM  BA nA jBUE Ʒ jzA B  AoBw bBL{E F
poL  BA  BA o WALA BA  : WBXA vA
.tBA A oT  tBveA BG
.nAowA  L RBLBM oLh mA B]BA B]n : MAoA vA
L tB o jC ȮM tB]A ɫ BA ɗ dA E : uɫBhA vA
.nBA AoA jA nBA BL\A v B oXE L\ 
jBL  |AhA \ ϼBA KUoU BA KUn ϦBM vU B BU A A 
A  a Y ^B Bw i ȗ  BA MoA  ^BL]Be ] Y 岾Bv]
wAM i ȗ B{ B    ^BLUB khUA A Bw LUoA ȗ j oiC ^B
.
ϧl  oBA j ƪA Ao A oiA ȗ nB~MBM BU A n BG 
BkA ȗ Tn   ^Bw L]A ^ qB] 廧BU Tn BU A  Ao
.JBM  nB~MBM
nk A BL 햽 B  A Bo{ Boi B] jBLA BE i A A 
B i A)) BU A B We AkL A  ϧl  Tüz UjAnG
. i B o{   : BU A B oiC C ȗ ((U
tBA  AA oBA E k ozA F .e o{ : v  kA A 
v ozA B B KAmA B  幼ozA |~A  kT mA
mA tBA  BhA  oA dA E  ɄBLA E BE .woA BM
 G Td   G }A o  FTA ozA |~A FU  kT
.JA BTTwA eA o

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.oLA gzBM KA (Mo M kA ɼd) M oA keE M Ȧ M kd  1
.(wA ȧAqA kBe ME) keE M kd M kd  2
(ZdA W ME) n~ M vdA  3
.ȫBvLA v M n kq ME  4
LwBdA VnBdA  5
.jAkLA k\A M kd M k\A wBA ME  6
.輖A ME (o~A A l) AoMG M BMY  7
.o~ ME ȗBdA VodA M ozM  8
.ioA po M o d ME  9
.ȅvA uA M ow vdA ME  10
K) M KA  nAj MA  M nzA  kd M AoMG M dA kL  11
.(kA
.kA MAn  12

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
B oLE ȷ  jAkM ȗ AoG jM  BA BwAoi ȗ ~A oA RozTA 
JoA jM ȗ ɗ~A oA KɓE RFz AoA  ɗA o~LA  ~TA
nBA L{ o ~A RAkT AnC SM AjvA o~ G STA  MoA
BE BT tnB 孽koA BLUA U A kd AqU  BTvBLA kA
.w wAo Aj BhA qAo ȗ oB{

$
*7
: VAkeA B
ǿ : B ? {B ϼUF E  KvM TzU Ao  : ȫBvLA kq M  
.kq BME po  AoUE oqhA KA po
A T A : B ? poA K E :  AB k\A  Aij ~A M A 
ikA AB 岰oam Bv A T G : B ? BU A Fv : AB 岱LB 
dA : B ? dA B : AB { A  Mo\TA : B ? T B  SLA
.dA oU ȗ
~A nBL   ZdA n~ M vd o] B oA A VAkeA  
ZdA oE z A BU A jAnE B : B We (n) wA BA g{  B 
  n  ThMA Ȧ M BwG M w BME A  雰 qh Td o
B킧A  o w BME A  峼kTv G ] Te  TU Toh  p\U
o  jBBM vT  M ohT G o\Tv A nk 峦] oM oA Am ȗ
tBA uE ȗ w ME nk 킧A  ]oLA dA  G k~ B  KTTv
BqA KeB  G) : BG TwAo ȗ   婷k BE JjA A  d
TwAoM RoE k  o G   Y B\A o\Tv B ^A AmM  ([)
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 Ͻk  o B K] ȗ ϼ X h Aov AoE ϧBwE ȯG :    n
BdUE k  ȧ G LE nA\A KeE ]n ȯG   AoLA ĿkA
oTw kk{ z  dUA ]  ȗ LiE A ZBTeA 孴 ȯkL KzA
ȮU E knE  ^Ao\ B汧A ^AkM JoA nB~ 孷k oE zA G ϧl 
B ϼG oB Ͻk  ȯB Ajw Td \U Tɯƫ ȮU JBhA 
ZdA ϧl w B (A  ϧ o~LA  ϧl ȗ ȧB  Lm G Aj
 vE LmM G ZohA ȗ ] TwAo ȗ FiE k A  MA]  
q d YkeA  n  w ME o ^wn G wo  BMA] G jo 
oU oE z BLLw 햧A Am B oLA o~A k oE o{ keE  k  M
. B\A

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
TM nAk] ȗ ^Bw  k ȯhA v BME A uA LB JBM ȗ ȧAqA d 
JoBM E SE :  ! Bw M Jo w BU v S AlB v M h
eAq A  ? Bj M AoYFTv A (kd)  JBdE E :  Y ! TMAj 
!! v Jo FTv Y ! B]n An Ai A A Te ^BBep 
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ȗ jA S탰 ZadBM nzA n~ M vdA T  jAkM B ]A 
w E Mo ozA KeB G vTM BM nkTA oE \vA G e k
A :  B Ȅoz opA v . Jo Y oiA w E Mo A RB B
ȄozA vT ki LU  TX] oeA wEn qe ]n k 酛B S 
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309 w ȗ ϧl ov\A  wEn K~ TX] oeA wAn qe AoA 酛 Y 岰FT
.ɷ

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*9
: WdLA i
AkM ȗ en RBBn Bo SLU oLA wA KAmA keG ȷ ~A 
wA oA  Bo  BUq kB Seo o\A ȯBXA oA oiAE Bn
poU B BL CoA RBA FU dA kdA dA j]A keM B
.~hzA RBBA RB{BA
We ~A E BE B\A SdT ~A AnA pAoMG ȗ kk A RoYE 
qT zM jBTA ȖvA ȦA ovTA  qoTA kBA oA AkTeA
AoA kw ȗ ȗ~A nBTA BE BA cT LvA k B oA ȦA dTA 
RB\ wA oA M BG STU  TA vA RBɃBoA SɃ eoA
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T\BM BLUn gv BkA n kA A \ An~ o\dTA BA B
.nBA jAnA omM BT{A tBA o\
w\A jA Ao~B wA Bwo İBA RAnBTA ij AA   
wA RBeTA i B~i ȫwA T\A  MBTA BoYFU 幽lLA
G oiA RBBkA  oA jAkA ij 幼wnBA BoA UnBdA S TA
BLve kBA oA oTA eo ApB\T ȟ B oA U  cUBA wA
uwE M BMC  YnAU B M Ah wBM XTA kk\A kA no ko
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.Ben A wA kA o]
ȗ KUAoA  \   B Rqn   nBd k  ~TA oe RkTwA
: ȷ BBLUA jAkA
ȦA kqA eo  1
~A vA eo  2
oTA jBLA eo  3
: ȷ nBE RAkT  ~A Teo B poME B
jBdUA dA  1
.n~A  ȗ j] BU A A RAl  e j]A A  j]A ke  2
.j]A n ȗ ȴA qTA eAo  eo E ȷ kdA dA  3
.KUAo VY Bݧ A  4
.BvE Tw KA B]n  BA A  5
SɃ jkTA oA o  ɗ~A odTA S] TA RB~hzA poME ɫ
: ȷ ȗ~A αvA jBME Swn RBoA
.(Mo M kA ɼd) M oA Ȧ M kd  1
ȧAqA kBe ME kd M kd  2
.o ȫBvLA v M n kq ME  3

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA nBA oAj k{ni ǰBTzA  1
.( 1996 BL LT BL  RoM) RBoTA Ȧ M kd ȯB]o\A  2
.wA oA w nz jA] kd  3
1 幼A KTA nAj BL  RoM) ki MA k 孪eoA kL 嬰ki MA  4
.( 1993   .ɷ 1413
.( 1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM) wA oA \ oBU nB  5
.(1988 幼MoA nAkA AoA  jAkM) ~TA B 孼A gzA kLzA  6
1 o~  oBA) ~TA A Km oTA BdwA M kd lBMA  7
.( 1933   .ɷ 1352
.(1986 7 孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  8
7 幽o~A A LT oBA  o~) wA gnBU ve AoMA ve .j  9
.( 1965
.uA RBd 孪eoA kL ȫB\A  10
.(ovA nAj BL  RoM) ~A RBd~A \ Ȗe A kL  11
BL LT BL  RoM) MoA vA A tB AA B ]pBA  12
.( .ɷ 1410  1990 4
1986 7  孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  13
.(
 .ɷ 1373 5  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o 孼A keA  14
.( 1953 
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) BA RB kd M keE Bi MA  15
 幼A KTA nAj BL  RoM) jAkM gnBU jAkLA KhA Ȧ M keA  16
.( 1997  ɷ 1417 1
vA wA jB~A k{oA kL ozA ] B jAƗ ]oU  17
.( 1983 婦A nAj BL  RoM) o~ThA
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  18
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
vwƫ BL  RoM) CoA ovU ɗ AqA 孼ve kd BLɄBLA  19
( 1997   .ɷ 1417 1 ȪA
1 婦A nAj BL RoM) zTA ~TA M 唰oɫ {B ȮvdA  20
.( 1979
jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  21
.( 1980  ɷ 1400 3
L 幗BXA nAj LT AoA  ) dA |~ 孽kA d Mo MA  22
.( 1989   .ɷ 1409 2 ȯAkA
 .ɷ 1414 oA nAj BL  RoM) A RBeTA 孽kA d Mo MA  23
.( 1994 
JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o ȗ ɗ~A ɄB cw 孽qA  24
.(ɷ 1413  1993 4  ȪBA
.BA o] 輖A MA jd kvA  25
1398 XkdA  LT AoA  AoɄ) LA vdA M kd wA  26
.(ɷ

$   23 
*1
: oTA
o\A ȯBXA oA ɗ ȯBTv\vA Ao M kd BvwE v\A oA  oɗ 
v\U G Bj mA Bvwƫ G Lv AoBM Sw 幼wBLA hA RoB
.jL

$
*2
: nA A
BdA ȗ w B L 幼A oA RjkU wBLA ɗhA Ɉ ɗ 
AnC RpoM  wA ȗ iAkA A  BLoU  dA AnA  oX 幖ThA
A SBTwA  v\TBM A SLU TA oA m poM  RkBw Th  BT
.nB~A  BLUA Be \U
MA  TLw M jd BvA BXE  Ao ATA vA j kBw 
SB AoA  ϧl AoA A  A A]A oU z G kd
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oLA nkA zTA  vTA  kqA pAoMG  Ao M kd ȗ~A o B 
.BL jAvA E  B] nAoTA ȗ

$
*3
: nTA FzA
Ao M kd k  o\A ȯBXA oA ȗ BTv\w k ȗ oA m RoɈ 
.v\TA G A Uj SB
kLA kA G   ThA BdA ȗ Ao M kd BM B TA nBwA oX 
.nBFM AoYFU  koA e \ A BTwA
oM ME ME yd M BdwG k  LmA o~ B o\A tjBvA oA ȗ 
E F{ BUnA Lm o~  kBw k ~A M kd k  ϧl kM  Y
.AoA BTA   Aov kd MA TLw M jd BvA
 kBw mA oA Ao o~T B mA ț\vA Lo BXE vA j 
.nBzTA

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
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.Tn pA] ATLYA  ]B  ]  kB
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孽o ȗ B LA Ap] 孼TA  }A j A B]FM SLXU BA G 
.A ȗ Ȧ ƪA oE BG RBLYA BzA ȗ B i RBLYG ϧl  o
ozA jn L cL  vd k A BA cLTA vdTA o ATA 
.BM A o k K\U
v B nk 峼ɗ VkdU oM B{A o BG  VjAdA d A A AB 
.o Bnk   R~ Bnk   AnjA Vke  峼 Vkd AnjBM
\A G o~ JBA kM AA E A 幮\A E ɫ ɫA oɗ 鼪] G 
.MB k
oB~A oBLA 鼪] ȗ BU A ~ (  A RA ) A wn 鼪] A 
.  ~ F LTA ȗ JmA B{Be ^Ak
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.j   K]AA BG To o BTw  ~A SA v G 
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.BA  Am 失woA E LA u ȗ pE Apo
B 婷jL RAl ȗ oX AoE Vke kM G o  v] BA ȗ Vkd  
Yke  mA ]A   VjBdA ϧm  B  VjBdA ϧl Vkd UjAnA
.
^TwA  BX  ^BT ozA BeA  M kLTwA B ȗ B K~U AEn 
.BA SLM
.ƫ  LM oA kTA A o M ^ BA A] 
kA  AkA M ϧm  j]A jB\A hA  hA M oTA 
AkBM Bk o~ kA nkBM UAl ȗ 隽 BG hA  噦hBM 隽 BA hB
.nkBM UAl ȗ AA
kM M oE AlG kUoA  G BBG  ooU A AkTMA  jo nAoA BA G 
M BvBM  BB BwoBM oA kTA A Be ƫ UjBzBM oA A Ujn
.o
.BA  BzBM A 
A AB ( ^B ^BT ) A ȗ wA M Ao Y .^B ^BT q  A G 
Unk BA  M  BM ^B q   失A  Unk  M ^BT q 
.k  VjBe A  . YjBe oe   A 
C A M Bp G BMA  A  mA A AoTiA A e ȗ p\  G 
BG S L BC AoiA ȗ  A G C k G BMA  mA oBA AoTiA 
.o b
KTA 幼UA  BA nA  nBLiA X oX VAje BdLw UAl ȗ G 
.BeA kA kA }~A  vA  woA  qA
BG kLA oBɈ wB\ 髰 v\ nA  u\  JY ȗ ~A d 
.tB\A j VAkeA  nBA AL]E
xoA xoA Aq]A 鼪]  Uke  A T  A AB : A ȗ   
. q]   mA ]A     TdU
M nAoA  k~U q oLi M E  Bw  Uj Ro AlG ( | ) LA G 
.j o  U o 
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B A kA j]A o{ UAl ȗ kA RLY G jƽ  nkBM Bk
~e pB\ AkA wA o  nkBM UAl ȗ k  pB]   UAm BLT
Vkd j]  p\ Te j]A ȗ ϧl jo K\ Y nkBM RBkA oBw
.k Bd ϧl UAl ȗ
AjE BA G TA Bp E  keA wn  o~TA  BU A A AB 
.Be  ( | ) A  woA o{

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.Ao M kd 
.yd M BdwA 
.yd M BdwA M oM ME 
.~A M kd 
.o]B M AoMG 
.LT v M A kL 
.kBM oA k\A kL kA k\ 

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
k G Aoɟ kd Ȗ Bk BTv\w kɫ ɗ kLA ɗ ɫAoA RozTA 
ȗ oA dA B B Y 孼zA w E |~hBM  BA e TA BTv]o
E miE B Uk Zn BzA nY G Ao M kd TA A kM  nMBv k
.E oz ȧAe tkA SM ȧBE  Kv A BTwA  e T BzA

$
*7
: B VAkeE
SB  幼AoA BTA   Aov kd MA TLw M jd BvA B 
^Co  BvA u\ ȗ oB{A  AoA M nkU SB TA RAoBA 
ȧqT E o{E  Ak] E zB ȗ o~T ȫAo n  o B  v
.zA WkdA JBdBM hw qA M AoA k jBTBM BvA T 
Lo BvA Ao o~TA k oB{A  AoA M nMBv ȗ i Vke 
ME odA BG ozA wBA ME lBTwA  UAoA uoA  LBM oF ț\vA
.BdA   A M w

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
1 AA nAj BL  RoM ) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  1
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
.(  1990 ovA nAj BL  RoM ) wA oA \ oBU nB  2
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM ) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  3
.(  1985   .ɷ 1405
 1969 4  nBA nAj o~  oBA ) ȖvA oA Fz ȫBw nBzA  4
.(
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL ) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  5
.(  1994  ɷ 1415
.(  1992 BL  RoM ) kA ȗ o~LTA oA MA ȮAowA  6
.(  1906 BBoM  k ) wBTA veA keA M kd wkA  7
.ɷ 1383 1  MBLA v L o~  oBA ) BzA RBL LvA  8
.(  1964 
2 kk\A ozA LT AoA  jAkM ) uMA uLU 孪eoA kL p\A MA  9
.(  .ɷ 1402 . 1982
oB vwƫ BL  RoM ) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  10
.(  1981 1 幗BX
3 幼A KTA nAj BL  RoM ) ɽkA E oɷBA kL jAkLA  11
.( 1981
奼\A nAj BL  RoM ) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  12
.(  1985  ɷ 1405
vwƫ BL  RoM ) AqA Bv Ȧ M keA ȯvA o\e MA  13
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406 3 ȪA
jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj ) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  14
.(  1980  ɷ 1400 3

$   24 
*1
: oTA
M A BvwE o\A ȯBXA oA RBAkM ȗ Ro vA E   o ȷ 
Sw 孼TqA M qBM BM RjoA 奚A  BkB RqUnA B
.qTA o uwƫ B M A Bvwƫ G Lv ABM

$
*2
: nA A
A ƫ oLA KeB A : U B\ oLA KeB ȗ vA TiA 
B  nBA ȗ kh oB oLA KUo A : B M oLA JBUnBM v
M q M oB   ƫ  A m  oLA KUo A U AA RpoM
.tBA  oXA Be TA kk] o nM G EoA Am jF Tq
 ϧl BdB~ ȗ K~U SB TA oL\A B qoU A A dA w 
BBM BdB~  v tBA   u Am nkA k BvA BA E i
G kU A dA RB]U BhU nBFM AA RpoL 婟BdA jAnA ZnBi
.A  BA oXA Jm\U A SBTwB BE ȗ kLA oe

$
*3
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h{ B M A M B mA hA kM o~LA k ȗ AA RFz 
qBM BA En bo B M A F oLA KUo  hA B o~LA
A A BTwA k 峪wBM Sw o v  EoA Am oYE  孼TqA M
WM oX i MB]F JoA G VnBdA M A kL WM k BA G MBdA m
ȗ nBE bo i  BTwB 幗A G Al WM 婧Bw M }e BwAoi G
.MBTA  oXA B  E To oz A jLA  oXA

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
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峧Bɗ  pB\A   幼~A  BA oA BA ozA  oh  BA
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.A  oA RAjBTA
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Kve  ƪA oBw BL]A o񮪧A  ȴA oBM oA G : AB 
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E ^Bo    A bnA\BM  o  BvBM nAoA  BA G : AB 
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.oL   o  kM ~  U A p\ A B] BLA ~M : AB 
.UAl  BA AB 峮 RB~A Ȗ G ALl 峧 Ͻo{  keA A BM : AB 
mA cLA  vdA  vA jn L L]A A o{ 幗oA E A : AB 
.ϧm cLA JBT]A  vdA BTA  奚BM BTo K\
BU nBA \A A  B B UB  B BU A RAnk A : AB 
. {  E B B  { oiC BdLw A  Te BE 
kwBA  cB~ MBU A A oAE FM  cA BLUE A  K]AA : AB 
. h Sv jBLA BE FM 
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.^AnBLTiA ^BBdTA vA
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E  {  B oA keA A 幦\BM A AaT A  A]A JlBA
.nBA

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.B M A  1
.kL M o  2
.Bw M }e  3
.Al M vdA  4
.A kBi M BX  5
.kvA M wBA  6
.K{e M o  7
.B M u  8
.o M eoA kL  9
.o M eoA kL M MoA  10

$
*6
: nBzTA A
L ȗ \  nA A A BwAoi o~LA ȗ AA oA RozTA 
.nE


$
*7
: VAkeA
o B] BBp ȗ Ro k kA BE B : B o~LA vdA  ]n ij 
B]  ZnAhA k  幦A  M Zoh o k oLA .oBLA JBdE
u Lm  A M BA  oU  k oLA  oBLA JBdA ]o
]o  BɄ oA  閮  B 幼~ BA  o   BA  ^Bn
B K\ A L ϧl ȗ vdA oTɗ ? ^AjBTA ϧl ɗ B dU ɗ 幫A
q  M ^B oB  ^B ƫ oLA KeB A E  BA : B M A
.oB  ƫ  Tq M
.B A qTA : vdA B k\vA RBAwA  AwA G qTA B Y
Ȃ S : B ?  B  S ϯA ȮM ^A ovA A kL M  kBi Fw 
A  Akd A Ld : B ? ϯMm tBA BM B : B kA Kd dA A
.ϯF{ qA Ao    : B 婴Bi

$
*8
: gnFTA oAl 
? uhA oBzA  oA Zoh  A M \ B vA M A ǰn 
失\ AlG  AB  B ? BFM Tɗo  jL  BYkdɗ : AB  : B
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\A BA  SA dA M o  FwB  kA E oBzA  Zoh
oLiF ϫ Am u : AB ϧmM ] MB]A B 奼kBM o Am   kM
.wA G MB]A  A G A]oh


$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  1
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  2
.( 1981 1 幗BX
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  3
.( 1994  ɷ 1415
 LA nAj BL  RoM) vA A A  qTA Km nkLA k{n .j  4
.( 1994   .ɷ 1415 1
2  ȪA vwƫ BL  RoM) wA oA gnBU 奼i kd 孽qA  5
.( 1985   .ɷ 1405
.( 1975 11  MoA JBTA nAj BL  RoM) wA o\ 孼A keA  6
A bo{ ȗ A A nz jA] kd ]oU 廼d M keA ȯBA  7
(BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao) dA
7 幽o~A A LT oBA  o~) wA gnBU ve AoMA ve .j  8
.( 1965
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  9
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
Ȫ RAnBzTA qo AoA  Ao) oA RBA 峦A kL M kw o{A  10
.(x .ɷ 1361 3  o

$   25 
*1
: oTA
~A ȗ npA M B BvwE A  oTBM RqU ZnAhA o keG ȷ 
鼪] ao mA npA M B Bvwƫ G Lv nApBM Sw  A oA  ȯBXA
. To Ak B vA

$
*2
: nA A
ZnAhA  oTA M k   jjn i ZnAhA B mA ǱA 骚A 
ϧl  hT A  ]A L jo BM A ]A ȗ ALn mA
. nApA z
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G hA Am jE  ϧl i BA oiA EoA M  j  B  d oz
. nApA o Fz A oU
 ϧl  B]oA  kqA JBTwA ȗ oLA nkA npA M B ~hz B 
G BG  BoU Bk{E  ZnAhA o E jB  T  KAM  qT B
Al T] Bo  RB~A ϦU TB\{  mA MBhA Unk L  oiA ~B~i
. ZnAhA Bp  ^AoL ^Bp MBdE   oYFU

$
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A ABTwB  BnBzT EkL A RmhUA A kM o~LA k ȗ oA m RFz 
AkM  BkM TA kA  B { mA \A kM pAA k ȗ AozT
AmhUA   B B AT  oMqA M A kL BE ȗ ϧl B  Bo  tnB
. AA L] o  qo U ABTwA   Ao pAA
 nApA RkBw B M kq B kM o~LA k ȗ S훰 TA VAkeA G 
. nBE  l oz  A

$
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. nBA ȗ kh oz Bh BA A Ap
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B Am : AB T  A    E Aj ȗ k T B TM  oF Bh
. T oz 
ȗ khU  tBL M A kL  zB  oMqA  d  BX oU G ALl 
. B] nBA
ȗ Akh  ] wA  BM Zoi  o̟ o̖̟ oL KUnA  BM  
oE We oL G KUnA B AB uMG oM ϧl  AkTwA   nBA oBw  nBA
. BU A AkeM nB  G  TB (  ) j j\vBM
A  ~ Bj AlG o  ^AkeE K\ A nApA  ke d  FM kTA 
.  A]qT A  dBMl  AF 
^BBG B BT]A AlB kqA  A  T\ A G }hzM }ThU  BA G : AB 
.
BkA BdA ȗ  L\  tBA    F{ ȗ qE A G : AB  ^B Aoa 
A : AB \ M eoA kL AMa   B~hA kE   L ȗ B  A kz
.  A Bo BTMA v oz  tBA     qE A
m  mA ke AwE  ol CoA ȗ u lG : ȯAqA  ]oA AwA 
. BvA  RB~dA lB  kdA J]  B]oA  ~dA
o]B   Aoa   AoLA oE  E   BTA  k횧A oTM : AB 
. G
 o AlG:BU M kTv A ȗ   A ȗ  qB] o TA BM AB 
.A zh tBA ̬azh
.^Bü{ B }U   jBLA BBE 鼪] jU E BdA EoA  AL]E 
X o ȗ   BvA  BɄA T B p\  o nAj Bh nAj AoLTA 
. BYA kL JoA nB
. TXM L ^AoB B E  UL kM oB A  ^BL BU A WL A pA\M AB 
. U BYA wo E B nBw ow  Te U 酛 A ]oA  Aoe 
. oXA A ȗ kA  nBvA k 酛 AL]A 
^BdB ^B]l BB ( | ) woA w A JBTM  o   oM BME G AB 
e  A SvA RAvA i ^BdB a k B M BX BE  ȮkA d
(  ) Ȧ BE  ^AoB cLF ( | ) woA w akM CoA e ϧl kM Bi Y
dTBM L  o B Te cB~A h BX B o ve Uow B
. o ȗ o

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
npA M B
jwA M 
. peBA M A kL
oLA o ME M o
ȯpBA B\A M o
ozA  M kL
 M pod
ȪTA KLe M oh
kLA Aoh M cB
oLA Mn kL
F M BX
F M A kL

$
*6
: nBzTA A
. nMBw  Bo  tnB  pAA  o~LA k ȗ nApA RozTA 

$
*7
: VAkeE
E  w )) : nB~A M A kL  BMG M A kL G ^BMBT pnA M B KT
k  B\   T ȒTLU  Ȯ hU  A oA  B  A jBL  A B
L   dBMl E  UjB{ pB]E    oE M BA   T A aoe
Ƀ miF  nB~A M A kL Eo (( XnA   TdB    kA 
ϧB  BMG M A kL  B  ATh  AoT E zi tBA  Eo   i
 G JBTA k ? M owE E  BAiG KE k E E !! SLA { E : αME 
B oz A B   npA M B k ? En En E  A UB : B Eo
k   ozA ȗ ( | ) Uow SB  M oz B ^Be  BEn tBA JE
   ozA  AoM   BeA  BM oB A A   B BMm Jam
oM : nB~A MA B  Aoe B  AE  ϧl w B   Bj G B dU
B  B] B A oM   k npA MA  A oM   Ro~ k Ϯ A
.  Ϯ A oL : oiA

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
  MBdE ȗ Kh B B LwAoA pAA ME   ZnAhA Ak{E keE LE 
A Rjj   ^BL  ^BnB ^BBv SE k B B :  B jB\A  Xd
  kU  dA  UE  ϯBv B L   L SB ϯBv Ao
 ΰk M U  MBdA  \U A G : B B ?  U  BLA cLU
: pAA ME B

JoA   B\A ϼM BU  BɯG ɧA M U  ϯBv
Joe ȮM aǎ̓ qh A A v  AoLA A AMnBe BwBE kB\
oT{A Y  AkME BkM ȮXA  k k   E v  ϫE  A  : B Y
. oz ȮM ȗ T Te  tBA oTv miE  ZnAhA AkE keE T Bw

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
. (  1990  ovA nAj  BL  RoM ) wA oA \  oBU nB  1
 AA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA oA \  d o{  A  2
.( 1986   . ɷ 1406  1
  ȪA vwƫ  BL  RoM ) wA oA gnBU  i kd  qA  3
.( 1985   . ɷ 1405  2
  oA nAj  RoM  BL ) oA M oA  oB M oBA kL  jAkLA  4
.( 1994  ɷ 1415  1
ɷ 1393  BA L  AoA  \A ) nApA o  Bn kd  Ȧ]kA  5
.( 1973   .
  . ɷ 1385  njB nAj  BL  RoM )  gnBTA ȗ BA  oYA MA  6
.(  1965
oB vwƫ  BL  RoM ) dA A w  cTA MA  ȯBTwozA  7
.( 1981  1  BX
.( 1992  BL  RoM ) kA ȗ o~LTA  oA MA  ȮAowA  8
L  AoA  jAkM ) wA kBA oA ȗ RBwAnj  kdA kL Bo  9
.(MoTA nAj  kwA
 kk\A ozA LT  AoA  jAkM ) uMA uLU  eoA kL  p\A MA  10
(  . ɷ 1402 .  1982  2
RAnBzTA qo  AoA  Ao ) oA RBA  A kL M kw  o{A  11
.(x.ɷ 1361  3   o Ȫ
bo{ ȗ A A  nz jA] kd ]oU  d M keA  ȯBA  12
.(BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao ) dA A
 A KTA nAj  BL  RoM )  oLA gnBU  oo] M kd  oLA  13
.(1997   . ɷ 1417

$   26 
*1
: oTA
oB M k\ ) BvwE  A oA  ȯBXA ~A ȗ RFz ZnAhA  o ȷ 
oLA   o{ o~A  nAoA A o B  nApA  zA mA ( ȖdA
BBLUA  nlBBM BE Sw .  G Lv RAk\BM To Sw  . B o~  A
. L~  e ȗ kT]A   nm AB
$
*2
: nA A
Bj dTwA  vA 鼪] oU  G Kl B npA M B oU kM 
 o ZnAhA M S] nA m   BTA  k횧A oU  BE T
. RAk\A o ST AkTBM 汽 B mA ȖdA oB M k\ e Bv

TA A RBvA  ^Bi TTA oTvTA ZnAhA   o RBB] SBTwA 
 o ^Am Rk] RBB\A m  pn ~TM SB  ZnAhA RjnB
.BM oB] nBFM oB M k\ Zn Bk  T
e tBA BTA ȗ oLA oYA BnBFM kTA ȖdA oB M k\ ~hz B 
. TBL

$
*3
: nTA FzA
miE ȖdA oB M k\ LA SU E  kM  BA  ȗ RAk\A o RFz 
 M So  odLA BM EkM  F  B LA miF   nB\A BA q
E qB  Joe M S\]FT BL  BFM TA  A G nBw Y . TBM
 B LA miE BA G nBw  LA  miE ɟoA ϦU kM  A
TwA   Ao\ G BA  jALA  BA  jk  Bw k A BTwA
BmiE miD MBdE M M hA Jj E G kB~T k\ oE  U B
ME T  Ao M ϦA kL  ƄATA  BhBM n e Bk{E    
. k  : To G ϧl oYE  RAk\A SoTA  ɷ 69 w ȗ Ͻk

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
odU   vA ~A  wn o   A o : BkeA AoE k kA 
 Am  ] A k  B] BM nAoA    A    vA Bj
.  nm  M \A  鼪\A  K]A
. AodA dA ȗ \dA  U A G  nm tBB ϧl w B : ȯBXA
  ow  p    oz  B oE  o Mm Jm E  o o  
. A  B AlG  v   o~ o ohA Jo{
 M B dA  B~A  kA AAo A  BG  BA o tBA q  
pB] M kA B BG   kM B  ϧl dU AAo A ATv  B
]q A JBT A A  BG   o   BG G ]BTd o A  ϧl
. M B
 oA BM AkTwA BkA e B U AlG K\U   k qB] TA G 
. ZnAhA o 鼪]  A AmM AjoU   BU  ATU A G
. Boe  AoLBM Ae  TA Be ȗ AE mA  kA E Bj AdTwA 
. oB  \dA  U E L hA dA ȗ kT\A  JAmA Bi  
. ohA ke AwE 
 \A ik  nBA oM   A Mm A  A  jkdA JBdE G 
.    AoLA p\U 
. B  Uo\  Y  
.nB o  oBLA JBdE  ^AnB Av  oBLA JBdE 

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
ȖdA oB M k\  1
oB M k\ M boA  2
ȖdA oB M nmA  3
RB ME  4
ȖdA jwA M   5
nBdA  6
A kw  7
A M e Bw ME  8
nY M A kL Ͻk ME  9
oL] M v  10

$
*6
: nBzTA A
jALA  ɄBA  oX BA  A  odLA BA ȗ RAk\A RozTA 
.


$
*7
: VAkeE
Bv ALw  B]n AT A E G y] tAn  MA oB M k\ WM 
 A Bjjn G   Am B~~e ȗ T RnB A : AB  vE  B
oLiE  k\ G A]n B  vA L A  AE   vA L d 
. TB\ nm Bv  ϧl A   : AB ? T B v  : B ϧmM
 ( BM ) U ȮM MBdE UB  k~A BE  miF  jALA G k\ WM 
 馽 E G k\ wnF  ]n ZnAhA  AT  U ȮM 馽 E BE 
 miF MB]F  ϧl kM Bj E Y  ]n YY  B  T   nBE
B  Bz] An E A  BE BL  y\A  i ȗ B G nBw Y  k~A
ȗ T] TM TE T{ G : B ϧl L  TM  Ak UF ^Ajk Ao 
.BTM Tv  : AB TUB B e

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
SE M k B kM BE )) : B B] npA M B G Bwn oB M k\ KT 
omU BE  Ŀ  A ȗ miFU   nBLA fB 킦   eoA JB T
 ]n oE SU B Tn 鼪] o]E X jBA Bߧ E E ȯG    ϧ
\ dA  SLE  AɃn BTMA Mn B ȗ v So{ B ? vA
B  MBdE  Ϯ F  YE keE    BzA ϧ jo\U oE SLn
vA k  MBT ȗ BU A ol mA Ro AF ATwA  ϧBTwA
B k\  mA oA   B킧A  u       ]q A B . T탰
vdA  B  B BwA veE Bw Y  wo   Ad~ AlG Zoe 
A B  T  ( | ) A wn  k  BA T SdTwA Y  Lw 
kBA  kB\A A   k횧A ȗ B  oiC np npA nqU    BU
BE  kB\A j   q o  kBA  kB\A T  B Ao]E
 A \  noA ȧE o ƪA  kBA ǱTv  BU  Sw
 ϖBi  G BA jU  A SEn  BFM kB\A   ƪA
e  ]q A B  v oA A UB  BE G RBBA jU A oF A
. vA ~A  kA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
oB vwƫ  BL  RoM ) dA A w  cTA MA  ȯBTwozA  1
.(  1981  1  BX
 AA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA oA \  d o{  A  2
.(  1986   . ɷ 1406  1
  ȪA vwƫ  BL  RoM ) wA oA gnBU  i kd  qA  3
.( 1985   . ɷ 1405  2
A bo{ ȗ A A  nz jA] kd ]oU  d M keA  ȯBA  4
.(BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao ) dA
  . ɷ 1385  njB nAj  BL  RoM )  gnBTA ȗ BA  oYA MA  5
.( 1965
 A KTA nAj  BL  RoM )  oLA gnBU  oo] M kd  oLA  6
.(1997   . ɷ 1417
 oA nAj  BL  RoM ) Bi M i gnBU  Bi M i  o~A  7
.( . ɷ 1414   1993
 A nAj  BL  RoM ) ǱA o~A ɗ ZnAhA  o jd B  8
.(ɷ 1397   1977  1
  oA nAj  RoM  BL ) oA M oA  oB M oBA kL  jAkLA  9
.( 1994  ɷ 1415  1
\A nAj  BL  RoM ) dA AA A ȗ ~A  oBA qe MA  10
.( 1985  ɷ 1405 
 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj ) wA RB  BwA M Ȧ  o{A  11
.( 1980  ɷ 1400  3
oA nAj  BL  RoM )  ozA oA nB oAj  ko kd  k]  12
.( 1971 3
.( 1990  ovA nAj  BL  RoM ) wA oA \  oBU nB  13

$   27 
*1
: oTA
A SLvTA ȯBXA oA ~T ȗ zA  SLzU oLA wA oA keG 
kA [ BodU ȗ LT TBA A Sj () jB~A o] BA MA BwA
.RBAoA M  ȗ EoA jBT ^AoX B SB ^AnBA RoA ovA

$
*2
: nA A
d nBA nBTA nBLTBM zA  BhA kkzU  wBLA Be k 
AE T{ B zA ɛ ]TA Am ] ( ) SLA  ȧAA wBLA
j] A Uj qo w njB A BwA B RoB jBA
A kL MBM oA BwA Bj keA c\ Am kA WL BBE oXA jM ȗ
zA Ak Te  S 誽  JoA jM ȗ BwA BU oz ȗ zA
AoA k  JoA A AA RB\A 鼪] ȗ A BvA JBdA BwA
.kƪA BLUA Jm] Bl vM  BT v |Bi [M RqU k 
BM B RBAoA L |BhA ovTA vA  oXA  RBLzA ij 
B] : BU  AE  () vdA vdA kM fA A fA  TU  BA
kM ϧl  ) jB~A ME } A kM BA ȷ A  BM  L ȗ BM 
BwG M kd B oiA eB  BwG M kd MA ȗ BA vvTU A
 A RA ݧ oA oTU A j   BA w BA   Bw oLE
RAkT z A oA k B ȫwA odTA oB qA Az BdA AL
. BwA
BdA   ^AkM BhA ȗ odU ovA kA BwA Bj ȮLU 
odU  AA A Te BnBzTA Uj   B zM kBw wBLA
.LvA TA JBdA FTA A BLA . jBA kA A kB MAm] ^BMBA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
MA BG  } k ( ) jB~A o] BA MA BwA A BwA oA SjA 
BA }  BwA M kd k ^Ak i MA Be ȗ RB A A  BwA
RB]n A dA ϧl m  ( ) BA w k TBA  } TBA  ()
w BA A BBTA A BwA M  kd BA A AB TBh BwA
e Vke mA TiA an~ oiA EoA . zTA Km  i ( ) BA
inƪA n\  TBA e AnA JnBU () jB~A BA M BwA Be
 ϧm jzA k{A ^Aod  ()  138 w MA Be ȗ RB A 
U  BBM UB  jB{A Fv oBU nB ȦBwA ov  Am o 
TA BTA oz ȗ kAqTA Bz KLvM jnB AB mA wBLA A  oTv
. BA B wBLA kA BUoLTA
BU  ǱU kA m ovA kA tBwA  Lm BwA Bj Zn 
wAnkM eAoA m EkLU BTT KUAo  B\A ȗ ZBkA ko BT \nkU
.Uj jAo  v j
nAoTwA Te o\A ȯBXA oA ~T  BwA k A eoA EkLU 
ow U B A{B ~ o  oXA RoTwA WBXA oA B BA e
. wBLA RBvA MBn jnB SdU BU
kA oz ȖhTA ȗ nB~A A kA ȗ oA A  BwA M kd B 
i ȗ Uj SAl B  k{oA jBA kA tBLA ȮM Be k ȗ ^Aow 
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kBj L] A TA Y oA A Km wA jLA M T miA ^Bo{ B eo
Lv ( jBMC kd ) wA kM B B A w kU o ȗ B oTwA B KoA
 Te nBTTwA ȗ BM mA (A kL) k BA ȗ i kd ȗU B   A
B e AB wBLA  nBTTwA Am ȗ Bi MBU  BLUA UBj }iA
.nvM w ȗ BwA M kd MA AkL oTwA 
vdA ) ȦBwA AkA BTwA k A ȗ Bw wA nBzTA A B 
BLA ȗ T A A ȗ Uj ȗ c\ A A n~M KA ( K{e M
A BM cT nTvA BA wBM Bj Y ȦBwA KmA B qo A
BA kA SLw BwA j A  A nA  n  ov ~dA
o M Bke A  Bz K{e MA    w YY keA dM oLA
MA JoA A UBj oiC B o~ JoA kA kvA BA odLA ȗ BkA
.zA A kL
SzB BwA  ȗ dA 킧A Jj o\A uBhA oA i 
( ɷ 411 ) w A BzA Vke k  Th ^Bo RnB Bv  odA
 T RB BMn TiA Y  ae k ȴA kv\A BM A oFM BdA A Bk
BA  jw A S  BM jBT BwA M  pnkA BA S~B
ɷ 487) w BM o~TvA B kM oiA BzA Vke Y  BA m k oTA
mA ȦTvA iA  oMkTM ϧl BA  ȦhTA  nAq oLA MA oA We (
kk{ ^BMAoA ^B Am KLw k  Te   We \vA jA nAq  L
: B vn o A dA ϧl m SzA TA BwA  ȗ
A A BUj qɟo TA kɛ keA wBA MA ȦTvA A Lv : TvA
qo  kA ȗ ^AoL ^BeB\ Bi S o vi k A ȗ RoTwA
. jA wBTA oA ȗ ϧl RnB] A kA
tnB jM A ( kTA ) oBA MA BLUA  :nAq BiE ȦTvA T kM : nAqA
oU oA m  . bBL~A M vdA BkA oL k  BT i ȗ az̯ We
. ^Ben ^Bp Bi BBM oT  BiBBM kA ȗ A
 A ȗ k~A BA wBT TA TzM UA oXA Bh A Kv 
oA me kT gnFTA RBd ukU BdA qU ȗ BhA  A ATT
E Lv  AAT  AkhA ]kA JmBM  üj BwM  Te BhA
 oXA B ϧl KLw  MBBM MBdA TiA Te    BM 氰 A cL
o qTA WeBLA  K~A  nB  BhnBU oA m RAkT ȗ BdA
 oXA B oU B ABTwA TA gnFTA oL j UBBz Lm e
 kA ȗ LBwA AnC nB ]oA BkA XM i  RBT\A
. oTA

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
RBe  RBB RB]nj   A XA A oA BA k 
BɫA oTvA BɫA tBwA BɫA A BɫA :ȷ BɯpB\T  jkdɫ
. jTvA
kA bo Bh ɄBLA j oBA  jBTA A ^BɄBM ^AoBɈ Co A 
. BwA
 nkA oiA  MBvA A BTA A Lw BA nAjA BM k  o kTA 
BMA EoA BMA Lm EkL  oiC o ȷ  TA BwA BA BBM jAoA
. TA A  nk A ~A BA  TA A hA j A o~U
B AlB  nTv ɄBM BA z oB BA B e BA  hU  nA A 
T\e U A kM ^AnTv BA B AlA nTv T\e U A p\ ^AoB BA
.oB UBj
A ALl M  h 汫     BU BdLw  RB~A 鼪] A̖ 
. j] o  j]  A  vTA Ȗ
^Ao{ oz ȮYA A v vB qA vA X X ^Bv oz ȮYA A BA v 
E oq\A Bj Aj w  ^BAj oq]   A]  oq] v  Aaw 
. oq\A \e
A cUB A ϧl j   p\  MnA ke M k k{oA  A ȒL 
.AkA RAjB{nA AA keA A v
 Bh  nBM oA  A L A  ( | ) woA u TL B eA 
.BAM BA uA AU
)  jAnA BA  M ȦA A kMA BA ^Ao{BL ^Bi BA h  A A 
oB ɗ ^X A k  A RB~A 鼪\ d ȦA A A ( oA
. ]nBhA
. B\A BdM d\A A qo BA A S~e TA uA Be A qn \A 
BY nA A jU uA   kMA d\BM  u  d BU A A 
kA nBA  miFU  RjB mA o~A ȗ j]A BA oU A A gwBTBM
.
MA M Ȧ BA K~M  oE mA A ȗ BwoA  S텚A ( | ) LA A 
. i okM tB (  ) KB
 (  ) KB MA M Ȧ BA v   |~A ~A BA j] no 
JBA ȗ BA vvTU WdM Lw mA BA   A K\ BA  }A
. BMA keA BA  JA BA } E
 AB  kA ZohM Am AaA  BMo  uzA 馅U êYXA tAn  
. oTvA E  A YY kA n BwA M kd M

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
.() jB~A o] BA M BwA  1
. BwA M kd  2
. bAkA   3
. bAkA  M A kL  4
. oA A kL  5
. oA A kL M keA  6
. ȚTA keA M vdA  7
. BA Ȧ M kd  8
. bBL~A M vdA  9
SU jBT o  odA jB SLA RAozA RpB\U oiA RB~h{
. kk wA AkM ȗ oL j uwFU  Bi

$
*6
: jA A nBzTA
B Uj Sd\ k ^Aqo nw ȗ w  BwA odA Bp mhUA 
jM oA B{ o~ ȗ Y  AoA  A o~LA ȗ ϧm  ^AoBM ^BeB\
RnB] A Uj qo BTA Te o vi A ȗ Tj RoTwA ) kA
.RoBU  A lA oA Bj BTwA

$
*7
: B VAkeA
 oXA oTvU  q] oT ȗ oA B{ ohvU BwA BqA BTwA 
wA jLA  LA ϦU ȗ ^AoL ^Ao~ kU TA BA kA ABA  w oz
. o  oXA e oTwA k
jM  l vL A oA B{ ȗ BA kA p kA A kL U 
U kM w oz ui jke e oT RoTwA o~ Te JoA  oA
 ȯBXA hA BA oLT A oBM BBM KA kd wBA MA MA jLA jB
Te y\A RB FT KAoA o kzBM e oT RqU k  BA Bp
We jAk M kh kq MA odU jB k k oMoLA BTA wBvA m SLLw
RAnk BA ]AoU BA ȗ A A  AoA oA J]  Unk o A BTwA
. wBvA BdA qTA BA

$
*8
: gnFTA oAl 
vdA nAqA kA oE U Bk  (ɷ 518) B bBL~A M vdA B kM 
nAqA BwA kA  oi dU Eo (ɷ558) w nqM B kd M ȯBXA
 BTA kA BTA 鼪] bo A BLUA Bj nmA ȯBXA vdA A ϧl 
 BA BwA kA M oA m M ~A S텚A ϧmM  AoA BA
AlA ɷ 559 w Bn 17 ȗ  BwA wA dU ϧl  SɈ B
nAqA ĿA n A ϧmM o~TvA M nAq v  BA  BM ȯBXA vdA
] WBXA vdA A   nTvA BA wBM d L   B A kM
kA AoBM BBM oE ( ɷ 607) w oA U mA ȯBXA vdA ke kA
A Jo  k]BvA BLM oA  ȯBXA vdA k] L BdA  B B A jA
pnAi ϦBM A k oBA wBLA hBM ~UA Y  A veA  AoA BA
.AoA vA α  Bo B{

$
*9
:hA
oA ~T ȗ zA  SoU TA oLA wA oA  BwA kU 
. TBG G Sj ) jB~A o] BA M BwG G SLvTA ȯBXA
wA oBA  oXA j  nBBM TA wBw wBLA JBnG kBw 
BdA oU oA A Bi  T RBeoɄE Bw jB\BM oTA G
 ȫwA wA ȗ ȦBwA odTA BXLA \TA SB wBvA  BT]A
. wBLA vTA ]M T wBT nB i  U
U G jB  BA  ȗ Bi RBAoA M M oA RB]n TA 
 ȗ BkA RBBz  qoTA odTA ȗ BTA ovBM qU Bh B En
k~TA vɫ dTU TA njAA MoU  wBvA  oA Ao~A  oTA
.jkzTA vA nBU BE BA
RB  UBe ȗ AnC STiA k  () jB~A BA M BwG BG SjA 
. nBTTwA eo ȗ ȫwA odTA j kM ȚM A E ) ME Be ȗ
nAjE BM jBTA B oA  Bo j BM S~TiA AnBE BwA Seo 
BG B e BG  hU  nA A nkA oiC  MBvA G BTA A Lw BA
B  eA  Bv oz TYA G B vU   nTv BM BG z oB
uA AU  Bh  nBM oE  A L  A  ( | ) woA u TL
B\A BdM d\A G qo  A  S~e TA uA Be G ^Aqn \A nBLTA 
.
Ao{A  A Be Rkv] oA m BC ȗ Sw TA RB~hzA poME  
M kd ) jB~A o] BA M BwG  k hnFU oB ȗ kv\TU
. bBL~A vdA  bAkA  BwG

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
.( oA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA nBA oAj  k{ni  ǰBTzA  1
L  AoA  jAkM ) wA kBA oA ȗ RBwAnj  kdA kL Bo  2
.(MoTA nAj  kwA
 AA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA oA \  d o{  A  3
.( 1986   . ɷ 1406  1
7  o~A A LT  oBA  o~) wA gnBU  ve AoMA ve .j  4
.( 1965 
RAnBzTA qo  AoA  Ao ) oA RBA  A kL M kw  o{A  5
.(x . ɷ 1361  3   o Ȫ
E nkM ko ]oU  AoA  Ao ) BwA kB gnBU  oTj jBo . j  6
.(x . ɷ 1375  1   kw  
. BwA o Sw A KAm  7
  ȪA vwƫ  BL  RoM ) wA oA gnBU  i kd  qA  8
.( 1985   . ɷ 1405  2
1375  JBT Bj  AoA  Ao ) Ȯ] BzB] gnBU  kd  Ȯ]  9
.(x. ɷ
.o~ ȗ BA kA  now kA B] kd  10
qo  AoA   ) wA kA o~ A BwA  ve  A  11
.( 1997    ɷ 1417  2  wA RBwAnk okA
A nAkA  MoA LTA  o~  oBA ) BLA cB  kBe MA  ȧAqA  12
.( 1964 
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.( . ɷ 1402 .  1982  2
  A nAj  BL  RoM )  wA KAm  BeoA kL  ǰkM  14
.( 1971
1964  MoA A nAj  BL  RoM )  BwA A  KB ~  15
.( 
 2  BdA LT nAj  BL  RoM ) BwA Bwn MnA  oBU nB  16
.( 1978
  . ɷ 1385  njB nAj  BL  RoM )  gnBTA ȗ BA  oYA MA  17
.( 1965

$   28 
*1
: oTA
| M kd BvwE ȯBXA oA  A ~A ȗ Ro LzA A  o 
Aq () jB~A BA FM AB JBhA MFM A ȗA kwA Kp ME M
.  EoLU LeB () BA  T    馄A B G vE

$
*2
: nA A
B AoU  UAjBT]A  B AkTA RAkT AnC oA RB]n LU 
kTv  A   ȫwA T\A ȗ SMAXA RBvA BdA  oX
. BM RABjA A  [\dM AvU M oLT ]o E cd
A ^E bo lG jAoA M ]Amw TwA  kwA JBhA M ~hzA bA 
BA A Ȯ   A A p BXBY  L A BBY  () jB~A BA L  wo
mU  Tkh RBB] ohvU  BA T Te   e k () jB~A ^Ao]
. oAE
LA BG  w M v A ȧA U  wBLA vA e n 
nBE  AoTwA E G T KLvM L kwA JBhA ME oA p 
. oiFT RAoT G UAkT

$
*3
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BA EoLU Te Uj ȗ AB () jB~A BA G vE ALv oE AkM ȗ 
.  AoLBM MBdA oE  kwA JBhA ME  ()
. C A A q  o ui G p K kM MBhA SoTA 
TiA  Bo  B Bü{ BUq AnBE B RmhUA B SLzU o MBhA SU 
qLA oA ȷ oA m  MBhA oA uwƫ  UB]U ȗ BBp
. A MBhA A oA
ȗ  o Sij k kwA JBhA ME JBdE MBhA  ~BhA BwA 
. ME Be ȗ BwG RM AoA BwG M kd o
 B   A AB k JBhA ME JBdE  oLTA vhA o{A ol 
. wA kLU  v\A oTM BLA  ] kB  BM JBhA ME X AA

$
*4
: RAkTA  nBA
() BA A G ozLA  o oiA   T nBLTA  () jB~A BA FU 
.  AoLBM MBdE oE  EoLU p  T nBh  馄A A kM
. BLeA A BMA BjE vdA  vdA A C Y BLA () A A 
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A A  A jA Y BwoA jA Y LA ajA A G oU Y A A wA
.  \dA nA A G A wn
.  L{ A  uL BA  MBdE  keA T  T  JBhA BME G 
BM CoA ȗ Rjn TA odLA ȗ  Bv SB TA vA ~ FU 
v An mA ϦA A  MBdE BvA A  JBhA ME G BM qo vA
jAnE ( jB~A BA E ) A kL BME A  JBhA BME T mA  wBLA w M
.BBi  BjAkA  BLA ȗ  oBA ȗ BBG M BL A
. kB Bh  JBhA ME ȚA nqA jB{ p\U 
| ) LA S ȗ B ^B A SBw oiC B BG S  ȗ  A ȒL 
E  T ȗ JBhA ME B ^BB kM Ȧ nB Y ^BB ( | ) LA B ^BTB (
. ^BB kM nB BTB  () jB~A BA o~ ȗ Uj AkM ȗ
BA  () ^B ]Aoi nBA  k MBd~A oXE BX o oM BME G 
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. ( Bp nB~E ȗ () Ȧ jE
A u B B   BU  jBTBM ϧl  kTvA G e ƫ  G 
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 dA nw ȗ BU    MBhA oA ozA A ȗ nAdBM jAoA 
pA\BM E BG eB dA G eA pB] AlG BM AkTwA  dA G Mn eE
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BA  q E A  vkU JBhA ME jBLM AvU ϧm k]Bw
.  () Ȧ BA (  ) jB~A

$
*5
: RB~hzA poME
. JBhA ME k]A kwA Kp ME M | M kd  1
. ȗo~A A  2
. w M qM  3

$
*6
:lA A  nBzTA
BBLUA oX We A  ȗ A wBLA o~A 馅 ȗ oA m Bz B 
A MBhA oA  qLB o o B SLzU k A ApB\U Te
SA ^TU  ^Aj] Bv dU A SBTwA oA m  keA  oA 
. BkA qoT i 

$
*7
: B VAkeE
A ]n BqA A qU ϯA ȮM : JBhA ME G () jB~A A kL ME KT  1
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  yeAA o ozA E Bk  A B dA o  dA ̥E BA
. B  o  o  B
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FT G  ]n Lw  JBhA ME  Am v\ ȗ B : ȧ B  Sv]
oE KveE  ? vA BM oLiE E  S  Ten {  ( B )
]q A JBT nB  B A vA B  S . Ak S] M : B G
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ȯB  񦴫 B]o B]oA B B]oA BG  keA tEn vA BA RBwBo
n ȗ UF  A G  n  ȗ UF KmA  B ^BB{ A  ME Sw
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. ϧB G A  Ϧ  A hwA dwA  A kMB
BM ov  () jB~A A kL ME k BvB] S B okw M Be   3
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?   B  B]A S  nBYC S텚B 郱A Am G B UF AB
ME  : B Y BvA G LA o u\ BT B MBdE JBhA ME :S
ozd A  oz wB oB A BM k{B  ]E tBA A A  JBhA
jBv]A  u E A  BE : B Y . ^Bz  ^Ak JAmA k{E ȗ o 
. nBA  SLE

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
AwA  ]n  q   kLTA AoA BM k\vA MBhA oA nB~E q 
M v A  wBLA ȧAA oLi L  Aow oE G tBA k AB 
 ^]n G WL  JBhA ME L G tBA Aj RBeBMA AoE k A w
kk{ Joe M SB  ATB M UF miF B]n i ȗ MBdA
  JBhA ME B  bBoA B K~A A] BvA nB\dA K~BM
 ew  eBn bvA oBw bBoA    L~ B UB :
B  MnBd oz oz k \  AkME ȗ Td     o
oU   ? A Ʒ  BM d B oU B Bkw B AeB ]n YY d  T
AkM B A B  : B A AoA M ol ?  ov k oYƽ    BL~
T ȗ lA TdTA TM k B :  B A oiC B ?  Ll B  A
~hTU  A  AmT kBM AU  MBveA  j  AUB  UjB{
oMB~A TA  B Ao]E oMB~A A k k AoLA AqA ^BAo AU  TA 
TM oF w M v M UF JBhA ME owE oiC  AT Te AUB 
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SL~ BM oF n~A o] ME G woM WM  AoeB AoeBM k kM oE Y
. SoeE Y BE YY jAkM k 

$
*9
: WdLA i
JBhA ME BvwE ȯBXA oA  A ~A ȗ Ro BA oA keG ȷ 
() BA 馄A A kM  () jB~A BA FM SB  kwA | M kd
.  EoLU   AodA T 
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.~hzA
Bz AA A kM  BA SBe MBhA BLUA wBLA RBvA Se 
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. A MBhA
jB~A BA FM A BE  B  RAkT AnBE MBhA oA Seo 
 A kwA JBhA ME jA k  C Y BLE vA  A A  ()
  BwoA Y   LA jA Y  A wA  U A () jB~A BA
. nA E  \dA  A 
nk E oLT j G jBTwA j AlE MnBz Kve CoA RBA AaE 
. L o{
A  w M qM  kwA | M kd BXE MBhA Bp U 
. Uk Uj jBL kƫ ko U  oA jB ȗo~A
. Be BT A SMm] A ȗ oA nBE RozTA 
BkM MBhA p z BE A nBT BwoA BE  kA E k~U 
.  AoLBM MBd~A oE () jB~A o] BA  k
ME  LA BA  k\vA ȗ UoBd  w M v A ȧA U 
. n~A o] ME G wEoM WM L JBhA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-----------
oB vwƫ  BL  RoM ) dA A w  cTA MA  ȯBTwozA  1
LT  AoA   ) zA gnBU  ve kd  oA  (  1981  1  BX
nAj  RoM  BL ) oA M oA  oB M oBA kL  jAkLA  ( Uo~M
wA oA \  d o{  A  (  1994  ɷ 1415  1   oA
 {oA  ( .  1986   . ɷ 1406  1  AɃA nAj  BL  RoM ) 
.  1992  1  AA nAj  BL  RoM ) () jB~A BA Be  o{ oBM
 ( oA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA nBA oAj  k{ni  ǰBTzA  (
.(Uo~M LT  AoA   ) zA gnBU  ve kd  oA
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ  AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM  o]  ȯBdLvA  2
.(  . ɷ 1415  2 
 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj ) wA RB  BwA M Ȧ  o{A  3
)  ɫwA oA \ɫ  d o{  ɫA  (  1980  ɷ 1400  3
.( 1986   . ɷ 1406  1  AA nAj  BL  RoM
 \A nAj  BL  RoM ) dA AA A ȗ ~A  oBA qe MA  4
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
1388  4   A LT RAnBzTA  AoA   ) B]oA o nBTiA  zA  5
.(  1969 / ɷ
 7  ɽ A nAj  BL  RoM )  A  ɽkA oi  ȦɟnqA  6
.(1986
RAnBzTA qo  AoA  Ao ) oA RBA  A kL M kw  o{A  7
.(x . ɷ 1361  3   o Ȫ
A bo{ ȗ A A  nz jA] kd ]oU  d M keA  ȯBA  8
.(BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao ) dA
L  AoA  jAkM ) wA kBA oA ȗ RBwAnj  kdA kL Bo  9
.(MoTA nAj  kwA

$   29 
*1
: oTA
oA  A ~A ȗ o~LA BA nBw M AoMA BvwA qTA o keA ȷ 
RAq\ ȗ ǰn B 鼪] oA mA Bvwƫ A Lv BBM Sw o\A ȯBXA
. MBA M  BA L kM ~dA cLvU oA BzA  (|) LA

$
*2
: nA A
雰 mA hA kM Zoi  幼mA B]n  oA A ȗ BA AoMA B 
Am oYA  ?  A Eq\T  q\A Bv BA BvA M ȗ A M M
.kM B wA Se o v  MBdA LM BA Zoi hA
BM qU nA  oX ϧl e tBA BTA ȗ oLA oYA BA ~hz B 
tBA TiA nBLiA nB{ݧ e oX  \A AnTA nMqA CoA d
.BTBM
XA MnBd  A Bk oA eBvA ȗ j] o A BA BTwA 
U M nkU SB TA oA RAoBA i  ϧl  BMA okA
.jA ozA ȗ qo  XA v A BA

$
*3
: nTA FzA
hA oYE  ȯBXA oA  A ~A ȗ o~LA k ȗ BA oA RFz 
A BTwA \ v BA  A kM o~LA BA M A M nAj mA
oTA m i BTwA AmC dTv SB TA XA  A RdA z
 ϧl okA XA Aoek A ABTwA We A UAnkM Ao B]n ak A
.ȫwA BA B]nA  oXA ȗ To oz A BA BTwA ϧmM RAoBA o


$
*4
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.M ȗ BM A BU A A o jA i  () jC i kT  ^BBvA
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ϧl  nk tBA A ozA  {   ^E keA   nk  A A 
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. ϧl  nk \A A tBA A ] ȗ  bo
ϦLe A 幽oM E 幼e SA UEo ]oA  RBBA  zM 隽  A A 
Aw BA k A RBB  Bd A kTA E ϦFM ȚdA E MnB 
.  A A BM 
BeA ȗ \dA AoA 幼ozA oA ȗ tBA \e B]A \e AoA 
.~A BA  ȗ A ozA
E kq A oiA ȗ nk  峼  b  B BkA ȗ jBLM 햽 A A nk  
nBA A \A ɗ L \A A A nBA \A  JB JAY ɫ }
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BA ȗ ^Bo{ BM  AlB 幚dA d  jAnBM ^B汫 u BU nBLA A 
jBLA B ^Ako M  AlA 婦 B Kve  Bz BBi A ϧmM jAoB
.B B BM oC A M ȮB
B~A ~A A v ɗ A odA 햽  A ɟodA A Bv ɗ  A 
oBw Uw BvA  JmA k~A \A A RBAoA RAjAnA
.T  A B BA BA ȗ BvA w ϧm RBoe BA
A 峮 cA {  啅A   B A .M B  A  A  nk B A 
햽 A  B cA  nk B  .X X  ^BXA BdLw A k  A
q A  p\  _} j B ̥  햽 A  B j  nk B 
 ϧl  nk  BdLw A  cA  B  nk B  .}A  ]
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AkA o ]  幼A BA nA  nBLiA _We  CoA pB\A A 
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MnBe ^B UB  鼪] A Bo oMqA d Joe ȗ ^BL~ B ^B A 
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. A oA A U Te ȒLU TA AUB MBT ȗ A
BA TiA 髰 o~dA  oLhA Bw k B Zoi   oUATA oLhA A 
A K] B jBeA nBLiA  BM   Am ^BMm 隽 A p\  Aj TiA
.noA
A ȗ () Ȧ  (|) LA } k ^Bz ^AoB TA }BM A BA  
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M Jo mA  (|) woA Fw Bk LkdA  { mA  幖vA
B B M BnAj AoeA c~ o B .BM  \A SA Te LA  B
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k BX BA .BA UnjB~ [dA T   cAoTA kMA o~LA A kA
L M kA k mMoA A nl BMA  (|) A wn ko  E M dA jn
M Ao Z̰p o~LA oB M A kL BzA B tBA kvA   A
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.v mîd ^AkB~ nj BTë  BqA JB~ TBi LU Te
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Be ȗ ^AoB ^Bƫ  o oiA ȗ BA q\A keA ȗ d A pB\ q]
.keA
.鼅TvA  Sij C q\A 鼅TvA u o ^Bü{ BTwA Sv 
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M wTA BM no o  o{BA E WBXA BA A  o~ Y B ȗ
.o{BA ȗ ^AjB A ȗ ^Bk o~ A o  o{BA M
. Bv]A A RAA RAjoLA RAnAodA cAoA 텧A AA A 
.BU BdLw BhA j]  ^j BT]A  RAjBTA o ȗ o 
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.SUB AlA ~A B q  VkdA  Zoh  B ű T
jnA ȗ BA iAk Aq]FM K iAk kL MBz  v] boA A 
Be BTwA  帱 B TA ȷ boA A LA ȗ vA vvA ȗ kA
.햧A L BTwA BvM Tv ȷ .üz
dA A S e : BMo Bv]A A keA u] BA keA u] boA A 
.^Be o~ A dTv SA A ^BT o~ A dTv B
.k A j keA S ȗ i B  h BU A A 
.\A A BA  ozdU RBAdA oBw JBMmA  uBhA RBdA JnBA A 


$
*5
RB~hzA poMA
BA nBw M AoMA  1
eB\A  2
YkdA A  3
MBi M keA  4

$
*6
: nBzTA A
.o\A ȯBXA oA  A ~A ȗ o~LA k ȗ BA oA RozTA 

$
*7
: VAkeA
 A nmA Fv mA MA qB q\A ȗ A lBTwA BA AoMA oB 
B BA AlA mA MA A o A  ] B BA odT BLTwA  A
mA BMA B B xBLA cB  Be Am AoMA B B oT BA ȗ ]n
? a̅̽  酚̽ B mA MA B ^BM 酚  ^BM o A BBM T]

$
*8
: gnFTA oAl 
 ȮM B ZB]p bk hA k ȗ  ^BdT JB{  B B hA A ǰn 
 lA L  mA Ͻo  : B bkA M B ? lA A bkA : Bɗ Am ȧ
hA m ȧ ~ : B .BoL] ȅM Bov ow : B Bm : B n B oTv
kM UoA L ȷ ^BAl B BA oB BBT wBM BBT\ _e ^BejB B
 ϧl o A ZeA Ϯ TA A d ȮM B hA B .lBM d \A
.wBdA
nB\A B tBA oe o~LBM LeoA ȗ oB AkAU nB\A BA A ǎn 
.K]A :   .BA Sv ?   B tBA  BU A A kU ̩ B
AlB B  B U qA A UoBM RjnA ȯ : B ?  :  A  .B
.kM qA AlB dTv  TqA

$
*9
:hA
oA  A ~A ȗ o~LA BA nBw M AoMG BvwA qTA o keA ȷ 
.o\A ȯBXA
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.ABM So o v A a Eq\T
ϧl ȫwA BA B]nA 鼪] ȗ nBzTBM RmiE o~LA k ȗ AA RFz 
.oA B]n j] M
~dA cLvU  oA BzA  RAq\A  (|) LA  jn B 鼪] AoA 
ȷB Ȧ keA j RAj]A i BU A A AB MBE M  BA L
 nk tBA A ozA  {   keA   nk A A A 
:  oA m RB~h{ poME  B .kL MBz  v] boA A 峦 ϧl
.MBi MA keA YkdA A eB\A

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
oB vwƫ BL  RoM) dA A w cTA MA ȯBTwozA  1
.( 1981 1 幗BX
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA oA \ 廼d o{ 孼A  2
.( 1986   .ɷ 1406
 ȫwA ozA vwƫ AoA  ) dA A ȗ VdM o] ȯBdLvA  3
.( .ɷ 1415 2
3 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj) wA RB 奼BwA M Ȧ o{A  4
.( 1980  ɷ 1400
.(Uo~M LT AoA  ) zA gnBU 孼ve kd oA  5
1 AA nAj BL  RoM) () jB~A BA Be 啽o{ oBM {oA  6
.(1992
/ ɷ 1388 4  幼A LT RAnBzTA AoA  ) B]oA o nBTiA zA  7
.( 1969
1  幗oA nAj RoM  BL) oA M oA oB M oBA kL jAkLA  8
.(1994  ɷ 1415
.(oA nAj BL  RoM) 幼wA nBA oAj k{ni ǰBTzA  9
奼\A nAj BL  RoM) dA AA A ȗ ~A oBA qe MA  10
.( 1985  ɷ 1405
.(1986 7 孼 A nAj BL  RoM) A 孽kA oi ȦnqA  11
Ȫ RAnBzTA qo AoA  Ao) oA RBA 峦A kL M kw o{A  12
.(x .ɷ 1361 3  o
A bo{ ȗ A A nz jA] kd ]oU 廼d M keA ȯBA  13
.(BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao) dA
L AoA  jAkM) wA kBA oA ȗ RBwAnj kdA kL Bo  14
.(MoTA nAj kwA

$   30 
*1
: oTA
o\A uBhA oA B ȗ BwA  SoU TA wA oA keA 
qoU  BM o~TvA ȪBA B oLA MA nAq BM ~A BBM SB
. AoA jM  RA  ȗ bBL~A M vdA BkA oL jBM BBz

$
*2
: nA A
 nAq oLA M LA miFM ( ɷ 487 ) w UB L ȪBA o~TvA hA EkM 
A L hA ȗU Te B miE ȧB\A nkM x\A oA MA A opA A o
   BM ȦTvBM KA keE h oA MA U A njBM  nAq LA TU
ȗ oYƪA BA VkdA ϧl B  o~ ȗ BA nB~A M Ao~A B ϧl oYA
kTeA k  ȦTv nAq B BXLA ȦBwA j]A ɗ BzA 
.BA kA RBB B qTwA qA   oT BM Ao~A
ȪɄBA h oLA MA nAq BwA M o ȗ ɗh ƪA B 
kƪA poMA  bBL~A M vdA B  kA M A k BMA A o  o~TvA
KvU ȦTvBM KA keA hA U   Uj KeB B M  oA Am
nkwA A  hA nAq k B  oLA wBM A oU TA TvA A
B ȗ oA KeB A opA A G TA kA oB BA BA BM We
wnA RA  A o~  bBL~A M vdA ao BT B e jB hA
vU B A nAqA oA uwFU  A U TBA A Bj nAq ^BMA AoeB Ak
. (BiBA ) nAqA BwBM
 U AoA kA  oX ȗ nAqA Uj oz  bBL~A M vdA BTwA 
kd ȮqA BwA WM We  AoA jM  Th `bA A B]n k WM
Ae k nAqA ȦBwA KmA A tBA Jm\ ȯB\n wBA BMA pAoA B]
. Uj ȗ oBM [BT

$
*3
: nTA FzA
o~TvA ȪBA h oLA MA nAq BMA keE bBL~A M vdA oeA A kM 
]A A ]oA bBL~A M vdA cLA  RA  ȗ TM  A U
nAqA odTA gnBU ȗ VjAdA 鼪\ ]A oMkA A  nAqA k Ȧ햧A
. nAq ^BvdU oXA ȦTvA h ^AnBA tBA k{A 
BTo RpoM o\A 487 BA ȗ ȦBwA BA  EoɄ mA BvA kM 
U BAkeA ȦBwA j]A  v  ovA  B  SU BUoL
Sw nAq BBM U BXA TvBM Sw BM ȦTvA keE wBA MA BBM
.BwA oA ȗ BvA U A ~e ϧl kM nAqBM
B kM ϧl nAqA oA ȗ oL BzA 雰 o\ ( 1310 / 710 ) w ȗ 
ȷB{ kd BBM SB o B BTo SFT hTv  kkdU ȗ kd kA u{
BLUA A  wBBM So ȷB{ wB BBM SB oiA  ƪA wBM So
k Am B Te RoTwA k BXA BA  o L A nBYC S텚A k BiBC
Te ( ƪA) ȷB{ kd nAqA ( wBA) ȷB{ wBA nAqA M Ao~A kT{A
. o\A wBTA oA  ȯBXA ~A
wE TvM odT ^BL~i ^B\ Rk] BUBBz SwU nAq oA Sdw 
KmA  A AoA ȗ nAjA wBvA nA Bp  ~A ow e
/ 907) w AoA ɗ ~A k ȪwoA KmA AM oz ȮYA zA
k Ue ~A BdA EkM We ^ oTvU  BdA ϦU A A (1501
.B hU TA zA RBodA ~TA
 :  |Bh{A BY nAqA e  AU 
M kd kA nqM kd M ve  kE nqM Bw  odA bBL~A vdA
M kd M kA ] M kd kA   ve M kd M kA ]  ve
kA  M B{ni kA n  kd M kA ] M kd kA   ve
. w 177 SAj TA nAqA BwA j TM STA  T mA
B TAk n ȧA eqA ]M Rk TA AA A  nAqA  kU 
ȧA qA RA ]B nAqA Ak B  B  Uq\A Te kk RAo
ovA  AwnB UB\ AX A A A  ejBA oBvhA BM 훱
SB oiA keAA A kBM vBM RmiA TA  vU A oA B
A  wnA A kM (ɷ 654 ) w A x] BUoBe k RA  BoiC
) B v (]n\TM )  ȧ  ^Bƫ ^Ak nAqA oL B{ni kA n
ϦU   hnFTA |~A JoU  ( E B{ \TLA nw kA o
A M WM mA  A v vT j SB BA ^Ak] TdA   BwoA
B q oME M oA ȗ T  CB wnE ~ A L (CB ) iA
.^BA ^Bv ^B]n UowA T
ϦU A   nAqA oBA MoU nBTTw ~dA A lBhUBM o~ qU 
Ao{  ov  RA  ȷ A Re ]M ^AoX Rk TA A
pj B{  BTv u nBMjn  ( nB o ) o ɛ  jo ɛ
A B B\ . wi ni  pp  B  uL B\Bi 
.o\A nAj 
ȖhTA ȗ jBTA ModA ovA RBodTA ]T  鼪] ATwA k
J ȗ KoA hA jB\A AkA kM A m keA w k nBTTwA
.Bh
odM B A okU A Re KLvM nAqA oA nBYC KA SwnkA 
B bozU TA RBƪA M  A XeBLA oX  RB~hzA T RBLTA
.BM JaBT o  hnBU

$
*4
: RAkTA nBA
BA A  k Tƫ n~M () vdA BA k jTv BA BM : AB 
ȗ () ~A ĿA  ȯBXA BA oLT oTvA BA KeB  () vdA
. BA v oTv  nAqA o
MoTM ϧl nAqA Bj nBL  njB~A oAA mU ȗ Bi o  AkTA 
B\zBM BjAoA qU B{ kB ov KBwA  SoU Bi Ak kA
. TA jBiA RAnAoA Ao]A ȗ BA yLA M~A
BLU BU T MnA ~ ȗ BwA nBA  A bBL~A M vdA Be 
ȗ cA kA BwA nBA  BA  kk] nBBM RF  A   oA
. j BzA kk] B U
KB bBL~A M vdA nBLTA kƪA BLUA Jm] nTv BA A kA ȮLU 
.o  BLUBM eA  T\e BA
^Bü{ o A Bv   A  ~A BA o  T k TA EkL 
. T\e LB o  A o  G TBwn Uk 
AkA BA j~A A BTLvA BLA B S KUAo  nAqA kA S 
: ȷ KUAoA m A
.kA un BA KB  Lw BjAoA L\A g{ LUo : A LUoA
X  RB~hzA  YXA BjAoA jk pB\T  BkA nBL LUo : BXA LUoA
.bBL~A M vdA M
 oAA T BXA LUoA jAoA  ^Ajk oXA ȷ BkA LUo : XBXA LUoA
.YXA BA ȗ BkA nBL  A RA  ȗ kA Bwn
XU T BA nAowBM BA  {  AB BoA LUo ȷ : MAoA LUoA
.BA Aj  jAkA BkA
d AkA Tɛ ɗ khTv mA AkA A AkA  : vBhA LUoA
.Uj un Uk Lw ȗ w \
  BkA  Av  kA A LvT A  : wjBvA LUoA
. kA oz e   A j tBA  kA miF BA AkA
o  kTLA ƪA E tBA B ƽ L\TvA  : MBvA LUoA
. ȦBwA KmA  ^AoX
: ȷ Uj oz Bw k nAqA kA jB [TA 
. BMm] jAoA uA RB AnjA M k~ toTA 
. kA t ȗ FA A WM  : uFTA 
. kA k qp  : ϼzTA 
. Bd]nFT zU kM koA oU  : TA 
. TA G AkA F\ A  : ukTA 
. mA ȗ oTvU Te BdA RBA SLXU  : uwFTA 
. oiA KAmA  koA B~A M k~ : hA 

$
*5
:RB~hzA poME
518  483  ( Bvwƫ oA p ) odA bBL~A M vdA  1
. 532  518 kA nqM B  2
. 557  533  kA nqM M kd  3
. 577   561 ( ȯBXA vdA ) kA nqM kd M ve  4
. 607  561 ( A kdM oA ) kA nqM ve M kd  5
. 617  607 ( WBXA vdA ) ve M kd M ve kA ]  6
. 653  617 ( WBXA kd ) kd M kA ] M kd kA   7
.  655  653 kA  M B{ni kA n  8
. BiBE ve kd  9
. B{ kd  10

$
*6
: lA A nBzTA
m  Bz o~T   BzA BwAoi tnB jM ȗ nAqA oA RozTA 
BTvɟBLA kA jM G bBL~A M vdA BE m eoA l kTɫA M jLA
w Be ȗ oL nkM AB |Bi MB RAl j v A k  BTvBA
JodA ȗ B oYE  B B  wBLA BA BhA Be ȗ ]vA
ȗ BTv]B ȗ  RBB] qoTU  tnB ȗ A ] ȗ A L~A
jAkLTwA A \T TBA T k M A Te ~A jke  oBM jA
. AoA  B Ak oA xjM ȗ  oL v   zA

$
*7
: B VAkeE
ȯBXA vdA nAqA kA oE U Bk  ɷ 518 B bBL~A M vdA B kM 
ϧl nAqA BwA kA  oi dU Eo  ɷ 558 w nqMB kd M
BG  BTA kA BTA 鼪] bo G BLUA Bj nmA ȯBXA vdA A
B  BA BwA kA M oA m M ~A S텚A ϧmM  AoA
kA ] WBXA vdA nj B] A G BwA wA dU  ϧl   S
G jA kA AoA BBM oF ɷ 607 w dA U mA ȯBXA vdA ke
AoA BA G Jo k]BvA BLM oE ȯBXA vdA k] L BdA  B B
. G veE

$
*8
: gnBTA oAl 
oA Am A ϧl KLw nAqA  ^AoX Bi ( ABw ȧB]) T ɷ 494 w ȗ 
A ( nAqA ) ɄBLA Ϧ B B]nA qoAn M TA jLA  T SB
G  ( ABw ȧB] ) WM jLA ϦTM oA A텛 tnB BTwphM j]A
 E G AoA nAqA  Ak~  KzBM AoBU nB~E  B]
ko woM ȮM Ao A  ( ȧB] ) oE Y M AY Te k ABB  En 
ϧl oE B  Am G ovA  q\ BTnB  pB A jM miA k~
o G Zoh BA : EoA   MBdE  nAqA ( BLA ) k  B nBw
 B pnBLA UB~h{ BE  êYY ȗ G AnBv AA   B miF
w  S   vA A탰  ȧB] JBdE    nB ATA
. bw AE   B B  鼪] ȧB]  AMo L\A G Ak o YY
G kTA Y  RA  ȗ bBL~A M vdA oA FzA j Ak U nAq B
jAkA ve  B  TA B  kA k{An Bw  o{B BzA jM ȽnAq
nAqA jBA UkA k  uBM dT jAkTwA B\zBM ȦdTA mTA j
v mA L~A kB BTA UBT o{E   Bv  BkA BAkA 齰oT
k  B\{ nk Bj Al B BM ~ ( uoA ) wBM vA inƪA
qM nAqA AkA  BYA BqT  BTA n k ȗ oA U  to{E  B
oA  BTA Te M B~MoU kA ij kA k{An Bw  k BLoA
. ɷ 588 w T

$
*9
: WdLA i
uBhA oA oiAE ȗ BwA  SoU TA wA oA keG ȷ nAqA 
. ȪBA h oLA MA nAq BBM SB o\A
B BwA  B] G  nAqA oA U ȗ wBwA BA B 
oYE  ȦTvA iE j ME hM nAq eA odA bBL~A M vdA wEn 
To G ȦBwA BA BvA T\T SB BwA ȗ BzA Vke ϧl
. nAqBM vU BXA TvBM vU BAkeA
 kTA ]A B ^BwBw ^BnAjA nAqA oA jB bBL~A M vdA U 
. UBodU 鼪\ hA
BvA LM G kA BwA AnA nBA  AoX nAqA oA ThU  
kk] JwBM oA kBA BvA bo jAkA BM ~A nAq BBM 
. kk\A kBM Toe So Am
odA jB Rk~U TA oBA   bBL~A M vdA kM  UB~h{ A 
 ve M kd M kA ] nqMB M ve kA nqMB  B]U
kA { ȧT Ak~U  o ve M kd M kA ] M kd kA
. nAqA

$
*10
: njB~A 0
-------------
. (  1990  ovA nAj  BL  RoM ) wA oA \  oBU nB  1
qo  AoA   ) wA kA o~ A BwA  ve  A  2
.( 1997    ɷ 1417  2  wA RBwAnk okA
 2  BdA LT nAj  BL  RoM ) BwA Bwn MnA  oBU nB  219
.(1978
.(  1991  1   uoA L  AoT\A  k ) BwA gnBU  oBU nB  3
.ȫwA kTA JoA gnBU  4
E nkM ko ]oU  AoA  Ao ) BwA kB gnBU  oTj jBo . j  5
.(x . ɷ 1375  1   kw  
 AA nAj  BL  RoM )  wA oA \  d o{  A  6
.( 1986   . ɷ 1406  1
1375  JBT Bj  AoA  Ao ) Ȯ] BzB] gnBU  kd  Ȯ]  7
.(x. ɷ
  . ɷ 1385  njB nAj  BL  RoM )  gnBTA ȗ BA  oYA MA  8
.(1965
7  o~A A LT  oBA  o~) wA gnBU  ve AoMA ve .j  9
.( 1965 
RAnBzTA qo  AoA  Ao ) oA RBA  A kL M kw  o{A  10
.( x . ɷ 1361  3   o Ȫ
bo{ ȗ A A  nz jA] kd ]oU  d M keA  ȯBA  11
.(BXA JBTA vwƫ AoA  Ao ) dA A
MoA vwƪA  BL  RoM ) dA A qTA  nB kdɫ  12
.( 1984  2  ozA RBwAnk
L  AoA  jAkM ) wA kBA oA ȗ RBwAnj  kdA kL Bo  13
.(MoTA nAj  kwA
\A nAj  BL  RoM ) dA AA A ȗ ~A  oBA qe MA  14
.( 1985  ɷ 1405 
 oA nAj  RoM  BL ) oA M oA  oB M oBA kL  jAkLA  15
.( 1994  ɷ 1415  1 
oA nAj  BL  RoM )  ozA oA nB oAj  ko kd  k]  16
.( 1971 3
 jBLvM oBT{qAo ozA nAj ) wA RB  BwA M Ȧ  o{A  17
.( 1980  ɷ 1400  3
MoA vwƪA BL  RoM ) BvA odA z qTA  nB kd  18
.( 1984  2  RBwAnk
RAnz AoA   ) UoA kvA ȧBA  vdA M  Ȧ  UoA kvA  19
.( . ɷ 1403  1  Ȗ\A zoA A A A LT

$